Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Dr. Fani Cahyandito
STRUCTURE
1.INTRODUCTION
2.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
3.FOUR PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4.PROBLEM OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Traditional development issues such as economic stagnation, persistent poverty as well as newer challenges such as worsening environmental
degradation and accelerating globalisation demand attention.
One key approach that has received growing attention is based on the concept of sustainable
development or ‘development which lasts’ (WCED, 1987).
No universally acceptable practical definition of sustainable development exists as yet.
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Emil Salim, The challenge of sustainable consumption as seen from the South. In Symposium: Sustainable Consumption. Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994.
"Sustainable consumption implies that the consumption of current generations as well as future generations improves in quality. Such a concept of consumption requires the optimalisation of consumption subject to maintaining services and quality of resources and the environment over time."
Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce
“Sustainability is an economic state where the demands placed upon the environment by people and commerce can be met without reducing the capacity of the environment to provide for future generations. It can also be expressed in the simple terms of an economic golden rule for the restorative economy: Leave the world better than you found it, take no more than you need, try not to harm life or the environment, make amends if you do.”
International Institute for Sustainable Development
“Sustainability is to leave future generations as many opportunities as, if not more than, we have had ourselves."
DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Renn, O.: Ein regionales Konzept qualitativen Wachstums, Stuttgart 1994, p. 37
Eine nachhaltige, auf Dauer angelegte wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung bedeutet, dass die natürliche Umwelt und der damit verbundene Kapitalstock an natürlichen Ressourcen so weit erhalten werden muss, dass die Lebensqualität zukünftiger Generationen gewährleistet bleibt.
Grossmann, W.D.: Nachhaltige Wirtschaftweise und physische Ökonomie. In: Politische Ökonomie, Sonderheft 1. München 1990, p. 55
Statisch: Nur so viel Holz wird aus den Wäldern entnommen, wie zur Erhaltung der Wuchskraft des Bodens als Voraussetzung für das Forstbestehen des Waldes notwendig ist.Dynamisch: Erhaltung der Funktionsfähigkeit und vor allem der Widerstandsfähigkeit des Waldes auch gegenüber neuen und unvorgesehenen Entwicklungen.
Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), zitiert in: Vornholz, G.: Zur Konzeption einer ökologisch tragfähigen Entwicklung, Marburg, 1993, p.118
Nachhaltige Entwicklung heißt Management und Bewahrung der Grundlagen natürlicher Ressourcen und die Ausrichtung des technischen und institutionellen Wandels and der dauerhaften Befriedigung menschlicher Bedürfnisse in Gegenwart und Zukunft. Eine solche nachhaltige Entwicklung (in Land, Forst- und Fischereiwirtschaft) erhält die Regenerations-fähigkeit von Boden, Wasser, Pflanzen und Tieren, verhindert Umweltzerstörung, verfügt über geeignete Technik, ist ökonomisch gangbar und sozial verträglich.
Rees, W.E.: Planning for sustainable development: a resource book, Vancouver 1988. Zitiert nach Vornholz, G.: Zur Konzeption einer ökologisch tragfähigen Entwicklung, Marburg, 1993, p. 118
Nachhaltige Entwicklung stellt einen positiven sozioökonomischen Wandel dar, der die für Gemeinden und Gesellschaft notwendigen ökologischen und sozialen Systeme nicht untergräbt. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung erfordert eine integrierte Strategie von Politik, Planung und sozialen Lernprozessen; die politische Umsetzung hängt von der vollständigen Unterstützung durch die Bevölkerung, also durch ihre Regierungen, sozialen Institutionen und privaten Handlungen ab.
Busch-Lüty, C.: Nachhaltigkeit als Leitbild des Wirtschafttens. In: Politische Ökologie, Sonderheft 4/1992, p.8
Nachhaltige Entwicklung bedeutet den langfristigen und umfassenden Substanzerhalt der natürlichen Produktionspotenziale und zwar quantitativ und qualitativ.
Source: Müller-Christ: Nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement, 2001
DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
“Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(WCED 1987)
The fulfillment of recent generation needs without sacrificing the future generation needs:
The natural resource exploitation in an efficient and wise manner, to maintain the environmental carrying capacity for supporting the development and human quality.
Development is executed in well planned, rational, optimal, responsible and it gives a great concern on environmental conservation.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development has to fulfill three prerequisites:
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL ENVIRON-MENTAL
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
INTRODUCTION
The economy is geared mainly towards improving human welfare, primarily through increases in the consumption of goods and
services.
The environmental domain focuses on protection of the integrity and resilience of ecological
systems.
The social domain emphasises the enrichment of human relationships and achievement of
individual and group aspirations.
Recent work has sought to analyse these economic, social, and environmental dimensions
in a balanced manner.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Sustainable development is also valuable in term of economy, moral and ecology.
Moral responsibility, which is a responsibility to the future generation with managing natural
resources efficiently.
Ecological value: connected with human toleration to other creatures, means that
increasing human welfare without endangered other creatures’ life. Thus it will keep the stability and integrity of the ecosystem.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is committed to sustainable development.
Indonesia launched its National Agenda 21 which provides references to mainstream sustainable development principles into the National Development Planning.
In 2000, Indonesia released the Sectoral Agenda 21 covering mining, energy, tourism, human settlements, and forestry.
SUSTAINABLE DEV. IN INDONESIA
Some efforts have been made and regulations are
being formulated to address the sustainable development, such as:
1. Ratification of many bilateral and multilateral environmental agreements
2. The Law No. 22/1999 on Regional Governance.
3. The on-going process to establish the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD).
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ININDONESIA
Swaminathan (2002) – sustainable development rests
on four pillars which are:
1. PRO-ENVIRONMENT
2. PRO-POOR
3. PRO-WOMEN
4. PRO-LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES (JOB-LED)
Using the four pillars also sets the stage to measure
the progress of SD – since each of the pillar can be
measured quantitatively.
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Pro-environment i.e. the degree by which development activities impact on environment.
“The lower degree of negative impacts and higher degree of the positive ones, the more
pro-environment development is”
1. PRO-ENVIRONMENT
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Kebakaran tangki minyak bumi di LNG Badak, Kalimantan Timur (Sumber:Tempo).
Pro-poor can be measured by the Human Development Index (HDI) or by the Human Poverty Index (HPI).
The HDI is a measure of achievement of the most basic human capabilities, i.e. lifeexpectancy, educational attainment andincome (UNDP, 1999).
2. PRO-POOR
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
HPI is a measure of poverty indicating deprivation in four basic dimensions of human life:
a long and healthy life % of people likely to die before the age of 60 knowledge % of people whose ability to read and write is far from adequate economic provisioning proportion of the population with disposable incomes of less than 50% of the medium social inclusion proportion of long term unemployed (12 months of more)
“The lower the percentage of HPI, the lesser poverty prevails”
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: HEALTH
Between 1960-1999, infantmortality rate dropped
from 159 to 48 per thousand live birth (BPS et al., 2001)
Infant Mortality in Indonesia (per thousand live births)
4861
49
159
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960 1990 1995 1999
Source: based on BPS et.al 2001
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Infant mortality rate(per 1000 live births)
128 104 79.0 60.0 35.0 32.0
Source: Globalis Indonesia
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: HEALTH
Life Expectancy in Indonesia (Years)
66,263,2 64,4
41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1960 1990 1995 1999Source: based on BPS et.al., 2001
Life expectancy increased from 41 years in 1960 to 66 years in 1999 (BPS et al., 2001)
2000: 67.96
2001: 68.27
2002: 68.63
2003: 68.94
2004: 69.26
2005: 69.57
Source: CIA World Factbook
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: HEALTH
Another issue is the increasing cases of health
problems, related to environmental pollution such
respiratory tract infections due to air pollution in
the cities and due to haze produced seasonally by
forest and land fires.
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(Kayu gelondongan selundupan eks MV. Kum Jin Gang yang ada di Basis TNI-AL, Surabaya, Jawa Timur. [Citrawijaya Lim;
20040331].)
(Penduduk menanam benih di antara lahan hutan yang tersisa dari kebakaran. [TEMPO/
Junaini KS; 39c/056/89; 20000618])
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Indonesia has made significant progress in advancing education as indicated by increasing adult
literacy rate from 39% in 1960 to 88% in 1999 (BPS et al., 2001).
The number of illiterate (> 15 years old) in 2003 is 10.2 % (15.4 million).
The population above 10 years old who passed junior high school, i.e. from 32.2% in 1999 to 33.6% in 2000. This is an increase of 0.1 – 0.6%
compared to 1999 (SUSENAS, 2000).
PRO-POOR: EDUCATION
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: EDUCATION
8186
39
88
0102030405060708090
100
1990 1995 1999
Source: based on BPS et.al., 2001
1960
Adult Literacy Rate in Indonesia(The proportion of People over the Age of 15 who can Read and
Write)
2002: 87.9 (Source: UNDP), 2000-2004: 98
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: EDUCATION
Despite the achievement, there are several problems
in education sector:
The dropout rate at primary and secondary levels was 3.4%.
19.3% of all students would not be able to continue their education to a higher level (SUSENAS, 2000).
Teaching quality is relatively low.
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRO-POOR: ECONOMIC CONDITION
Per-capita income 1996: US $ 1,153/cap/year – lower middle income (~ Rp. 10.953.500).
During the economic crisis 1998: below US$ 750/cap/year – low income (~ Rp. 7.125.000).
2003: US $ 1000/cap/year – lower middle income (~ Rp.
9.500.000).
During the crisis, the gap between the rich and the poor widened, due to unemployment, lack of access
to adequate food and basic social services, inequities in
distribution of wealth and access to resources.
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
24.2% of the Indonesian population or 49.5 million
people were living in poverty in 1998; Reduced to
about 38.4 million people or 18.2% of the population
in 2000. And in 2004 reduced to about 36.1 million or
16.7% of the total population.
Problem: increasing unemployment rate. The unemployment following the crisis was 5.5% in
1998 which increased to 9.4% in 2004.
POVERTY
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Indonesia is facing housing shortage in terms of both
quantity and quality, particularly for the urban poor.
In 2000, about 25% household in Indonesia live in house below the ideal size (WHO) of 10 m2 per
person.
POVERTY
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Position of Human Development Index in 2004 from 175 countries:
Indonesia - # 111Malaysia - # 59Thailand - # 76
Philippines - # 83 Vietnam - # 112
UNDP says in 2006 #108 among 177 countries.
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Pro-women or pro-gender can be measured by the gender related development index (GDI) and the gender empowerment measure (GEM). GDI is the same as HDI, but adjusted for gender inequality.
The closer the GDI value is to HDI, the less gender disparity exists. GEM measures gender inequality in key areas of economic and political participation and decision making (UNDP, 1999).
3. PRO-WOMEN
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Pro-livelihood opportunities can be shown by the conventional method of the number of jobs created per investment.
Experience has shown that only those get measured, get done.
The four pillars have the dual role of guiding principle and driving force to get sustainable development beyond rhetoric and to get into the realm of implementation.
4. PRO-LIVELIHOOD
FOUR PILLARS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Like many other countries, particularly developing countries, Indonesia faces many constraints in the implementation of Agenda 21 and national sustainable development (national and international constraints), such as:
The lack of clean, accountable, representative & democratic governance.
Inadequate public consultation coupled with emphasis on boosting economic growth has resulted in policies that often do not support sustainable development.
PROBLEM IN IMPLEMENTINGSUST. DEV. IN INDONESIA
There is an almost general lack of awareness about Agenda 21 and sustainable development among government officials, cooperation even academician.
Inadequate political will, institutional capacity and law enforcement
Inadequate provision for the involvement of major group
Inadequate financial, technological and human resources
etc.
PROBLEM IN IMPLEMENTINGSUST. DEV. IN INDONESIA
INDONESIA
Total population: 219,883,000
GDP per capita (Intl $, 2002): 3,390
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years): 65.0/68.0
Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2002): 57.4/58.9
Child mortality m/f (per 1000): 45/37
Adult mortality m/f (per 1000): 241/204
Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2002): 110
Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2002): 3.2
