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Dr Jadranka ŠvarcInstitute for Social Sciences “Ivo Pilar”, Zagreb
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr Emira BečićMinistry of Science, Education and Sports
International ConferenceWHY INVESTING IN SCENCE IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE?
Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 27-29, 2006
CROATIAN INNOVATION POLICY MEETS REALITY
Starting points of the presentation Innovation system in Croatia is rather complex but not coherent
set of institutions mutually interrelated to pursue the same mission of “using knowledge for development”
It is laging behind NISs of other European countries (benchmark analysis)
Innovation policy in Croatia is not an integrated policy but a narrowly-shaped program for fostering science-industry cooperation
Therefore, the Croatian innovation policy should “meet the reality” and to be adjusted to the specific development needs of Croatia determined by
•technology advancements•economic progress and •social maturity
of the country for using innovation (knowledge) as a main driving force of economic growth.
Content of the presentationPresentation consists of the three parts:
1. Current state ofa. Croatian NIS - institutional and organizational set-up, main stakeholders…b. Croatian innovation policy – policy framework
(documents), main programs and instruments…
2. Results of the pilot benchmark analysis of the Croatian NIS and NISs of EU countries to stress the critical points of the Croatian NIS
3. Brief discussion of the socio-cultural inertia and the lack of policy learning that are perceived as the main obstacles to faster development of Croatia
Beginnings…
Since 2000 Croatia made significant effort in establishing national innovation system and introducing innovation policy
These endeavors were additionally supported by the
Accession negotiations with the European Union (EU) opened on the 4th October 2005
….brought Lisbon and Barcelona targets into strategic policy agendas of Croatia
The screening processes for both the sectors
...have been successfully finalized with overall conclusions that:• From the legal and institutional point of Croatian systems are harmonized
with the acquis • Further development is needed…..
R&D and HE(Chapter 25)
Innovation policy(Chapter 20. 2)
Institutional set-up for R&D and innovation in Croatia (1/2)
Development Centers
Parliament
Government
National ScientificCouncil (NSC)
National Council for HigherEducation (NCHE)
Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (MSES)
ScientificCommittee 1- 6
Science and Higher EducationFunding Council
IndependentcommercialInstitutes
High levelpolitical
authorities
PRIVATE SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR
Researchperformers
Policyformulation
and implementation
Administrativeand evaluation
bodies
Intermediaryand financial
bodies
Agency for Scienceand HE
Technological Council
Other R&D bodies (e.g. HAZU, health care units)
Public institutesUniversities
InterdisciplinaryControl Group
Support
/infrastructure
BICRO
Technicl infrastructure(norms, statistics, measurement...)
Contract ResearchNational Foundation for Science, HE and TechnologicalDevelopment (NFS)
HITRA programme
Regional/local authorities
International foundations
National CompetitivennessCouncil
Scientificinfomation(CARnet...)
Croatian Chamber of Commerce
Regional Chambers
Associations
SMEs
Large and Multinationalcompanies
Transfer Centers
Corporateinstitutes
Technologycenters
Council for theCroatian NIS
ScientificCommittee 1- 6Scientific
Committee 1- 6
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU)
Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship (MELE)
Croatian Institute for Technology (HIT)
Institutional framework for innovation policy management and implementation (2/2)
Minister
State Secretary for Science
DEPARTMENT FOR ANALYSIS AND
MONITORING OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Science Directorate
Technological Council Council of the CroatianInnovation System
Assistant to the Minister forScience
Unit for the Intelectual propertyrights in academic sector
BICRO
Croatian Institute forTechnology (HIT)
Technology centers
Technical infrastructure (stateoffices for standards, measuremnts, patents, statistics, etc)
Interministerial Control Group
Documents relevant for innovation policy
1996 The National Science and Research Program
2001 Croatian Program for Innovative Technological Development (HITRA)
2002 “Croatia based on knowledge and the application of knowledge” adopted by Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
2003 Strategy of Development of the Republic of Croatia in the 21 Century- Science”
2004 Strategic plan of the National Foundation for Science 2004 – 2008
2004 55 recommendations of The National Competitiveness Council for increased competitiveness of Croatia
2006
2006
National Science and Technology Policy 2005-2010 accepted by the National Scientific Council
Strategic Framework for Development 2006-2013, Central State Office for Strategic Developmnet (15.05. 2006)
The first innovation policy program -Program HITRA
Croatian Program for Innovative Technological Development
First government innovation policy program (adopted in 2001)
Purpose: building up efficient national innovation system
Long term goals:• Fostering science-industry cooperation • Revitalization of industrial R&D• Encouraging commercialization of the research results
Current tasks:- Specialy designed to foster science –industry cooperation- Provides a framework for direct cooperation between entrepreneurs and scientific
institutes/universities
Sub-Programs Type of projects Targets of the policy measures
T
E
S
TTechnology
projects
“Simple” technology projects (TP)
commercially promising products, processes and services prior to their commercial use (prototype/pilot stage)
“Collaborative” technology projects (STIRP)
multidisciplinary, cooperative research for launching new or developing the existing technological areas
Nucleus (Jezgre)
Research and technological NUCLEUS concentration of R&D resources (experts, equipment, instruments) to gain critical mass for research based services
Knowledge-based comp.
RAZUM commercialization of research through companies (start-up, spin-offs, expansion….)
HITRA – Main policy instruments
TEST RAZUMBudget grants for research projects
contracted among entrepreneurs and research institutions
Subsidies to companies for research and development (30% of the total project value)
Budget grants for prototypes, pilot plans, feasibility studies
Favourable commercial loans with the interest equalling the discount rate of the Croatian National Bank;
Arrangements of IPR among partners Conditional loans in case of risk projects and academic spin-offs
Re-payment 21% of grants to MSES in case of commercialization of research results
“On the spot” monitoring of project implementation
Foundation of the Technology council
HITRA Programs
RAZUM – Knowledge based companies
TEST – technology projects
1/3 (37) projects proposals were selected for financing
22 projects relates to start-up companies
16 projects are intended for
companies expansion plans
482 projects applications - received
252 projects selected for
financial support
150 projects accomplished
102 projects in progress
Other programs related to innovation policy
Programs of the National Foundation for Science (NFS) 1. “Partnership in basic research“ (launched in 2005)- Aimed at attracting investments from industry and
entrepreneurship to basic research in Croatia
2. Program “Brain Gain - Visitor" (launched in 2004)- Aimed at encouraging researchers resident
outside Croatia to carry out research project in Croatia incl. industry
Institutional infrastructure of the Croatian innovation system – initiated by the MSES
•Business and Innovation Centre of Croatia (BICRO) •The Croatian Institute for Technology (HIT) •Centre for Technology Transfer (CTT), Zagreb
1. Four technology and innovation CentresCentre for Technology Transfer (CTT), ZagrebTechnology Centre Split (TCS) Centre for Innovative Technology Rijeka (TIC)Technology and Innovation Centre, Osijek3. One Research and Development CenterResearch and Development Centre for Mariculture, Dubrovnik4. Business and Innovation Centre of Croatia (BICRO)5. The Croatian Institute for Technology (HIT)
Research and Development Centre for Mariculture, Dubrovnik
Technology and Innovation Centre, Osijek
Technology Centre Split (TCS)
Centre for Innovative Technology Rijeka (TIC)
Institutional infrastructure of the Croatian innovation system – initiated by the Ministry of Economy and local authorities
•9 business incubators•20 entrepreneurial centres•10 development agencies•14 free zones•2 technology parks “Technology park Zagreb“ “Technology park Varaždin
Institutional infrastructure of the Croatian innovation system - technical infrastructure
2. Institutions of the technical infrastructureDuring 2004 the basis for technical infrastructure has been achieved and harmonized with the European standards and acquis
State office for norms and measurement was transformed into the three new institutions:
• Croatian Accreditation Agency (http://www.akreditacija.hr/)• Croatian Standards Institute (http://www.dznm.hr/hzn/) • State Office for Metrology (http://www.dzm.hr/).
• State Office for Intellectual Property Rights (http://www.dziv.hr/)
• State Bureau for Statistics (CBS) (http://www.dzs.hr/)
These institutions make the core of the technical infrastructure necessary for overall technological and innovation development
Relevant international projects1.“Science and Technology Project“ of MSES supported by the
World Bank, aimed at improving NIS, started in 2003
2. CARDS project “Intellectual Property Infrastructure for the Research and Development Sector”aimed at introducing IPR system in academic sphere, started in 2005
3. The TEMPUS project “Stimulating Croatia’s Entrepreneurial Activities and Technology transfer in Education – CREATE” has been approved by the European Commission in August 2005 .Aim: create national university system for supporting entrepreneurial activities and technology transfer.
4. EURO-INFO Centre - The European information and communication centre Zagreb was established at the Croatian Chamber of Economy, started in 2005
Towards Lisbon
• All these activities provide a platform for certain satisfaction with the innovation policy
• Although Croatia has no concrete “National 3% Action Plan” or “National Lisbon plan” there is mix of policies and actions that should move Croatia’s orientation towards Lisbon goal- knowledge society.
Does Croatian NIS follow the path towards knowledge economy?
Benchmark ecxercise – Croatia
RESEARCHCAPACITY
SOCIAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL
ABSORPTION CAPACITY
Supply Users
Creators DemandTECHNOLOGICAL AND
INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
Source: STRATA-ETAN Expert group for benchmarking national research policies (EC DG Research, June 2002
Simple model of NIS
Components of NIS - definitions
RESERCH INTENSITY
is a national pool of knowledge that makes a basis for the creation and adoption of
new technologies and innovations
HUMAN CAPITAL
represents the knowledge and skills embodied in individuals that make
them capable of taking advantage of knowledge and new technologies
ABSORPTION CAPACITY
is the ability of a company to recognize, accept and exploit new technologies. It is highly interdependent with innovation performance. It is capacity is closely connected to the infrastructure and channels that enable diffusion of innovation such as ICT, quality management, etc.
TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
rather complex area that should indicate the degree of capitalization of science or transformation of research and human capacities into inovativnnes, competitiveness and production.
Components of NIS as composite indicators
RESEARCH CAPACITY• Gross domestic expenditures in R&D
(GERD)
• Total number of researchers (FTE) per 1000 labour force,
• Number of scientific publications per million population
INTELECTUAL CAPITAL
• Total public expenditure on tertiary education as a percentage of GDP
• Percentage of population aged 25-64 with upper secondary education
• New PhDs in S&E fields per 1000 population aged 25-34
ABSORPTION CAPACITY
• Number of ISO certifications 9000 per million inhabitants
• Number of Internet Hosts per 10 000 inhabitants
• Researchers (FTE) in business sector as a percentage of total researchers (FTE )
TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
• Patent applications (PCT) per million population (technological output)
• High-tech exports as a percentage of manufactured exports (competitivenness)
• R&D financed by industry (BERD) as percentage of GDP a measure of intrinsic
interest and demand of industry for R&D)
CALCULATION
Our main task was to determine the relative position of Croatian NIS measured by composite indicators in relation to the two basic sets of countries:
EU 25 – all the European member statesEU 10 – the New member states
… to see deviations or divergence of each country and Croatia from the average of the basic set of countries
Calculation of composite indicators
In order to compare and to correlate the composite indicators, it is necessary to transform various sub- indicators that are measured in different unites into the same unit.
.
• This method calculates z-scores or standardized units of the number of standard deviations from the mean, using the following formula (above).
• The method for calculation composite indicators is taken over from Towards a European research Area: Key Figures 2002.
EurosPercentages
Per capita units, etc
Should be convert into the single measurement
unit
Results – Research intensity vs. Human capital
To see the relative position of Croatia we put into the relationship each of the composite indicator against each other. We receive 6 graphs, as follows:
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
BE
DK
DE
ES
FI
FR
GR
IE
IT
NL
AT
PT
SE
UK
LU
CY
CZEE
HULV
LTPLSK
SI
HR
Graph 1. Research intensity vs Human capital in Croatia comparing to EU 25, 2001
Hum
an C
apita
l
research intenisty
R=0,73
Results – Graph 2 .Research intensity vs. Absorption capacity
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
BE
DK
DE
ES
FI
FR
GR
IE
IT
NL
AT
PT
SE
UK
LU
CY
CZ
EE
HU
LV
LT
PL
SK
SI
HR
Graph 2. Research intensity vs Absorption in Croatia comparing to EU 25, 2001
Ab
sorp
tion
ca
pa
city
Research intensity
R=0,73
Results: Graph 3. Research intensity vs. Performance
Results: Graph 4. Human capital vs Absorption
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
BE
DK
DE
ES
FI
FR
GR
IE
IT
NL
AT
PT
SE
UK
LUCY
CZ
EE
HU
LVLT
PL
SK
SI
HR
Graph 4. Human capital vs Absorption in Croatia comparing EU 25, 2001
Abs
orpt
ion
Human capital
R=0,52
Results: Graph 5 Human capital vs Performance
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
BE
DKDE
ES
FI
FR
GR
IE
IT
NL
ATPT
SE
UK
LU
CY
CZ
EE
HU
LV LTPLSK
SIHR
Graph 5. Human capital vs performance in Croatai comparing to EU 25, 2001
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
Human capital
R=0,69
Results: Graph 6. Absorption vs performance
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
BE
DKDE
ES
FI
FR
GR
IE
IT
NL
ATPT
SE
UK
LU
CY
CZ
EE
HU
LVLT PLSK
SIHR
Graph 6. Absorption capacity vs Performance in Croatia comparing to EU 25, 2001
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
Absorption capacity
R=0,81
Results – Croatia and EU 25
EU 25 : It is possible to identify at least three groups of countries:
1. Countries that are significantly above EU average in all the components of NIS: Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Untied Kingdom, and (Netherlands with the exception of HC). These countries are the most efficient in the transition towards knowledge economy and in utilization of knowledge factors and innovation for economic growth
2. Countries that are about EU average such as Belgium, France, Austria, Ireland and Luxembourg (with the exception of HC). Those countries are catching up with the first group in knowledge based economy
3. Countries which are in almost all composite indicators (with some oscillations) below EU average. This group comprises all the new member states, but also southeastern countries like Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Cyprus and
….Croatia
EU 25 (+ Croatia) Composite indicators – divergence from average, 2001
EU 25 Composite indicators- Divergence from average, 2001
Belgium
Denm
ark
Germ
any
Spain
Finland
France
Greece
Ireland
Italy
The Netherlands
Austria
Portugal
Sw
eden
United K
ingdom
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Czech R
epublic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Countries
Inde
x
Research intensity Human capital Absorption capacity Performance
Divergence of Croatia from EU 25 average in composite indicators, 2001
Divergence of Croatia from EU 25 average in composite indicators, 2001
Absorption
Human Capital
PerformanceResearch intensity
-1,2
-1
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
Composite indicators
Inde
x (0
is E
U 2
5 av
erag
e)
Series1
EU 10 (+ Croatia) Composite indicators – divergence from average, 2001
• The position of Croatia in relation to the new member states (EU 10) is not much different from its position among all (25) EU countries.
• It is also possible to make the distinction between three groups of countries among new member states
Croatia and EU 10 - new member states, Composite indicators, 2001
Cyprus
Czech R
epublic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lituania
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Countries
Inde
x
Research Intensity Human Capital Absorption Performance
Results - Croatia and EU 10…..
1. Countries that are in all four or at least three components of NIS above average such as: Czech Republic, Estonia,Hungary and Slovenia. Czech Republic and Slovenia are definitely the leading countries in innovation capabilities
2. Countries that are above (or about) average in 2 components Cyprus, Lithuania, and Slovakia and
3. Countries with three or four components below EU 10averge – Latvia (four components), Poland (three components) and Croatia (three components)
Croatia- divergence from EU 10 in selected indicators,2001
• In comparison with EU 10 Croatia is better in only one composite indicators research capacity and one sub-indicator – high-tech exports
GERD is in constant upswing line
0,770,71
0,98
1,23
1,07 1,12 1,141,24
0,25 0,25
0,43
0,560,44 0,47
0,52
0,340,41 0,38 0,39
0,210,27 0,24 0,24 0,25 0,26
0,44
0,270,460,45
0,26
0,190,26
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
GERD
BERD
HERD
GOVERD
GERD – Croatia is topping the list of the New member states
0,270,350,38
0,560,580,620,660,68
0,740,780,82
0,951,05
1,141,141,16
1,261,54
1,761,78
1,881,921,92
2,182,19
2,522,59
3,483,98
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
MaltaCyprusLatvia
PolandSlovakia
GreeceTurkey (2002)
LituaniaEU 10 (1)PortugalEstonia
HungarySpainItaly
CroatiaIreland
Czech RepublicSlovenia
NetherlandsLuxembourg
United KingdomBelgium
EU 25France
AustriaGermanyDenmark
FinlandSweden
Figure 5.5 Gross domestic expenditure of R&D (GERD), 2003
A pool of researchers in Croatia is bigger than in majority of the New member states
1,202,802,903,00
3,303,503,603,603,703,80
4,004,50
4,905,00
5,105,405,505,50
6,306,80
7,908,608,70
10,1010,10
16,20
5,00
9,00
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00
Cy prusItaly
Latv iaCzech
GreecePoland
PortugalHungarySlov akia
CroatiaLithuania
EstoniaSpain
IrelandSlov enia
TheEU-25Austria
United KingdomGermany
FranceBelgium
DenmarkLux embourg
USSw eden
JapanFinland
Number of researchers (FTE) per 1000 labour force in Croatia and EU 25, 2003
However… in human capital
EU 10 - Human capital - divergence from average
Croatia
Malta
Cyprus
Latvia
Hungary
Slovakia
Czech R
epublic
Poland
Estonia
Slovenia
Lituania
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
Countires
Inde
x (0
is E
U 1
0 av
erag
e)we are on the bottom of the list
of the New member states…
In absorption capacity ….
… we are before Lithuania which is on the bottom …
EU 10 - Absorption capacity - convergence from average
Lituania
Croatia
Poland
Latvia
Slovakia
Estonia
Cyprus
Malta
Hungary
Slovenia
Czech Republic
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Countries
Inde
x (0
is a
vera
ge)
In innovation performance capacity…
…we are below EU 10 average
EU 10 - performance - divergence from average
Latvia
Lituania
Poland
Slovakia
Croatia
Estonia
Cyprus
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Hungary
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
Countries
Inde
x (0
is a
vera
ge)
Collapse of illusions….that we are maybe better than the previous transition countres in
human capital or innovation capacities.
In both groups of countries Croatia is lagging the most in absorption capacity and human capital
Croatian NIS – critical components
… IT MEANS THAT THE MOST CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF THE CROATIAN NIS ARE:
ABSORPTION• Quality management• Number of researchers
in industry and • Computerization of
Croatia
EDUCATION• Investment in tertiary
education • Number of new
scientists in engineering • Educated labor force
R&D sector: structural imbalances in number of researchers and R&D investments
The analysis of R&D sector in the narrow sense, in terms of investment in R&D and number of researchers in public vs. private sector reveals that R&D sectors is suffering the serious structural imbalance since public sector significantly domintes over private sector while in developed countries industry and business sectors in both research manpower and investments largely predominate the public sector
• While in developed countries about 50- 80 percent of researchers are employed in business sphere in Croatia, the situation is just the opposite. Pubic sector, (HE and government employs 85%) of researches, while business sector employs modest 15 %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EU 25 Croatia US Slovenia Finland
Public sector
Business
Researchers (%) in public and business sectors in selected countries, 2003
R&D sector: structural imbalances in R&D investments between public and private sector
• Business sector in Croatia invests 0,45 % of GDP. Business sector invests in EU 15 countries more than 1 % of GDP from 0,27 in Portugal to 3,32 in Sweden .
• Therefore, the development of R&D sector should, presumably, involve further development of public sector R&D to catch up with European standards but concerted actions of both government and private business for strengthening industrial research capacities are seriously needed.
BERD as % of GDP in EU 25 and Croatia, 2001
Cyp
rus
La
tvia
Litu
an
ia
Gre
ece
Po
lan
d
Esto
nia
Po
rtug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vakia
Cro
atia
Sp
ain
Italy
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Irela
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Th
e N
eth
erla
nd
s
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m
De
nm
ark
Ge
rma
ny
Fin
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Countries
Pe
rce
nta
ge
CONCLUSIONS• National innovation system of Croatia is underdeveloped in
comparison with both – all the member states of EU – 25 and new member states – EU 10 countries that belonged to transition countries as well as Croatia
• Croatia is lagging behind in knowledge based factors of growth that commonly shape the new techno-economic paradigm – knowledge economy such as: qualification structure of the labor force, technology capabilities of companies, research capacity in industry, computerization, etc.
• Croatia is competitive to EU countries only in research intensity that reflects the present orientation of innovation policy primarily towards supply side in terms of number of researchers and investments in R&D in public sector
• It support the thesis that Science policy in Croatia is standard policy based on a linear model of innovation in which science is a prime mover of technology development.
CONCLUSIONS (cont.)
• Policymakers in Croatia assume that capitalization of science (innovation) begins and ends with research
• Therefore, science and innovation policy is primarily focused on public science separate from production and entrepreneurship (Innovation policy is a part of science policy that is centralized and dominated by MSOS as the main financer and consumer of R&D
• Ministry of economy runs its own programs for business development mainly unware of the innovation policy
The main reasons for underdeveloped innovation policy
….are perceived in the socio-cultural inertia and lack of policy learning
The policymakers should understand:• the complexity of the innovation process – innovation
is essentially the result of the interactive process between many actors and sectors (science, companies, financial sector, legal conditions, ect.)
• that there is a need to create conditions for their interactions and combinations of different kinds of knowledge: scientific, engineering, production etc.
• that Lisbon agenda requests a shift from the conventional science policy towards integrated and pro-active innovation policy that means integration of science, industry and technology policy.
Is integrated innovation policy possible in Croatia?
However, integrated innovation policy should significantly influence both:
• Science policy (science organization, evaluation and institutional set-ups), pushing it towards the norms and values of a concepts close to “new knowledge production” and “triple helix” that are not welcome in our scientific community and
• Industrial policy that is today reduced to privatization of state-owned companies and financial rehabilitation of weak industries but corresponds to neo-liberalism that is a dominant economic doctrine in Croatia
CONFRONTATION WITH THE SOCIO-CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES
IS CROATIAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY ON THE CROSS-ROAD?
Standard industrial
policy
SCIENCE POLICY
INOVATIONPOLICY
Fostering knowledge based factors of growth
Privatization and rehabilitation
Technology policy
Technology policy
