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Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France. Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing Powers LMAC Mr. Wilson. Context – Early . 1534 Arrival of Jacques Cartier Beginning of the French Regime? 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing PowersLMAC
Mr. Wilson
Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in
New France
1534 Arrival of Jacques Cartier
Beginning of the French Regime?1608 - Champlain’s founding of
Quebec
Rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade.
These companies paid a “Governor” who was in control.
Context – Early
What happened in 1663?New France became a Royal Province.
Why?Because the King wanted a piece of the
action.
The King removed the companies from administration & replaced them with The Royal Government.
Context - Later
Political Power in New FranceKnown as: the Royal Government
The Royal Government established in 1663Inspired by administrative system in FrancePart of the French regime’s absolute monarchy
Political Power in New France
The Royal Government
King Louis XIVMinister of the
Marine
Governor General Intendant
Captains of the Militia
Citizens
Bishop
Sovereign Council
Political Power in New France
What was the Sovereign Council?
Highest court in New France
Certain legislative and executive power
Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop , and a few councilors
Political Power in New FranceWhat did the Sovereign Council do?
Registered royal edicts (orders) and put them into effect
Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts
They also issued statutes (laws) E.g. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!
The Royal Government
King Louis XIVMinister of the
Marine
Governor General Intendant
Captains of the Militia
Citizens
Bishop
Sovereign Council
Political Power in New FranceWho was the Bishop?
Responsibilities: religious affairs
(education, hospitals)
Because he was on the Sovereign Council…Francois de Laval
The Royal Government
King Louis XIVMinister of the
Marine
Governor General Intendant
Captains of the Militia
Citizens
Bishop
Sovereign Council
Political Power in New France
Who was the Governor General?
Represented the king of France in New France
Responsibilities: MilitaryForeign relations
He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters
Pierre de RigaudDe Vaudreuil
The Royal Government
King Louis XIVMinister of the
Marine
Governor General Intendant
Captains of the Militia
Citizens
Bishop
Sovereign Council
Political Power in New FranceWho was the Intendant?Responsibilities:
JusticeInternal affairsFinances (money!)
Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH
Jean Talon
What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system?
Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant
THINK…
The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement
But, sometimes the Governor could overturn the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the King.
Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. Intendant Duchesneau
Power Struggles
But…The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending
Conclusion?Because the Intendant controlled money, he
had a lot of power over the Governor General
Power Struggles
The Royal Government
King Louis XIVMinister of the
Marine
Governor General Intendant
Captains of the Militia
Citizens
Bishop
Sovereign Council
Who were the Captains of the Militia?
They were named by the Governor General
Responsibilities:
military training in defence of the colonyinforming the population of the Intendant’s
decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council
Political Power in New France
Relationship between Church and State
Why did the Bishop have so much Power?
He was on the Sovereign CouncilHe had pledged his Allegiance to the
KingHe controlled the titheHe nominated priests and
missionariesHe could talk directly to the KingHe controlled all education in the
province
The Church and the State
1694The Pope expanded the position of the Bishop to an ARCHBISHOP
Why?Population was growing – gave him even more influence.
The Church and the State
“Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].”
-François de Laval, 1674.
The Church and the State
Francois de Laval and his campaign against the Eau-de-Vie?
In the 18th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminished when they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council.
The state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe
Authority the formation of new parishes and new religious communities
But…still had influence over the education system
The Church and the State
17th century: The French vs. The Amerindians
Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade.
The First Nations provided furs to the French.
In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians.
This type of trade is known as bartering.
What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians?
The State and the Amerindians
Trade – the backbone of the Province the Governor General had to work as
a diplomat and a strategist.
Diplomat = Negotiator for peaceStrategist = Military coordinator
Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.
The State and the Amerindians
Problems?E.G.: the conflict between the
Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians.
Bad for TradeThreatened the lives of the colonists Led to the building of forts, e.g.
Quebec and Ville-Marie.
The State and the Amerindians
The Great Peace of Montreal,
1701
The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace.
It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.
The Great Peace of Montreal
August 4, 170130 different Amerindian Nations were
present and 1300 people were in attendance.
End result:
The French recognized the Iroquois’ right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutral between the French and the British.
The Great Peace of Montreal
Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives:
"I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].
Document & Questions....
a) What event is taking place while de Callière is speaking? What year is it?
b) What clue indicated de Callière's desire to recognize Amerindian customs?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25m93JVO7kw
Movie: The Great Peace of Montreal-
1701
Colony and the Mother Country
Who called the shots?The Mother Country (France)
Who had the final say?The King of France
France’s main interest in the colony?
Colony and the Mother Country
$$$
E.G. [Exempli Gratia] regarding the colony
Jean-Talon and the King had different ideas regarding the colony.
Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy
But the King did not allow it!
Colony and the Mother Country
E.G. #2 Even though the Governor was
responsible for foreign relations, the King had the final say on peace and war.
That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension with the British – the territories in New France were given away in the Treaty of Paris for peace.
The Colony and the Mother Country
What happened in 1763? Treaty of Paris = The start of the British
Regime
Power relationships in Canada were dramatically changed:The French Royal Government was eliminated
The Catholic Church suddenly had less influence
A new British administration was put into place
The Colony and the Mother Country
Review
In the colony of New France – what changed in 1663?
Review
Royal Government!
Who made up the Sovereign Council?
Review
Governor General IntendantBishop
True or False:One of Bishop François de Laval’s
responsibilities was to manage the budget.
Review
FALSE!!!!!
He enforced the tithe and nominated priests & missionaries
The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: A) FishB) Diamonds and goldC) MoneyD) Chickens
Review
The Great _______of Montreal in _____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to ______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay _______ between the French and the British.
ReviewPeace
1701
tradeneutr
al
1. Fill out the organization of the Royal Government (1 pt – must get everything correct to get a mark)
Activity #1_______________
________________
_________________
_________________
_______ _______ _______
_________
2. What is the difference between the roles and responsibilities of the Governor General now and during the French Regime. Give examples.
3. Who was Francois de Laval and what were his responsibilities in the Sovereign Council?
Activity #1
4. Describe the event that is taking place in the following image and its significance (why was it important).
Activity #1
Ninja-Pirate Peace…?(it could happen)