Dottorato in Studi Storici Università di Firenze e Siena

Daniela Giglio

Dottorato in Studi Storici

Università di Firenze e Siena

XXX ciclo

curriculum in scienze del libro

Quando è nata la biblioteca digitale?

? ? ? Computer

(1930 circa)

Internet

(1960 circa)

Vannevar Bush

(1890-1974) Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider

(1915-1990)

1895

2011

Paul Otlet (1868-1944)

PAUL OTLET: DAI LIBRI AI DATI

Nel settembre 1985 Otlet e La

Fontaine convocarono a Bruxelles

la prima Conférence International

de Bibliographie.

Classification Décimale Universelle

Institut International de Bibliographie

Répertoire Bibliographique Universel


Nel 1905 al Repertorio Bibliografico

Universale seguì il Répertoire Iconographique Universel

Nel 1907 nacque il Répertoire Encyclopédique des Dossiers

Encyclopédie documentaire,

da cui veniva ricavato l’Atlas Universel.


Stanza del catalogo, Ufficio internazionale di bibliografia.

(Rayward, Mundaneum: Archives of knowledge. 2010, 8)


Nel 1906 Otlet, con la collaborazione

di Robert Goldschmidt, suggerì la

realizzazione di una nuova forma di

libro: le livre microphotographique

Avanzarono anche l’ipotesi della

costituzione di una biblioteca

microfotografata: l’equivalente di

1875 volumi, registrati su bobine di

3,5 cm, su carta avrebbero ricoperto

un’estensione di 468 metri.


Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique


«We must bring together a collection of machines which simultaneously or sequentially can perform the following operations: 1. The trasformation of sound into writing; 2. The reproduction of this writing in as many copies as are useful; 3. The creation of documents in such a way that each item of information has its own identity and, in its relationships with those items comprising any collection, can be retrieved as necessary; 4. A Classification number assigned to each item of information; the perforation of documents correlated with these number; 5. Automatic classification and storage of these documents; 5. Automatic classification and filing of documents; 6 Automatic retrieval of documents for consultation and presented either direct to the enquirer or via machine enabling written additions to be made to them; 7 Mechanical manipulation a twill of all the listed items of information in order to obtain new combinations of facts, new relationships of ideas, and new operations carried out with the help of numbers. The technology fulfilling these seven requirements would indeed be a mechanical, collective brain. »

Rayward, Warden Boyd. International Organization and Dissemination of Knowledge. Selected essays of Paul Otlet, 1990, 1. Estratto e tradotto da Otlet, Paul. Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique. Bruxelles: Editiones Mundaneum, 1934.

PAUL OTLET: DAI LIBRI AI DATI Il sistema, progettato da

Paul Olet "Mondothèque-

Pantothèque-Mundaneum-

(Documentothèque)" è

datato al giugno 1936,

misura 64 X 67 cm ed è

parte della Encyclopedia

Universalis Mundaneum. È

stato progettato come

elemento d’arredamento

che ognuno avrebbe avuto

in casa, per favorire

l'accesso, ma anche la

produzione di nuova

conoscenza.

STRUMENTI PER L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DELLA CONOSCENZA

EMANUEL GOLDBERG

Statistical Machine


GEORGE SEBILLE

Apparatus for reading book and the like


HERBERT GEORGE WELLS

«Microscopic libraries of record, in which a photograph of every important book and document in the world will be stowed away and made easily available.»

«Nothing less than the beginning of a world brain, a common world brain. What you are making me realize is a sort of cerebrum for humanity, a cerebral cortex which (when it is fully developed) will constitute a memory and a perception of current reality for the entire human race.»

Wells, Herbert George. World brain: the idea of a Permanent World Encyclopedia. London: Methuen & Co., 1938.

Wells, Herbert George.The Brain Organization of the Modern World. London:

Methuen & Co., 1937.


VANNEVAR BUSH


VANNEVAR BUSH

Memex


I COMPUTER E LA RETE

Douglas Engelbart

Augmentation Research Center Augment Nls System



Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider



«How could technology help libraries gather, index, organize, store and make accessible the growing body of recorded information despite the intellectual explosion of the Twentieth Century?»

Hauben, Jay R. "Vannevar Bush and JRC Licklider: Libraries of the

Future 1945–1965." The Amateur Computerist (2005): 36.

Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett. Libraries of the Future.

[Cambridge (Mass.)]: M.I.T. Press, 1965.



Michael Searn Hart

Project Gutenberg



Theodor Holm Nelson

Progetto Xanadu



Theodor Holm Nelson

«The Xanadu storage system is a new form of software with potentially revolutionary implications…for personal computing, word processing, file management, the office of future and its software, teleconferencing, electronic mail, electronic publishing, libraries of the future, and tomorrow’s education.»

Theodor Holm Nelson: Literary Machines. The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom. Mindful Press, 1993.

First published 1981.



e-print Archive , inseguito denominato ArXiv 1991

1991 Future Directions in Text analysis, Retrieval and Understanding (10-11 ottobre, Chicago, Illinois)



«A National Electronic Library is a service; an architecture; a set of information resources, databases of text, numbers, graphics, sound, video, etc. and a set of tools and capabilities to locate, retrieve, and utilize the information resources available. The users of a national electronic library would include students, teachers/scholars, librarians, authors, publishers, information providers and practitioners. Contributor of information resources would include publishers, universities, professional societies, libraries, authors, editors and compliers.»

1992 Fox, Edward. Source Book on Digital Libraries. Prepared for

and Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, 1993.



1993 Digital Library Initiative – phase 1(DLI)

Furono condotte ricerche principalmente in tre ambiti:

Cattura di metadati in tutte le forme (testi, immagini, suoni,

dialoghi, ecc.) catalogandoli e organizzandoli;

Ricerca di software e algoritmi avanzati per la ricerca, per

estrapolare e combinare grandi volumi di dati, immagini e ogni

tipo di altre informazioni;

Utilizzo di database collegati, distribuiti tra le nazioni e nel

mondo.



Digital Library Initiative – phase 1(DLI)

Il progetto ebbe avvio con la selezione e il finanziamento di sei

progetti:

Carnegie Mellon University: Digital Video Libraries;

University of Michigan: Intelligent Agent Architectures;

Stanford University: Uniform Access;

University of California, Santa Barbara: Geographic Information

System;

University of Illinois: Intelligent Search and the Net;

Univeristy of California, Berkeley: Media Integration and Access.



1995 Interoperability, Scaling, and the Digital Library Research

Agenda(Reston, Virginia, 18-19 maggio)

«An organized collection of multimedia data with information

management methods that represent the data as information and

knowledge»

« A community of users with coherent access to a large,

organized repository of information and knowledge.»



1995 Nel Regno Unito il Joint Information System Commettee

(JISC) promosse l’Electronic Libraries Programme (e-Lib)

Circa 60 progetti tra cui:

- AGORA

- MALIBU

- HeadLine

- Hylife



Electronic Libraries Programme (e-Lib)

Progetto Hylife

«New electronic information resources and traditional hardcopy resources co-exist and are brought together in an integrated information service, accessed via electronic gateways available both on-site, like a traditional library, and remotely via the Internet or local computer networks. The hybrid library is different from a typical library web-site in two ways. One is the permanent and equal inclusion of print information sources alongside the electronic. A second is the attempt to focus and interpret the whole service - subject-specific and generic elements - for a particular group of users in a scaleable fashion. The philosophical assumption underlying the hybrid library is that libraries are about organised access, rather

than local collections - which become just a part of the means of delivery. »



1996 Electronic Thesis and Dissertations Repositories (ETDs)

1996 Internet Archive



1996 DELOS Digital Library Working Group

Nato per promuovere la ricerca europea nell’ulteriore

sviluppo delle tecnologie per le biblioteche digitali, per

stimolare l’attuazione efficace e conveniente dei sistemi

per le biblioteche digitali, per incoraggiare la

collaborazione tra i gruppi di ricerca che operano nel

settore e promuovere il trasferimento di metodologie e

tecnologie dei sistemi di applicazione.



Borgman, Christine L., et al. "Social aspects of digital libraries. Final

Report to the National Science Foundation." Award number 95-28808. (1996).

«1. Digital libraries are a set of electronic resources and associated technical capabilities for creating, searching and using information. In this sense they are an extension and enhancement of information storage and retrieval system that manipulate digital data in any medium (text, images, sounds; static or dynamic images) and exist in distributed networks. The content of digital libraries includes data, metadata that describe various aspects of the data and metadata that consist of links or relationship to other data or metadata, whether internal or external to the digital library. »



Borgman, Christine L., et al. "Social aspects of digital libraries. Final Report to

the National Science Foundation." Award number 95-28808. (1996).

«2. Digital libraries are constructed, collected and organized by (and for) a community of users, and their functional capabilities support the information needs and uses of that community. They are a component of communities in which individuals and groups interact with each other, using data, information and knowledge resources and systems. In this sense they are an extension, enhancement and integration of a variety of information institutions as physical places where resources are selected, collected, organized, preserved and accessed in support of a user community. These information institutions include, among others, libraries, museums, archives and schools, but digital libraries also extend and serve other community settings, including classrooms, offices, laboratories, homes and public spaces. »



1997 RePec CogPrint 1997

1997 Inaugurazione Gallica della Biblioteca Nazionale

Francese



Durante il Planning Workshop on Distributed Knowledge Work

Environments della National Science Foundation tenutosi a Santa Fe nel

marzo 1997, è stata proposta una definizione di biblioteca digitale:

«[T]he concept of a digital library is not merely equivalent to a digitized collection with information management tools. It is rather an environment to bring together collections, services, and people in support of the full life cycle of creation, dissemination, use, and preservation of data, information, and knowledge.»



1998 Digital Library Initiative – phase 2(DLI)

Sponsorizzata da:

- NSF, Nationa Science Foundation;

- DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

- NASA, National Aereonautics and Space Administration

- Library of Congress

- NLM, National Library of Medicine

- National Endownment for the Humanities



1998 Douglas Greenberg

«The term digital library may even be an oxymoron: that is, if a library is a library, is not digital; if a library is digital, it is not a library.»



1998 Donald Waters

«Digital Libraies are organization that provides the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer itellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readly and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.»



2000 DELOS Network of Excellence

Definire e condurre un programma congiunto di attività

al fine di integrare e coordinare le attività di ricerca in

corso dei principali gruppi di ricerca europei nel campo

delle biblioteche digitali allo scopo di raggiungere una

visione complessiva della biblioteca digitale.



Gli obiettivi tecnici e specifici del DELOS Network of Excellence:

sviluppare un'infrastruttura digitale personalizzata per soddisfare le esigenze di

diverse applicazioni;

fornire una base comune per diverse forme di ricerca delle informazioni, in

modo che possa diventare possibile per tutti i membri della società avere

accesso a questi sistemi;

stabilire un quadro per esprimere e gestire le manipolazioni di informazioni

non convenzionali;

stabilire una cornice teoricamente motivata ed empiricamente supportata di

riferimento per progettisti e ricercatori nel campo delle interfacce utente e delle

tecniche di visualizzazione;

sviluppare meccanismi per la conservazione di oggetti complessi e dinamici;

fornire un quadro teorico e pratico per la valutazione delle biblioteche digitali

e dei loro componenti.



2001 Biblioteca Digitale Italiana

L’idea di dar vita ad un progetto coordinato di Biblioteca digitale

in Italia, nasce dalla realizzazione di uno Studio di fattibilità,

commissionato dalla Direzione Generale per le Biblioteche, gli

Istituti Culturali e il Diritto d'Autore alle società Unysis ed

Intersistemi di Roma alla fine del 1999, che fornisce il quadro di

riferimento necessario alla realizzazione di una biblioteca digitale

italiana in grado di inserirsi tra le analoghe iniziative europee ed

extraeuropee.

Lo studio di fattibilità presentato alla III Conferenza Nazionale

delle Biblioteche tenutasi a Padova nel febbraio del 2001, dà

ufficialmente il via al progetto denominato, come suggerito dallo

studio stesso, Biblioteca Digitale Italiana (BDI).



2007 Delos Reference Model

2007 IFLA approva il Manifesto for Digital Libraries

2008 Inaugurazione Europeana

2010 Revisione Manifesto for Digital Library approvato dall’IFLA



2011 Il Manifesto for Digital Libraries IFLA viene

approvato dall’UNESCO

«A digital library is an online collection od digital objects, of assured quality, that are created or collected and managed according to internationally accepted principles for collection development and made accessible in a coherent and sustainable manner, supported by services necessary to allow users to retrieve and exploit the resources.»

Documents

Dottorato in Studi Storici Università di Firenze e Siena