Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph.D Professor of Pharmaceutics Department of Pharmaceutics KLE University College of Pharmacy JN Medical College

Dr. Basavaraj K. NanjwadeDr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., M. Pharm.,

Ph.DPh.D

Professor of PharmaceuticsDepartment of Pharmaceutics

KLE University College of PharmacyJN Medical College Campus

BELGAUM – 590010Cell No: 00919742431000

E-mail: [email protected]

Applications of Nanotechnology

05 March. 2011 2M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Introduction (Nanotechnology)The prefix nano comes from the Greek word nanos,

which means one-billionth part of something.

So, nanotechnology can be described as engineering and manufacturing at the scale of a nanometer or nanoscale (nanometer = 10-9 meter).

Examples of nano-substance are- Atom diameter 0.15 nm, diameter of double strand DNA 2 nm, and cell 1000 nm.


Cell Structure


Introduction (Nanotechnology)The aim of nano-scientists is to virtually

imitate nature.

They are trying to construct objects out of their most basic components, atom by atom, the way that nature does.

This offers an unprecedented degree of precision and control over the final product.


Introduction (Nanotechnology)

As a fundamental understanding of how nature works at the atomic scale.

We can consider nanotechnology as enabling technology; it will enable us to do radical new things in virtually every technological and scientific arena.


Introduction (Nanotechnology)

However, despite great investments and hard scientific work, things are actually moving a bit slowly.

Most scientists believe that nanotechnology will start seriously influence our lives around the year 2020


Targeted Drug Delivery

05 March. 2011M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 8

Advantages of NanotechnologyNanotechnology may help in increasing the solubility &

bioavailability of drugs.

New dosage forms and better exploration of less-used drug administration routes for efficient therapeutic outcomes.

Nanoparticles with diameter less than 200nm are not screened out of circulation by liver and spleen.


Advantages of NanotechnologyNanotechnology is better suited for drug targeting of

individual tissues.

Cells and cellular receptors and hence, more suitable for gene and vaccine delivery.

It may also be helpful in designing nanoporous membranes for controlled-delivery drug devices.


Advantages of NanotechnologyNanoscale powders of antiasthma and analgesic drugs

are quickly absorbed in the human body in comparison to the traditional drug delivery systems.

Nanotechnology is particularly useful in case of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.


It has been shown that self-assemblies (~ 15nm) of phospholipid molecules known as sterically stabilized micelles are helpful in improving efficacy and reducing toxicity of such drugs.

The side effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide delivered by this nanotechnology was completely eliminated as it extravasated specifically in diseased tissues.

Advantages of Nanotechnology


Advantages of NanotechnologyNanotech based drug delivery is less toxic

as well as inexpensive.

Nanotechnology is suited for better drugs delivery to small regions within the human body as such drugs can easily cross biological membranes.

Liposomes are effective for drug targeting by chemotherapeutic agents .


Nanotechnology – Applications


Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

Nanoparticles can be used in targeted drug delivery at the site of disease to improve the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, the targeting of drugs to a specific site, and drug bioavailability.

A schematic comparison of untargeted and targeted drug delivery systems.





Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and dexamethasone have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials.

Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) based nanoparticles have been formulated to encapsulate dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid with an intracellular site of action.



Dexamethasone is a chemotherapeutic agent that has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects.

The drug binds to the cytoplasmic receptors and the subsequent drug-receptor complex is transported to the nucleus resulting in the expression of certain genes that control cell proliferation.



These drug-loaded nanoparticles formulations that release higher doses of drug for prolonged period of time completely inhibited proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Colloidal drug delivery modalities such as liposomes, micelles or nanoparticles have been intensively investigated for their use in cancer therapy.



The effectiveness of drug delivery systems can be attributed to their small size, reduced drug toxicity, controlled time release of the drug and modification of drug pharmacokinetics and biological distribution.

Too often, chemotherapy fails to cure cancer because some tumor cells develop resistance to multiple anticancer drugs.



In most cases, resistance develops when cancer cells begin expressing a protein, known as p-glycoprotein that is capable of pumping anticancer drugs out of a cell as quickly as they cross through the cell's outer membrane.

New research shows that nanoparticles may be able to get anticancer drugs into cells without triggering the p-glycoprotein pump.



The researchers studied in vivo efficacy of paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles in paclitaxel-resistant human colorectal tumors.

Paclitaxel entrapped in emulsifying wax nanoparticles was shown to overcome drug resistance in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-15).



The insolubility problems encountered with paclitaxel can be overcome by conjugating this drug with albumin.

Paclitaxel bound to bio-compatible proteins like albumin (Abraxane) is an injectable nano-suspension approved for the treatment of breast cancer.



The solvent Cremophor-EL used in previous formulations of paclitaxel causes acute hypersensitivity reactions.

To reduce the risk of allergic reactions when receiving paclitaxel, patients must undergo pre-medication using steroids and anti-histamines and be given the drug using slow infusions lasting a few hours.



Binding paclitaxel to albumin resulted in delivery of higher dose of drug in short period of time.

Because it is solvent-free, solvent- related toxicities are also eliminated.

In Phase III clinical trial, the response rate of Abraxane was about twice than that of the solvent-containing drug Taxol.


Drug Delivery Carriers


Recent Developments in NDDS

Several terminologies have been used to describe nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.

In most cases, either polymers or lipids are used as carriers for the drug, and the delivery systems have particle size distribution from few nanometers to few hundred nanometers.







Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology


Biomedical nanotechnologyThree applications of nanotechnology are

particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants.

Interest is booming in biomedical applications for use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on new drugs.


Biomedical nanotechnologyFor inside the body, many companies are

developing nanotechnology applications for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy.

Other researchers are working on prostheses and implants that include nanostructured materials.


DiagnosticsSensors for medical and environmental

monitoring and for preparing pure chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light and strong materials for defence, aerospace, automotive, and medical applications.

Lab-on-a-chip diagnostic techniques.


DiagnosticsSunscreens with ultraviolet-light absorbing nanoparticles.

The following applications are expected in the next decade:

• Longer-lasting medical implants.

• The capability to map an individual’s entire genetic code almost instantaneously.

• The ability to extend life by 50% from present expectations.


NanodrugsPharmaceutical companies do not expect

nanostructured materials to become new drug compounds.

However, carbon buckyballs and nanotubes might be useful as drug delivery vehicles because their nanometer size enables them to move easily inside the body.


NanodrugsThe active compound might be inserted in

a nanotube or bonded to a particle’s surface.

Other types of nanopowders or biomolecules are also useful and are closer to the marketplace.


NanodrugsIn April 2002, American Pharmaceutical

Partners (Los Angeles) presented results from an early human trial of ABI-007, a new nanoparticle delivery system for an established anticancer drug.

ABI- 007 is 130 nm long and consists of an engineered protein-stabilized nanoparticle that contains paclitaxel, which is used to treat breast, bladder, and more than a dozen other cancers.


NanodrugsSuch new delivery systems combine a

drug with an artificial vector that can enter the body and move in it like a virus.

If more advanced clinical tests are successful, ABI-007 is likely to enter the market in a few years.


NanodrugsCosmetics based on quantum dots are

already sold in large quantities.

Nanophase Technologies Corp. (Romeoville, IL) produces nanocrystalline materials such as zinc oxide for use in sunscreens and other products.

The particles are protective and cause minimal damage to DNA in sunlight.


NanodrugsQuantum dots are manufactured between

3 and 5 nm, suitable for binding specific biomolecules.

The quantum dots are luminescent particles, more stable than the organic dies used today.

They are nontoxic.


Prostheses and implantsNanotechnology also has applications in

tissue engineering.

New biomedical materials for bones, teeth, or other tissues implant are developed using tailor-made materials.

Biomimetic nanostructures start with a predefined nanochemical or physical structure.


Prostheses and implantsA nanochemical structure may be an array

of large reactive molecules attached to a surface, while a nanophysical structure may be a small crystal.

Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures as seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep growing by itself.


Prostheses and implantsOther groups want to apply

nanostructured materials in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic eye, ear, or nerve.

Both feats are far off.


Equipments for Nanoparticles1.Homogenizer

2.Ultra Sonicator

3.Mills

4.Spray Milling

5.Supercritical Fluid Technology

6.Electrospray

7.Ultracentrifugation

8.Nanofiltration05 March. 2011

M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 45

Homogenizer & Ultra Sonicator


ANY QUERIES?


4805 March. 2011M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Cell No: 00919742431000E-mail: [email protected]

Documents

Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph.D Professor of Pharmaceutics Department of Pharmaceutics KLE University College of Pharmacy JN Medical College