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Douglass F. JacobsDouglass F. Jacobs
Anthony S. DavisAnthony S. Davis
Performance of northern red oak on Performance of northern red oak on former surface coal mines: influence of former surface coal mines: influence of stocktype, controlled-release fertilizer, stocktype, controlled-release fertilizer,
and mycorrhizal inoculationand mycorrhizal inoculation
Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration CenterDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction Forest plantations & forestry in IndianaForest plantations & forestry in Indiana Mined land reclamationMined land reclamation Improving seedling establishmentImproving seedling establishment
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods ResultsResults Conclusions and future directionsConclusions and future directions AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
PlantationsPlantations ~ 5 % of the ~ 5 % of the
world’s forest coverworld’s forest cover Increasing % of Increasing % of
forest productsforest products Used to restore Used to restore
degraded landsdegraded lands Erosion controlErosion control
Provide benefits Provide benefits associated with associated with forestsforests
Forestry in IndianaForestry in Indiana Central Hardwood Forest Region (CHFR)Central Hardwood Forest Region (CHFR) Change in forest coverChange in forest cover
200 years ago: ~ 85 %200 years ago: ~ 85 % 100 years ago: ~ 8 %100 years ago: ~ 8 % presently: presently: ~ 19 % ~ 19 %
Increasing since 1950sIncreasing since 1950s Conversion of marginal ag landConversion of marginal ag land
~ 5 million bareroot seedlings planted/year~ 5 million bareroot seedlings planted/year 20 % for mined land reclamation20 % for mined land reclamation
Forestry in IndianaForestry in Indiana Landowners plant hardwood seedlingsLandowners plant hardwood seedlings
provide forestland for future generationsprovide forestland for future generations maintain wildlife habitatmaintain wildlife habitat conserve the environmentconserve the environment timber productiontimber production
Mined land reclamationMined land reclamation Coal producing region ~ Coal producing region ~ 17,000 km2
~ 40 % exploited~ 40 % exploited Predicted future increase in coal consumption = increased Predicted future increase in coal consumption = increased
exploitation exploitation 1977 Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act1977 Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act
Graded to the original contourGraded to the original contour Replacement of topsoilReplacement of topsoil
Altered soil propertiesAltered soil properties ErosionErosion Low seedling survivalLow seedling survival Poor performancePoor performance Low land value Low land value →→ conversion conversion
Mined land reclamationMined land reclamation Reclamation of these sitesReclamation of these sites
Returns to heavily disturbed lands some Returns to heavily disturbed lands some components of natural ecosystemscomponents of natural ecosystems Hydrological processesHydrological processes Forest coverForest cover Erosion controlErosion control Wildlife habitatWildlife habitat Carbon sequestrationCarbon sequestration
Aesthetically appealingAesthetically appealing Increases land valueIncreases land value
Mined land reclamationMined land reclamation Reclaimed surface coal minesReclaimed surface coal mines
Hardwood seedlingsHardwood seedlings First-year survival ~ 80 %First-year survival ~ 80 % Subsequent years ~ 25 %Subsequent years ~ 25 %
ErosionErosion Low land valueLow land value
Forest conversionForest conversion
Northern red oakNorthern red oak Able to survive a wide range of conditionsAble to survive a wide range of conditions
Success in mine reclamationSuccess in mine reclamation High commercial valueHigh commercial value Historical and cultural significanceHistorical and cultural significance Commonly planted throughout IndianaCommonly planted throughout Indiana
CommonCommon ~ 98% of plantations established~ 98% of plantations established
Low costLow cost ~ $0.25/seedling~ $0.25/seedling
Readily availableReadily available Perform moderately well on Perform moderately well on
former agricultural landformer agricultural land Root system modification Root system modification
weakens drought stress weakens drought stress resistanceresistance
Stocktype – bareroot seedlingsStocktype – bareroot seedlings
Uniform cropUniform crop More efficient plantingMore efficient planting
Extended planting windowExtended planting window Fall plantingFall planting
Entire root systemEntire root system Minimal use in CHFRMinimal use in CHFR
Large (> 4L), expensive (> $5) Large (> 4L), expensive (> $5) seedlings producedseedlings produced
Drought resistanceDrought resistance Variable site conditions Variable site conditions
Stocktype – containerized seedlingsStocktype – containerized seedlings
Controlled-release fertilizerControlled-release fertilizer Polymer coating Polymer coating
releases fertilizer releases fertilizer over an extended over an extended periodperiod
Increase plant growth Increase plant growth rate after outplantingrate after outplanting
Improve seedling Improve seedling nutrition on poor sitesnutrition on poor sites
Mycorrhizal inoculationMycorrhizal inoculation Naturally occur in Naturally occur in
undisturbed conditionsundisturbed conditions Mycorrhizae are known toMycorrhizae are known to
Increase water and nutrient Increase water and nutrient uptakeuptake
Buffer against pHBuffer against pH Buffer against nutrient toxicityBuffer against nutrient toxicity
Can improve survival and Can improve survival and growthgrowth
Operational use with conifersOperational use with conifers
ObjectivesObjectives Compare the effect of 4 stocktypes…Compare the effect of 4 stocktypes… Assess the influence of controlled-release Assess the influence of controlled-release
fertilizer (CRF) and mycorrhizal inoculation fertilizer (CRF) and mycorrhizal inoculation (MI)…(MI)…
...on survival and performance of northern red ...on survival and performance of northern red oak on reclaimed mined lands oak on reclaimed mined lands
Materials and methods - sitesMaterials and methods - sites Two sites, Clay County, IndianaTwo sites, Clay County, Indiana Privately ownedPrivately owned Mined 1930sMined 1930s
Graded to originalGraded to original
contour in 1980scontour in 1980s Mined late 1980sMined late 1980s
Planted 2000Planted 2000 Poor survivalPoor survival
Map from: http://www.usgs.gov
Soil pH = 4.09
Soil pH = 6.55
Topsoil depth ~ 30 cmTopsoil depth ~ 30 cm
StocktypesStocktypes BarerootBareroot
Standard-densityStandard-density
(75 seedlings/m(75 seedlings/m22)) Low-densityLow-density
(21 seedlings/m(21 seedlings/m22))
Containerized (650 cmContainerized (650 cm33)) June-sown (2002)June-sown (2002) January-sown (2003)January-sown (2003)
Controlled-release fertilizerControlled-release fertilizer OsmocoteOsmocote®® Exact ExactTMTM Lo- Lo-
Start 15-8-10 + microsStart 15-8-10 + micros 16 - 18 month release 16 - 18 month release
(at media temperature of (at media temperature of 21°C) 21°C)
~ 9 g/seedling~ 9 g/seedling Containerized seedlings - Containerized seedlings -
in the mediain the media Bareroot seedlings at the Bareroot seedlings at the
base of the planting holebase of the planting hole
Inoculum consisted of:Inoculum consisted of: Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctorius 1 1 Rhizopogon Rhizopogon sp.sp. 4 4 SclerodermaScleroderma spp. spp.
Field inoculated (2500 Field inoculated (2500 spores/seedling)spores/seedling) Immediately after plantingImmediately after planting AugustAugust
Syringe applicationSyringe application 5 mL solution5 mL solution
Mycorrhizal inoculationMycorrhizal inoculation
17 April 200317 April 2003 Tractor-hauled coulter Tractor-hauled coulter
with trencher and with trencher and packing wheelspacking wheels
10 seedlings/row10 seedlings/row 1.5 m × 2.4 m spacing1.5 m × 2.4 m spacing OustOustTMTM and and
GlyproPlusGlyproPlusTMTM
2.29 m fence2.29 m fence 1120 seedlings planted1120 seedlings planted
Plantation establishmentPlantation establishment
Measurements and analysesMeasurements and analyses SurvivalSurvival HeightHeight Root-collar diameterRoot-collar diameter Leaf water potentialLeaf water potential Analysis of variance Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to identify (ANOVA) to identify differences between treatmentsdifferences between treatments Significant differences (α = 0.05) Significant differences (α = 0.05)
were separated using Tukey’s mean were separated using Tukey’s mean separation test separation test
Methods – leaf water potentialMethods – leaf water potential Remove leaf at base Remove leaf at base
of petioleof petiole Place leaf inside Place leaf inside
chamberchamber Petiole remains visiblePetiole remains visible
Increase chamber Increase chamber pressurepressure
Record pressureRecord pressure Exudation from xylemExudation from xylem
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Stocktype
Su
rviv
al (
%)
A A A AA
BB
B
Standard-density Low-density June-sown January-sown
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
No CRF CRF
Results – survivalResults – survival
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Standard-density Low-density June-sown January-sown
Stocktype
Hei
gh
t g
row
th (
cm)
AB
A
BB
Results – height growthResults – height growth
Largest initial height
Results – height growthResults – height growth
05
101520253035404550
Standard-density Low-density June-sown January-sown
Stocktype
Hei
gh
t g
row
th (
%)
AB
AB
A
B
Results – diameter growthResults – diameter growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Standard-density Low-density June-sown January-sown
Stocktype
Dia
met
er g
row
th (
%)
B
B
A
AB
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
01 2 3 4
Stocktype
Le
af
wa
ter
po
ten
tia
l (M
Pa
)
BCC
B
A
Standard-density Low-density June-sown January-sown
Results – leaf water potentialResults – leaf water potential
Results – leaf water potentialResults – leaf water potential
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Amendment
Lea
f w
ater
po
ten
tial
(M
Pa)
No CRF CRF
A
B
SummarySummary Bareroot seedlings had higher survivalBareroot seedlings had higher survival
Containerized seedlings without CRF survival Containerized seedlings without CRF survival equaled barerootequaled bareroot
June-sown containers had greater % root-June-sown containers had greater % root-collar diameter growth than bareroot seedlingscollar diameter growth than bareroot seedlings
January-sown containerized seedlings had less January-sown containerized seedlings had less negative leaf water potentialnegative leaf water potential Better able to mitigate moisture stressBetter able to mitigate moisture stress
MI and CRF did not benefit establishmentMI and CRF did not benefit establishment
ConclusionsConclusions Seedling establishment under adverse Seedling establishment under adverse
conditions may be improvedconditions may be improved First year results indicate that standard-density First year results indicate that standard-density
bareroot seedlings may be most effectivebareroot seedlings may be most effective % growth of containerized seedlings better% growth of containerized seedlings better
Seedling stocktypes should be developed to Seedling stocktypes should be developed to target specific issuestarget specific issues Site conditionsSite conditions CostCost Ownership objectivesOwnership objectives Silvicultural practicesSilvicultural practices
Future directionsFuture directions 22ndnd year assessment year assessment Determine how initial size/shape of Determine how initial size/shape of
containerized seedlings influences field containerized seedlings influences field performance relative to bareroot seedlingsperformance relative to bareroot seedlings
Continue to examine application of controlled-Continue to examine application of controlled-release fertilizer at plantingrelease fertilizer at planting
Tailor fertilization during nursery culture to Tailor fertilization during nursery culture to specific site conditionsspecific site conditions Nutrient loadingNutrient loading
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Hansford Mann & familyHansford Mann & family Robert Pickett & familyRobert Pickett & family Stu HaneyStu Haney I-DNR Vallonia NurseryI-DNR Vallonia Nursery Staff of the HTIRCStaff of the HTIRC
Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of ReclamationReclamation Ray Brumfiel and Steve HerbertRay Brumfiel and Steve Herbert
Purdue University, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Purdue University, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center and Department of Forestry and Regeneration Center and Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
Dr. Bill ChaneyDr. Bill Chaney Dr. Phil PopeDr. Phil Pope Rob EddyRob Eddy Amy Ross-DavisAmy Ross-Davis Don CarlsonDon Carlson Zach LoweZach Lowe