DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI …dwr.org.in/AICRP-WM Document/2014-Annual Report/DBSKKV-Dapoli...dr. balasaheb sawant konkan krishi vidyapeeth,dapoli dapoli, dist. ratnagiri,

DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI

VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI

DAPOLI, DIST. RATNAGIRI, (MAHARASHTRA).

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY,

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT

DAPOLI CENTRE

(January to December 2014)

Submitted to

Dr. A.R.Sharma Director

Dr. Shobha Sondhia I/C, DWR

DIRECTORATE OF WEED RESEARCH, Adhartal, Jabalpur- 482 004, (M.P.)

by

Prof.V.M.Kanade

I/C Agronomist &PI All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management

For official use only

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EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 2014

: ADDRESS :

Prof. V.M. Kanade

I/C Agronomist &PI

All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management

Department of Agronomy

Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli - 415 712 ,

Dist - Ratnagiri (Maharashtra).

Telephone: 02358-283588

Email: [email protected]

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Description Page No.

I Introduction of the centre

1 to 2

General information Project objectives

Background information of the project

Location

II Weather conditions during the year and deviation from the normal 2

III Staff position and expenditure statement 2

IV Executive Summary (English) 3

V Results of practical utility 3 to 4

VI Research Achievements 5

A) Network Trials

WS.1. Weed survey, surveillance and ecological parameters 5 to13

WS.2. Weed biology and physiology 14

WS.2.1 Weed biology in cropped & non cropped area. 14

WS.3. Weed management in crops and cropping systems. 15 to 56

WS.3.1.3 Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded

rice.

15 to 21

WS.3.6 Weed management in conservation agriculture systems 22 to 23

WS 3.7 Long term herbicide trial in different cropping system. 24 to 56

WS 4. Management of problematic weeds. 57 to 58

WS 4.2 Making of parthenium free campus. 57

WS 4.3 Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi 57 to 58

WS.6 On farm research & impact assessment

59 to 64

WS.6.1 On farm research 59 to 60

WS 6.2

Front Line Demonstration (FLD) 61 to 64

S.T. Station Trial 65 to71

S.T.1 Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in rice-

cowpea cropping system. 65 to 71

VII TSP programme 72

VIII List of publications(research, abstract of seminar/symposia/conference,

technical/extension bulletin, popular articles, books/books chapter, radio/TV

talks etc.

73

IX List of trainings/awareness campaign 73

X Awards/recognitions/students guided 73

XI Linkages and collaboration 73

XII Meteorological data -2014 74 to 75

1

AICRP on weed control, DAPOLI centre 1. GENERAL INFORMATION:

1. Project title : All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Control, Dapoli Centre

2. Name of location : Department of Agronomy,

College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri.

3. Name of University : Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist.

Ratnagiri.

4. Name of the Principal Investigator

of the centre : Prof V.M. Kanade

5. Report period : January to December, 2014

6. Technical personnel’s employed

during the report period : Five (Table 1)

7. Total sanctioned outlay for the

year 2013–2014 :

Rs. 33.11 lakhs (Table 2)

i. PROJECT OBJECTIVES:

1. Survey of weed flora in different agro-ecological zones of Konkan region

2. Studies on critical crop weed competition period.

3. Evaluation of different weed control measures and development of integrated weed management practices for different crops and cropping systems.

4. Studies on weed biology and weed ecology.

5. On Farm Trials (OFT’s) in the farmers field to assess and refine developed technology.

6. To evolve integrated approaches for weed management including cultural method of weed control under irrigated condition.

7. Training for extension personnels and farmers.

8. Studies on the management of perennial and problem weeds in cropped and non-cropped area.

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AND LOCATION:

The Directorate of Weed Science Research Centre on Weed Control sponsored by the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research was started at Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli

in its Department of Agronomy with effect from May, 1996. The main objective of this programme

was to develop integrated weed management practices for optimum weed control for different

crops and cropping systems with minimum hazards to the crops and environment.

The scheme scientists are of the discipline of Agronomy and Microbiology. The technical

programme and research achievements are discussed in the annual workshop and the technical

programmes are finalized for implementation aiming towards achieving the broad objectives of the

project.The annual technical programme is approved by the Director, Directorate of Weed Science

Research, Jabalpur.

The technologies developed are discussed in the state level scientific workers

conference and are included in the crop production guide published by the Department of

Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra for the benefits of extension personnels and farmers of the

region.

2

iii. LOCATION:

DWSR centre is located at Dapoli in the agroclimatic zone viz. ‘Very High Rainfall with

Lateritic Soils’ in Maharashtra State. The experimental farm is located at 170 19' to 170 40' N

latitudes, 730 16' to 730 19' E longitudes and 167 to 234 m above mean sea level (MSL). The

topography of the region is uneven and can be described as rolling with mound and hillocks and

gently slopping valleys in the middle having flat rice fields and the hills with slopes ranging from 1

to more than 30 per cent.

II. Weather conditions during the year and deviation from the normal

The weekly weather data for the 2014 is attached on last page of the report. The deviation from

the normal is given below.

Dapoli location Maximum temp Minimum temp Rainfall

Normal 30.84 oC 19.81 oC 3649.92 mm

Average 31.35 20.12 3370.2

Increase/decrease (+) 0.51 oC (+) 0.31 oC (-) 7.66 %

III. Staff position and Expenditure statement.

Table 1: Technical personnel employed up to 2013.

Sr. No.

Name Designation Date of Joining in

the project Scale of pay

Present basic pay

Remark

1. Prof.V.M.Kanade Agronomist & PI

05/03/2014 (Onwards

Additional Charge)

37400-67000 53,820/- -

2. Shri. Y. R. Govekar Jr. Res.Scientist

(Microbiology)

12/07/2014 Onwards

15600-39100 24,320/- -

3. Shri. A. P. Govale Technical

Assistant 12/03/2014

onwards 9300-34800 11,170/-

-

4. Mrs. S.K. Khanolkar Jr. steno typist 7/07/2010 onwards

5200-20200 11,170/- -

5. Mrs. A.N. Desai Messanger 8/07/2010 onwards

4470-7440 9,550/- -

Table 2 : Total sanctioned outlay for 2014-2015 (Rs. in lakhs)

Head of Account

Sanctioned grants Total Expenditure

upto 31.12.2014

Balance

ICAR share

State share

1. Pay and Allowance 21.45 7.15 28.60 14.38 14.22

2. Traveling Allowance 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.05 0.35

3. Recurring contingencies 1.58 0.53 2.11 2.00 0.11

4. Tribal Sub Plan 2.00 - 2.00 1.37 0.63

Total 25.33 7.78 33.11 17.80 15.31

3

(III). Executive Summary

(V). Results of practical utility

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded rice.

From the different herbicides under trial, pendimethalin fb manual weeding, recorded

highest weed control efficiency (84.11 & 80.95%) at 60 and 90 DAS respectively, followed by

pendimethalin fb Bispyribac Na fb manual weeding & Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na 77-80 & 74.91%

respectively. The total weed growth of monocots and BLWs was conspicuously suppressed by the

application of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na integrated with manual weeding exhibiting the WCE

of 76.48 and 74.64 percent at 60 and 90DAS respectively.

All weed control measures under study recorded significant increase in grain & straw yield over

weedy check. The weed free check recorded significantly highest grain & straw yield of 39.64 &

59.58 q/ha. respectively over all other treatments, which were at par with Pendimethalin fb manual

weeding for grain yield and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding for straw yield. But

the highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from the application of Pendimethalin fb manual

weeding (1.17) and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding (1.15) respectively.

WS. 3.7:- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems.

Rabi groundnut-

Green manuring to kharif rice did not influenced the weed density and growth of monocots

and BLWs. While the various weed control measures significantly influenced the weed density &

weed growth at 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. The fixed and rotational herbicides reduced weed

density and weed growth resulted in increased dry pod yield of groundnut (30.92 & 29.49 q/ha)

respectively over weedy check (24.47 q/ha).

The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate

solubilisers and their associated parameters such as microbial biomass carbon, basal soil

respiration,dehydrogenase enzyme and phosphatase enzyme activity were found significantly

higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without- green manuring treatment in

rabi groundnut crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.

The total bacterial population, microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration in soil

were significantly influenced by weed control measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly

less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to the weed free treatment. They were at

par with weedy check treatment at 30DAT.The rest parmeters such as total fungi, total free living

nitrogen fixers, total Phosphate solubilisers, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and phosphatase

enzyme activity were found to be non-significant at all the above stages of the groundnut crop

during rabi season.

The number of nodule and their dry weight was found to be non-significant in the main

treatment(green manuring)and the sub-treatment(weed control measures) during rabi season.

4

Kharif Rice-

Green manuring with Dhaincha did not influenced the weed density and weed growth at 30,

50, DAT and at harvest. Similarly it was not influenced the yield attributes and yield of rice. Weed

density of monocots was reduced significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational

herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was also significantly

influenced due to various weed control measures. The grain and straw yield of rice was

significantly highest in weed free check (34.90 & 44.33 q/ha) followed by fixed herbicide (31.40 &

36.07q/ha).

The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate

solubilisers and their associated parameters such as microbial biomass carbon, basal soil



kharif rice crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.

The total bacterial population, total fungi, total free living nitrogen fixers, total phosphate

solubilisers, Microbial biomass carbon ,basal soil respiration dehydrogenase enzyme activity and

phosphatase enzyme activity were found non-significant at all the above stages of the rice crop

during kharif season.

S.T.1 Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in rice-cowpea

cropping system.

The experiment was conducted to see the effects of recommended herbicides of rice on soil

microflora of rice and cowpea crop under rice-cowpea cropping system.The microflora such as

total bacterial population, total fungal population,actinomycetes,free living nitrogen fixers and

phosphate solubilisers were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy check

as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. They were also found significantly

less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS(Except

actinomycetes) and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed

control measures was found to be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and before application of

recommended herbicides) at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control

measures was found to be non-significant at all the above stages during rabi season.

5

(VI). RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS: Network Programme

WS.1: Weed Survey, Surveillance and ecological parameters.

Weed survey of Raigad and Palghar districts (Kharif season)

Survey Route:-

Vinere

N. – 17054’40.1”

E. – 0730231’12.8”

MSL-81m.

Ambavli

N. – 18001’56.2”

E. – 073025’0.0”

MSL-94m.

Mahad

N. – 18005’06.9”

E. – 073025’4.5”

MSL-17m.

Dasgon

N. – 18005’38.0”

E. – 073027’36.5”

MSL-84m.

Mangaon

N. – 18015’5.3”

E. – 073015’29.6”

MSL-15m.

Koshimbale

N. – 18017’20.0”

E. – 073015’51.8”

MSL-40m.

Roha Sutarwadi

N. – 18022’37.6”

E. – 073015’45.6”

MSL-22m.

Pali

N. – 18031’19.1”

E. – 07300’50.2”

MSL-30m.

Tiwre

N. – 18036’28.8”

E. – 073016’27.2”

MSL-36m.

Parli Sudagad

N. – 18040’20”

E. – 073017’52.9”

MSL-53m.

Karjat

N. – 18056’15.9”

E. – 073019’26.5”

MSL-54m.

Neral

N. – 19002’34.3”

E. – 073019’0.9”

MSL-41m.

Kajgaon

N. – 19006’49.9”

E. – 073016’9.9”

MSL-23m.

Ambarnath

N. – 19014’19.5”

E. – 073007’37.7”

MSL-7m.

Bhivandi

N. – 19016’12.8”

E. – 073005’00.9”

MSL-52m.

Lamhaj

N. – 19023’18.4”

E. – 073004’56.4”

MSL-22m.

Vada

N. – 19038’33”

E. – 073008’11.2”

MSL-65m.

Palghar

N. – 19043’56.07”

E. – 072045’36.2”

MSL-18m.

Bordi

N. – 20006’06.0”

E. – 072043’23.1”

MSL-19m.

Odaval

N. – 20005’15.5”

E. – 072043’47.1”

MSL-8m.

Gholwad

N. – 2004’59.9”

E. – 072044’03.1”

MSL-5m.

Dahanu

N. – 20002’6.02”

E. – 072044’58.5”

MSL-28m.

6

Name of farmer: Suryakant Mahadev Mane

Name of village : Vinere, District:- Raigad

Crop: Banana

Sr

N

o.

Species Total

Individuals

of the

species in

all Quadrats

No. of

Quadrats

Particular

Spp.Occu

red

Total

No.Q

uadra

ts

Obse

rved

Densi

ty/m2

Freq

uen

cy %

Freq

uen

cy

Relati

ve

Densi

ty %

Rela

tive

Freq

uen

cy %

IVI

(%)

1 Cocks comb, dqMqZ 18.00 1.00 1.00 72.00 100 1.00 29.51 25 54.51

2 Blumea lacera, Hkke:M 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

3 Isachane globosa, /kqj 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

4 Ageratum conyzoides,

vkslkMh 15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

5 Leptocloa chinensis

fejdV 4.00 1.00 1.00 16.00 100 1.00 6.56 25 31.56

During Kharif season cocks comb was dominant weed in banana followed by Ageratum conyzoides

and Blumea lacera

Name of Farmer: Suryakant Mahadev Mane

Village: Vinere, District: Raigad

Crop : Coconut

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats

No. of Quadrats Particular Spp.Occu

red

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %

Relative Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Ageratum conyzoides, vkslkMh

14.00 1.00 1.00 56.00 100 1.00 22.95 25 47.95

2 Cocks comb, dqMqZ 18.00 1.00 1.00 72.00 100 1.00 29.51 25 54.51

3 Erioculum

hexangularis, dksGlk 10.00 1.00 1.00 40.00 100 1.00 16.39 25 41.39


In coconut plantation, Cocks comb was dominated weed followed by Ageratum conyzoides and

Erioculum hexangularis

Name of Farmer : Sarasvati Ganapat Mane

Village : Vinere, District:- Raigad

Crop : Rice

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals of the species

in all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)


2 Echinocloa colona, ik[kM

10.00 1.00 1.00 40.00 100 1.00 16.39 25 41.39

3 Isachane globosa, /kwj 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

During Kharif season Blumea lacera was dominant weed in Rice followed by Echinocloa colona and

Isachane globosa

7

Name of Farmer : Swati Ganapat Mane

Village : Vinere District : Raigad Crop : Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in all

Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Isachane globosa, /kwj

40.00 1.00 1.00 160.00 100 1.00 65.57 25 90.57

2 Leptocloa chinensis, fejdV

6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

During Kharif season under non cropped area Isachane globosa was densly populated as compared to Leptocloa chinensis. Name of farme- Anant Ramaji Karjawakar

Village- Dasgaon, Mahad Crop- Rice

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in all

Quadrats


red

Total No.Quadrats Obser

ved

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Echinocloa Colona,

ik[kM 25.00 1.00 1.00 100.00 100 1.00 40.98 25 65.98


3 Cyperus iria, os.kh yOgkGk 18.00 1.00 1.00 72.00 100 1.00 29.51 25 54.51

In the transplanted rice Echinocloa Colona was most dominant species followed by Ischamum globosa and Cyperus iria. Name of Farmer :Prakash Ramu Bogakar

Village :- Koshimbale, Mangaon District:- Raigad Crop :- Rice

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats

No. of Quadrats Particular Spp.Occur

ed

Total No.Qua

drats Observ

ed

Density/m2

Frequency

%

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Blumea lacera, Hkke:M

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

2 Erioculum hexangularis, dksGlk

40.00 1.00 1.00 160.00 100 1.00 65.57 25 90.57

3 Cyperus iria, os.kh

yOgkGk 20.00 1.00 1.00 80.00 100 1.00 32.79 25 57.79

4 Ischamum globosa, /kwj

4.00 1.00 1.00 16.00 100 1.00 6.56 25 31.56

During Kharif season Erioculum hexangularis was dominant weed in Rice followed by Cyperus iria, Blumea lacera and Isachane globosa. Name of Farmer :- Prakash Ramu Bogavkar

Village :- Koshimbale, (Mangaon) District:- Raigad Crop :- Submerged area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


ed

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency

%

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Ischaemum

rugosum, ckjMh 15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

2 Hygrophia

auriculata, dksGlqank 10.00 1.00 1.00 40.00 100 1.00 16.39 25 41.39

3 Hyptis suaveolens,

jkurqGl 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

In submerged area Ischaemum rugosum was most dominant followed by Hygrophia auriculata and Hyptis suaveolens during Kharif season.

8

Name of Farmer :- Sunil Tatkare (Gita Nursery)

Village :- Sutarwadi (Mangaon), District:- Raigad Crop :- Lily

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency

%

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency

%

IVI (%)

1 Mimosa pndica, YkktkGw 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

2 Cyperus iria , os.kh

yOgkGk 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

3 Euphorbia hirta, nq/kkuh 20.00 1.00 1.00 80.00 100 1.00 32.79 25 57.79

3 Portulaca spp , /kksG 15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

During Kharif season under Nursery area Euphorbia hirta was mostly dominated followed by Portulaca spp, Mimosa pndica and Cyperus iria. Name of Farmer :- Gopal K. Vaaze

Village :- Pali, District:- Raigad Crop :- Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats

No. of Quadrats Particular

Spp.Occured

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Urena lobata, fpdVk 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

2 Ischaemum rugosum,

ckjMh 4.00 1.00 1.00 16.00 100 1.00 6.56 25 31.56


4 Cocks comb, dqMqZ 5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

During Kharif season in the non cropped area Blumea lacera and Urena lobata were mostly dominated followed by Cocks comb and Ischaemum rugosum. Name of Farmer :- Sunil Y. Bhise

Village :- Tiwre, District:- Raigad Crop :- Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red


ved

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Cocks comb, dqMqZ 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11



4 Leptocloa chinensis,

fejdV 3.00 1.00 1.00 12.00 100 1.00 4.92 25 29.92

During Kharif season Cocks comb and Blumea lacera were most dominant followed by Ischamum globosa and Heptocloa chinensis in the non cropped area. Name of Farmer :- Agri. Research Station

Village :- Karjat, District:- Raigad Crop :- Non Cropped area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red


ved

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Phasalis minima, jku

iksiVh 5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

2 Alternenthra sessilis js'kehdkVk

20.00 1.00 1.00 80.00 100 1.00 32.79 25 57.79

3 Amaranthus

spinosus, dkVsekB 2.00 1.00 1.00 8.00 100 1.00 3.28 25 28.28


yOgkGk 5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

5 Ageratum

conyzoides, vkslkMh 8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

9

In the non cropped area Alternenthra sesilis was most dominant followed by Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus iria, Phasalis minima and Amaranthus spinosus Name of Farmer :- Agri. Research Station

Village :- Karjat, District:- Raigad Crop :- Rice

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Erioculum

hexangularis, dksGlk 15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59



Erioculum hexangularis was most dominant weed species followed by Blumea lacera and Cyperus iria in Kharif

rice Name of Farmer :- Shashikant S. Sidhaikal

Village :- Neral, District:- Raigad Crop :- Non crop area

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


ed

Total No.Qua

drats Observ

ed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)

1 Hyptis suaveolens, jkuVh rqGl

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

2 Alternenthra sessilis, js'kehdkVk

15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

3 Cyperus rotundus, yOgkGk

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

In the non cropped area Alternenthra sessilis was most dominant weed species followed by Hyptis suaveolens and Cyperus rotundus. Name of Farmer :- Shantaram Gavit

Village :- Kajgaon, District:- Raigad Crop :- Rice

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)



3 Erioculum hexangularis, dksGlk

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

Ischamum globosa was most dominant weed species followed by Cyperus iria and Erioculum hexangularis in Kharif rice. Name of Farmer :- Shantaram Gavit

Village :- Kajgaon, District:- Raigad Crop :- Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


ed

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)


12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67



4 Leptochloa chinensis,fejdV

10.00 1.00 1.00 40.00 100 1.00 16.39 25 41.39

5 Ludwigia actovalvis, dMwfpap

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

6

Phyllanthus niruri, gtkjnk.kh

7.00 1.00 1.00 28.00 100 1.00 11.48 25 36.48

10

Ischamum globosa was most dominant weed species followed by Hyptis suaveolens, Leptochloa chinensis and Ludwigia actovalvis. Name of Farmer :- Ramchandra Prakash Mohite

Village :- Bhivandi, District:- Thane Crop :- Mango

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


red

Total No.Qua

drats Observ

ed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %


IVI (%)


35.00 1.00 1.00 140.00 100 1.00 57.38 25 82.38


Hyptis suaveolens was most dominant weed species followed by Urena lobata in Mango orchard during Kharif season. Name of Farmer :- Ramadas Govind Patil

Village :- Kudus, District:- Thane Crop :- Non-cropped area

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


ed

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Hibiscus Vitifolius, jkuHksaMh

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11

2 Lantena Camera, ?kk.ksjh 5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

3 Alternenthra sessilis , js'kehdkVk

12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67

4 Crotolaria pallida 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

In non cropped area Alternenthra sessilis was most dominant weed species followed by Hibiscus Vitifolius and Crotolaria pallida Name of Farmer :- Gavit S. S.

Village:- Palghar, District:- Thane Crop :- Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species


in all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quadrats

Observed

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Alternenthra ssesilis, js'kehdkVk

12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67

2 Tridax procumbens, ,dnkaMh

6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84


4 Lantena camera, ?kk.ksjh 4.00 1.00 1.00 16.00 100 1.00 6.56 25 31.56

5 Zizypus rotundifolia, jkucksj

3.00 1.00 1.00 12.00 100 1.00 4.92 25 29.92

Alternenthra ssesilis was most dominant weed species followed by Tridax procumbens, Ischamum globosa and Lantena camera in non cropped area. Name of Farmer :- Ravindra Kharat

Village :- Wada, District:- Palghar Crop :- Non Cropped Area

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


ed

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Argemane maxicana,

, fioGk /kks=k 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

2 Lantena camera, ?kk.ksjh 7.00 1.00 1.00 28.00 100 1.00 11.48 25 36.48

3 Solanum nigrum, jkuokaxh

5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

4 Alternenthra ssesilis, js'kehdkVk

2.00 1.00 1.00 8.00 100 1.00 3.28 25 28.28

Lantena camera was most dominant followed by Argemane maxicana and Solanum nigrum in non cropped area.

11

Name of farme:- Ravindra Ambadas Kharat

Village:- Wada, Palghar Crop:- Rice

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)



3 Blumea lacera Hkke:M 9.00 1.00 1.00 36.00 100 1.00 14.75 25 39.75

4 Echinocloa colona, ik[kM 12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67

In rice crop Isachane globosa and Echinocloa colona were most dominant weed species followed by Blumea lacera and Cyperus iria during Kharif season. Name of Farmer :- Gavit S. S.

Village :- Palghar, District:- Thane Crop :– Coconut

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)


2 Alternenthra sesilis js'kehdkVk

12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67

3 Ageratum conizoides, vkslkMh

7.00 1.00 1.00 28.00 100 1.00 11.48 25 36.48

4 Achyranthus aspera, vk?kkMk

5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20


Alternenthra sesilis was most dominant weed followed by Cyperus iria and Ageratum conizoides Name of Farmer :- Dr. Uday Dhuri

Village :- Bordi, Dist. Palghar Crop :- Banana

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency

%

Frequenc

y

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Amaranthus

spinosus, dkVsekB 15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

2 Alternenthra sissilis js'kehdkVk

8.00 1.00 1.00 32.00 100 1.00 13.11 25 38.11


yOgkGk 6.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 100 1.00 9.84 25 34.84

4 Physalis minima, jkuiksiVh

5.00 1.00 1.00 20.00 100 1.00 8.20 25 33.20

Amaranthus spinosus was most dominant weed species followed by Alternenthra sissilis and Cyperus iria in Banana plantation. Name of farmer:- Gajanan Patil,

Village:- Gholwad, Dist. Palghar Crop: – Sapota

Sr No.

Species

Total Individuals

of the species in

all Quadrats


red

Total No.Quad

rats Observe

d

Density/m2

Frequency %

Frequency

Relative

Density %

Relative

Frequency %

IVI (%)

1 Cyperus rotundus, yOgkGk

15.00 1.00 1.00 60.00 100 1.00 24.59 25 49.59

2 Alternenthra sissilis, js'kehdkVk

12.00 1.00 1.00 48.00 100 1.00 19.67 25 44.67



In sapota orchard Cyperus rotundus was most dominated weed followed by Alternenthra sissilis, Blumea lacera and Ischamum globosa

12

Shift in weed flora

Raigad Crop: Banana

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Amaranthus viridis, jkuVh ekB 43.48

2 Digitaria sanguinalis, [ksdMk xor 39.20

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Cocks comb, dqMqZ 54.51

2 Blumea lacera, Hkke:M 38.11

Crop : Coconut 2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Cassia tora, VkdGk 21.40

2 Cynodon dactylon, gjh;kyh 18.36

3 Mimosa pudica, yktkGw 18.46

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Ageratum conyzoides, vkslkMh 47.95


3 Erioculum hexangularis,dksGlk 41.39

Crop: Rice 2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Drymaria cordata 57.00

2 Smithia sensitiva dksoGk 46.88

3 Echinochloa colona ik[kM 30.53

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)


2 Erioculum hexangularis,dksGlk 90.57

3 Isachane globosa, /kqj 31.56

Non Cropped Area

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Cassia occidentlis, fpap.kh 57.00

2 Chromolaena odorata, jkueksMh 57.00

3 Hygrophia auriculata, dksGlaqnk 22.24

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)



3 Alternenthra ssesilis, js'kehdkVk 57.79

Palghar Non Cropped Area

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Desmodium triflorum, rhu iRrh 47.03


3 Parthenium

hysterophorus,xktj xor 41.97

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Alternenthra sessilis, js'kehdkVk 44.67

2 Lantena Camera, ?kk.ksjh 31.56

Crop :Coconut

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Synedrella nodiflora 49.56

2 Echinochloa colona, ik[kM 34.39

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Alternenthra sessilis, js'kehdkVk 44.67

2 Cyperus iria, os.kh yOgkGk 38.11

Crop :Banana

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Colocassia antiquorum, vGw 47.03

2 Commellina benghalensis,

dsuk 46.21

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Amaranthus spinosus,

dkVsekB 49.59

2 Alternenthra sessilis,

js'kehdkVk 38.11

Crop :Sapota

2010

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Kalinga triceps 42.56

2 Convolvulus arvensis, pkanosG 39.36

2014

Sr. No.

Species IVI (%)

1 Alternenthra sessilis,

js'kehdkVk 44.67


13

Summary-

Weed survey was conducted in different tahsils including Mahad, Mangaon, Roha

Sudhagad, and Karjat in Raigad districts and tahsils including Bhivandi, Kalyan, Wada, Dahanu,

and Palghar in Palghar district during Kharif season 2014. In Mahad & Mangaon tahasils of

Raigad district Blumea lacera, Ericulum hexangularis, Echinocloa colona, Ischane globosa and

cyperus iria were most dominant weeds in kharif rice, where Drymaria cordata, Smithia sensitiva,

Digitaria sanguinalis were most dominant during kharif season 2010. In orchards Cocks comb,

Ageratum conyzoides, Ericulum hexangularis and Blumea lacera were most dominant weed

species, where Amaranthus viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cassia tora and cynodon dactylon were

most dominant during kharif season 2010. In non cropped area Ischamum globosa and heptocloa

chinensis were densely populated weeds. In Roha, Sudhagad and Karjat-tahsils of Raigad district

Ericulum hexangularis, Blumea lacera, Cyperusiria and Ischamum globosa were most dominant

species in kharif rice, where drymaria cordata, Echinochloa colona and Digitaria sanghinalis were

most dominant during Kharif season 2010. In non cropped area Blumea lacera, Cocks comb,

Alternenthra sessilis were most dominated where chromolaena odorata, Cassia occidentalis and

Hyptis suaveolens were dominated during kharif 2010.

Under study in Kalyan, Bhivandi, Vada, Dahanu and Palghar tahsils in Palghar district

Echinocloa colona, Blumea lacera and Cyperus iria were dominant species in Rice, Where

Digitoria sangninalis, Drymaria cordata and Cyperus iria were dominant weeds in 2010. In

orchards of Coconut, Banana, Sapota, Alternenthra sessilis, Amaranthus spinosus, Cyperus

rotundus and Blumea lacera were most dominant species, where Echinocloa colona, Colocassia

antiquorum, Kalinga triceps were most dominant during Kharif 2010. In non cropped area

Alternenthra sessilis, Lantana Camera, Tridax procumbens and Ischmum globossa were dominant

species, Where Cassia tora, Desmodium triflorum, Themeda quadrivolavis, parthenium

hysterophons were most dominant during Kharif 2010.

14

WS.2: Weed Biology and Physiology

WS.2.1: Weed Biology in cropped & non cropped area.

Sr.

No

.

Name

of the

specie

s

Germination

percentage at

depth in (cm)

Total Biomass

(gm)

Dry matter

portioning/

Plant (Root Shoot

dry wt.) (gm)

Root Shoot Ratio

(On dry wt. basis)

(gm)

Days to flower

(No.)

Days to

maturity

(No.)

No. of

productive

structures

No. of seeds/plant RGR

In gm/gm/day

0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10

1.

Ischane

globosa

(Dhur)

60 80 80 1.00 1.26 1.01 3.076 3.085 3.16 0.021 0.026 0.030 106 107 103 141 143 145 74 98 57 2072 2646 1596 0.0037 0.0042 0.003

2.

Leptoch

loa

chinens

is

(Mirkat)

80 80 60 1.03 1.11 1.10 4.748 4.121 4.65 0.260 0.026 0.220 113 111 112 144 147 146 234 286 224 11232 13156 10304 0.0012 0.0015 0.001

3.

Mimosa

pudica

(Lajalu)

60 80 80 2.10 2.21 2.07 4.291 3.848 4.63 0.032 0.029 0.036 133 133 131 146 144 148 29 38 24 10300 11760 9380 0.0050 0.0060 0.002

4.

Hyptis

suaveol

ens

(Wild

tulas)

60 100 80 2.10 2.04 2.07 3.790 4.158 3.98 0.030 0.031 0.031 111 113 113 145 146 144 38 51 47 760 920 875 0.0015 0.0023 0.002

5.

Oryza

sativa(

Rice)

100 100 90 1.10 1.45 1.08 5.52 6.32 8.78 0.30 0.33 0.28 103 109 111 138 147 152 96 165 118 670 880 960 0.032 0.041 0.05

15

W.S 3.1.3 : Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded

rice.

Objectives

: 1) To study the bio-efficiency of combination of herbicides against weed complex and their effects on growth and yield of direct-seeded rice.

2) To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any.

Year of commencement : Kharif, 2012

Location : Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.

Treatments details : Treatments Dose

(g/ha) Time of application (DAS)

T1 Bispyribac-Na 25 20 DAS (3-4 leaf stage) T2 Pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na 1000 fb 25 0-2 fb 25 T3 Oxadiargyl fb bispyribac-Na 100/25 0-2 fb. 25 T4 Pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac -Na 20/25 0-3 fb. 25 T5 Pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na fb manual

weeding 1000 fb 25

0-2 fb. 20 DAS (3-4 leaf stage) fb 45d

T6 Pendimethalin fb manual weeding(Pendistar)

1000 0-2 fb. 25-30d

T7 Bispyribac -Na + (chlorimuron + metsulfuron)

20+4 20 DAS

T8 Three mechanical weedings (cono / rotary weeder)

_ 20,40,60 DAS

T9 Weed free check (HW at 20,40, and 60 DAS)

_ _

T10 Weedy check _

_

Design : RBD

Replications : Three

Plot size : 5 m x 3 m

Crop and variety : Rice- Ratngiri-1

Fertilizers : 100:50:50 Kg N,P2O5,K2O Kg/ha

Date of sowing : 07/06/2014

Date of harvesting : 07/10/2014

Results and discussion:- Composition of weed flora:-

Grasses & sedges:-Cyperus iria, Isachne globossa, Ischaemum rugosum, Echinochloa colona BLWs:- Ludwigia octovalvis, Mimosa pudica, Ageratum conyzoides, Alternenthera sessilis, Smithia sensitiva.

16

Table WS 3.1.1: Effects of herbicide combinations on weed density at 60 and 90 DAS

Treatments

Weed density 60 DAS

(No./0.25 m2)

Weed density 90 DAS

(No./0.25 m2)

G&S BLWs Total WCE

% G&S BLWs Total

WCE

%

T1:Bispyribac-Na 44.33

(6.64)

15.00

(3.93) 59.33 58.41

42.33

(6.50)

15.67

(4.02) 58.00 56.39

T2:Pendimethalin fb

Bispyribac-Na

23.33

(4.88)

11.00

(3.38) 34.33 75.94

22.67 (4.81)

11.67 (3.51)

34.34 74.18

T3:Oxadiargyl fb

Bispyribac-Na

17.00

(4.13)

14.67

(3.89) 31.67 77.80

18.33

(4.32)

15.00 (3.94)

33.33 74.94

T4:Pyrazosulfuron fb

Bispyribac-Na

32.33

(5.70)

15.00 (3.91)

47.33 66.83 27.67 (5.28)

15.33 (3.95)

43.00 67.67

T5: Pendimethalin fb

Bispyribac-Na fb

manual weeding

15.67

(4.00)

9.33 (3.13)

25.00 82.48 15.67 (4.00)

12.00 (3.53)

27.67 79.20

T6:Pendimethalin fb

manual weeding

16.00

(4.05)

6.67

(2.67) 22.67 84.11

17.67 (4.26)

7.67 (2.83)

25.34 80.95

T7: Bispyribac-Na +

(chlorimuron + metsulfuron)

45.67

(6.78)

13.67 (3.76)

59.34 58.41 39.67 (6.30)

15.00 (3.94)

54.67 58.89

T8: Three mechanical

weedings

(cono/rotary weeder)

28.67

(5.37)

11.00 (3.37)

39.67 72.19 20.67 (4.68)

10.00 (3.24)

30.67 76.94

T9: Weed free check

(HW at 20,40, & 60DAS)

16.00 (4.03)

5.33 (2.39)

21.33 85.05 18.00 (4.10)

9.00 (3.08)

27.00 79.70

T10: Weedy check 116.00

(10.78)

26.67 (5.26)

142.67 - 105.67 (10.29)

27.33

(5.27) 133.00 -

Sem ± -

(0.58)

-

(0.20) - -

-

(0.22)

-

(0.14) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.78)

-

(0.55) - -

-

(0.62)

-

(0.40) - -

Figures in parentheses indicate square root transformations √x + 0.5.

17

I) Effect of herbicide combinations on weed density-

As compared to weedy check, all the weed control measures significantly reduced the

weed density of monocots as well as BLWs at 60 and 90 DAS. Similarly as compared to weed

free check, Pendimethalin fb manual weeding recorded less weed density of monocots at 60 and

90 DAS and less weed density of BLWs at 90 DAS. Among herbicides tried, the application of

pendimethelin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na, Pendimethalin fb

manual weeding and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na in sequence recorded low weed intensity of

monocots at 60 and 90 DAS and Pendimethalin fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-

Na fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na and Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na in

sequence recorded low weed intensity of BLWs at 60 and 90 DAS. Among the herbicides tried,

Pendimethalin fb manual weeding recorded highest weed control efficiency(84.11 & 80.95%) at 60

and 90 DAS, respectively followed by Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding and

Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na (77.80 & 74.91%) respectively.

18

Table W S 3.1.2 Effects of herbicide combinations on weed growth at 60 and 90 DAS.

Treatments

Weed growth 60 DAS (g/0.25 m-2)

Weed growth 90 DAS (g/0.25 m-2)

G&S BLWs Total WCE %

G&S BLWs Total WCE %

T1:Bispyribac-Na 14.67

(3.88)

12.50

(3.59) 27.17 12.83

25.38 (5.08)

18.70

(4.36) 42.08 23.95

T2:Pendimethalin fb

Bispyribac-Na

12.33

(3.56)

6.33 (2.61)

18.66 40.13 18.04 (4.29)

9.10 (3.06)

27.14 53.60

T3: Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na

14.00

(3.80)

5.17 (2.37)

19.17 38.50 20.37 (4.56)

9.47 (3.14)

29.84 48.64

T4:Pyrazosulfuron fb

Bispyribac-Na

10.00

(3.30)

3.23 (1.92)

13.23 57.56 29.78 (5.50)

6.18 (2.56)

35.96 37.80

T5:Pendimethalin fb

Bispyribac-Na fb

manual weeding

5.00

(2.34)

2.33 (1.66)

7.33 76.48 10.81 (3.35)

3.70 (2.04)

14.51 74.64

T6: Pendimethalin fb

manual weeding

6.50 (2.64)

4.17 (2.14)

10.67 65.77 12.90 (3.65)

6.19

(2.90) 19.09 66.85

T7: Bispyribac-Na +

(chlorimuron + metsulfuron)

13.83

(3.78)

7.00

(2.73) 20.88 33.01

21.61 (4.68)

13.16 (3.64)

34.77 40.96

T8: Three mechanical

weedings (cono /

rotary weeder)

12.67 (3.61)

4.17 (2.13)

16.84 45.97 18.26 (4.31)

7.20 (2.75)

25.46 56.18

T9: Weed free check

(HW at 20,40, & 60DAS)

6.83 (2.70)

2.12 (2.26)

8.95 71.29 11.32 (3.43)

3.48 (1.97)

14.80 74.60


(4.22)

13.67 (6.87)

31.17 00.00 32.90

(5.77)

25.32 (5.07)

58.22 00.00

Sem ± -

(0.16)

-

(1.03) - -

-

(0.15)

-

(0.24) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.45)

-

(N.S) - -

-

(0.45)

-

(0.70) - -

Figures in parentheses indicate square root transformations √x + 0.5

19

II) Effect of herbicide combinations on weed growth-

Among the different weed control measures tried, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb

manual weeding recorded lowest weed growth of monocots and BLWs at 60 DAS, while the

treatment weed free check recorded lowest weed growth in monocots and BLWs at 90 DAS. The

significant reduction in weed growth over weedy check was observed with the use of

Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb manual weeding,

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac-Na, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na herbicidal combinations in

monocots at 60 DAS and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb

manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na and Bispyribac-Na

+ (chlorimuron + metsulfuron) herbicidal combinations in monocots at 90 DAS. The significant

reduction in weed growth over weedy check was observed with the use of all the types of

herbicidal combinations in BLWs at 90 DAS, but those were non significant at 60 DAS.

At 60 and 90 DAS the treatment with use of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual

weeding remarkably reduced the growth of monocots than weed free check. While Pendimethalin

fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding also reduced the growth of BLWs at 60 DAS, but it was

comparatively less with weed free check.

20

Table W S 3.1.3: Effects of herbicide combinations on yield attributes & yield of rice.

Treatments

Height of plant

(cm)

Tiller number/m

Panicle number

/m

Panicle length

(cm)

Wt. of grains

/panicle (gm)

(g)

Yield (q/ha) WI

(%) Grains Straw

T1: Bispyribac-Na 83.30 62.00 53.33 19.27 1.98 28.65 49.11 21.62

T2: Pendimethalin fb Bispy-Na

89.67 61.67 53.33 20.17 2.52 35.19 54.75 9.35

T3: Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na

88.20 64.00 55.33 20.26 2.40 36.76 52.87 9.66

T4: Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac-Na

86.83

63.00 53.33 18.43 2.00 29.24 41.86 28.34

T5: Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding

91.33 66.00 57.67 31.37 3.19 39.19 58.24 1.80

T6: Pendimethalin fb manual weeding

93.20 69.00 61.67 21.54 3.08 39.45 55.55 4.25

T7: Bispyribac-Na +(chlorimuron + metsulfuron)

83.33 60.67 52.00 19.03 2.48 27.73 46.69 25.00

T8:Three mechanical weedings (cono / rotary weeder)

89.50 62.00 51.33 20.42 2.48 35.58 52.87 10.85

T9: Weed free check

(HW at 20,40 & 60 DAS)

91.03 68.00 60.00 20.70 2.63 39.64 59.58 -

T10: Weedy check 79.30 56.00 47.67 16.80 1.88 19.96 34.35 45.56

Sem ± 0.36 0.29 0.28 0.12 0.16 0.27 0.54 -

LSD (P=0.05) 1.01 0.80 0.80 0.33 0.45 0.74 1.49 -

Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Rice

Particular

Bispyribac-Na

Oxadiargyl fb

Bispyribac-Na

Pendimethalin fb

Bispyribac-Na fb manual

weeding

Pendimethalin fb manual

weeding

Three mechanical weedings

(cono / rotary weeder)

Weed free check

(HW at 20,40 & 60 DAS)

Weedy check

Yield q/ha

(Grain & Straw yield)

35.19 + 54.75 36.76 + 52.87 39.19 + 58.24 39.46 + 55.55 35.58 + 52.67 39.64 + 59.58 19.9 + 34.35

Price/q

uintal (Rs.)

1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200

Gross Expenditure

(Rs./ Q/ha.)

58,750/- 59,300/- 60,500/- 59,780/- 63,700/- 69,500/- 54,500/-

Gross returns in Rs./

Q/ha.

63,735/- 65,714/- 70,433/- 70,285/- 63,944/- 71,376/- 36,790/-

C: B ratio

1.08 1.10 1.15 1.17 1.00 1.02 0.68

21

Effect of herbicide combinations on yield attributes and yield

Various herbicide combinations under study significantly influenced the yield attributes and

yield over weedy check. Where the application of pendimethalin fb manual weeding significantly

showed higher response in growth and yield attributes like, height/plant, number of tillers/plant and

number of panicles/mt, over other herbicide combinations. But with the application of

Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding produced significantly more panicle length and

weight of grains/panicle.

Thus, compared to the best treatment of weed free check (3 HWs), the percent reduction in

grain yield (WI) was found to be least due to application of pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb

manual weeding (1.80%) followed by pendimethalin fb manual weeding (4.25%).

Economics:-

It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (1.17) was obtained with

application of pendimethalin fb manual weeding followed by pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb

manual weeding, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na & pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na, while it was 1.00

and 1.02 with Three mechanical weedings (cono / rotary weeder) & Weed free check (HW at 20,40

& 60 DAS) respectively. But the last Benefit Cost Ratio (0.67) was obtained with weedy check.

Summary:-

From the different herbicides under trial, pendimethalin fb manual weeding, recorded

highest weed control efficiency (84.11 & 80.95%) at 60 and 90 DAS respectively, followed by

pendimethalin fb Bispyribac Na fb manual weeding & Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na 77-80 & 74.91%

respectively. The total weed growth of monocots and BLWs was conspicuously suppressed by the

application of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na integrated with manual weeding exhibiting the WCE

of 76.48 and 74.64 percent at 60 and 90DAS respectively.

All weed control measures under study recorded significant increase in grain & straw yield over

weedy check. The weed free check recorded significantly highest grain & straw yield of 39.64 &

59.58 q/ha. respectively over all other treatments, which were at par with Pendimethalin fb manual

weeding for grain yield and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding for straw yield. But

the highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from the application of Pendimethalin fb manual

weeding (1.17) and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding (1.15) respectively.

22

WS 3.6:- Weed management in conservation agriculture systems

Objectives

To monitor weed dynamics, crop productivity and herbicide residues under long-term tillage and residue management practices

To evaluate the effect on crop productivity and resource-use efficiency

To study C-sequestration, and changes in physico-chemical and biological properties of soil

Year of commencement : Kharif,2013

Location : Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli

Treatments Details:

A) Main plot treatments : I) Sowing times

Cropping sequence Kharif- Rice

*Rabi

(Maize

*Summer (cowpea)

1 : T1:: CT (Transplanted) CT -

2 : T2:: CT (Transplanted) ZT ZT

3 : T3:: CT (Direct -seeded) CT ZT

4 : T4:: ZT (Direct -seeded) ZT ZT

5 : T5:: ZT (Direct -seeded) ZT + R ZT

B ) Sub plot treatments : II) Weed control measures

1 W1:Oxadiargyl @

0.1kg/ha (PE)

W1:Alachlor @ 2.0

kg/ha PE)

W1:Pendimethalin

@ 1.0 kg/ha PE)

2

W2: Oxadiargyl @

0.1kg/ha PE) + HW

at 40 DAS/DAT

W2: Alachlor @

2.0 kg/ha PE)+

1Hoeing at 20

DAS & 1 HW at

30- 40 DAS

W2: Pendimethalin

@ 1.0 kg/ha PE)

1Hoeing at 20 DAS

& HW at 30 DAS

3 W3: weedy check W3: weedy check W3: weedy check

Plot size : Gross : 8.10 x 4.20 m = 34.05 m2


Design : Strip plot

Season and crop : Kharif rice

Variety : Ratnagiri-24

Date of sowing : 06/06/2013

Date of harvesting : T1 & T2 :- 10/10/2013,

T3, T4, & T5 :- 01/10/2013

mailto:[email protected]/ha

mailto:[email protected]/ha

23

From the cropping sequence, Rice crop was grown during the Kharif- 2013 and the results

were presented in the Annual Review Meeting- 2014. However, due to acute shortage of irrigation

water to the maize crop during its growth and maturity, very poor yields of cobs as well as straw

were obtained and therefore the said experiment is treated to be vitiated. Similarly, due to acute

shortage of irrigation water and lack of availability of funds for engaging contractual labours since

November,2013 the summer season crop could not be sown in time as per the methodology

suggested for this experiment during the Annual Review Meeting- 2014 which was held in

February -2014. Under these circumstances, this trial can be conducted from the ensuing kharif

season of 2015, if the provision of the amount of Rs 2.25 lakhs is made under the head ‘Recurring

Contingencies’ from the council from the financial year 2015-16, excluding the amount of Rs. 0.38

lakhs, usually to assigned for ‘Vehicle hiring’.

24

W. S. 3.7:- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems.

Objective : To find out combined effects of herbicides and green manuaring on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and growth and productivity of rice-groundnut cropping sytem.

Year of commencement : Kharif, 2011

Location : Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli,

Dist. Ratnagiri.

Dominant Cropping system : Rice – Groundnut

Treatment details :

A) Main plot treatments : Green manuring

M1 : Green manuring (Sesbania rostrata)

M2 : Without Green manuring

B) Sub plot treatments : Weed control measures

For Rice (Kharif) : For Groudnut (Rabi)

T1 : Fixed herbicide Pretilachlor-S 50 EC @ 0.75 kg/ha 3-7

DAT

Pendimethalin 30EC @ 1.0 kg/ha PE

T2: Rotational herbicide sequence Pyrazosulfuron 10 WP @ 0.25 kg/ha

8-10 DAT(I yr), Fenoxaprop 10 EC @ 80 kg/ ha25-30

DAT (IIyr), Oxadiargyl 80 WP@

0.100 kg/ha 0-5 DAT(IIIyr)

: Oxadiargyl 80 [email protected] kg/ha 0-2 DAS (Iyr),

Butachlor 50 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha

0-3 DAS(IIyr), Alachlor 50 EC @ 1.5 kg/ha 0-3 DAS (IIIyr)

T3:

Weed free check

(2HW at 20&40DAT)

: Weed free check

(2HW at 20&40DAS)

T4: Weedy check : Weedy check

Plot size : Gross :10 m X10 m (Main plot)

Net:2.30 m X10m(Sub plot)


Design : Split plot

Season and crop : Kharif rice – Rabi groundnut

Variety : R-24 Konkan Tapora

Spacing : 20 × 15 cm 30 × 15 cm

Fertilizers (N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha) : 100:50:50 25:50-00

Date of Sowing (Groundnut) : 03/01/2014

Date of Harvesting : 16/05/2014

Date of sowing (Rice) : 20/06/2014

Date of sowing of dhaincha : 25/06/2014

Date of incorporation : 17/07/2014

Date of Transplanting : 19/07/2014

Date of Harvesting (Rice) : 29/10/2014

25

Table WS 3.7.1: Effects of green manuring weed control measures on weed density in Rabi

Groundnut (No./0.25m2).

Treatments

Weed density 30 DAS Weed density 50 DAS

G&S BLWs Total WCE

% G&S BLWs Total WCE%

Plot treatment: Green manuring

M1: Green manuring 28.50

(5.10)

4.83

(2.47) 33.33 -

17.75

(5.12)

7.67

(2.75) 25.42 -

M2: Without green manuring 23.50

(4.64)

5.17

(2.43) 28.67 -

25.50

(4.97)

6.33

(3.29) 31.83 -

Sem ± -

(0.16)

-

(0.30) - -

-

(0.71)

-

(0.05) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

Sub plot: Weed control measures

T1:Fixed.herbicide – Pendimethalin(PE)

22.33

(4.76)

3.00

(1.86) 25.33 53.52

18.67

(4.34)

5.33

(2.39) 24.00 48.94

T2: Rotational herbicide – Alachlor

33.00

(5.78)

5.83

(2.51) 38.83 58.75

24.50

(4.96)

8.83

(3.75) 38.33 29.09

T3: Weed free check 4.67

(2.23)

1.50

(1.25) 6.17 88.68

8.67

(3.01)

1.50

(1.36) 10.17 78.36


(6.71)

9.67

(3.17) 54.50 -

34.67

(7.87)

12.33

(3.57) 47.00 -

Sem ± -

(0.10)

-

(0.30) - -

-

(0.99)

-

(0.08) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.32)

-

(0.93) - -

-

(3.04)

-

(0.24) - -

Interaction effects

Sem ± -

(0.15)

-

(0.43) - -

-

(1.39)

-

(0.11) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


26

I. Effect on weed density

a). Effect of green manuring:-

In the groundnut cultivated during Rabi season both group of weeds did not differ

significantly due to green manuring treatments.

b). Effect of weed control Measures:-

In Rabi groundnut, the weed free check (HW at 20 & 40 DAS) significantly reduced the

weed density of monocots over all other treatments at 30 DAS, however it was at par at 50 DAS.

Similarly the weed free check significantly reduced the weed density of BLWs over all other

treatments at 50 DAS, but it was at par at 30 DAS. The fixed herbicide has reduced the weed

density of monocots significantly than rotational herbicide at 30 DAS. However, the weed density

of BLWs at 30 DAS and weed density of monocots at 50 DAS was at par with each other. The use

of fixed herbicide significantly reduced the weed density of monocots at 30 DAS & BLWs at 50

DAS than rotational herbicides while it was at par at 30 DAS for BLWs and 50 DAS for monocots.

At harvest, the fixed and rotational herbicides reduced the weed density of BLWs

significantly over weedy check however, it was at par with each other in monocots.

c). Interaction effect:-

Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on density of

weed was found to be non significant.

27

Table WS 3.7.2: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed growth in

Rabi Groundnut (g/0.25m2).

Treatments

Weed growth 30 DAS Weed growth 50 DAS

G&S BLWs Total WCE

% G&S BLWs Total

WCE %

Main plot: Green manuring


(1.59)

0.51

(1.00) 2.36 -

1.51

(1.32)

0.67

(1.17) 2.18 -


(1.49)

0.45

(0.87) 2.27 -

1.81

(1.50)

0.59

(1.02) 2.40 -

Sem ± -

(0.07)

-

(0.06) - -

-

(0.06)

-

(0.08) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


T1:Fixed.herbicide –

Pendimethalin(PE)

2.13

(1.78)

0.28

(0.88) 2.41 28.27

1.76

(1.58)

0.37

(1.14) 2.13 34.86

T2: Rotational herbicide –

Alachlor

2.26

(1.66)

0.35

(1.02) 2.86 14.88

1.95

(1.57)

0.88

(1.17) 2.83 13.45


(1.02)

0.10

(0.77) 0.64 80.95

0.70

(0.93)

0.23

(0.84) 0.93 71.56


(1.81)

0.95

(1.20) 3.36 -

2.22

(1.65)

1.05

(1.24) 3.27 -

Sem ± -

(0.08)

-

(0.08) - -

-

(0.10)

-

(0.11) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.22)

-

(0.28) - -

-

(0.30)

-

(0.34) - -

Interaction effect

Sem ± -

(0.11)

-

(0.12) - -

-

(0.14)

-

(0.15) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


28

Table WS 3.7.3: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed density

& weed growth at harvest in Rabi Groundnut (No./0.25m2).

Treatments

Weed density at harvest Weed growth at harvest

G&S BLWs Total WCE

% G&S BLWs Total WCE %



(2.95)

10.42

(3.17) 19.59 -

0.94

(1.17)

0.81

(1.13) 1.75 -

M2: Without green

manuring

12.92

(3.29)

9.25

(2.95) 22.17 -

1.34

(1.33)

0.63

(1.04) 1.97 -

Sem ± -

(0.38)

-

(0.11) - -

-

(0.07)

-

(0.03) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) -


T1:Fixed.herbicide –

Pendimethalin(PE)

12.00

(3.49)

7.67

(2.83) 19.67 39.16

1.23

(1.30)

0.51

(0.99) 1.74 38.73

T2: Rotational herbicide

– Alachlor

14.00

(3.77)

12.83

(3.64) 26.83 17.01

1.43

(1.38)

1.07

(1.26) 2.50 11.97


(1.65)

2.33

(1.66) 4.66 85.59

0.22

(0.84)

0.14

(0.79) 0.36 87.32


(3.87)

16.50

(4.11) 32.33 -

1.67

(1.47)

1.17

(1.29) 2.84 -

Sem ± -

(0.21)

-

(0.09) - -

-

(0.06)

-

(0.04) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.64)

-

(0.28) - -

-

(0.18)

-

(0.09) - -

Interaction effects:

Sem ± -

(0.29)

-

(0.13) - -

-

(0.07)

-

(0.03) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


29

II) Effects on weed growth

a) Effects of green manuring:-

The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was not significantly influenced due to green

manuring at 30 & 50 DAS.

b) Effects of weed control measures:-

The weed growth of monocots and BLWs did not influenced significantly by using

fixed & rotational herbicides over weedy check at 30 and 50 DAS. But the weed growth of

monocots was influenced significantly by weed free check over fixed and rotational herbicide at 30

and 50 DAS, however it was at par with each other in BLWs.

The weed growth of monocots did not influenced significantly by using fixed and rotational

herbicides over weedy check at harvest but the same was influenced significantly in weed free

check. In case BLWs, the weed growth was significantly influenced by using fixed herbicide over

weedy check at harvest and the same was influenced significantly in weed free check.

c) Interaction effect:-

Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on weed growth

was found to be non significant.

30

Table WS 3.7.4: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on yield attributes &

yield of Groundnut.

Treatments

Height

(cm)

Number

of branches

/plant

Dry pod

yield

q/ha

Haulm

yield

q/ha

WI%

Main plot: Green manuring:

M1 : Green manuring 29.98 10.26 29.83 39.84 -

M2 : Without green manuring 30.42 11.32 29.56 39.88 -

Sem ± 0.28 0.15 0.22 0.36 -

LSD (P=0.05) N.S N.S N.S N.S -


T1 : Fixed herbicide :Pendimethalin 27.70 11.74 30.92 40.90 9.38

T2 : Rotational herbicide: Alachlor 27.88 10.73 29.49 37.42 15.57

T3: Weed free check 30.47 11.89 33.90 45.35 -

T4 : Weedy check 34.75 8.81 24.47 35.78 23.97

Sem ± 0.39 0.40 0.48 0.90 -

LSD (P=0.05) 1.21 1.24 1.26 2.76 -

IIInteraction effects:

Sem ± 0.56 0.58 0.60 1.27 -

LSD (P=0.05) N.S N.S N.S N.S -

Table WS 3.7.5: Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Groundnut

Particular Fixed herbicide

Pendimethalin

Rotational herbicide

Alachlor

Weed free

check

Weedy check

Yield q/ha (Dry pod Yield, Haulm Yield)

30.92 + 40.90 29.50 + 37.42 33.90 + 45.35 24.47 + 35.80

Price/quintal (Rs.) 6000 & 200 6000 & 200 6000 & 200 6000 & 200

Gross Expenditure in

Rs. Q/ha.

87,380/- 88,310/- 95,500/- 83,300/-

Gross returns in Rs.

Q/ha.

1,94,000 1,84,500 2,13,000 1,53,980

C: B ratio 2.27 2.08 2.23 1.84

Composition of weed flora. Rabi G’nut

Base year Rabi G’nut,2011-12 Rabi G’nut,2013-14

Grasses and Sedges BLWs Grasses and Sedges BLWs

Ischamum globosa Ludwigia octovalvis Cocks comb,

Leptocloa chinensis Ageratum conyzoides Cyperus rotundus Altermenthra sessilis

Cyperus iria Altermenthra sessilis Physalis minima

Erioculum hexangularis Blumea lacera Mimosa pudica

Eiusine.indica Amaranthus spinosus

Cleoma viscosa

31

III) Effects on yield attributes and yield of Groundnut

a) Effect of green manuring:-

Green manuring to Kharif rice did not significantly influenced the yield attributes and dry

pod and haulm yield of Groundnut.

b) Weed control measures:-

There was significant increase in height in weed free check over fixed and rotational

herbicides tried. However, weed control measures did not influenced significantly, the formation of

number of branches on per plant basis. Weed free check produced significantly higher dry pod

yield of groundnut over fixed and rotational herbicidal treatments and also on weedy check.

Similarly the fixed herbicidal treatment produced significantly higher dry pod yield, than rotational

herbicidal treatment.

The haulm yield of groundnut was significantly higher in all the treatments over weedy

check except for rotational herbicide. As a result, weed free check was best treatment compared

with fixed herbicide, where fixed herbicide recorded least weed index (9.38%) followed by

rotational herbicide (15.57%).

c) Interaction effect

The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures were found to

be non significant

Economics:-

It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (2.27) was obtained, with

the application of pendimethalin (PE) to groundnut, followed by the treatment weed free check with

the benefit cost ratio (2.23) and least benefit cost ratio (1.84) was obtained with weedy check.

Summary

Green manuring to kharif rice did not influenced the weed density and growth of monocots

and BLWs. While the various weed control measures significantly influenced the weed density &

weed growth at 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. The fixed and rotational herbicides reduced weed

density and weed growth resulted in increased dry pod yield of groundnut (30.92 & 29.49 q/ha)

respectively over weedy check (24.47 q/ha).

32

Table WS 3.7.6: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed density

in rice.

Treatments

Weed Density 30 DAT

(No/0.25m2).

Weed Density 50 DAT

(No/0.25m2).

G&S BLWs Total WCE% G&S BLWs Total WCE%



(2.55)

2.58

(1.73) 8.33 -

7.33

(2.76)

5.58

(2.45) 12.91 -


(2.44)

2.08

(1.56) 7.66 -

7.08

(2.70)

4.92

(2.22) 12.00 -

Sem ± -

(0.06)

-

(0.09) - -

-

(0.04)

-

(0.12) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

Sub Plot: Weed control measures

T1: Fixed herbicide –

Pretilachlor

6.50

(2.64)

2.33

(1.66) 8.83 25.42

8.33

(2.97)

5.00

(2.34) 13.33 24.56

T2: Rotational herbicide -

Pyrazosulfuron

4.83

(2.31)

2.00

(1.56) 6.83 42.31

5.50

(2.43)

5.17

(2.36) 10.67 39.62


(2.16)

1.33

(1.34) 5.50 53.55

4.33

(2.19)

3.83

(1.91) 8.16 53.82


(2.94)

3.67

(2.03) 11.84 -

10.67

(3.34)

7.00

(2.73) 17.67 -

Sem ± -

(0.07)

-

(0.10) - -

-

(0.11)

-

(0.13) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.21)

-

(0.30) - -

-

(0.35)

-

(0.38) - -

Interaction effect

Sem ± -

(0.12)

-

(0.42) - -

-

(0.16)

-

(0.18) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


33

I) Effect of weed density


Green manuring did not influenced significantly the density of monocots and BLWs at 30,

50 DAS and at harvest.

b) Effect of weed control measures:-

In Kharif rice, the weed density of monocots at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest was significantly

reduced over weedy check with the use various weed control measures. Similarly, it was reduced

significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed

density of BLWs at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest was significantly reduced over weedy check due to

different weed control measures except for fixed herbicide at harvest & rotational herbicide at 50

DAT.


Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on density of

weed was found to be non significant.

Table WS 3.7.7: : Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed growth

in rice.

Treatments

Weed Growth 30 DAT (g/0.25m2).

Weed Growth 50 DAT (g/0.25m2).



M1: Green Manuring 1.14

(1.27) 0.54

(1.02) 1.68 -

1.18 (1.29)

0.75 (1.11)

1.93 -


(1.28) 0.41

(0.95) 1.56 -

1.22 (1.30)

0.64 (1.06)

1.86 -

Sem ± -

(0.01)

-

(0.03) - -

-

(0.01)

-

(0.04) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


T1: Fixed herbicide –Pretilachlor 1.10 (1.26)

0.47 (0.98)

1.57 20.70 1.14

(1.27) 0.72

(1.10) 1.86 10.58

T2: Rotational herbicide - Pyrazosulfuron

1.17 (1.29)

0.51 (1.00)

1.68 15.15 1.26

(1.32) 0.79

(1.13) 2.05 1.44

T3: Weed free check 0.99 (1.22)

0.26 (0.87)

1.25 36.87 1.05

(1.24) 0.55

(1.02) 1.60 23.08


(1.34) 0.67

(1.07) 1.98 -

1.35 (1.36)

0.83 (1.19)

2.08 -

Sem ± -

(0.02)

-

(0.03) - -

-

(0.02)

-

(0.03) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.05)

-

(0.08) - -

-

(0.05)

-

(0.08) - -


Sem ± -

(0.02)

-

(0.03) - -

-

(0.02)

-

(0.04) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

34

II) Effect on weed growth


The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was not influenced significantly due to green

manuring at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest.


The weed growth of monocots was significantly influenced due to various weed control

measures at 30 DAT and at harvest but it was at par at 50 DAT for rotational herbicide. While in

case of BLWs, weed growth was also significantly influenced due to various weed control measure

at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest except for the use of rotational herbicide, it was at par, with weedy

check.

c) Interaction effects:-

The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on weed

growth was found to be non significant.

Table W S 3.7.8: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed Density

& weed growth at harvest in rice.

Treatments

Weed density at harvest

(No/0.25m2).

Weed growth at harvest

(g /0.25m2).




(2.57)

4.92

(2.29) 11.17 -

1.22

(1.31)

1.03

(1.26) 2.25 -


(2.52)

4.58

(2.21) 10.58 -

1.32

(1.34)

0.90

(1.18) 2.22 -

Sem ± -

(0.02)

-

(0.03) - -

-

(0.01)

-

(0.01) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -


T1:Fixed herbicide –

Pretilachlor

6.00

(2.50)

5.50

(2.44) 11.50 25.81

1.18

(1.29)

0.95

(1.20) 2.13 14.46

T2: Rotational herbicide -

Pyrazosulfuron

5.17

(2.36)

4.50

(2.20) 9.67 37.61

1.34

(1.36)

1.07

(1.31) 2.41 3.21


(2.19)

2.50

(1.72) 6.83 55.94

1.08

(1.25)

0.83

(1.15) 1.91 23.29


(2.77)

6.50

(2.64) 15.50 -

1.49

(1.41)

1.09

(1.34) 2.49 -

Sem ± -

(0.09)

-

(0.121) - -

-

(0.01)

-

(0.04) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(0.26)

-

(0.34) - -

-

(0.03)

-

(0.11) - -


Sem ± -

(0.12)

-

(0.17) - -

-

(0.01)

-

(0.05) - -

LSD (P=0.05) -

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

-

(N.S)

-

(N.S.) - -

35

Table W S 3.7.9: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on yield attributes &

yield of Kharif rice.

Treatments Height of plant

(cm)

Number of

tillers/ hill

Length of

Panicle (cm)

Number of

Panicle/ hill

Weight of

panicles (gm)

Yield (q/ha)

WI % Grains Straw


M1 Green manuring 79.54 8.38 29.91 3.25 3.25 31.31 37.36 - M2 Without green

manuring 77.23 8.20 24.19 3.37 3.37 30.00 35.98 -

em ± 0.94 0.10 0.32 0.04 0.15 0.26 0.23 -

LSD (P=0.05) N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S -

Sub Plot: Weed control measures-

T1 Fixed herbicide – Pretilachlor

74.63 8.24 24.07 6.70 3.22 31.40 36.07 14.84

T2 Rotational herbicide - Fenoxaprop

75.73 8.14 24.03 6.24 3.21 28.65 33.93 21.01

T3 Weed free check

80.45 8.95 24.00 7.25 3.25 34.90 44.33 -

T4 Weedy check 82.73 7.83 24.10 5.87 3.56 22.67 28.34 35.62

Sem ± 0.59 0.10 0.40 0.11 0.20 0.60 0.72 -

LSD (P=0.05) 1.81 0.30 N.S 0.35 N.S 1.84 2.20 - Interaction effects:

Sem ± 0.83 0.15 0.56 0.16 0.28 0.84 1.01 -

LSD (P=0.05) N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S -

Table W S 3.7.10: Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Rice

Sr.No Particular Pretilachlor fenoxaprop Weed free

check

Weedy check

1. Yield q/ha

(Grain and Straw yield) 31.40 + 36.00 28.65 + 33.90 34.90 + 44.33 27.70 + 32.30

2. Price /quintal (Rs.) 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200 1500 & 200

3.

Gross Expenditure 60,800/- 61,000/- 68,800/- 59,000/-

4. Gross return in Rs. 54,300 49,755 61,216 39,670

5. C: B ratio 0.89 0.81 0.88 0.67

Composition of weed flora.

Base year Kharif,2011 Kharif- Rice,2014

Grasses and Sedges BLWs Grasses and Sedges BLWs

Ischamum globosa Ludwigia octovalvis Cyperus iria Altermenthra sessilis

Leptocloa chinensis Eiusine indica Erioculum hexangularis Physalis minima

Cyperus iria Ageratum conyzoides Ischamum globosa Ludwigia octovalvis

Erioculum hexangularis Altermenthra sessilis

Blumea lacera

36

III) Effect on yield attributes and yield


The yield attributes contributing the yield of rice was not significantly influenced due to

green manuring treatments.


The various weed control measures significantly influenced the yield attributes viz. Height

of plant, Number of tillers/hill and Number of panicles/hill, over weedy check. However, it was at

par with Length of panicles and weight of panicles.

Weed control measures significantly influenced the grain yield of rice (31.40 q/ha.) over

weed check except for use of rotational herbicide. Similarly the straw yield of rice (31.07 q/ha.)

was also influenced by different weed control measures over weedy check, except for use of

rotational herbicide. However, the highest grain & straw yield was observed under weed free

check.

c) Interaction effects:-

The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures was found to

be non significant.

It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (0.89) was

obtained, with the application of Pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ai/ha to rice followed by the treatment

weed free check (0.88) and least benefit cost ratio (0.67) was obtained with weedy check.

Summary

Green manuring with Dhaincha did not influenced the weed density and weed growth at 30,

50, DAT and at harvest. Similarly it was not influenced the yield attributes and yield of rice. Weed

density of monocots was reduced significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational

herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was also significantly

influenced due to various weed control measures. The grain and straw yield of rice was

significantly highest in weed free check (34.90 & 44.33 q/ha) followed by fixed herbicide (31.40 &

36.07q/ha).

37

WSM :Microbiology

Project :- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems

Objective :- To find out combined effects of green manuring and herbicides

on soil microflora and their associated parameters

Year of commencement

Location

:-

:-

Agronomy work:- Kharif, 2011

Microbiology work:-Kharif,2011

Agronomy Farm, Collage of Agriculture ,Dapoli

Methodology :-

A field experiment was conducted on long term herbicide trial in kharif Rice-rabi

Groundnt cropping system. The soil samples were collected from rhizo-sphere soil at 3 stages of

plant growth, 30 DAT, 50 DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop during kharif season and at

30DAS, 50DAS and at harvesting stage of the groundnut crop during rabi season.(The soil

adhered to the plant roots). It was used for all the microbial analysis.

The soil sample was analyzed for following observation

a) Total bacterial population

b) Total Fungal population

c) Free living nitrogen fixers.

d) Phosphate solubilisers.

e) Microbial biomass carbon.

f) Basal soil respiration

g) Dehydrogenase enzyme.

h)

i)

Phosphatase enzyme

Dry wt of nodule (50DAT of groundnut crop)

j) Number of nodule/Plant (50DAT of groundnut crop).

38

WSM 3.7.1 :- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on soil

bacterial population in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013)

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Bacteria CFU x 106/gm of soil

30 DAS 50 DAS At harvest

Main plots:- Green Manuring

M1 :- Green manuring 45.35 49.12 40.29

M2 :-Without green manuring 38.32 43.67 32.07

S. Em + 0.59 0.54 0.93

CD at 5% 3.61 3.28 5.63

Sub-Plots:- Weed control measures

T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin) 37.27 43.76 32.10

T2:- Rotational herbicide (Alachlor) 40.11 44.95 34.54

T3:- Weed free 48.26 49.58 41.20

T4:- Weedy Check 41.70 47.31 36.88

S. Em + 1.64 2.62 3.25

C.D. at 5% 5.06 NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.32 3.70 4.59

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

1) Bacteria: - The data of bacterial population is presented in table no.WSM 3.7.1


The population of bacteria in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring as

compared to without green manure at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the groundnut

crop. They recorded significantly higher bacterial population in green manuring treatment as

compared to the without green manuring treatment.

b) Effect of weed control measure: -

The total bacterial population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures

at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared

to the weed free treatment at 30DAT. The herbicides treatments were at par with weedy check

treatment at 30 DAT. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at 50DAT and

harvesting stage of the groundnut crop.


The interaction effects of green manuring and weed control measures were found to be

non significant.

39

WSM 3.7.2:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on soil fungi

in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Fungi CFU x 104/gm of soil



M1 :- Green manuring 28.04 33.04 23.16


S. Em + 0.58 0.23 0.62

CD at 5% 3.54 1.41 3.79


T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin ) 23.43 29.56 18.45


T3:- Weed free 27.95 33.09 21.79

T4:- Weedy Check 27.71 31.13 21.67

S. Em + 1.73 1.47 1.28

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.45 2.08 1.81

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

2) Fungi: - The data of total soil fungal population is presented in table no WSM 3.7.2

a) Effect of green manuring: -

The total fungal population in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring treatment

as compared to without green manuring treatment at 30 DAT and at 50 DAT and at harvesting

stage of groundnut crop. They recorded significantly higher fungal population in green manuring

treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.

b) Effect of weed measure: -

The population of total fungi was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30

DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.



non significant.

40

WS M 3.7.3:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on free living

nitrogen fixers in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Free living nitrogen fixers CFU x 103/gm of soil

30 DAS 50 DAS AT harvest


M1 :- Green manuring 32.06 32.98 24.86


S. Em + 0.81 1.01 0.32

CD at 5% 4.93 6.15 1.95




T3:- Weed free 30.36 31.88 25.01

T4:- Weedy Check 28.58 29.70 24.05

S. Em + 1.85 1.64 1.44

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.62 2.32 2.03

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

3) Free living Nitrogen fixers: -The data of population of Nitrogen fixers is presented in table

No.WSM 3.7.3

a) Effect of Green manuring: -

The free living nitrogen fixers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at

harvesting stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring

treatment. They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as


b) Effect of weed control measures: -

The population of total free living nitrogen were not significantly influenced by weed control

measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.



non significant.

41

Table WS M 3.7.4 Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on

phosphate solubilisers in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Phosphate solubilisers CFU x 103/gm of soil.



M1 :- Green manuring 28.87 31.09 23.07


S. Em + 0.22 0.55 0.43

CD at 5% 1.36 3.37 2.62




T3:- Weed free 29.32 31.37 22.36

T4:- Weedy Check 28.42 29.10 19.84

S. Em + 1.79 1.51 1.35

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.53 2.14 1.91

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

4) Phosphate solubilisers: - The data of P-solubilisers is presented in table WS M 3.7.4.


The phosphate solubilisers in soil were significantly influenced at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at

harvest stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring

treatment.They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as compared

to the without green manuring treatment.


The population of total phosphate solubilisers were not significantly influenced by weed

control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.

c) Interaction effect: -


non significant.

42

Table WS M 3.7.5:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on

microbial biomass carbon in rice – groundnut cropping system during

rabi 2013

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Microbial biomass carbon ( µg/gm soil)



M1 :- Green manuring 258.26 269.45 234.78


S. Em + 3.20 1.85 3.80

CD at 5% 19.48 11.27 23.09




T3:- Weed free 259.32 265.40 229.15

T4:- Weedy Check 243.71 261.58 226.41

S. Em + 5.35 5.70 4.71

C.D. at 5% 16.47 NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 7.56 8.06 6.66

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

5) Microbial biomass carbon:-The data of microbial biomass carbon is presented in table

WS M 3.7.5


The microbial biomass carbon is significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT and harvesting

stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.The

significantly higher microbial biomass in green manuring treatment was found as compared to the

without green manuring treatment.


The microbial biomass carbon in soil were significantly influenced by weed control

measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as

compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAT.The both herbicides treatments were at par with

weedy check treatment at 30DAT. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at

50DAT and harvesting stage of the groundnut crop.



non significant.

43


basal soil respiration in rice – groundnut cropping system during rabi

2013 .

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Basal soil respiration ( µg CO2/100 gm soil)



M1 :- Green manuring 241.77 268.81 226.15


S. Em + 0.42 2.29 2.23

CD at 5% 2.56 13.95 13.59




T3:- Weed free 239.72 265.43 224.02

T4:- Weedy Check 233.18 262.66 220.55

S. Em + 3.75 3.24 2.99

C.D. at 5% 11.54 NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 5.30 4.58 4.23

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

6) Basal soil respiration:-The data of basal soil respiration is presented in table WS M 3.7.6


The basal Soil respiration was significantly influenced by green manuring as compared to

without green manuring treatment at at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the groundnut

crop. The basal soil respiration was significantly found higher in green manuring treatment as

compared to the without green manuring treatment at all above mention stages of crop.


The basal soil respiration in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures at

30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to

the weed free treatment at 30DAT. The both herbicides treatments were at par with weedy check

treatment. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at 50 DAT and harvesting

stage of the groundnut crop.



non significant.

44


dehydrogenase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during Rabi

2013

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Dehydrogenase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)

30 DAT 50 DAT At harvest


M1 :- Green manuring 8.83 9.98 6.65


S. Em + 0.23 0.27 0.17

CD at 5% 1.38 1.63 1.01


T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin) 7.30 8.40 5.51


T3:- Weed free 9.25 9.91 6.80

T4:- Weedy Check 7.68 9.26 6.25

S. Em + 0.71 0.64 0.36

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 1.00 0.91 0.51

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

15) Dehydrogenase enzyme: The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil is presented in

table WSM 3.7.7.


The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring

treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.The enzyme activity was

significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring

treatment.


The dehydrogenase enzyme was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at

30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.


The interaction effect green manuring treatment and weed control measures was found to

be non-significant.

45

WSM 3.7.8:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on

Phosphatase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during rabi 2013

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Phosphatase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)



M1 :- Green manuring 220.98 239.19 204.71


S. Em + 3.27 1.84 3.74

CD at 5% 19.90 11.17 22.74




T3:- Weed free 219.37 235.52 199.27

T4:- Weedy Check 213.00 231.57 196.42

S. Em + 5.95 5.70 4.82

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 8.42 8.06 6.82

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

15) Phosphatase enzyme: The data of phosphatase enzyme activity in soil is presented in

table WSM 3.7.8.


The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,

and at harvesting stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring

treatment.It was found significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without

green manuring treatment.


The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control

measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.



be non-significant.

46

Table WSM 3.7.9:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on

number of nodule/plant (No.) at 50 DAT of groundnut crop.in rice –

groundnut cropping system during rabi 2013 .

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Number of nodule/plant (No.) at 50 DAT

of groundnut crop.


M1 :- Green manuring 24.83

M2 :-Without green manuring 18.92

S. Em + 0.68

CD at 5% 4.13

T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin ) 18.83

T2:- Rotational herbicide (Alachlor) 20.67

T3:- Weed free 26.00

T4:- Weedy Check 22.00

S. Em + 2.48

C.D. at 5% NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 3.51

C.D. at 5% NS

7) Dry wt of nodule:-The data of dry wt of nodule at 50DAS is presented in table WSM 3.7.9


The dry wt of nodule of groundnut crop was not significantly influenced by green manuring

treatment as compared to the non-green manuring treatment at 50DAT.


The dry wt of nodule of groundnut crop was not significantly influenced by weed control

measures at 50DAT.


The interaction effects of green manuring treatment and weed control measures were

found to be non significant.

47

Table WSM 3.7.10:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on dry

wt of nodule ( gm/plant ) at 50 DAT in rice – groundnut cropping system

during rabi 2013 .

Treatment

Crop:-Groundnut

Dry wt of nodule ( gm/plant ) at 50 DAT


M1 :- Green manuring 0.08

M2 :-Without green manuring 0.07

S. Em + 0.01

CD at 5% NS


T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin ) 0.06

T2:- Rotational herbicide (Alachlor) 0.07

T3:- Weed free 0.08

T4:- Weedy Check 0.08

S. Em + 0.01

C.D. at 5% NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 0.02

C.D. at 5% NS

8) Number of nodule:-The data of no of nodule at 50DAT of groundnut crop is presented in

table WSM 3.7.10.


The number of nodule of groundnut crop at 50DAT was not significantly influences by

green manuring treatment as compared to without green manuring treatment.


The number of nodule of groundnut crop at 50 DAT was not significantly influenced by

weed control measures.


The interaction effects of green manuring treatment and weed control measures were

found to be non significant.

48

WS M 3.7.11:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on bacterial

population in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Bacteria CFU x 106/gm of soil.



M1 :- Green manuring 37.55 34.49 29.70


S. Em + 1.42 0.39 0.54

CD at 5% 8.66 2.37 3.28


T1:- Fix herbicide (Pretilachlor ) 31.15 29.62 26.15

T2:- Rotational herbicide

(Pyrazosulfuron)

30.98 28.82 24.37

T3:- Weed free 36.24 35.92 29.76

T4:- Weedy Check 33.68 32.79 26.08

S. Em + 2.01 2.60 2.00

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.84 3.68 2.83

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

9)Total bacterial population:-The data of total bacteria in soil is presented in table WSM 3.7.11.


The population of bacteria in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring as

compared to without green manure at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the rice crop.

They recorded significantly higher bacterial population in green manuring treatment as compared


b)Effect of weed control measures:-

The bacterial population in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at

30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.


The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measures was found

to be non-significant.

49

WS M 3.7.12:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on fungi in

rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014.

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Fungi CFU x 104/gm of soil.



M1 :- Green manuring 22.62 18.82 14.99


S. Em + 1.41 0.56 0.58

CD at 5% 8.58 3.40 3.51



T2:- Rotational herbicide (Pyrazosulfuron) 15.63 13.52 11.55

T3:- Weed free 20.80 18.90 14.85

T4:- Weedy Check 18.65 16.71 12.68

S. Em + 1.88 1.94 1.40

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.65 2.75 1.99

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

10) Fungi: - The data of total soil fungal population is presented in table no :- WS M 3.7.12

a) Effect of green manuring: -

The total fungal population in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring treatment

as compared to without green manuring treatment at 30 DAT and at 50 DAT and at harvesting

stage of rice crop. They recorded significantly higher fungal population in green manuring


b) Effect of weed measure: -

The population of total fungi was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30

DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.



non significant.

50

WS M 3.7.13:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on free

living nitrogen fixers in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Free living nitrogen fixers CFU x 103/gm of

soil.



M1 :- Green manuring 24.34 21.05 15.95


S. Em + 0.76 0.57 0.62

CD at 5% 4.61 3.46 3.75



T2:- Rotational

herbicide(Pyrazosulfuron)

17.86 16.57 10.77

T3:- Weed free 23.14 20.72 17.24

T4:- Weedy Check 21.21 20.09 12.64

S. Em + 1.98 1.65 2.35

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.80 2.34 3.32

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

11) Free living Nitrogen fixers : -The data of population of Nitrogen fixers is presented

in Table no WS M 3.7.13.


The free living nitrogen fixers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at


treatment. They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as



The population of total free living nitrogen fixers were not significantly influenced by weed

control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.



non significant.

51

WS M 3.7.14:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on

phosphate solubilisers in rice – groundnut cropping system

during kharif 2014 .

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Phosphate solubilisers CFU x 103/gm of soil.



M1 :- Green manuring 23.86 20.38 17.43


S. Em + 0.69 0.48 0.76

CD at 5% 4.18 2.93 4.63



T2:- Rotational herbicide(Pyrazosulfuron) 17.39 17.32 13.62

T3:- Weed free 22.67 21.23 17.02

T4:- Weedy Check 19.63 18.51 14.49

S. Em + 1.97 1.43 1.32

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 2.79 2.03 1.86

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

12) Phosphate solubilisers:-The data of phosphate solubilisers is presented in table WSM 3.7.14


The phosphate solubilisers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at


treatment.They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as compared



The population of total phosphate solubilisers in soil were not significantly influenced by

weed control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.


The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measure was

found to be non-significant.

52


microbial biomass carbon in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Microbial biomass carbon( µg/gm soil)



M1 :- Green manuring 230.82 222.71 213.53


S. Em + 4.46 1.92 1.61

CD at 5% 27.12 11.68 9.80




T3:- Weed free 226.34 225.67 202.08

T4:- Weedy Check 220.08 212.56 198.01

S. Em + 6.30 5.99 6.47

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 8.91 8.47 9.15

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

13) Microbial biomass carbon:-The data of microbial biomass carbon is presented in table

WSM 3.7.15


The microbial biomass carbon were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at


treatment. They recorded significantly higher microbial biomass carbon in green manuring



The microbial biomass carbon was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at

30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.


The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measure was found to

be non-significant.

53

WS M 3.7.16:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on basal

soil respiration in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Basal soil respiration( µg/100gm soil)



M1 :- Green manuring 234.64 230.48 224.72


S. Em + 2.56 3.27 2.22

CD at 5% 15.56 19.87 13.50




T3:- Weed free 227.60 225.97 210.71

T4:- Weedy Check 221.99 223.07 207.34

S. Em + 5.49 5.29 4.19

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 7.77 7.48 5.92

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

14) Basal soil respiration:-The data of basal soil respiration in soil is presented in table WSM

3.7.16


The basal soil respiration were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at harvesting

stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment. They

recorded significantly higher basal soil respiration in green manuring treatment as compared to the

without green manuring treatment.


The basal soil respiration was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30

DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.



be non-significant.

54


Dehydrogenase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif

2014.

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Dehydrogenase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)



M1 :- Green manuring 5.93 5.74 3.27


S. Em + 0.53 0.45 0.19

CD at 5% 3.22 2.72 1.14




T3:- Weed free 4.93 4.94 3.44

T4:- Weedy Check 4.19 4.36 2.67

S. Em + 0.44 0.60 0.58

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 0.62 0.85 0.82

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

15) Dehydrogenase enzyme: The data of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil is presented

in table WSM 3.7.17.


The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,


treatment. They recorded significantly higher dehydrogenase enzyme in green manuring



The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control

measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.



be non-significant.

.

55


Phosphatase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif

2014

Treatment

Crop:-Rice

Phosphatase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)



M1 :- Green manuring 196.36 179.99 165.51


S. Em + 8.48 1.82 1.46

CD at 5% 51.57 11.10 8.87




T3:- Weed free 175.51 180.93 153.46

T4:- Weedy Check 169.64 174.42 149.03

S. Em + 5.18 4.92 3.08

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

Interaction effect

S Em. + 7.33 6.95 4.36

C.D. at 5% NS NS NS

15) Phosphatase enzyme: The data of phosphatase enzyme activity in soil is presented in

table WSM 3.7.18.


The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,


treatment.It was found significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without

green manuring treatment.


The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control

measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.



be non-significant.

Summary

The experiment was conducted to see the combine effects of green manuring and different

weed control measures on soil microflora and their associated parameters such as microbial

biomass carbon, basal soil respiration,dehydrogenase enzymes and phosphatase enzyme in a

rice- groundnut cropping system.

56

The summary of the experiment are as follows.

1. The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilisers

and their associated parameters such as microbial biomass carbon, basal soil



rabi groundnut crop and kharif rice crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.

2. The total bacterial population, microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration in soil were

significantly influenced by weed control measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in

fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to the weed free treatment. They were at par

with weedy check treatment at 30DAT.The rest parmeters such as total fungi, total free living

nitrogen fixers, total Phosphate solubilisers, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and phosphatase

enzyme activity were found to be non-significant at all the above stages of the groundnut crop

during rabi season.

3 The total bacterial population, total fungi, total free living nitrogen fixers, total phosphate

solubilisers, Microbial biomass carbon ,basal soil respiration dehydrogenase enzyme activity and

phosphatase enzyme activity were found non-significant at all the above stages of the rice crop

during kharif season.

4.The number of nodule and their dry weight was found to be non-significant in the main

treatment(green manuring)and the sub-treatment(weed control measures) during rabi season.

57

W.S. 4:- Management of problematic weeds

WS 4.2 :- Making of Parthenium free campus

Since the Konkan region is falling under very heavy rainfall zone

and by considering the climatic and soil conditions of the region, a very

few pockets of sporadic incidence of this noxious weed was observed in

the year 2006, since the Nation Wide Programme was organized by the

Directorate of National Research Centre of weed science and AICRP on

weed control from 2004. The incidence of this noxious weed in medium

black soils of northern part of north Konkan coastal zone was probably

due to intense vehicular activities along with roadsides and railway tracts

in this part of the region coupled with relatively low rainfall conditions.

Under the programme, ‘making of Parthenium free Campus’, the

inspection and awareness programme was organized for the farmers in

the Kelwa, Dahanu and Palghar area of Palghar district, where about 6 to

8 years back Parthenium incidence was observed, along with road sides

and in some of the fields. By conducting the awareness programme,

discussions were undertaken for controlling parthenium through adopting

Integrated Weed Management Practices. Similarly the literature in the

form of pamplets are distributed to the farmers in the area and efforts are

continuing to make the area/campus parthenium free and to declare the

campus parthenium free.

WS 4.3 Project :- Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi

Objective :- To find out effect of Neochetina bruchi to control the water hyacinth.

Methodology :- :-

A field experiment was conducted in a pond which is recently infested with

water hyacinth in patches. The insect Neochetina bruchi has been

released on 12th Dec. 2014. However, so far no population of Neochetina

bruchi has been buildup and no any symptoms appeared to distruct the

water hyacinth by same insects. Hence it was not possible to record any

of observations as per suggestion. Therefore fresh demand of

Neochetina bruchi will be made in future in a favorable conditions for its

multiplication during ensuing monsoon season

WS 4.4 Project :- Biological control of water hyacinth by biocontrol fungus Alternaria alternata.

Objective :- To find out effect of biocontrol fungus on water hyacinth. A field experiment was conducted in a pond located in the premises of

agronomy farm infected with water hyacinth.The biocontrol fungus Alternaria alternata isolate

DWSR was used to control the weed during last week of June-2014. .The prescribed dose was

1kg/100 meter square area(As per the recommendation of DWSR).The cold rice solution was

prepared by boiling 100 grams of rice in 1 liter of water and filtered the contents and then added

about 250ml of this to 1 kg of talc formulated product.The solution was sprayed in the evening to

take the advantage of the RH for establishment of fungus.

58

The following observations were taken as per the protocol given by the DWSR.

a) No. of days taken for initial symptoms appear in the leaves.

b) No. of days taken for the disease to spread.

c) No.of days taken for the death of plant.

d) No. of plantlets produced from the infected plants.

WS 4.4.1 Observations taken as per the protocol given by the DWSR

Sr No Content Numbers

a) No. of days taken for initial symptoms appear in the leaves. 04

b) No. of days taken for the disease to spread. 11

c) No.of days taken for the death of plant. 17

d) No. of plantlets produced from the infected plants. 64

Summary

The biocontrol fungus Alternaria alternata has taken 17 days to control maxiumum area

of water hyacinth (up to 60%).However the number of plantlets are also produced from the

infected plant which were not controlled by the same fungus.However it still needs more

application of biocontrol fungus or need further research with respect to the cent percent death

of this aquatic weed by the biocontrol fungus.

59

WS. 6:- On farm research & impact assessment

WS.6.1: On farm research (Information about On Farm Trial (OFT) on Groundnut )

Sr.no Particular Information

1. Name of the farmer Mr. Madhukar Sadu Palye

2. Location of the OFT Konde, Tal-Lanja , Ratanagiri

3. Area of land (ha) 15 Are

4. Irrigated/rainfed Rainfed

5. Cropping system followed Fingermillet-veg-Groundnut

6. Soil type Lateritic

7. Sowing/planting time 18/06/2014

8. Crop and varity TG-37 Groundnut

9. Fertilizer applied DAP at recommended rate

10. Crop duration/harvest date 10/10/2014

11. Other management practices Earthing up at 50 days after

sowing with swastika earthing

up hoe and spade.

12. Observation on weeds (density and weed

dry weight at harvest)

Enclosed

13. Yield of grain & stover Enclosed

14. Economic analysis Enclosed

60

Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest in Groundnut

Treatment

Weed density

at 30 DAS

Weed density

at 60 DAS

Weed density

at harvest

Weed growth

G&S & BLWs

(gm)at

G&S BLWs Total G&S BLWs Total G&S BLWs Total 30

DAT

60

DAT Harvest

Pendimethalin

@ 1.5 kg ai/ha

(PE) 2 DAS

35.00 12.00 47.00 15.00 8.00 23.00 12.00 7.00 19.00 3.80 2.15 1.85

Hand

weedings at

30 & 50 DAS

30.00 28.00 58.00 15.00 10.00 25.00 10.00 8.00 18.00 2.70 1.90 1.34

Weedy check 57.00 66.00 123.00 46.00 52.00 98.00 30.00 30.00 42.00 4.30 3.20 2.48

Economics of weed control measures applied to groundnut, TG-37

Treatment Pod yield

kg/ha

Straw

yield

kg/ha

Economics

Gross return

Rs/ha

Cost of

cultivation

Rs/ha

Net

return

Rs/ha

B:C ratio

Pendimethalin

@ 1.5 kg a.i pre

emergence

2 DAS

19.10 24.50 1,19,500/- 78,000/- 41,500/- 1.53

Hand weedings at 30 &

50 DAS 17.80 22.50 1,11,300/- 83,550/- 27,750/- 1.33

Weedy check 11.10 14.20 69,440/- 64,400/- 5,040/- 1.07

61

WS 6.2.1.: Front Line Demonstration (FLD) on Rice


1. Name of the farmer Mr. Sadanand Chavan

2. Location of the FLD Gawane, Tal-Lanja , Dist. Roha

3. Size of holding 30ARC

4. Family size Small

5. Educational status Primary School

6. Total income < 50,000/-

7. Major cropping pattern followed Rice-pulses

8.

Major constraints in respect to weed

management

1. Lack of awareness about modern

weed management technology

2. Unavailability of

herbicides/Spraying tools/improved

mechanical tools etc

3. Psychological fear about use of

chemicals

4. Any other (specify)

i) Lack of knowledge about different

Govt. schemes.

ii) Poor economic condition

iii) Shortage of man power

9.

Response of farmer to the

demonstration technology:

Unsatisfied/partially Satisfied/Fully

Satisfied

Partially Satisfied

10. Economic analysis: Cost of production,

gross returns, net return, and B:C ratio

Enclosed

62

Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest in Rice

Treatment

Weed density

at 30 DAT

Weed density

at 60 DAT

Weed density

at 90 DAT

Weed growth

G&S & BLWs (gm)at


DAT 60

DAT Harvest

Oxadiargyl @

0.1 kg ai/ha as PE

6.00 9.00 15.00 11.00 13.00 24.00 8.00 9.00 17.00 3.50 7.30 4.20

Normal weeding at 30,

60 & 90 DAT 11.80 7.00 18.80 10.00 11.00 21.00 6.00 8.00 14.00 4.60 6.90 3.70

Weedy check 17.00 13.00 30.00 32.00 21.00 53.00 24.00 17.00 41.00 9.80 16.70 13.20

Economics of weed control measures applied to Rice

Treatment Grain yield

kg/ha

Straw yield

kg/ha

Economics

Gross

return

Rs/ha

Cost of

cultivation

Rs/ha

Net return

Rs/ha

B:C

ratio

Oxadiargyl @ 0.1 kg a.i pre

emergence (2 DAS) 28.50 35.60 49,870/- 48,000/- 1,870/- 1.2

Normal weedings practice 31.70 36.20 54,770/- 53,400/- 1,370/- 1.02

Weedy check 19.50 25.90 34,430/- 38,000/- -3,570/- 0.91

63

WS 6.2.2.: Front Line Demonstration (FLD) on groundnut


1. Farmer’s Name Mr. Shekhar Balaram Betkar

2. Location FLD At- Ladawali, Post. Tetghar, Tal. Mahad,

Dist-Raigad

3. Size of holding:

(a) 0.40 ha.

(b) Rainfed Unirrigated

4. Family size Medium family

5. Educational status: Illiterate/primary High School

6. Total income (a) Agriculture

(b) Other sources

(a) Agriculture – 0.72 lakh/year

(b) Other sources –Nil

7. Major cropping pattern followed Rice-Rice, Rice –pulses,

Rice-Vegetable

8. Major constraints in respect to weed

management

1. Lack of awareness about modern

weed management technology

2. Unavailability of herbicides/Spraying

tools/improved mechanical tools etc

3. Psychological fear about use of

chemicals

4. Any other (specify)

i) Lack of knowledge about different

Govt. schemes.

ii) Poor economic condition

iii) Shortage of man power

9. Response of farmer to the

demonstration technology:

Unsatisfied/partially Satisfied/Fully

Satisfied

Fully Satisfied

10. Economic analysis: Cost of production,

gross returns, net return, and B:C ratio

Enclosed

Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest in Groundnut

64

Treatment

Weed density

at 30 DAS

Weed density

at 60 DAS

Weed density

at harvest

Weed growth

G&S & BLWs (gm)at


DAS

60

DAS Harvest

Butachlor (PE)

0-3 DAS

27.00 09.00 36.00 13.00 5.00 18.00 9.00 3.00 12.00 3.20 1.78 1.10

Hand weedings

at 30 & 50 DAS 25.00 07.00 32.00 14.00 4.00 18.00 11.00 2.00 13.00 3.12 1.67 1.05

Weedy check 53.00 28.00 81.00 40.00 17.00 57.00 28.00 10.00 38.00 4.15 2.70 1.95

Economics of weed control measures applied to groundnut

Treatment Pod yield

kg/ha

Straw

yield

kg/ha

Economics

Gross

return

Rs/ha

Cost of

cultivation

Rs/ha

Net return

Rs/ha B:C ratio

Butachlor (PE)

0-3 DAS

20.50 23.20 1,27,640/- 87,000/- 40,640/- 1.47

Hand weedings at 30

& 50 DAS 20.00 21.70 1,24,340/- 90,300/- 34,040/- 1.37

Weedy check 12.15 15.10 75,920/- 67,500/- 8,420/- 1.12

S.T. Station Trials

65

S.T.1. Project :- Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in

rice-cowpea cropping system.

Objective :- To find out effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil

microflora of rice and cowpea during kharif and rabi season.

Year

ocation

:-

:-

2013

Agronomy Farm, Collage of Agriculture ,Dapoli

Methodology :-

A field experiment was conducted on herbicide trial in kharif Rice-rabi cowpea

cropping system. The soil samples were collected from rhizo-sphere soil at 5 stages namly initial

(Before application of herbicides and before sowing of the crops), 30 DAS, 60 DAS , at and after

harvesting stage of rice crop during kharif season and Cowpea crop during rabi season. (The

soil adhered to the plant roots).It was used for all the microbial analysis.

The soil sample was analyzed for following observation

a) Total bacterial population

b) Total Fungal population

c) Actinomyctes population.

d) Free living nitrogen fixers.

e) Phosphate solubilisers.

h)

i)

Dry wt of nodule (60DAS of cowpea crop)

Number of nodule/Plant (60DAS of cowpea crop).

Treatments :

T1 Oxidiargyl - Two spray-

1.Pre-emergence:-6 EC @ 0.1 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS

2.Post-emergence:- 6 EC @ 0.1 kg a.i. ha-1 45 DAS

T2 Pretilachlor :- Pre-emergence:-50 EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS

T3 Butachlor:- Pre-emergence:-50 EC @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS

T4 Pendimethalin:-Pre-emergence:-38.7EC@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS.

T5 Weed free check

T6 Weedy check

Design:- RBD

Replication:- Four

Plot size:- 5mx2m

Crop and variety:- Ratnagiri-1-Rice and Konkan sadabahar-Cowpea

Fertilizers:-Rice:- 100:50:50 N,P2O5,K2OKg/ha

Cowpea:- 25:50 N,P2O5,K2OKg/ha

Table S.T.1.1:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on soil bacterial

population in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif (2013) and rabi

66

(2013)season.

Total bacterial population (CFU x 106/gm of soil).

Treatments

Kharif-Rice Rabi-Cowpea

Initial

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After

Harvest

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After harvest

T1:- Oxidiargyl 12.81 26.17 23.58 27.56 12.19 54.93 58.93 48.80 17.69

T2:- Pretilachlor. 12.55 26.02 32.67 28.07 12.02 53.58 58.86 46.65 16.45

T3:- Butachlor. 11.97 23.10 29.17 28.18 11.12 53.34 58.12 44.09 16.38

T4:- Pendimethalin. 11.39 22.99 27.44 26.16 11.03 52.06 56.40 43.33 14.63

T5:- Weed free check 10.41 33.43 38.88 32.29 13.82 58.21 60.93 49.61 21.93

T6:- Weedy check 11.21 29.80 32.76 28.46 13.03 56.46 60.04 48.95 21.18

S Em. + 1.5 1.05 1.99 2.36 1.76 3.61 2.15 2.39 2.85

C.D. at 5% NS 3.16 5.99 NS NS NS NS NS NS

1) Total bacterial population: - The data of total bacterial population is presented in table

S.T.1.1

The total bacterial population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures

at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy

check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The bacterial population

was also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy

check at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed


recommended herbicides),at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control


Table S.T.1.2:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on soil fungal

population in rice- cowpea cropping system during kharif (2013) and rabi

67

(2013) season.

Total fungal population (CFU x 104/gm of soil).

Treatments


Initial

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After

Harvest

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After harvest

T1:- Oxidiargyl 5.02 9.18 11.63 13.18 4.39 25.63 28.27 22.06 13.52

T2:- Pretilachlor. 6.41 9.45 15.71 13.97 5.77 22.77 28.18 19.79 13.11

T3:- Butachlor. 6.22 9.08 15.81 13.80 5.42 22.42 27.15 19.01 11.38

T4:- Pendimethalin. 5.40 7.98 14.62 13.14 5.19 20.57 24.49 17.19 10.99

T5:- Weed free check 4.30 17.98 21.21 15.66 6.22 27.32 28.81 23.81 13.90

T6:- Weedy check 4.21 14.71 17.62 14.99 4.03 25.94 28.45 22.53 13.65

S Em. + 1.06 0.92 1.04 1.78 0.70 2.79 3.31 2.27 1.85


2) Total fungal population: - The data of total fungal population is presented in table

Table S.T.1.2

The total fungal population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures

at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy

check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The fungal population was

also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check

at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control

measures was found to be non-significant at initial,(Before sowing and before application of



Table S.T.1.3:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil Actinomycetes

population In rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and rabi

68

(2013)season.

Total Actinomycetes population (CFU x 104/gm of soil).

Treatments


Initial

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After

Harvest

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After harvest

T1:- Oxidiargyl 2.55 2.40 1.94 2.10 1.96 5.49 5.91 3.88 1.96

T2:- Pretilachlor. 2.29 2.36 2.72 3.02 2.09 4.77 5.39 3.70 1.84

T3:- Butachlor. 1.75 2.19 2.96 2.84 1.86 4.40 5.08 2.82 1.69

T4:- Pendimethalin. 2.40 2.10 2.49 2.75 2.09 4.15 5.02 2.49 1.47

T5:- Weed free check 2.79 5.95 6.34 5.83 2.92 7.09 7.54 5.85 2.96

T6:- Weedy check 1.80 3.70 3.94 3.14 2.45 6.06 7.11 5.22 2.39

S Em. + 0.67 0.70 0.54 1.25 0.67 1.04 1.07 1.30 0.71


3) Total actinomycetes population: - The data of actinomycetes population is presented in

table S.T.1.3

The total actinomycetes population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control

measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and

weedy check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The actinomycetes

population in recommended herbicides was found at par with weedy check at 30DAS and 60DAS

(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at initial

observation(Before sowing and before application of recommended herbicides) at and after

harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at all

the above stages during rabi season.

Table S.T.1.4:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on free living

nitrogen fixers in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and

69

rabi (2013) season

Total Free living nitrogen fixers (CFU x 103/gm of soil).

Treatments


Initial

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After

Harvest

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After harvest

T1:- Oxidiargyl 2.73 7.64 7.75 8.90 2.53 26.45 30.58 22.67 9.55

T2:- Pretilachlor. 3.42 7.32 10.94 9.68 3.04 26.02 29.44 22.07 9.17

T3:- Butachlor. 1.69 7.26 10.18 9.32 2.84 24.14 27.04 20.65 8.46

T4:- Pendimethalin. 2.75 6.27 10.16 9.07 2.46 24.10 25.41 20.09 8.17

T5:- Weed free check

2.70 15.20 17.97 11.19 3.90 29.96 32.81 24.94 10.19

T6:- Weedy check 2.18 11.26 14.14 9.87 2.01 27.71 30.93 24.46 9.83

S Em. + 0.83 1.04 1.35 0.96 0.74 2.47 3.16 2.95 1.21


4) Total free living nitrogen fixers: - The data of free living nitrogen fixers is presented in

table S.T.1.4

The free living nitrogen fixers in soil were significantly influenced by weed

control measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. The population was found significantly less in recommended

herbicides as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS and at par with

weedycheck treatment at 60DAS. The free living nitrogen fixers was also found significantly less at

recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS and at par with

weedy check at 60DAS (Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control measures was found to

be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and before application of recommended herbicides) at

and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control measures was found to be non-

significant at all the above stages during rabi season.

Table S.T.1.5:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on phosphate solubilisers in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and rabi (2013) season

70

Total Phosphate solubilisers (CFU x 103/gm of soil).

Treatments


Initial

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After

Harvest

30

DAS

60

DAS

At harvest

After harvest

T1:- Oxidiargyl 1.92 9.64 9.01 10.05 1.86 28.61 31.56 21.43 8.79

T2:- Pretilachlor. 1.90 8.91 12.31 9.98 1.55 27.77 31.05 18.65 8.55

T3:- Butachlor. 3.35 8.13 10.94 9.63 3.05 27.38 30.09 17.34 7.87

T4:- Pendimethalin. 3.12 8.04 10.31 9.16 3.15 26.63 28.12 15.27 6.15

T5:- Weed free check 2.56 16.72 18.43 14.14 2.05 30.55 32.53 23.61 11.73

T6:- Weedy check 2.16 13.77 13.27 10.82 1.98 29.47 31.67 22.14 9.37

S Em. + 0.71 0.78 1.30 2.16 0.74 1.80 2.34 3.19 2.31


5) Total phosphate solublisers: - The data of phosphate solubilsers is presented in S.T.1.5

The total phosphate solubilisers in soil were significantly influenced by weed control

measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and

weedy check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The phosphate

solubilisers was also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared

to weedy check at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at

60DAS).The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and

before application of recommended herbicides) at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The

weed control measures was found to be non-significant at all the above stages during rabi season.

Summary

The experiment was conducted to see the effects of recommended herbicides of rice on

soil microflora of rice and cowpea crop under rice-cowpea cropping system.The microflora such as

total bacterial population, total fungal population,actinomycetes,free living nitrogen fixers and

phosphate solubilisers were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy check

as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. They were also found significantly

less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS(Except

actinomycetes) and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed




Conclusion

71

The estimated microflora such as total bacterial population,total fungal

population,actinomycetes,free-living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilisers adversly affected

due to the application of all mention recommended herbicides at 30DAS and herbicide oxidiargyl

at 60DAS, of rice crop.The adverse effect of oxidiargyl traetment on microbial population till

60DAS may be due to the additional dose of herbicide oxidiargyl at 45DAS.However the

population in other recommended herbicides maintain their status at later stage of the rice

crop.The all estimated microbial population was not adversly affected during rabi season and

shows improvement in their numbers after the harvesting stage of the cowpea crop which may be

due to the leguminous effect.

VII. TSP Programme

72

Tribal Sub Plan Programme

The Tribal Sub-Plan programme was implemented in two villages in Sakri Tahsil of Dhule

district in Maharashtra by selecting 106 farmers beneficiaries. The awareness programme

regarding the use of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides, along with application, time

of application, calibration of sprayer, maintenance of spray pumps etc. was conducted. As a part

of weed management in different crops the demonstrations with the use of different hand tools,

implements like weeders, weeding hooks, toothed spades and spray pumps were organized on

farm.

Along with farmers beneficiaries Gramsevak and Sarpanch and progressive farmers from

village Amba Pada, Kudashi, Sakri, and Mahalyacha Pada Kudashi Sakri were actively

participated in the programme. In all about 250 farmers farm two villages were participated for one

day awareness programme on weed management.

Implements, hand tools and herbicides are distributed to the tribal farmers in Sakri Tashil of

Dhule district in Maharashtra as follows-

Sr.

No. Particular Total Number

1. Weeder 60

2. Toothed spade 190

3. Weeding hook 380

4. Spray pump 20

5. Herbicides- Oxadiargyl and pendamethalin Oxadiargyl- 22 packets of 22.50 gm. each

and 4.00 Lts. of pendamethalin

VIII. List of publications (research,abstract of

seminar/symposia/conference,technical/extension bulletin,popular articles,books/books

chapter,radio/TV talks etc.

73

A. List of Research publications

Sr. No Title of Research Article

1.

Effects of different tillage systems and herbicide on soil microflora of Lab lab bean rhizosphere Govekar Y.R., Mahadkar U.V., Dahiphale A.V., Pawar L.G., Nevase V.B., Mane M.J. and Gosavi S.P. 2014. Effects of different tillage systems and herbicide on soil microflora of Lab lab bean rhizosphere Ind J Weed Sci Dec., 2014.

B. Participation in Conference, Seminar, workshop etc.

Sr. No Nature of programme Name of the scientist

1. Workshop :- “Issues Related to Gm Crops” at Dapoli Y.R. Govekar

2. Biennial Conference :- Weed science at Jabalpur Y.R. Govekar 3. Workshop :- Job opportunities in plant protection Y.R. Govekar

IX. List of trainings/awareness campaign

Sr. No Title Name of the scientist

1. “Parthenium free campus”- Awareness programme 2014 organized in Palghar district.

V.M.Kanade

2.

Awareness programme on weed management, with the use of implements/equipments and herbicides along with demonstrations, organized under Tribal Sub Plan in two villages in Sakri Tahsil of Dhule district of Maharashtra

V.M.Kanade

X. Awards/recognitions/students guided/courses taught

A. courses taught

Sr. No

Course No. & Title of course Name of the scientist

1. Agro.247- Field Crops II (Rabi crops) V.M.Kanade

2. H/Agro.243- Organic Farming V.M.Kanade

3. Agro.501- Modern Concept in Crops Production V.M.Kanade

4. Agro.359- Weed Management V.M.Kanade

5. Agro.503- Principles & Practices of Weed Management V.M.Kanade

6. Agro.3611- Organic Farming & Rainfed farming V.M.Kanade

7. H/MIBO 111- Introductory Micro biology Y.R. Govekar

8. MIBO 121- Agricultural Micro biology Y.R. Govekar

b. PG students guided/guiding as Major Advisor

Class No. of students Name of teacher

M sc 3 V.M.Kanade

XI. Linkages and collaboration:- Nil

XII. Miscellaneous

Sr. No Activity Name of the scientist

1.

Worked as a Associate Dean’s representative for evaluation and moderation work of semester end theory answer sheets during 2nd and 1st term of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively.

V.M.Kanade

2. Worked as secretary for ‘Board of Studies’ for Agronomy, Agril. Meteorology, Forage & pasture management.

V.M.Kanade

3. Worked as evaluator and moderator for different undergraduate courses in Agronomy.

V.M.Kanade

4. Worked as a pepper setter for semester end theory examination in different courses.

V.M.Kanade

5. Sr. Supervision- ABM College, Panvel Y.R. Govekar

6. Evaluator of courses such as Introductory Microbiology and Agricultural Micro biology

Y.R. Govekar

XII. Meteorological Data- 2014

Weekly Weather Data Dapoli Centere Year 2014

74

Period

MW

Tmax Tmin RH-I RH-II Wind speed

Rain RD BSS Epan

(oC) (oC) (%) (%) (Kmph) (mm) day (hrs.) (mm)

01.01 - 07.01 1 30.3 14.6 92 68 3.0 0.0 0 7.6 4.3

08.01 - 14.01 2 29.3 13.1 94 57 3.2 0.0 0 8.1 5.3

15.01 - 21.01 3 28.9 13.6 90 63 2.9 0.0 0 7.7 4.8

22.01 - 28.01 4 31.0 16.8 91 63 3.4 0.0 0 6.5 4.1

29.01 - 04.02 5 32.3 14.6 90 64 3.1 0.0 0 7.8 4.3

05.02 - 11.02 6 31.4 12.6 88 64 3.6 0.0 0 9.0 5.0

12.02 - 18.02 7 28.1 13.1 88 57 4.4 0.0 0 8.7 5.3

19.02 - 25.02 8 30.8 16.2 89 61 4.2 0.0 0 8.5 5.8

26.02 - 04.03 9 30.0 15.3 92 67 4.6 0.0 0 8.6 5.6

05.03 - 11.03 10 29.5 15.1 90 60 3.9 0.0 0 9.0 6.1

12.03 - 18.03 11 34.6 18.8 91 58 4.0 0.0 0 8.5 6.5

19.03 - 25.03 12 33.7 17.4 85 61 4.6 0.0 0 8.1 6.6

26.03 - 01.04 13 35.5 18.5 87 56 3.9 0.0 0 8.3 7.1

02.04 - 08.04 14 34.3 19.6 88 61 4.6 0.0 0 7.5 6.7

09.04 - 15.04 15 32.4 17.0 91 66 4.8 0.0 0 8.6 6.7

16.04 - 22.04 16 32.1 21.7 90 66 5.0 0.0 0 9.4 6.4

23.04 - 29.04 17 35.1 22.7 87 63 5.2 0.0 0 9.0 7.1

30.04 - 06.05 18 33.8 22.5 83 61 5.5 3.0 1 9.0 6.6

07.05 - 13.05 19 33.5 22.4 86 58 5.8 0.0 0 8.3 6.9

14.05 - 20.05 20 33.3 24.5 77 61 8.0 0.0 0 7.8 7.3

21.05 - 27.05 21 33.0 23.7 85 64 5.3 0.0 0 7.7 6.1

28.05 - 03.06 22 33.7 24.5 80 62 6.9 0.6 0 7.7 6.4

04.06 - 10.06 23 34.3 26.3 85 58 6.9 0.0 0 5.4 6.4

11.06 - 17.06 24 32.6 24.4 91 68 8.7 257.4 5 5.3 4.0

18.06 - 24.06 25 30.3 25.2 88 81 11.2 86.0 5 4.0 3.9

25.06 - 01.07 26 30.8 25.4 86 73 6.6 2.5 1 7.5 5.0

02.07 - 08.07 27 30.8 23.5 95 79 4.6 121.2 5 4.1 3.2

09.07 - 15.07 28 27.8 22.1 98 99 5.4 579.9 7 0.6 2.5

16.07 - 22.07 29 28.2 24.7 95 91 13.7 395.7 7 0.4 1.6

23.07 - 29.07 30 27.7 24.0 92 90 10.9 301.2 7 2.8 3.6

30.07 - 05.08 31 27.4 24.2 96 89 11.5 402.8 7 1.3 2.1

06.08 - 12.08 32 28.1 23.7 95 86 8.2 132.2 7 3.4 3.5

13.08 - 19.08 33 28.7 24.1 92 83 6.8 39.3 5 5.3 4.4

20.08 - 26.08 34 29.9 24.4 93 78 3.7 20.2 3 3.7 3.0

27.08 - 02.09 35 26.5 23.3 99 92 5.4 545.9 7 0.7 2.6

03.09 - 09.09 36 28.3 23.8 97 93 9.3 351.3 7 3.6 3.1

10.09 - 16.09 37 28.9 23.1 94 83 4.5 95.8 5 3.4 2.8

17.09 - 23.09 38 29.9 22.7 89 71 3.3 7.0 1 4.2 2.3

24.09 - 30.09 39 31.6 24.1 91 66 2.8 0.8 0 6.0 4.1

01.10 - 07.10 40 32.4 22.4 92 71 2.5 12.0 2 6.3 4.3

08.10 - 14.10 41 32.1 22.9 91 67 2.6 0.0 0 7.0 4.0

15.10 - 21.10 42 33.9 22.5 91 62 2.4 1.8 0 8.2 4.8

22.10 – 28.10 43 31.2 21.0 94 67 2.7 8.6 1 4.3 4.6

29.10 – 04.11 44 33.3 17.5 89 60 2.0 0.0 0 8.3 4.7

75

05.11 – 11.11

45 33.9 17.2 89 58 2.4 0.0 0 8.0 3.9

12.11 – 18.11 46 32.3 21.5 91 65 2.6 4.4 1 5.6 3.2

19.11 – 25.11 47 33.3 18.8 88 51 2.1 0.0 0 7.5 4.2

26.11 – 02.12 48 33.2 14.4 87 39 2.2 0.0 0 8.3 4.1

03.12 – 09.12 49 33.2 19.0 88 36 2.3 0.0 0 8.4 3.4

10.12 – 16.12 50 31.8 17.4 88 57 2.6 0.2 0 7.2 2.9

17.12 – 23.12 51 31.3 12.6 82 39 3.0 0.0 0 7.2 3.4

24.12 – 31.12 52 30.2 13.0 86 44 2.6 0.0 0 7.3 3.6

Documents

DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI …dwr.org.in/AICRP-WM Document/2014-Annual Report/DBSKKV-Dapoli...dr. balasaheb sawant konkan krishi vidyapeeth,dapoli dapoli, dist. ratnagiri,