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* Corresponding author: Deo Kumar TamangSikkim State Council of
Science and Technology, Development Area, Gangtok, India
ISSN: 0976-3031
RESEARCH ARTICLEIDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF DIK CHU (RIVER)
AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
FROM ASTER-DEM, SIKKIM: A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS BASED STUDY
Deo Kumar Tamang* and Dinesh Dhakal
Sikkim State Council of Science and Technology, Development
Area, Gangtok, India
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a 3D representation of a
terrain surface. DEM of the studyarea is generated from ASTER GDEM
data (30m resolution) using ARC GIS 10. The presentaim of study is
an attempt to identify and mapping of Dik Chu (River) and its
surrounding
streams and tributaries using an integrated approach of Remote
Sensing (RS) and GeographicalInformation System (GIS) techniques
especially ASTER DEM by observing the elevation, slope,aspect and
shaded relief of the study area. It was observed that the ASTER
data provide moreaccurate results than the traditional methods,
which will strongly useful and resourcefully forresearcher,
regional planning and spatial planning.
INTRODUCTIONA Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a 3
dimensional
representation of a terrain surface. It is used for
visualinterpretation, modelling of surface processes and analysis
oftopography. DEM is one of the tools of GIS which can serve
both
as an information source for finding geological
boundaries,controlling elevations and at the same time play an
important rolein preparation of the base map as well as various
special thematic
maps (Ostaficzuk, 2005). Remote sensing provides a moresynoptic
perspective, and previous research has demonstrated thefeasibility
of mapping in-stream habitats from digital image data
(Wright et al., 2000, Legleiteret al., 2002, Marcus, 2002,
Whitedet al. 2002, Marcus et al., 2003, Legleiter, 2003). Remote
Sensingand GIS techniques have also been used in morphometric
analysis
and prioritization of Rongli watershed in Sikkim (Tamang et
al.,
2012). Advantages of remote sensing include expandedgeographic
coverage, allowing rivers to be examined on a
watershed rather than a reach scale, and consistent,
quantitative
description of fluvial environments through image
classificationprocedures (Marcus, 2002). Advanced techniques have
been welldemonstrated in illustrating streams and surface water
basins. Inthis respect, DEM can be well utilized, and it can help
induce flowdirections, and locating lowlands (Saud, 2012). The
traditional
method like field visit and manual surveying, of river and
streamsfor mapping is time consuming and also it may not be
accurate.Conventional stream classification methods, however,
suffer from
several fundamental limitations (Poole et al. 1997, Goodwin1999,
Roperet al. 2002). But with the use of Remote Sensing andGIS, we
can improve the traditional method and increase the
accuracy of the work. ASTER DEM data have been used to studythe
geology and geomorphology in and around Gola block of
Ramgargh district, Jharkhand, India (Sharma and Kujur, 2012)and
in mapping of the glacier (Bolch and Kamp, 2006). Theprimary aim of
this research paper is to identify and extraction ofDik Chu (river)
and its important streams, using Remote Sensing
and GIS techniques especially ASTER DEM by observing the
elevation, slope, aspect and shaded relief.
Study Area
The study area lies between the East District and North District
ofSikkim (Fig. 1). In Sikkim river are also known as Chu or
Chhu. The Dik Chu joins the river Tista near the villageDikchu.
The study area lies between 27
o22 29.058 N to 27
o29
19.575 N latitude and 88o
29 0.537 E to 88o
43 35.054 Elongitude. Dik Chu is the tributary of Tista river,
which meets
Tista near Dikchu village. And most importantly, it is the
naturalboundary between North Sikkim and East Sikkim. The
maintributary of Dik Chu is Rate Chu and Bakcha Chu.
Figure 1 Location map of study area
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Data Usedi. ASTER DEM 30m available from
http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Entity ID:ASTGDEMV2_0N27E088
Acquisition Date: 17-Oct 11
ii. ARC GIS 10 software
Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com
International Journal
of Recent Scientific
ResearchInternational Journal of Recent Scientific ResearchVol.
4, Issue, 7, pp.1095 1097, July, 2013
Article History:
Received 11th, June, 2013
Received in revised form 24th, June, 2013
Accepted 18
th
, July, 2013Published online 30th July, 2013
Key words:
ASTER DEM, GIS, Remote Sensing, Dik Chu,
Sikkim Copy Right, IJRSR, 2013, Academic Journals. All rights
reserved.
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International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, Vol. 4,
Issue, 7, pp. 1095 - 1097, July, 2013
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Methodology
ASTER DEM whose resolution is 30m is used to study thepresent
area. The Dik Chu and its tributaries were identified on
screen by visual interpretation of the ASTER DEM. Themethodology
adapted during the study are:
i. Acquisition of ASTER DEM data of
Sikkim(http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)
ii. Using ARC GIS 10, the study area was extracted andDEM was
generated for visual interpretation.iii. The drainage network of
the Dik Chu and its tributaries
were digitized.
iv. The derivatives of DEM like slope, aspect, contour
line,shaded relief were prepared in ARC GIS 10 software.
Aster dem data
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
ReflectionRadiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM)
is
concurrently distributed from the Ministry of Economy, Trade,and
Industry (METI), Earth Remote Sensing Data AnalysisCenter (ERSDAC)
in Japan and the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA, Earth Observing System (EOS)Data
Information System (EOSDIS), Land Processes (LP)Distributed Active
Archive Center (DAAC) in the United States.
ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of land
surfacetemperature, reflectance, and
elevation(http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/). ASTER data are freely
available
for 99 % of the globe, and represents elevation at 30
meterresolution(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model)
ARC GIS 10.0 software
Arc GIS 10 was used in this study, is a software used to
create,display and analyze geospatial data. It consists of
three
components: Arc Map, Arc Catalog and Arc Toolbox. Arc Map isused
for visualizing spatial data, performing spatial analysis
andcreating maps to show the work results. While, Arc Catalog
isused for browsing and exploring spatial data, as well as viewing
acreating metadata and managing spatial data. Arc Toolbox is
aninterface for accessing the data conversion and analysis
function
that come from Arc GIS.
RESULTS
From the analysis and interpretation of the ASTER DAM dataand
its derivatives, the following results were obtained:
Aster dem data
DEM for the study area was generated from ASTER data (Fig.
2),and it could be inferred that the general elevation of the Dik
chu
catchment area decreases from North to South. The altitude of
thestudy area ranging from 520m 4327m. The lowest elevation, isseen
where the Dik chu meets River Tista in Dikchu village.
Drainage Network
The drainage network map (Fig. 3), of Dik Chu and its
tributaries
shows that the overall trend of the drainage basin is from
northeastto southwest. This is in accordance with the elevation of
the landsurface which has the same trend as inferred from the
ASTER
DEM. The Dik Chu meets the River Tista from the left bank, as
itis flowing from east to western direction. The main tributary
of
Dik Chu is Rate Chu and Bakcha Chu. The Dik Chu forms thenatural
boundary between North and East Sikkim.
Figure 2 Digital elevation model of study area
Figure 3 Drainage network
Slope
From the slope map of the Dik Chu and its surrounding
regions(Fig.4), it can be concluded that the north-eastern part of
the study
area has the highest slope angles. The slope angles in this
regionare between 45.87
o 59.93
o. The overall slope decreases from
northeast to southwest direction, because all the rivers and
streamsare flowing according to the slope
Figure 4 Slope map of the study area
Aspect
Aspect is the direction of the slope. The aspect has been
classifiedinto North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest,
West
and Northwest. From the aspect map of the Dik Chu and
itscatchment area, it can be clearly seen that aspect or
generaldirection of slopes in the study area is towards southwest.
There is
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International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, Vol. 4,
Issue, 7, pp. 1095 - 1097, July, 2013
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a large fluctuation of aspect in the study area due to hilly
regionsand various ridges.
Figure 5 Aspect map of study area
Figure 6 Base map of study area (Vector map, Contour map,DEM
map, Shaded relief map, Google Earth Image, Aspect map,
Slope map and flow direction map )
CONCLUSION
As compared to traditional techniques, advance RS and GIS
techniques are more supportive for river basin and
streamanalysis. For the study area from the ASTER DEM,
furtherdifferent views were generated which is useful for
visual
interpretations (Fig.6) and spatial planning of river basin
likewatershed management. The capacity of GIS software hasminimized
the time, resources and increase the quality of work.
Thus it can be stated beyond doubt that Remote Sensing
data,especially ASTER DEM and GIS are a very efficient tool in
theprocess of identification and mapping of the river and
itstributaries. For micro level river basin, shape, size, length,
slope
identification, this method may be very useful. Apart from
this,verification of river and streams from Google image data
andsatellite image has also been performed.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Department
ofScience and Technology and Climate Change and all the members
of Sikkim State Remote Sensing Application Centre for supportand
encouragement.
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http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model
