DQPDU - The MIMU · 2017. 12. 6. · 1 Demarcated in the seismic zone map of Myanmar (2005)prepared by a team led by Dr Maung Thein; also mentioned in the Hazard Profile of Myanmar(2009)

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Shelter

DRR Good Practices in Myanmar

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Myanmar is pleasedto present a compilation of "Good Practices on Disaster Risk Reductionin Myanmar". This publication has been developed under“Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction Practice in Myanmar throughResearch and Enhanced Inter-agency Coordinatio Project" supportedby the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil ProtectionDepartment through its Disaster Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO)of the Seventh DIPECHO Action Plan for South East Asia. The casestudies presented in this publication encapsulates the innovative workconducted by a number of agencies, UN, international and national forintegrating disaster risk reduction perspectives into developmentprogrammes.

UNDP Myanmar would like to express its gratitude to the variousagencies who contributed their time in the guidance, development andsubmission of the case studies; a special thanks to the Disaster RiskReduction Working Group members for their support in reviewing casestudies and most importantly to the communities and field staff, whogave their time and shared their stories; without them these casestudies could not have been completed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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INTRODUCTION

1The European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department’s Disaster PreparednessProgramme (DIPECHO)

This compilation of Good Practices is an initiative aiming to explore and

document programs which mainstream disaster risk reduction in various

development sectors. The production of this document is supported by

the VIIth DIPECHO1 Action Plan for South-East Asia, and is a part of a seriesof publications being produced by other DIPECHO implementing partners,which include – Malteser International, ActionAid Myanmar and UNDPMyanmar.

Shelter is one of the key assets which is damaged or destroyed in thewake of a disaster. One reason being, that the traditional practices andmethods used by communities for construction of their houses are poorand the structures are therefore unable to withstand increasing frequencyand intensity of natural hazards. Rural communities do not have access tothe necessary know-how and skills to make their shelter stronger. Strongershelters reduce damages and the cost of any reparations and strongshelters will protect valuable assets within the household.

This document outlines initiatives on how mainstreaming disaster riskreduction into the shelter sector, both at a programmatic and policy level,can be approached. Case studies from the agencies describe approachesused for implementing shelter reconstruction programs involving affectedcommunities, while at the same time building community capacities inintegrating DRR perspectives into their construction practices. Using theShelter Working Group as a platform, agencies have advocated for “buildingback better” with key stakeholders, both the government and donors aswell as institutionalizing DRR features into shelter reconstruction acrossvarious disaster recovery programs.

It is hoped that the Good Practices suggested in this publication can bereplicated by interested practitioners, wherever possible. This documentaims also at ensuring that the case studies generate interest amonghumanitarian actors and allow for a more integrated approach tocommunity-based disaster risk reduction.

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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar10

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Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Shelter 11

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INTRODUCTION

The Swiss Agency forDevelopment and Cooperation(SDC) is active in Myanmar since1999 and supports variousinitiatives across the countrythrough their partners, having aprogram office at Yangon. On 2ndand 3rd May 2008, large parts ofthe Ayeyarwaddy were destroyedand damaged due to cycloneNargis. It was reported that in theDelta region, 95% of the houseswere affected by a storm surge upto 3.6 meters. The Post NargisJoint Assessment (PONJA)reported that 50% - 60% of publicschools including monasticschools were either damaged ordestroyed. After the emergencyand early recovery phase, a needs

assessment was carried out bySDC. The huge loss of life coupledwith the destruction of over 1200schools illustrated the need forbetter disaster preparedness andimproved basic educationfacilities to withstand disasters.Subsequently, a project waslaunched whereby multi-purposebuildings were created byproviding child-friendly schoolsthat double-up as cycloneshelters. They are used for schoolsand community meeting placesand when a cyclone strikes, theyprovide a safe haven for the entirevillage population. Thisintervention reaches far beyondschool and shelter construction.

THE INITIATIVE

SDC developed a draftarchitectural design of the schoolwhich incorporated disaster riskreduction features in thestructural framework. This draftwas later presented to the villagecommunity to get theirsuggestions on the site selectionand construction. Thisconsultative process would alsohelp to elicit their participation,

build awareness among thecommunity on the features of theschool and create ownershipamong the community. Oncesuggestions from the communitywere incorporated into the designsuch as positioning of facilitieswithin the school premises, it waspresented to the Ministry ofEducation for approval. Followingthe approval, SDC contracted local



not built using glass. The schoolroof was designed such thatrainwater collection is also done.The rain water flows into a pond/rainwater collection tank for theschool and community.

The lower floor of the school wasdesigned in such a manner that itcould be used for additionalclassrooms or communitygatherings or related events. Thetop floor is used as classroomsand can double up as a shelter. Athree-square foot per personspace was considered duringplanning of the layout of theschool. Each school cum sheltercan accommodate 700 to 1000persons during a hazard event.Separate toilets for girls and boyswith rainwater collection features

1 Demarcated in the seismic zone map of Myanmar (2005)prepared by a team ledby Dr Maung Thein; also mentioned in the Hazard Profile of Myanmar(2009)

construction companies forbuilding the schools.

The school building has been ableto incorporate climate responsiveconstruction which requires lowlevels of maintenance. To ensurethat the building was floodresilient, the floor level wasconstructed at 11 feet above theground based on the localknowledge of flood levels from thecommunity. The schools are alsoconstructed to withstand earth-quake to a maximum magnitudeof 6 on the Richter scale as theAyeyarwaddy is located in theZone II1. In terms of climateresponsive construction, artificialcooling and lighting was avoidedthrough the design of the windowshutters and shadings which was



were constructed to optimize theuse of local natural resources. Toensure better and safe access tothese schools, SDC also supportedthe construction of bridges andaccess roads to these schools. Italso encouraged participation ofcommunities in the selection andconstruction of the bridges, jettiesand roads. It is expected thatthese new schools have a lifespanof a minimum of 30 yearsconsidering the weatherconditions and maintenancepractices.

SDC provided various capacitybuilding programs for schooladministration, teachers andschool children on disasterpreparedness to enhance theirparticipation. SDC also developed

a booklet on "guidelines for schoolmaintenance" which will stay inthe community as a usefulresource long after the project hasended. Workshops wereconducted by SDC project staff toorient the school administrationofficials and teachers onmaintenance using theseguidelines. They have also triedto build capacities of children byorganizing disaster preparednessinformation sessions for them. IECmaterials on disaster prepared-ness are displayed in theclassroom to inculcate a cultureof preparedness. Children werealso involved in planting ofmangroves and other wind-breaking trees thus also teachingthem the importance and benefitsof the natural environment.



The project also developedand published "maintenanceguidelines" for these schools.The members of the SchoolAdministration including thehead of the school andteachers were oriented onthese guidelines. Thisstrategy has contributed tobuilding the sustainabilityand ownership of the schools.

The Ministry of Educationwas consulted in the design

GOOD PRACTICES

process and was approvedby them after a series ofreviews. This strategybrought in the participationof the Government into theprocess. Communities’suggestions were also takeninto consideration during theconstruction process thuscreating a sense ofownership among allstakeholders.

SDC constructed 15 school- cum-storm shelters in the Townships ofPyapon and Bogale. These 15schools provide improved and auser-friendly environment forabout 2300 students and shelter

places for approxi-mately 14,600persons. Apart fromthese, there are 10more schools underconstruction inPyapon andMawlamyinegunetownships, and 10more schools will bereconstructed in2012. Other aspectsof community life are

also impacted in a positive waythrough the construction ofshelters _the infrastructure assetshave improved their livelihoods byinvolving community members inthe construction process.



CHALLENGESThe architectural design wasnew to the local constructioncompany so it took some timefor them to translate thedesign into actualconstruction.

The cost of construction wascomparatively high but this

high cost was due to otheroutputs such as rain watercollection tank, fencing,plantations, approach roadsand bridges. This addedvalue to the school eventhough it added to the cost.

SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATION

The project can be replicatedsince it has been able towork with key nationalstakeholders such as theMinistry of Education forapproval of the design; localconstruction companies andlocally available andproduced materials.

The multi-hazardperspectives the schooldesign makes it possible toreplicate it in various hazardprone areas across thecountry.





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INTRODUCTION

On May 2nd and 3rd 2008, cycloneNargis destroyed and damaged750,000 houses in theAyeyarwaddy delta region ofMyanmar. The Cluster approachwas activated to strengthenhumanitarian response by the UNHumanitarian Coordinator inconsultation of the HumanitarianCountry Team. The International

reconstruction as it was far fromover in mid 2009. This led to thetransition of the Shelter Clusterinto the Shelter Working Group.UN-HABITAT agreed to continuethe coordination mechanism on avoluntary basis (no resourcesprovided) for ensuring equitableattention to the shelter needs andminimum technical standards,

Federation of theRed Cross (IFRC) ledthe EmergencyShelter Cluster until31st July 2008 whenthe United NationsHuman SettlementsProgramme (UN-HABITAT), withsupport from DFID,took over the leadrole until formalclosure of thecluster, on 30th June 2009. At thistime, UN Resident Coordinator, theTCG chair and agencies requestedUN-HABITAT to continue leadingas the shelter recovery, and

agreeing guiding principles,coherent implementationmodalities, complimenting andcoordination with governmentinterventions.

ADVOCATING WITH THE DONOR COMMUNITY

During the initial period of theemergency response, most donorsindicated that durable shelter

would not be a priority and thattheir focus would be in livelihoodsand other sectors. This donor



approach missed the crucial issuethat emergency response wasfragile and needed to be quicklybacked up with stronger and moredurable shelters in order not tohave a second wave of emergencywhen the monsoon rains arrived1.The proposed durable sheltersincorporated the disaster riskreduction features developed bythe Cluster.

Though most other sectorsreceived minimum commitmentsagainst the appeals andassurances of consistent fundingsupport being made available inline with the implementation

timeframe of the PONREPP2,theShelter Sector, which experiencedone-third of the total damageimpact as a result of Nargis, wasnot addressed in the same way.Of the 173.6 million USD requiredfor Shelter Recovery from CycloneNargis, a grand total of 21.77million USD was received in theyears that followed. This means,even now, 149,678 householdsspread across the Ayeyarwaddy(of which 97,000 are consideredthe most vulnerable families)require urgent shelter assistanceand are considered as neglectedneeds.

1 Final Shelter Workshop Notes and Lessons Learnt – Shelter Coordination for Cyclone Nargis (UN-HABITAT, 2009)2 Post-Nargis Recovery and Preparedness Plan, PONREPP, Dec 2008



Given this scenario and needs, themember agencies of the ShelterCluster took on the efforts toadvocate to the donors on theneed for urgent and additionalfunding support to the ShelterSector. The objective of theadvocacy was to highlight todonors that durable shelterconstruction and coordinationrequired funding forapproximately two years after thedisaster. This ensured that thegood practices of mainstreamingDRR into the construction werefollowed and the gains made inthe sector were not lost in theevent of future disasters andconsequently, value for moneywas achieved. Donors wereencouraged to think ahead andprovide funds for sustainableshelter support.

The Shelter Cluster andsubsequently the Shelter WorkingGroup (SWG) has played anintegral role in informing thegovernment and donors on theimportance of and the need forincorporating disaster riskreduction features into shelterconstruction. Through members ofthe SWG, they have been toundertake shelter damage and

needs assessments across thevarious disasters which affectedMyanmar since Cyclone Nargis in2008, such as Cyclone Giri in 2010and the Shan Earthquake in 2011.These assessments haveinformed the government anddonors on the critical shelterneeds of the affectedcommunities and provision fordurable and strong shelter. Sheltersector recovery plans have alsobeen developed through aconsultative process involving allmembers, which indicated andadvocated the needs for shelter.Shelter Cluster/Working Groupalso provided technical supportand input to the Post Nargis JointAssessment, the Post-NargisRecovery and Preparedness Planand subsequent Periodic Reviewsof the Plan.



BUILDING CAPACITY AND RAISING AWARENESS

Capacity building of stakeholders,which included international andnational NGOs, communities andgovernment, on safer constructionwas also conducted for putting the‘minimum technical standards’into practice. Various IECmaterials on disaster riskreduction construction featureshave been developed anddisseminated to agencies working

on shelter as well as in ruralcommunities, with widedistribution coverage, uponrequest. The DRR constructiontechniques were also developedinto a training module andthousands of village carpenters’capacities were enhanced onthese new and improvedconstruction techniques.

In the aftermath of a disaster,numerous humanitarian agenciesinitiated shelter reconstructionprograms. Shelter designs aredeveloped by these agencies takinginto account the cost of a shelterunit, availability of materials,geographical and cultural context ofthe people affected. As a result,there was a diverse range of shelterstructures constructed by theintervening agencies. Respectingthe diversity of interventions, theShelter Cluster advocated amongtheir members in developing andcomplying with a ‘minimumtechnical standards’ which wouldsee disaster risk reduction featuresincorporated into new shelters andto observe standards such as

SPHERE. A Technical Working Groupwas formed within the Clustercomprising of agencies from UN,international and national NGOs,government technical agenciessuch as Myanmar EngineeringSociety, and established clearstandards for a shelter ofapproximate 160 to 200sq ft. Mostagencies proved to be diligent infollowing technical standards,though budget restraints causedsome to lower standards. Whereevidence emerged of agenciesbuilding poorer quality shelters, thiswas addressed with the agenciesconcerned, but once again the roleof the Shelter Cluster was tostrongly encourage members tocomply.

ADVOCATING WITH MEMBER AGENCIES



GOOD PRACTICES

The Shelter Cluster/WorkingGroup has been able toinvolve all members toplanning and implementationof various initiatives, be itpolicy, advocacy orassessments. This hascreated a strong sense ofbelonging amongst memberagencies to the Cluster/Working Group as well asstrong participation andadherence to decisionsagreed in consensus.

Even though variousagencies were followingdifferent models to shelterreconstruction, they wereable to come to a consensusof developing a minimumtechnical standard whichcould be applied across allagencies.

A common statement by theCluster/Working Group onadditional funding requiredwas able to increase theeffectiveness of advocacywith donor agencies.Members were able to riseabove their organizationalmandate and be a part of acommon objective to achievehelped in mobilizing morefunds from donors. This wasevident in the increasedfunding for shelterreconstruction under CycloneGiri response in 2010.

The Shelter Working Group isa good reference point andrepository of shelterknowledge as it has been oneof the few initiatives topromote and fullymainstream DRR



perspectives into variousshelter reconstructionprograms across the countrythrough its member agenciesby providing technicalsupport to agenciesimplementing shelter

reconstruction programs inthose disasters. They alsohave been able to increasethe knowledge on disasterpreparedness through thedissemination of numerousIEC materials.

CHALLENGES

In the initial period, therewas strong opposition fromsome donors who felt theCluster was advocating forstandards that were ‘toohigh’. However, the clusterstuck to principles on theseissues and strongly arguedthat it is not conceivable thatan USD 800 – USD 1,000shelter can be ‘abovestandard’ and also that thesedurable shelters canwithstand future storms/cyclones avoiding periodicdonor interventions.

It is not possible to imposethe ‘minimum technicalstandards’ among itsmembers as the role of theShelter Cluster/WorkingGroup is advisory and cannotbe regulatory. Only thegovernment and donors canimpose and or regulatestandards and through themthe Shelter Cluster/WorkingGroup can advocate these‘minimum technicalstandards’.




Shelter Cluster/WorkingGroup could be chaired bythe government andsupported by co-chairs madeup of a UN Agency and aNGO (continuity ensuredbetween UN and NGO). Thisalso would contribute tofuture effectiveness of theCluster/Working Group’sadvocacy strategy.

Compliance with ‘minimumtechnical standards’, agreed

by the Working Group, isessential for mainstreamingDRR into the shelter sector ina comprehensive andsustainable manner. Donorshave influence over theirimplementing partners. TheShelter Coordinator shouldbrief donors to ensure thatdonors insist on compliance.



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INTRODUCTION

Cyclone Giri, made landfall on thewestern coast of Myanmar’sRakhine State on 22 October2010. The townships ofKyaukphyu, Myebon, Minbya andPauktaw were the most severelyaffected by the storm, whichcaused loss of lives, renderedpeople homeless, and causedsevere damage to houses and

the affected areas, respondedimmediately to support theaffected communities throughdistribution of food items,tarpaulins and later conducted arapid assessment of the four mostaffected townships. Based on thefindings from the rapidassessment, UNDP initiated ashelter response program.

THE INITIATIVE

UNDP started the project on 10th

December 2010 covering nineaffected villages in the twotownships of Myebon and Minbyausing a community-basedapproach. Initially, the UNDPproject staff visited every housein the village and ascertained the

number of houses which neededcomplete or partial repair. Oncethis information was collected, itwas presented to the largercommunity at a public meeting forvalidation and selection ofbeneficiaries through aparticipatory process. Members of

i n f r a s t r u c t u r eincluding roads andbridges. At least20,380 houses werec o m p l e t e l ydestroyed, with atotal of at least260,000 people(52,000 households)affected.

UNDP, through itsexisting presence in



the village authority alsoparticipated in this process.

Carpenters were then identifiedand chosen by the community.These carpenters played animportant role in the community-led construction process as theyselected the kind and quality ofconstruction materials to be usedand monitored the reconstructionprocess. UNDP partnered with UN-HABITAT to build capacities of 105carpenters on techniques of safeshelter construction. From thistraining, carpenters were able tolearn how to integrate DRRfeatures in new shelterconstructions as well asretrofitting old houses.

Disaster Risk Reduction Manage-ment Committees (DRRMC) were

supported by UNDP’s TownshipProject Manager and DRRSpecialist. It was ensured thatwomen, youth and the elderlywere represented in thecommittees. The village head wasusually the Chair of the DRRMC.Roles and respon-sibilities of theDRRMC were formulated by themembers and a community actionplan. The plan had a strong focuson recon-struction of shelters butalso incorporated other aspects ofpreparedness such as securingwater points and identifyingstrong evacuation shelters andsafe routes to access it. This planhas generated an interest in thecommunity for more initiatives ondisaster preparedness.

formed and one oftheir respon-sibilities was tospread informationand awareness ondisaster pre-paredness amongthe largercommunity. Theproject stafffacilitated theformation of thesec o m m i t t e e s



Assisted by the project staff andvillage carpenters, the DRRMCprepared a ‘Micro Project Proposal(MPP)’. A MPP is a “proposalformat for villages” which guidesusers to prepare the plan andbudget of their project, withdetails of materials and financesrequired. Villages completed thisformat and provided informationon the number of houses to beconstructed and repaired, the

project staff for review andapproval.

Once the MPP was approved, thebudgeted amount was handedover to the DRRMC forimplementing the re-constructionwork. The DRRMC shared thedetails of the Micro ProjectProposal; amount of cashrequested and received withbeneficiaries and other

types of materials required andthe total estimated cost for theactivities. The budgets alsoincluded costs of activities andmaterials for DRR. When the MPPwas finalized it was signed off bythe Head and Secretary of theDRRMC and handed over to the

c o m m u n i t ymembers, thus main-taining transparencyand accountabilityamong allstakeholders.

The purchase ofconstruction mate-rials was done by agroup comprising ofb e n e f i c i a r i e s ,DRRMC membersand trainedcarpenters who

checked on the quality ofmaterials prior to purchase. Thisensured that the members wereaccountable to other beneficiarieson the quality of materialspurchased. Details of costsincurred for purchases were alsoshared with the beneficiaries.



GOOD PRACTICES

The participatory approachto the construction processgave the villagers confidencein their decision makingabilities and made themactive agents in their ownreconstruction process.Villagers were able todiscuss and take decisionson their own. At the sametime, they were alsoaccountable to the largercommunity. This promotedsocial cohesion andparticipation among thecommunities.

The process also laid thefoundation for disaster riskreduction program in thecommunity. The formation ofthe DRRMC anddevelopment of a communityaction plan created amechanism in the villagewhereby awareness ondisaster preparedness couldbe generated and actions foraddressing priority measuresfor reducing risks,implemented.

The materials were then handedover to each beneficiary as pertheir requirements. The re-construction was done bymembers of the individualhousehold. Trained carpentersguided the households inincorporating DRR features intothe new houses such as bracingand anchoring. The DRRMCmembers monitored theconstruction in the villages.

A complaint mechanism wherecommunity members could raiseany sort of dissatisfaction of the

project process was also set up.Through this way, any beneficiarydissatisfied with the quality ofmaterials could record acomplaint with the DRRMC.Where necessary, the DRRMCwould ensure the replacement ofthe materials from the supplier.

At the completion of the project,a total of 426 new houses wereconstructed and 304 houses werereconstructed in two villages ofMyebon and seven villages ofMinbya.



CHALLENGES

In some case, carpenterswere a bit hesitant inadopting new techniquesprovided at carpentertrainings. Trainers had toprovide examples andsuccess stories to convincethem to adopt thesepractices.

Strong facilitation skills ofthe project staff were criticalin driving the process at thecommunity level. However,facilitation skills among thestaff were yet to beappropriate enough, leadingto weaker participation fromsome communities. Thisfacilitation gap was laterfilled by more experiencedproject staff.

Selection of beneficiaries isalways a contentious issuewhere opinions aresometimes divided evenwhen done in a participatorymanner. It was, therefore,necessary to have villageheads and other officialsendorse these decisions thusreducing resentment amongcommunity members.

The lack of constructionmaterials and access toconstruction tools locallywere cited as key reasons fordelay in carrying out theshelter reconstruction as thematerials and tools had to bebrought from Sittwe.

It was essential to believe incommunity’s capacity forimplementing the project.They were the keystakeholders in rebuildingtheir own lives andlivelihoods and thereforehad a better understandingof their realities. The UNDPproject staff was consciousof this fact and thus they

facilitated the communitiesto participate actively.

As there was a huge demandof materials to bepurchased, it was necessaryto map the various suppliersin nearby township andvillages. This also gavepower to the community tobargain and chose from alarge range of suppliers.




The establishment of theDRR Management Com-mittee – their capacitybuilding and involvement inall stages of the process hashelped to develop anownership of the processamong the communitymembers and thus ensure its

sustainability. The DRRMC isa community-ownedmechanism for initiating DRRas well as developmentactivities.

UNDP believes that thesimplicity of the process andparticipatory approach canbe possible for replication inany context.

As a limited numbers ofjetties were available, it wasdifficult to land big supplyboats resulting in problems

in transportation of therequired materials tocommunities.







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REDUCING VULNERABILITIES

INTRODUCTION

The United Nations HumanSettlements Program, popularlyknown as UN-HABITAT, is theUnited Nations agency for humansettlements, mandated by the UNGeneral Assembly to promotesocially and environmentallysustainable towns and cities withthe goal of providing adequateshelter for all. In Myanmar, UN-HABITAT has been working sincethe early 1990s and has pioneeredthe ‘People’s Process’ approach byestablishing the first community-led projects in the Dry Zone, ShanState and the Delta region. Theagency also designed the HumanDevelopment Initiative (HDI) forUNDP and has partnered in theimplementation of HDI 1, HDI 2 andHDI 3 in Myanmar.

According to the Post-Nargis JointAssessment, cyclone Nargisaffected approximately 800,000housing units: around 450,000units are estimated to have been

totally destroyed, while nearly350,000 units were more lightlydamaged. The total damage andlosses are estimated around 686billion Myanmar kyats.Responding to this catastrophe,UN-HABITAT played a key role inthe coordination of early recoveryshelter interventions. One of UN-HABITAT’s key priorities during thepost- Nargis rehabilitation effortswas to improve the safety ofvillage shelters and ruralstructures, in order to mitigatehuman casualty and damage toproperties and assets from futuredisasters. Today, UN-HABITATcontinues implementing variousshelter programmes and policyinterventions in the Delta and inRakhine State partnering withgovernment counterparts such asthe Relief and ResettlementDepartment (RRD) and theMinistry of Construction.

Given that a majority of houses inthe Delta are made with locallyavailable materials such asbamboo and wood and,

construction technology isrepresentative of traditionalknowledge and skills, UN-HABITATdecided to build the capacities of



local carpenters, artisans andmasons on disaster-resilientshelter construction practices andequipping them with thenecessary construction tools.Through this capacity buildinginitiative, carpenters were notonly able to learn and constructdisaster-resilient shelters but alsomaintain them. This initiative wasimplemented in five cycloneNargis affected townships in theAyeyarwaddy Division.

In the villages, UN-HABITAT set upa Village Shelter Committee (VSC)whose main objective was tofacilitate and support theinterventions of UN-HABITAT at

the village level. Members of theVSC were selected by thecommunity ensuring thatvulnerable groups such as womenand the aged were included in thiscommittee. Usually, the villagehead was nominated as the chairfor the VSC. The VSC wasresponsible for identifying andselecting carpenters for thetraining programme. Throughlarger community participation,four carpenters were selectedfrom each village. While the VSCselected the carpenters to betrained, UN-HABITAT managedand financially supported thetraining program. The VSC alsoensured that the interests of the



community were represented indesigning sustainable disasterrisk reduction practices.

The five-day training on safershelter construction had around20 participants selected fromabout five project villages. Thetraining was provided by trainedand experienced shelterconstruction coordinators fromUN-HABITAT. The training was ablend of theory and practicalexercises and the final output wasthe construction of a model houseby the participants. The keyprinciples are applicable to everykind of shelter, whetherconstructed with timber, forestwood or bamboo. Participantslearned to integrate disaster riskreduction perspectives into allaspects of shelter construction –

from the anchoring of the house,to the slope of the roof to thenature of joints etc. to resiststrong winds and possibleearthquakes.

Carpenters also learnt about theimportance of location andorientation of a shelter whichcould either increase or decreaseits vulnerability to natural hazards.The right elevation of the shelterabove flood line, direction ofwinds, shape of shelters andproximity to trees were also to befactored in while constructingshelters.

In order to ensure that the trainingprogram’s lessons weresustainable, UN-HABITATprovided a construction toolkit forcarpenters in the trainingprogram. With the tools, they

could continuepracticing the newlylearnt techniquesand they were alsoencouraged to sharethese new skills andpractices with othervillage carpenters.The trainees werealso provided with acopy of the ‘Villageguide for carpenters



GOOD PRACTICES

The carpenter trainingsenhance carpenters’ skills,especially in the area ofdisaster resilient constructiontechniques. They not onlyapply this training toreconstruct or upgrade theirshelters but also encourage

them to share these newskills and information withother members in the village.

The training createsopportunities for incomegeneration for the trainedcarpenters to use their newly

on how to build a safer shelter’.The guide, developed by UN-HABITAT through its experiencesin the country, showcasesmethods that are easily adaptablewith locally available materialsand can be replicated at thevillage level.

In addition to the guide mentionedabove, UN-HABITAT haspublished three other guides onconstructing safe houses whichinclude, ‘A Guide to Households

on How to Build a Shelter that isSafe against Natural Disasters’,‘Village Shelter Committee Guide’and ‘Guidelines on Retrofitting ofRural Houses in Myanmar’. Thesedocuments reflect UN-HABITAT’smandate of actively engaging allstakeholders among ruralcommunities in the rehabilitationprocess and providingcommunities with the necessaryknow-how to build disaster-resilient structures.



CHALLENGES

acquired skills andexperience.

The training provides amethodology for shelterconstruction for carpentersliving in any rural communitywhich can be replicated forother rural shelters/publicbuildings.

The methodology makes useof local resources and

capacities, thus making theprogram sustainable.

Successive trainings given bythe graduates of the programallows for the sustainabilityof shelter constructionprinciples and methods, atthe same time promotesmaintenance of shelters.

It was not easy for carpentersto adopt new practices ofconstruction over their

traditional methodsimmediately. Explaining thebenefits of the new practices



in terms of reducing damagesas well as reducingexpenditure on housemaintenance in the long-run,convinced them to adopt thenew practices.


The training, along with theconstruction guides, providesa framework for improvingthe safety of those living inrural communities in asustainable manner. Ruralcommunities can use thesetools to reduce the loss of

As the trainings could notaccommodate all interestedcarpenters, it could limit thespread of new practices tocarpenters who did notattend the training.

lives and damage to propertydue to natural disasters.

As the methodology makesuse of locally availablematerials and humanresources, it can bereplicated in other areas inthe country where similarresources are available.







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Documents

DQPDU - The MIMU · 2017. 12. 6. · 1 Demarcated in the seismic zone map of Myanmar (2005)prepared by a team led by Dr Maung Thein; also mentioned in the Hazard Profile of Myanmar(2009)