Figure Supplementary 1 Demonstration of Horner’s syndrome and
autotomic behaviour following brachial plexus avulsion injury.
(A) A rat showed complete paralysis of the right forelimb (red
arrow 1) and the Horner's syndrome, including ptosis and concave
eyeballs (red arrow 2). (B) Autotomic behaviour of biting the toe
on the right side following global BPAI (red arrow 3).
BPAI = brachial plexus avulsion injury.
Figure Supplementary 2 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and model
groups at day 28. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in
the model group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 3 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and sham EA
groups at day 28. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significant higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in the
sham EA group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 4 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the model and
normal groups at day 28. L = left hemisphere; 18F-FDG =
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated significantly
higher 18F-FDG uptake in the model group than that in the normal
group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly lower
18F-FDG uptake in the model group.
Figure Supplementary 5 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the sham EA and
model groups at day 28. L = left hemisphere; EA =
electroacupuncture; 18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm
colour indicated significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA
group than that in the model group, while the cold colour indicated
a significantly lower 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA group.
Figure Supplementary 6 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and model
groups at day 84. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in
the model group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 7 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and sham EA
groups at day 84. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in
the sham EA group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 8 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the model and
normal groups at day 84. L = left hemisphere; 18F-FDG =
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated significantly
higher 18F-FDG uptake in the model than that in the normal group,
while the cold colour indicated a significantly lower 18F-FDG
uptake in the model group.
Figure Supplementary 9 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the sham EA and
model groups at day 84. L = left hemisphere; EA =
electroacupuncture; 18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm
colour indicated significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA
group than that in the model group, while the cold colour indicated
a significantly lower 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA group.
Figure Supplementary 10 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and model
groups at day 112. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in
the model group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 11 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the EA and sham EA
groups at day 112. L = left hemisphere; EA = electroacupuncture;
18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated
significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group than that in
the sham EA group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly
lower 18F-FDG uptake in the EA group.
Figure Supplementary 12 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the model and
normal groups at day 112. L = left hemisphere; 18F-FDG =
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm colour indicated significantly
higher 18F-FDG uptake in the model group than that in the normal
group, while the cold colour indicated a significantly lower
18F-FDG uptake in the model group.
Figure Supplementary 13 Brain regions showing significant
differences in the 18F-FDG uptake value between the sham EA and
model groups at day 112. L = left hemisphere; EA =
electroacupuncture; 18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. The warm
colour indicated significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA
group than that in the model group, while the cold colour indicated
a significantly lower 18F-FDG uptake in the sham EA group.
Table S1. The average autotomic score and incidence rate of
autotomic behaviour in four groups (mean ± SD (incidence
rate)).
Forelimb
Hindlimb
Left
Right
Left
Right
Normal group
Baseline
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Day 112
0 (0%)
0.13±0.35 (12.5%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Model group
Baseline
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Day 112
2.88 ± 3.97 (37.5%)
5.50 ± 3.55 (75.0%) *
3.13 ± 4.32 (37.5%)
3.38 ± 3.70 (50%)
Sham EA group
Baseline
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Day 112
3.25±3.69
(50%)
4.88 ± 4.09 (62.5%)
2.25 ± 3.15 (37.5%)
3.00 ±3.59 (50%)
EA group
Baseline
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Day 112
2.5 ± 3.55 (37.5%)
3.63 ± 4.00 (50%)
1.75± 2.43 (37.5%)
1.38 ± 2.56 (25%)
EA = electroacupuncture. * indicated significant differences
between the normal and model groups at the Day 112 (p<0.05)
Table S2 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
28 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related brain regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Motor
22
15
-89
407
6.408
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
61
13
-37
265
6.381
R_Globus_Pallidus
26
-22
-37
90
3.572
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
18
-20
-17
82
4.137
L_Cortex_Visual
-17
36
1
69
4.224
R_Cortex_Visual
59
13
29
67
4.290
L_Cortex_Motor
-28
28
-87
53
4.348
R_ic
24
-36
-9
50
3.478
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-56
20
-41
30
4.747
L_Globus_Pallidus
-30
-13
-35
18
3.272
L_Cortex_Piriform
-52
-42
-41
14
3.908
R_Superior_Colliculus
24
3
29
6
4.569
R_Cortex_Piriform
61
-32
-17
5
3.088
Negative
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-44
-9
-1
52
-4.171
L_Thalamus_Ventromedial
-3
-20
-35
24
-3.702
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
42
-16
-3
18
-3.837
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
1
-7
-27
15
-3.240
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-17
24
-41
14
-3.407
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-9
26
-97
11
-3.473
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-11
-24
29
5
-3.123
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
R_Amygdala
26
-51
-31
73
5.160
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-3
3
-79
42
3.722
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
3
5
-77
19
3.365
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
63
-12
5
15
3.342
Negative
R_Septum
1
3
-47
62
-4.386
L_Hippocampus_Ventral
-40
-32
11
45
-3.925
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
3
28
21
30
-4.374
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-32
17
-3
16
-3.341
Positive indicated EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated EA group < Model group
Table S3 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
28 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with sham electroacupuncture
(sham EA) group (p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
EA group vs sham EA group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
44
30
-33
1253
6.114
R_Cortex_Motor
42
26
-63
323
5.942
R_Cortex_Visual
26
34
7
219
5.128
L_Cortex_Visual
-17
36
1
56
3.913
L_Cortex_Motor
-32
28
-71
37
3.683
R_Caudate_Putamen
20
-9
-51
21
3.535
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
18
-14
-17
17
3.402
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-42
26
-15
17
3.475
R_Substantia_Nigra
22
-38
3
8
3.180
R_Cortex_Piriform
42
-18
-81
7
3.585
Negative
R_Caudate_Putamen
36
9
-27
56
-3.623
L_Caudate_Putamen
-30
3
-31
28
-6.226
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
16
3
-31
23
-3.544
R_Pons
5
-55
15
22
-4.691
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-46
9
-73
10
-3.335
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-24
5
-27
8
-3.433
Pain-related regions
Positive
L_Raphe
-5
-36
17
15
3.313
Negative
R_Periaqueductal_Grey
5
-7
19
219
-4.578
L_Periaqueductal_Grey
-3
-7
23
120
-6.988
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
3
3
-75
87
3.936
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
28
11
-93
55
3.689
L_Cortex_Retrosplenial
-5
34
-19
18
3.143
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
1
34
-19
10
3.094
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-3
7
-81
40
3.477
Negative
L_Hippocampus_Ventral
-42
-32
11
106
-4.645
R_Amygdala
48
-40
-13
93
-3.532
L_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
-24
15
-11
93
-3.956
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-7
-28
-9
35
-4.726
L_Amygdala
-38
-44
-23
35
-4.638
R_Septum
3
-22
-57
29
-4.632
L_Hippocampus_Posterior
-48
-13
19
19
-3.312
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
38
11
-1
13
-3.110
L_Septum
-3
-22
-53
7
-3.373
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
3
-32
-9
5
-3.285
Positive indicated EA group > sham EA group, and negative
indicated EA group < sham EA group
Table S4 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
28 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of Model group
compared with Normal group (p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
Model group vs Normal group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Piriform
58
-44
-17
78
4.788
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-7
-26
27
40
3.958
R_Caudate_Putamen
11
-9
-59
29
4.059
R_Globus_Pallidus
44
-13
-27
14
4.443
L_Cortex_Piriform
-55
-50
-19
14
5.684
R_Pons
22
-36
29
10
4.977
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-38
38
-1
8
3.793
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-44
11
-59
6
3.615
R_Cortex_Temporal_Association
75
-9
15
5
4.973
R_Mesencephalic_Region
7
-22
25
4
3.286
R_Cortex_Motor
7
38
-49
2
3.272
Negative
L_Caudate_Putamen
-54
-21
-23
42
-3.793
L_Cortex_Piriform
-52
-42
-35
23
-4.729
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-67
-13
-39
15
-4.009
R_Cortex_Piriform
40
-38
-55
12
-3.412
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
63
15
-35
8
-3.895
L_Cortex_Motor
-30
30
-89
8
-3.804
R_Cortex_Visual
59
13
29
7
-3.539
R_Cortex_Parietal_Association
22
44
-9
3
-3.141
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
38
1
-11
2
-3.145
Pain-related regions
Positive
R_Raphe
1
-28
3
6
5.542
L_Periaqueductal_Grey
-3
-20
1
1
3.406
Negative
R_Cortex_Insular
71
-15
-23
27
-5.175
L_Cortex_Insular
-61
-9
-61
4
-3.172
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Septum
-9
-30
-35
49
3.857
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
1
-26
-1
29
4.778
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
50
5
-1
18
3.716
L_VTA
-5
-30
3
18
5.067
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
48
-19
-69
10
3.470
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-7
-15
-15
10
3.369
R_Substantia_Innominata
24
-42
-43
9
3.497
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
3
38
-7
3
3.233
L_Amygdala
-59
-42
1
2
3.215
Negative
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
34
17
-1
136
-4.144
L_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
-15
13
-9
94
-4.847
L_AcbSh
-26
-40
-59
84
-9.603
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
19
-38
-33
14
-3.533
L_Septum
-3
-26
-63
13
-3.645
R_Cortex_Entorhinal
69
-20
5
8
-3.420
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-40
15
11
6
-3.394
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-61
-15
-15
6
-3.243
L_Amygdala
-42
-48
-33
6
-3.378
R_Septum
3
-24
-59
2
-3.708
R_AcbSh
5
-28
-63
2
-3.163
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-3
-48
-25
2
-3.322
Positive indicated Model group > Normal group, and negative
indicated Model group < Normal group
Table S5 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
28 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of sham
electroacupuncture (sham EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005）
metabolism changes
sham EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Motor
-32
28
-89
118
5.535
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
32
7
-5
115
4.319
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
65
7
-23
33
4.020
L_Caudate_Putamen
-54
-17
-27
31
4.216
R_Cortex_Motor
42
15
-83
21
3.477
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-67
-7
-41
7
3.495
R_Mesencephalic_Region
15
-15
13
5
3.235
R_Cortex_Visual
54
19
27
4
3.240
L_Cortex_Piriform
-34
-15
-81
3
3.124
R_Pons
15
-52
17
2
3.274
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-22
3
-29
2
3.074
Negative
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-46
7
-59
130
-4.698
R_Caudate_Putamen
15
1
-65
72
-4.552
L_Cortex_Visual
-36
32
13
31
-3.743
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
50
15
-19
22
-3.408
R_Cortex_Motor
22
36
-49
19
-3.428
L_Cortex_Motor
-19
38
-65
18
-4.047
R_Cortex_Piriform
71
-34
-9
5
-4.450
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-3
-7
-15
2
-3.227
Pain-related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Cingulate
7
26
-81
1
2.988
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
R_Septum
3
-24
-59
68
5.852
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
26
-7
-81
60
4.609
L_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
-5
11
-21
56
4.202
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
13
15
17
36
3.549
L_Septum
-3
-26
-59
23
4.330
R_Amygdala
46
-42
-13
8
3.277
R_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
26
15
-15
5
3.156
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
19
-42
-35
4
3.124
L_Hippocampus_Subiculum
-54
-9
21
2
3.013
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-50
30
-1
1
3.028
L_Diagonal_Band
-3
-40
-49
1
2.990
Negative
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
52
3
-3
57
-4.458
R_Cortex_Frontal_Association
36
11
-97
20
-3.870
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-3
11
-87
16
-3.272
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-11
26
-97
14
-3.360
R_Cortex_Temporal_Association
73
-7
21
4
-3.115
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
3
11
-85
3
-3.193
Positive indicated sham EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated sham EA group < Model group
Table S6 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
84 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005)
Metabolism changes
EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-20
-24
1
216
5.031
L_Caudate_Putamen
-32
-21
-47
145
4.415
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-32
-9
13
108
3.685
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-63
11
-35
106
5.337
R_Caudate_Putamen
44
3
-39
97
3.938
L_Pons
-9
-52
29
39
4.236
L_Cortex_Piriform
-50
-44
-33
22
5.336
L_Cortex_Motor
-26
26
-67
19
3.573
R_Cortex_Visual
65
17
21
8
3.578
L_Cortex_Visual
-42
30
21
3
3.229
R_Cortex_Piriform
54
-42
-29
2
3.120
R_Cortex_Motor
34
30
-69
2
3.081
Negative
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-32
-7
-11
294
-4.363
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-28
40
-13
218
-4.631
L_Cortex_Auditory
-71
-1
-7
114
-4.242
R_Cortex_Motor
11
28
-43
70
-3.856
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
15
-3
-17
40
-4.600
L_Cortex_Visual
-26
34
27
39
-3.841
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
63
-5
-35
21
-4.784
R_Cortex_Parietal_Association
34
30
-5
18
-3.314
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-17
22
-93
12
-3.372
L_Cortex_Motor
-26
16
-85
11
-3.327
R_Superior_Colliculus
7
13
29
7
-3.220
R_Caudate_Putamen
24
5
-49
2
-3.130
Pain-related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Insular
54
-9
-59
34
3.634
L_Cortex_Insular
-67
-19
-27
2
3.117
Negative
R_Cortex_Insular
40
-3
-71
6
-3.482
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Amygdala
-42
-46
-5
10
4.064
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
9
-38
-7
5
3.076
Negative
L_Cortex_Retrosplenial
-5
32
-27
215
-4.377
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
9
30
-19
48
-3.619
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-3
-3
-75
22
-5.749
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-9
-36
-19
18
-3.998
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-32
9
7
17
-4.086
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
1
-3
-75
12
-4.616
Positive indicated EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated EA group < Model group
Table S7 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
84 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with sham electroacupuncture
(sham EA) group (p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
EA group vs sham EA group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
54
17
-57
258
4.498
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-32
-17
5
82
4.358
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-61
22
-37
81
4.279
L_Caudate_Putamen
-44
-26
-31
64
3.614
L_Superior_Colliculus
-11
11
11
28
3.830
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
24
-3
-25
21
3.859
R_Cortex_Motor
48
15
-77
13
3.577
R_Caudate_Putamen
44
3
-37
10
3.211
R_Cortex_Piriform
63
-38
-31
7
3.850
L_Cortex_Motor
-24
26
-63
6
3.236
L_Cortex_Piriform
-50
-44
-37
3
3.121
Negative
L_Cortex_Auditory
-69
-3
-5
225
-4.213
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-63
7
-19
77
-5.283
R_Cortex_Motor
9
26
-43
40
-3.908
L_Cortex_Motor
-42
26
-75
31
-3.786
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
69
-5
-39
23
-3.860
L_Cortex_Visual
-24
36
27
17
-3.195
R_Cortex_Visual
22
36
29
4
-3.421
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
5
-5
-35
2
-2.987
Pain-related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Cingulate
9
15
-61
17
3.336
Negative
R_Cortex_Insular
71
-20
-33
9
-3.365
L_Cortex_Insular
-67
-17
-33
3
-3.245
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-11
-7
-75
101
4.467
L_AcbSh
-26
-34
-55
40
4.564
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-28
7
-95
38
5.522
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
50
-20
5
37
3.765
L_Amygdala
-34
-48
-19
17
3.396
L_Pons
-18
-50
29
15
3.328
R_Cortex_Frontal_Association
32
20
-93
6
3.855
R_Hippocampus_Subiculum
38
17
15
3
3.283
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
34
7
-93
1
3.004
R_Amygdala
40
-54
-29
1
3.089
Negative
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-65
11
11
225
-4.995
R_Septum
9
-3
-41
90
-4.420
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
13
26
13
56
-4.070
L_Hippocampus_Subiculum
-34
13
11
48
-3.737
R_Amygdala
36
-38
-19
38
-4.499
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-17
22
-97
38
-4.300
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
22
-40
-29
22
-4.407
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-11
11
-71
8
-3.282
Positive indicated EA group > sham EA group, and negative
indicated EA group < sham EA group
Table S8 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
84 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of Model group
compared with Normal group (p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
Model group vs Normal group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Auditory
-61
1
-1
243
4.845
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-24
-11
-15
192
6.346
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
22
-15
-9
83
4.329
R_Superior_Colliculus
3
7
27
45
3.637
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-36
38
-49
44
4.328
L_Caudate_Putamen
-22
1
-47
29
4.126
L_Superior_Colliculus
-9
7
9
15
3.279
R_Cortex_Motor
13
24
-91
12
3.889
L_Cortex_Piriform
-55
-32
-57
10
3.520
R_Cortex_Piriform
30
-15
-83
4
3.039
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
57
24
-51
2
3.246
R_Mesencephalic_Region
11
-22
17
1
3.014
Negative
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-13
-17
23
93
-3.952
R_Cortex_Visual
63
13
17
86
-4.642
R_Cortex_Motor
30
22
-63
45
-3.737
L_ic
-42
-5
-19
45
-5.341
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
46
32
-47
37
-4.035
L_Cortex_Visual
-63
5
19
16
-4.113
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-67
7
-33
11
-3.474
L_Pons
-5
-52
21
10
-3.337
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-9
-13
-1
7
-3.668
R_ic
19
-22
-35
4
-3.112
L_Caudate_Putamen
-50
-23
-41
3
-3.033
R_Cortex_Piriform
63
-32
-39
2
-2.981
R_Caudate_Putamen
38
-32
-53
2
-3.391
Pain-related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Insular
32
-5
-73
28
3.563
R_Raphe
1
-28
3
3
3.483
L_Zona_Incerta
-9
-32
-17
1
2.993
Negative
L_Cortex_Insular
-57
-23
-33
27
-3.664
R_Cortex_Insular
54
-9
-59
3
-3.025
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
1
3
-71
62
4.226
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
1
-30
-3
37
3.780
L_AcbC
-15
-19
-65
31
3.850
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
7
1
-93
17
3.823
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-3
5
-71
12
3.600
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-11
-36
-21
11
3.804
L_Hypothalamus_Lateral
-3
-32
-3
11
3.943
L_Cortex_Retrosplenial
-3
34
23
8
3.417
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
3
32
29
3
3.124
Negative
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-40
-21
-63
82
-4.340
R_Cortex_Entorhinal
69
-14
25
55
-4.146
R_Septum
1
-1
-49
47
-5.162
L_Amygdala
-32
-40
-29
42
-3.575
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
30
13
1
31
-3.880
L_Septum
-7
-17
-53
26
-3.828
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
46
-28
5
5
-3.317
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-20
5
-95
3
-3.731
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
15
17
15
2
-3.011
Positive indicated sham Model group > Normal group, and
negative indicated Model group < Normal group
Table S9 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on Days
84 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of sham
electroacupuncture (sham EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005）
metabolism changes
sham EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-65
1
-33
152
7.412
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
71
-7
-39
40
3.935
R_Cortex_Motor
34
26
-79
35
3.870
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-11
-16
3
17
4.420
L_Cortex_Motor
-42
26
-73
14
4.927
L_Caudate_Putamen
-46
-20
-41
13
3.746
R_ic
34
-30
-15
11
3.661
L_Pons
-11
-61
23
11
3.628
L_Cortex_Visual
-40
30
23
8
3.451
R_Cortex_Visual
65
15
19
6
3.348
R_Caudate_Putamen
36
-28
-53
3
3.157
L_Cortex_Auditory
-71
9
5
1
2.954
Negative
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
14
-5
-27
233
-3.138
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
34
-14
-27
233
-4.665
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-28
-9
-13
118
-5.257
R_Cortex_Motor
20
34
-89
97
-4.046
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
51
15
-51
84
-4.537
L_Superior_Colliculus
-9
9
11
77
-5.237
R_Cortex_Piriform
32
-18
-83
74
-4.069
L_Caudate_Putamen
-46
-11
-51
56
-4.197
R_Caudate_Putamen
26
-3
-49
46
-4.386
R_Mesencephalic_Region
7
-12
7
32
-3.759
L_Cortex_Motor
-36
13
-79
12
-3.296
L_Thalamus_Ventromedial
-3
-28
-29
10
-3.966
R_Superior_Colliculus
20
9
19
5
-3.282
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-61
26
-7
4
-3.206
R_Cortex_Auditory
75
-3
15
2
-3.431
L_Cortex_Visual
-59
22
21
2
-3.052
L_Cortex_Auditory
-75
-9
9
2
-3.177
R_Thalamus_Ventromedial
1
-26
-27
1
-3.076
Pain-related regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Insular
-67
-20
-33
82
4.720
L_Periaqueductal_Grey
-9
-7
29
49
5.789
R_Cortex_Insular
61
-7
-59
34
3.790
Negative
R_Cortex_Insular
42
-1
-73
73
-5.111
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
R_Amygdala
34
-38
-15
105
4.070
R_Septum
5
-1
-45
32
3.553
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
18
-40
-31
7
3.790
L_Diagonal_Band
-3
-26
-47
7
3.420
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
34
15
3
6
3.873
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-3
-30
-43
4
3.836
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-65
22
5
4
3.020
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
3
-30
-43
3
3.014
R_Cortex_Temporal_Association
69
-12
9
3
3.027
Negative
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-3
-5
-75
259
-10.640
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
3
13
-69
164
-7.757
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
22
7
-85
74
-3.772
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-50
11
7
54
-4.210
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-7
-30
-19
45
-4.916
L_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
-13
11
-27
27
-3.845
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-28
9
-93
17
-4.225
R_Septum
3
-24
-59
15
-4.026
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-32
40
-7
15
-3.530
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
55
-16
13
11
-3.394
R_Amygdala
59
-28
-9
10
-4.058
R_Cortex_Parietal_Association
45
38
-7
5
-3.464
L_Amygdala
-38
-53
-27
4
-3.240
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
13
-36
-41
2
-3.236
L_Cortex_Temporal_Association
-75
-15
-1
2
-3.462
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
9
13
-1
1
-2.976
R_Cortex_Frontal_Association
34
20
-93
1
-2.971
Positive indicated sham EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated sham EA group < Model group
Table S10 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on
Days 112 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005）
Metabolism changes
EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
R_Caudate_Putamen
34
7
-57
164
4.148
L_Superior_Colliculus
-9
9
23
133
5.298
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-32
28
-41
130
4.056
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-15
3
-17
72
4.284
R_Cortex_Motor
3
36
-37
60
3.871
L_Medial_Geniculate
-32
-7
1
39
3.864
L_Cortex_Motor
-13
34
-87
22
4.512
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
44
15
-27
15
3.184
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
17
-11
-13
14
3.250
L_Caudate_Putamen
-13
3
-57
11
3.043
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
7
-26
1
5
3.595
R_Cortex_Temporal_Association
71
1
21
3
3.178
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-20
-1
5
2
3.239
R_Cortex_Visual
11
38
23
1
3.389
Negative
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-57
7
-39
177
-6.957
R_Superior_Colliculus
26
-3
23
40
-4.428
L_Cortex_Motor
-36
14
-65
36
-3.666
R_Ventral_Pallidum
28
-44
-47
20
-3.408
L_Cortex_Piriform
-34
-21
-81
15
-3.644
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
57
13
-65
14
-3.421
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-28
-22
5
6
-3.413
L_Substantia_Nigra
-30
-26
5
2
-3.103
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-18
-28
-29
24
3.494
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
40
5
-89
5
3.727
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
52
3
-3
3
3.177
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-7
5
-77
1
2.925
Negative
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-9
20
-95
73
-4.921
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-69
-19
11
48
-4.473
L_Amygdala
-48
-32
-17
47
-3.618
R_Cortex_Entorhinal
69
-22
21
14
-3.292
R_Amygdala
48
-38
-19
11
-3.289
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
3
-1
-87
1
-2.932
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-5
-54
-5
1
-2.926
Positive indicated EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated EA group < Model group
Table S11 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on
Days 112 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of
electroacupuncture (EA) group compared with sham electroacupuncture
(sham EA) group (p<0.005）
metabolism changes
EA group vs sham EA group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Superior_Colliculus
-24
1
21
340
7.396
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
9
-3
-31
152
9.483
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-30
-3
1
126
4.673
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
36
1
-17
82
4.689
L_Cortex_Motor
-15
34
-89
37
4.958
L_Cortex_Auditory
-73
-5
-13
18
4.569
L_Cortex_Visual
-40
36
11
12
4.357
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-46
14
-57
12
3.517
R_Superior_Colliculus
9
1
13
8
4.721
R_Caudate_Putamen
34
5
-59
8
3.175
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-3
-5
-29
7
3.219
L_Pons
-18
-57
29
6
4.196
R_Cortex_Visual
48
32
19
5
4.114
R_Cortex_Motor
24
30
-87
3
3.014
R_Cortex_Auditory
75
-1
-13
3
3.382
R_Mesencephalic_Region
7
-18
25
2
3.136
Negative
L_Globus_Pallidus
-36
-24
-39
258
-7.709
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-61
7
-39
145
-5.509
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-28
-19
5
122
-4.842
R_Mesencephalic_Region
19
-24
17
81
-4.103
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
63
15
-23
73
-5.052
L_Cortex_Piriform
-34
-38
-59
55
-4.128
R_ic
40
-17
-27
45
-3.542
L_Cortex_Visual
-28
42
1
31
-4.161
R_Caudate_Putamen
40
-24
-39
15
-3.293
L_Cortex_Auditory
-65
5
-11
7
-3.589
R_Cortex_Visual
61
21
21
6
-3.182
Pain-related regions
Positive
L_Zona_Incerta
-11
-30
-29
94
4.016
R_Cortex_Insular
50
-17
-73
2
3.095
L_Cortex_Insular
-67
-23
-41
1
3.026
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Hippocampus_Subiculum
-52
-7
25
246
4.927
R_Cortex_Retrosplenial
15
34
29
47
3.547
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
48
-5
13
39
4.168
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
50
-26
-1
38
4.199
R_Hippocampus_Subiculum
42
-26
19
33
4.411
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-55
-36
23
22
3.933
R_Hypothalamus_Lateral
19
-36
-29
19
3.471
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-46
1
5
8
3.154
Negative
R_Cortex_Entorhinal
69
-15
-15
146
-4.826
R_Cortex_Temporal_Association
69
-16
17
141
-3.472
L_Hippocampus_Ventral
-26
-44
1
122
-4.059
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-36
-1
-77
39
-3.485
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-69
-26
-17
34
-4.443
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-9
-40
-43
23
-4.148
R_AcbSh
17
-15
-73
17
-3.126
L_AcbSh
-11
-26
-55
13
-3.594
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-24
18
-97
12
-3.177
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
7
1
-85
4
-3.193
R_Amygdala
30
-50
-25
2
-3.595
Positive indicated EA group > sham EA group, and negative
indicated EA group < sham EA group
Table S12 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on
Days 112 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of Model
group compared with Normal group (p<0.005）
metabolism changes
Model-group vs Normal-group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
L_Mesencephalic_Region
-26
-22
17
38
3.625
L_Globus_Pallidus
-36
-28
-31
37
3.684
R_Superior_Colliculus
5
11
11
32
3.938
R_Thalamus_Ventromedial
3
-19
-19
15
3.365
L_Cortex_Piriform
-36
-21
-81
15
4.066
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-56
26
-41
10
3.586
L_Cortex_Auditory
-69
16
-1
4
3.398
L_Cortex_Visual
-44
32
19
3
3.143
L_Cortex_Temporal_Association
-73
-17
13
3
3.104
R_Cortex_Piriform
54
-36
-49
1
3.041
Negative
R_Cortex_Motor
26
28
-63
481
-7.122
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
20
32
-19
462
-4.805
R_Cortex_Visual
57
17
21
388
-5.237
L_Cortex_Motor
-28
30
-87
318
-4.926
R_Cortex_Auditory
71
5
-1
300
-3.760
R_Caudate_Putamen
40
-19
-55
278
-4.765
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-36
34
-37
256
-4.839
R_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
3
5
-79
178
-3.458
L_Caudate_Putamen
-15
-3
-53
136
-4.300
L_Cortex_Visual
-52
30
9
119
-5.602
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
20
-9
-13
87
-4.074
R_Cortex_Piriform
54
-50
-29
9
-3.878
L_Superior_Colliculus
-3
7
23
9
-3.596
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-30
-5
-29
8
-3.130
R_Superior_Colliculus
1
5
23
1
-2.949
Pain-related regions
Negative
R_Cortex_Insular
71
-22
-21
91
-4.627
L_Cortex_Cingulate
-7
24
-69
40
-3.702
L_Cortex_Insular
-48
-7
-71
4
-3.292
R_Cortex_Cingulate
1
28
-63
2
-3.085
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Amygdala
-50
-40
-1
203
5.175
L_Cortex_Entorhinal
-50
-19
29
70
5.363
L_Cortex_Frontal_Association
-5
24
-93
39
4.084
R_Cortex_Entorhinal
52
-18
29
26
3.587
L_Hypothalamus_Lateral
-13
-44
-33
19
3.739
R_VTA
3
-28
11
18
3.393
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
1
-54
-9
15
3.284
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
40
7
13
6
3.134
R_Septum
7
3
-55
5
3.188
L_Septum
-3
7
-41
2
3.063
R_Amygdala
56
-40
-5
1
2.997
Negative
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-7
9
-77
638
-4.457
L_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
-28
3
-89
319
-4.717
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
40
19
-3
284
-4.056
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
30
5
-91
208
-4.705
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
61
-22
3
27
-3.892
Positive indicated sham Model group > Normal group, and
negative indicated Model group < Normal group
Table S13 Brain regions of significant metabolism changes on
Days 112 after brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) of sham
electroacupuncture (sham EA) group compared with Model group
(p<0.005）
metabolism changes
sham EA group vs Model group
Brain regions
MNI coordinates
Extent
t-value
x
y
z
Sensorimotor related regions
Positive
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
61
15
-23
220
7.340
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-32
28
-13
123
4.654
R_Mesencephalic_Region
15
-24
17
75
4.412
R_Cortex_Visual
61
21
21
41
4.332
R_Cortex_Motor
44
18
-87
24
3.679
L_Cortex_Piriform
-61
-48
-13
20
3.578
L_Cortex_Visual
-54
22
3
9
3.633
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
7
-28
1
6
3.550
R_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
20
-13
-15
3
3.153
R_Caudate_Putamen
30
11
-31
2
3.014
R_Substantia_Nigra
22
-40
17
1
3.178
Negative
L_Cortex_Piriform
-40
-48
-15
76
-4.177
R_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
1
-3
-31
66
-4.514
R_Superior_Colliculus
26
-3
21
47
-4.223
L_Thalamus_Midline_Dorsal
-3
-1
-31
44
-4.488
L_Thalamus_Dorsolateral
-30
5
-7
37
-3.333
L_Cortex_Auditory
-73
-5
-13
12
-4.402
L_Cortex_Somatosensory
-54
9
-39
11
-3.220
R_Cortex_Visual
22
36
29
8
-3.389
R_Cortex_Somatosensory
40
18
-69
7
-3.280
R_ic
44
-3
-17
6
-3.483
L_Cortex_Motor
-24
32
-65
5
-3.020
R_Pons
1
-57
23
4
-3.125
R_Cortex_Motor
11
42
-33
3
-3.176
R_Cortex_Auditory
69
15
7
1
-3.057
L_Pons
-18
-54
27
1
-3.011
Pain-related regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Insular
-34
-1
-75
12
3.404
R_Cortex_Insular
67
-15
-21
6
3.266
R_Zona_Incerta
19
-28
-5
5
3.118
Negative
R_Cortex_Cingulate
1
13
-43
7
-3.296
L_Cortex_Cingulate
-3
15
-43
6
-3.303
Emotion and cognition related brain regions
Positive
L_Cortex_Medial_Prefrontal
-9
7
-77
51
6.226
L_Cortex_Parietal_Association
-50
15
-1
14
3.365
L_VTA
-9
-38
3
3
3.029
R_Cortex_Orbitofrontal
32
-13
-71
1
2.963
Negative
L_Hippocampus_Ventral
-61
-15
11
191
-4.739
L_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
-44
-1
7
191
-3.817
R_Hippocampus_Ventral
46
-20
-1
112
-3.371
R_Hippocampus_Postero_Dorsal
46
1
13
112
-4.694
R_Hypothalamus_Medial
9
-48
-17
26
-4.346
L_Amygdala
-48
-40
-5
22
-3.732
L_Hypothalamus_Medial
-3
-42
-35
21
-4.962
L_Hypothalamus_Lateral
-13
-42
-33
16
-3.582
L_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
-5
7
-29
12
-3.746
R_Hippocampus_Antero_Dorsal
1
7
-27
8
-3.484
R_Hippocampus_Subiculum
44
-26
19
6
-3.340
Positive indicated sham EA group > Model group, and negative
indicated sham EA group < Model group
