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DIFFERENT ROADS:DIFFERENT ROADS:Personal Mobility in the 21st CenturyPersonal Mobility in the 21st Century
DIFFERENT ROADS:DIFFERENT ROADS:Personal Mobility in the 21st CenturyPersonal Mobility in the 21st Century
byby
Robert Q. RileyRobert Q. Riley
Ford hybrid-electric concept car
GROWING DEMAND DRIVES WEALTH TO OIL-RICH REGIONS
GROWING DEMAND DRIVES WEALTH TO OIL-RICH REGIONS
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
BillionBarrels
Total Remaining
Total Recovered
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ca
na
da M
ex
ico
, Ce
ntra
l & S
ou
th
Am
eric
a
We
ste
rn E
uro
pe
Mid
dle
Ea
st
Ea
ste
rn E
uro
pe
, Fo
rme
rU
.S.S
.R., C
hin
a
Oth
er E
as
tern
He
mis
ph
ere
Total Oil Recovered Since 1859 & Total Remaining as of 1990
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
CARS IN REST OF WORLD
CARS IN U.S.
Developing World 300% Increase 1995 to 2020
WORLD CAR POPULATION
Million
GREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE EMISSIONS& GLOBAL WARMING& GLOBAL WARMING
GREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE EMISSIONS& GLOBAL WARMING& GLOBAL WARMING
IndustrialProcesses
10.9%
Fuel Combustion5.5%
Miscellaneous10.9%
Transportation 76.6%
Source of U.S. COSource of U.S. CO22 Emissions Emissions19971997
Global Carbon EmissionsGlobal Carbon Emissions1820 to 20201820 to 2020
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
202019801940190018601820
ProjectedHistory
OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY
OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY
TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Battery Electric CarsBattery Electric Cars Hybrid Power SystemsHybrid Power Systems Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles
DESIGN SOLUTIONS New Vehicle TypesNew Vehicle Types
SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS Station CarsStation Cars Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)
XR-3 Tilting Three Wheel Vehicle Concept
Robert Q. Riley Enterprises
Product Design Affects Product Design Affects
Attitudes & LifestylesAttitudes & Lifestyles
BATTERY-ELECTRIC VEHICLESBATTERY-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
NiHM Battery NiHM Battery (Ovonic & SAFT)(Ovonic & SAFT)
Lithium-Ion Battery Lithium-Ion Battery (SAFT)(SAFT)
Lithium-Polymer BatteryLithium-Polymer Battery (3M & Hydro-Quebec)(3M & Hydro-Quebec) Ovonic NiMH Battery Pack
NiMH = 150 mile range on a 1,000 pound battery pack
Lithium-Polymer = 300 mile range on a 450 pound battery pack
300-Mile Range on 450-lb Battery Pack
Solid State Design No Liquid Electrolyte Packaged in a Variety
of Shapes
LITHIUM BATTERY COUPLELITHIUM BATTERY COUPLE
Developed by 3M & Hydro Quebec
FEATURES OF LPB
HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESHYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Combustion HybridsCombustion Hybrids
Charge-DepletingCharge-Depleting
Charge-SustainingCharge-Sustaining Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles
Pure HydrogenPure Hydrogen
Reformed HydrogenReformed Hydrogen
Direct MethanolDirect Methanol
Early Quincy-Lynn charge-depleting hybrid (circa 1980)
Ford Hybrid Concept Car
PRODUCTION HYBRIDSPRODUCTION HYBRIDS
Honda Insight, courtesy American Honda
61 mpg City61 mpg City 71 mpg Highway71 mpg Highway 1.0-Liter Gasoline Engine 1.0-Liter Gasoline Engine 10kw Electric Motor10kw Electric Motor Regenerative BrakingRegenerative Braking NiMH Batteries (144v)NiMH Batteries (144v)
Honda Insight with Integrated Motor AssistHonda Insight with Integrated Motor Assist
FUEL CELL VEHICLESReacts Oxygen From Air With On-Board
Hydrogen
FUEL CELL VEHICLESReacts Oxygen From Air With On-Board
Hydrogen
Ford Focus FC5 Fuel Cell Concept Car
Runs on Hydrogen By-Product is Water Up to Twice as Efficient as ICE Hydrogen Can Come From a Variety of Carrier Fuels
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLDIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1
OTTO
CYCLE
DIESEL
CYCLE
DIRECT
METHANOL
FUEL CELL
EFFICIENCY IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONHYDROGEN PEM FUEL CELL STACK
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS ARE LESS COMPLEX AND MAY BE MORE EFFICIENT THAN PURE HYDROGEN PEM CELLS
EXPECTED
LIFESTYLE VEHICLES“Design” Alone Can Affect Energy Intensity
LIFESTYLE VEHICLES“Design” Alone Can Affect Energy Intensity
Chrysler’s Jeepster Concept Vehicle
VW Beetle
Smart Car
High Energy Intensity
Lower Energy Intensity
Lowest Energy Intensity
PERSONAL URBAN COMMUTERThree-Wheel Platform Provides Product
Differentiation
PERSONAL URBAN COMMUTERThree-Wheel Platform Provides Product
Differentiation
100 mpg City 70 mph 800 lb Curb Weight Side-by-Side Seating
SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER CARS
Lower Energy Intensity
Fewer Harmful Emissions
Improved Traffic Flow
Increases Parking Capacity� Less Hazardous to Pedestrians
SPECIFICATIONS FOR
ICE-POWERED CAR
TRIMUTER
Quincy-Lynn Enterprises, 1979
OUTSIDE-THE-BOX IDEAS IN VEHICLE DESIGNOUTSIDE-THE-BOX IDEAS IN VEHICLE DESIGN
Zark 1500 design study by Paul Morrow
Mercedes F300 Life Jet
Vandenbrink Carver
TILTING THREE-WHEELERS
PROJECT 32 SLALOM Tilting Three-WheelerTilting Three-Wheeler
PROJECT 32 SLALOM Tilting Three-WheelerTilting Three-Wheeler
Courtesy Transit InnovationsCourtesy Transit Innovations - - www.www. p32fun.comp32fun.com
1000-lb curb weight Leans into curves for greater cornering power Little or no side force on occupants Seats two side-by-side Electric or ICE Power
FeaturesFeatures
HUMAN POWERED VEHICLESHUMAN POWERED VEHICLES
Human Powered Vehicles Human Powered Vehicles Are Lifestyle VehiclesAre Lifestyle Vehicles
Energy-Efficient Personal Energy-Efficient Personal Transportation Can Be Transportation Can Be Lifestyle Driven as Well Lifestyle Driven as Well as Technology Drivenas Technology Driven
Ground Hugger XR2 Recumbent Bicycle - www. rqriley.com
Courtesy Bicycle Transportation Systems, Inc.
www.biketrans.com
Cars charged and maintained by fleet operator.
Users billed monthly. Available at colleges, apartment & office
complexes, shopping centers & transit stations.
Individual vehicles are better utilized. Transit systems becomes more usable.
STATION CARSA Subsystem of Mass Transit Systems
STATION CARSA Subsystem of Mass Transit Systems
National Station Car Association - www.stncar.com
FEATURES
Honda ICVS City Pal
Station Car
Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Prototype Station Car
Toyota E-Com
PERSONAL MOBILITY AS A COMMODITYPERSONAL MOBILITY AS A COMMODITY
SkyTran PRT System - www.skytran.net
Keeps Private cars Out of Cities Downtown Land Better Utilized Pedestrians Not Mixed With Motorized Traffic No Local Emissions Traffic Noise Eliminated Superior Energy Efficiency
PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT)
PERSONAL MOBILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
PERSONAL MOBILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Advanced Power Systems New Materials for Lower Mass New Ideas in Vehicle Design,
Packaging, and Personality Subsystems for Transit Systems Personal Mobility Ultimately
Becomes a Commodity
GM’s Ultralite Carbon Fiber Car
GM’s Ultralite 1400-lb Curb Weight 81 mpg Highway 0-60 mph in 7.8 sec Seats Four