Donald Judd Fitration

Fil-tra-tion

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A G R A H P I C A L D I A L O G U E W I T H D O A N L D J U D D

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J o n a s T A N G C H I N H O N G

S 0 3 6 6 5 0 0 1

Y E A R 3 u n d e r g r a d u a t e

H A B I T A T I O N S T U D I O

2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 6

T E R M 2

A R C H I T E C T U R E . C U H K

A R C 4 3 0 2

i n

S T U D I E S O F S E L E C T E D P E R I O D S O F W O R K S O F A R C H I T E C T U R E

C O N D U C T E D B Y

P r o f e s s o r J O H N L I N

DO

NA

LD

JU

DDD o n a l d J u d d i s r e g a r d e d a s a m i n i m a l i s t . H i s w o r k o f a r t

i s e x p r e s s e d b y s i m p l e g e o m e t r y , p u r e c o l o u r a n d f i n e

c r a f t s m a n s h i p . H e s a w a r t w o r k a s a n e n t i t y , t o b e v i e w e d

a s a w h o l e , w i t h i n i t s c o n t e x t , t o t h e v i e w e r s c a l e , c h a n g -

e s o f l i g h t a n d t h e a n g l e o f p e r c e p t i o n .

A r t P o s i t i o n

H i s s e r i o u s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s a r t d r i v e s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o

h o w h i s w o r k e x h i b i t . H e w a n t e d h i s a r t t o b e s i t u a t e d i n

a n e u t r a l s p a c e , w h i c h b r i n g s a s t r o n g f o c u s t o w a r d s h i s

a r t , r a t h e r t h a n a b y - i t s e l f s t u n n i n g m u s e u m s p a c e . T h e

p e r m a n e n t e x h i b i t i o n h e s t r i v e d f o r c a n t e l l h i s s e r i o u s -

n e s s t o w a r d s t i m e .

T h e G e o m e t r y a n d t h e M a t e r i a l s

T h e m a t e r i a l h e u s e d i s p l e x i g l a s s , a l u m i n u m , h i g h l y p o l i s h e d ,

g a l v a n i z e d i r o n , s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , a n d e n a m e l e d o r a n o d i z e d a l u -

m i n u m . I n l i n e w i t h t h e B a u h a u s o r d e S t i j l a r c h i t e c t u r a l l a n -

g u a g e , h e u s e d s e l f - c o l o u r e d m a t e r i a l s a n d a v o i d e d a n y a m -

b i g u o u s d e f i n i t i o n o f g e o m e t r y . W i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f l a b o r a n d

m o n e y , h e t r i e d t o m a k e h i s “ s p e c i f i c o b j e c t s ” e f f i c i e n t t o t r a n s -

p o r t , c h e a p t o m a k e a n d e a s y t o r e s e m b l e . A v e r y c o n t r o v e r s i a l

i s s u e a r o u s e w h e n h e m a k e h i s w o r k o f a r t a s p r e f a b r i c a t e d ,

w h i c h i s a l s o a l w a y s h i s s p r i t o f a r t - m a k i n g . F o r t r e a t i n g s u c h

m a c h i n e - m a d e m a t e r i a l s , h e a i m s a t r e t a i n i n g i t s p u r e g e o m -

e t r y a n d d e v o i d a n y t r a c e o f t r e a t m e n t o f h u m a n h a n d , t h e v e r y

d e t a i l h a n d c r a f t s m a n s h i p , t h o u g h p r e s e n t , b u t w a s i n v i s i b l e i n

h i s a r t w o r k .

C a d m i u m R e d

H e p r e f e r r e d c a d m i u m r e d a s t h e c o l o u r m a n y o f h i s s p e c i f i c

o b j e c t s , b e c a u s e t h i s c o l o u r i s m o r e d e f i n i t i v e . I t c a n d e f i n e

d i f f e r e n t p l a n e u n d e r l i g h t . I t p r o d u c e s s h a r p e d g e s a n d a n e n -

t i r e v o l u m e t r i c s e n s e . I t a r o u s e s c e r t a i n k i n d o f e n l i g h t e n m e n t

t o o .

D e a r D o n a l d J u d d ,

I a m g l a d t h a t I l e a r n t y o u f r o m d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s .

Y o u r w o r k i s s i m p l e b u t r i c h .

T h e y e m b r a c e n o d o m i n a t i n g a s p e c t s o f q u a l i t i e s .

S i t e , G e o m e t r y , L i g h t , C o l o u r , T e x t u r e , M a t e r i a l s . . .

y e t a l l a r e r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r .

I h o p e ,

t h r o u g h t h i s b o o k ,

I c a n h a v e a d i a l o g u e w i t h y o u r w o r k

a s a g r a p h i c a l d i a l o g u e w i t h y o u

i n t e r m s o f d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f q u a l i t i e s m e n t i o n e d . . .

J o n a s T a n gT

HE

BE

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NIN

G

P A R T 0 C O N T E N T S

P A R T O N E

P H O T O G R A P H I C

D I S C U S S I O N

03F L O O R B O X E S

C A N T I -L E V E R S T A C K S

W A L L E D V O L U M E

W A L L E D C O L O U R V O L U M E

04L A R G E -S C A L E

0502

01

P A R T T W O

G R A P H I C A L

D I A L O G U E

03F L O O R B O X E S

C A N T I -L E V E R S T A C K S



04L A R G E -S C A L E

0502

01

P A R T 1 P H O T O G R A P H I C D I S C U S S I O N

P h o t o g r a p h i c D i s c u s s i o n

T h i s p a r t i s t o p r o v i d e d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f J u d d ’ s w o r k

b y m e a n s o f f r a m i n g . J u d d ’ s w o r k i s a l w a y s u n d e r - o b s e r v e d

d u e t o t h e i r s i m p l i c i t y . T h e w o r k g a v e a s t r o n g i m p r e s s i o n t o

t h e m u s e u m s p a c e s a n d t h e o b s e r v e r s . W h a t i s m o r e t h a n t h a t

i s a d e t a i l e d a n d l a y e r e d c o m p l e x i t y w h i c h i s a l w a y s u n d e r -

o b s e r v e d .

P h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d s e r v e s t o b e a g o o d s o u r c e o f f i n d i n g

w h a t t h e p r a c t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l s i d e o f h i s w o r k i s . B o t h o f

h i s w o r k a n d D e S t i j l a r t s h a r e s t h e s a m e p i c t o r i a l q u a l i t y ,

w h i c h i s d e m a n d i n g a c e r t a i n e x t e n t o f t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s a s a

t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e t h e o r e t i c a l t o t h e p r a c t i c a l .

T h e p o i n t , l i n e , p l a n e , v o l u m e g e o m e t r i c r e l a t i o n s h i p i s s h o w n

t o b e c l e a r e r a n d m o r e d e f i n i t i v e w i t h p r o p e r f r a m i n g . A c e r -

t a i n i s s u e o f d e t a i l s i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t t h e p r e c i s i o n c a m e f r o m

t h e m e a n i n g o f d e f i n i t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t e c h n i c a l a c h i e v e m e n t s .

P H O T O O B S E R V A T I O N 0 1

F L O O R B O X E S

0 1 F l o o r B o x e s

D o n a l d J u d d p o s i t i o n e d h i m s e l f a s c u l p t o r m o r e t h a n a

p a i n t e r . H e p r e f e r r e d t h e m u l t i p l e - a n g l e s a n d l o o s e n e s s f r o m

c o n t r o l o f v i e w t h a t p a i n t i n g c a n n o t a c h i e v e d f o r . H i s s p i r i t

t o w a r d s t h e “ f l o o r b o x e s ” i s a n o b j e c t w i t h o u t a n y s p e c i f i c

v i e w i n g a n g l e , w h i c h j u s t s i m p l y e x i s t s . H i s w o r k i s u s u a l l y

j u s t c e n t r a l i n t h e r o o m , w i t h o u t a n y f r o n t a l a n d b a c k . A l l t h e

t i m e h e m a k e s h i s a r t w o r k q u i e t a n d s t a t i c . T h e s t a b l e n e s s o f

t h e o b j e c t s i s s u g g e s t i n g d e f i n i t i v e p l a c e s f o r t h e m b u t w i t h -

o u t a n y t r a c e s o f d y n a m i c b a l a n c e a n d k i n e t i c m o v e m e n t s .

05

Untitled, 1968/1991Douglas fir plywoodpainted, aluminium19 1/2” x 45” x 30 1/2” (cat. no.4)

Untitled, 1962/1987Douglas fir plywoodpainted19 1/2” x 45” x 30 1/2” (cat. no.2)

DSS 41light cadmium red oil on wood49.5 x 115.6 x 77.5 cm

DSS 39light cadmium red oil on wood with iron pipe56.2 x 115.3 x 80cm

DSS 46chartreuse oil on wood and yellow enamel on iron49.5 x112 x 86.4 cm

Untitled, 1964oil on wood , enameled iron19 1/2” x 48” x 34”

Untitled 1969clear anodized alu-minium, plexiglass,33” x 68” x 48”(cat. no.6)

DSS 57(illustrated example 1970)brass and red enamel on wood54.6 x 125.5 x 92.7 cm

DSS 82amber plexiglass and stainless steel50.8 x 122 x 86.4 cm

05

05

05

05

05

05


C A N T I L E V E R S T A C K S

0 2 C a n t i l e v e r S t a c k s

T h e s e s t a c k s , l a y e r e d , c a n t i l e v e r e d b o x w a s o n e o f h i s f a m o u s

s e r i e s . H e a r r a n g e d t h e b o x p r e c i s e l y s u c h t h a t e v e r y i n t e r v a l

i s t h e s a m e . T h i s i s a n o b j e c t o f n o n - s c a l e . T h e a m b i e n c e l i g h t

t h e c o l o u r v o l u m e i s p e r c e i v e d a s a n e w p e r c e p t i o n t o c o l o u r ,

w h e r e c o l o u r i s n o t p a i n t e d i n m a t e r i a l s s u r f a c e , b u t i s a c t u -

a l l y v i s i b l e i n t h e a i r . T h e a n o d i z e d a l u m i n u m w r a p p i n g u s e d

i n s o m e s t a c k s a r t p i e c e s u g g e s t a c o o l a n d r e f l e c t i v e w a y t o

s e e t h e c o l o u r .

DSS 69(exhibition example 1969)blue lacquer on galvanized iron15.3 x 68.6 x 61 cm

Untitled, 1993copper with wrap around plexiglass10 unitseach 9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 30 1/2”(cat. no.27)

Untitled, 1990stainless steel, plexiglass10 units each 9 7/8 “ x 39 3/4” x 30 1/2”(cat. no.20)

Untitled, 1990 Untitled, 1992stainless steel, plex-iglass10 unitseach 6 1/8” x 24” x 27”

DSS 65galvanized iron7 partseach 23 x 101.6 x 76.2 cmdistance each 23cm

F R O M S T A C K S

T O W A L L E D V O L U M E



0 3 W a l l e d V o l u m e

T h i s i s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a n o t h e r s e r i e s w h e r e b o x e s a r e

p a i n t e d i n t e r n a l l y a p u r e c o l o u r a n d t h e v o l u m e o f c o l o u r i s

p e r c e i v e d , s u c h t h a t c o l o u r o c c u p i e s s p a c e a n d v i e w e r a n -

g l e c h a n g e d i n a p r o g r e s s i v e m a n n e r t o d i f f e r e n t i n t e r v a l s .

T h e r e a r e 2 s u b - s e r i e s ; t h e y a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e i r e n c a s -

i n g , o n e w i t h w o o d a n d t h e o t h e r w i t h a l u m i n u m . F o r J u d d , t o

u s e a l u m i n u m s h e e t i s a n a d v a n c e m e n t f r o m w o o d , a s i s p r o -

v i d e s t h i n n e r a n d f i n e r l i n e , w h i c h i s m o r e d e f i n i t i v e i n t h e

g e o m e t r y o f t h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t s a n d i t c o o l s d o w n t h e l i g h t

a n d e q u a l i z e t h e s u r f a c e , w h e r e w o o d i s

w a s h e d a n d w i t h r i c h t e x t u r e s .

S T A C K S

T O W A L L E D V O L U M E

Untitled, 1988aluminium, plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.12)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, anodized aluminium, plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.22)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, anodized aluminium, transparent blue over red plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.24)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, transpar-ent yellow over red plexiglass,9 7/8” x 39 2/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.23)

Untitled, 1988aluminium, plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.12)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, anodized aluminium, plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.22)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, anodized aluminium, transpar-ent blue over red plexiglass9 7/8” x 39 3/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.24)

Untitled, 1991aluminium, transpar-ent yellow over red plexiglass,9 7/8” x 39 2/4” x 9 7/8”(cat. no.23)

Untitled, 1986Douglas fir plywood, plexiglass39 3/4” x 39 3/4” x 19 5/8”

Untitled, 1991Carrten steel, painted black4 unitseach 39 1/4” x 39 3/4” x 19 5/8”



0 4 W a l l e d c o l o u r v o l u m e

T h e 2 c o l o u r w a s a r r a n g e d i n t h e s e n s e t h a t n o o n e i s s t r o n g -

e r t h a n t h e o t h e r a n d t h e r e i s n o c l u e w h i c h i s p r i m a r y a n d

s e c o n d a r y , t h e y c o - e x i s t i n t h e s a m e v a l u e .

C e n t r a l t o t h e c o l o u r a r r a n g e m e n t w a s t h e e x h i b i t i o n “ D o n -

a l d J u d d C o l o u r i s t ” . H e c a r e f u l l y a r r a n g e d c o l o u r i n l o n g s t r i p

b o x a n d p l a c e t h e m i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e a c h o t h e r s o t h a t n o

c o l o u r i s d o m i n a n t , t h e c o l o u r e x i s t e d i n t h e i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e

o f t h e b o x r e f l e c t s t o g i v e a n o t h e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f c o l o u r ,

t h o u g h t h e c o l o u r i s p u r e f o r i t s s u r f a c e , J u d d , t e n d s t o a d -

d r e s s e s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f s p a c e o f c o l o u r i s g r a d u a l .

P R O G R E S S I O N S

A T R A N S I T I O N

T O W A L L E D

C O L O U R V O L U M E

Untitled 1969lacquer on anodized aluminium,6 1/8” x 110 3/4” x 6”(cat. no.7)

Untitled, 1985enameled aluminium11 7/8” x 118” x 11 7/8”(cat. no.9)

Untitled, 1987enameled aluminium2 unitseach 11 7/8” x 141 1/2” x 11 7/8”(cat. no.11)

Untitled, 1987enameled aluminium2 unitseach 11 7/8” x 141 1/2” x 11 7/8”(cat. no.11)

Untitled, 1985enameled aluminium,11 7/8” x 35 1/2” x 11 7/8” (cat. no.8)

Untitled, 1989enameled aluminium,11 7/8” x 70 7/8” x 11 7/8” (cat. no.15)

Untitled, 1989enameled aluminium,11 2/8” x 70 2/8” x 11 7/8”(cat. no.13)

Untitled, 1985enameled aluminium,11 7/8” x 59” x 11 7/8” (cat. no.10)


L A R G E - S C A L E

0 5 L a r g e S c a l e

S c a l e a n d t i m e i s a c e n t r a l i s s u e o f e x h i b i t i o n . H e s a w t h e e x -

h i b i t i o n n o t a t e m p o r a l d i s p l a y o f c e r t a i n k i n d o f a r t w o r k a n d

a s e a s o n a l s w i t c h f r o m v a r i o u s a r t i s t s . B u t i t i s r e a l l y a s i t e -

s p e c i f i c a r t p i e c e w h i c h e x i s t s i n i t s t i m e a n d p l a c e a x i s . H e

m a n a g e d t o h o l d a p e r m a n e n t e x h i b i t i o n i n h i s o w n b u i l d i n g .

T h e e x h i b i t i o n i s a d i s p l a y o f h i s a n d o t h e r s e l e c t e d a r t i s t s

w o r k .

U n d e r c e r t a i n f o u n d a t i o n , h e m a n a g e d t o h a v e p e r m a n e n t

i n s t a l l a t i o n w o r k , w h i c h i s p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y

i n l i n e w i t h h i s a r t a t t i t u d e s .

Untitled, 1991aluminium5 unitseach 59” x 59” x 59”

Chinati Foundationpermanent installation of concrete workby Donald Judd

Chinati Foundation, south artillery shedwith permanent installation of 48 worksby Donald Judd

Chinati Foundation, north artillery shedwith permanent installation of 52 worksby Donald Judd

P A R T 2 G R A P H I C A L D I A L O G U E

G r a p h i c a l D i a l o g u e

T h i s p a r t i s t o p r o v i d e a g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s i s o f J u d d ’ s w o r k , i n

t e r m s o f v a r i o u s s i n g l e a s p e c t s o f p i c t u r e s q u e q u a l i t y , e . g .

p o i n t , l i n e , p l a n e ( s u r f a c e ) , v o l u m e , m a t e r i a l s , l i g h t , s o l i d ,

v o i d … . I t i n h e r i t e d a s t r o n g r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g t h e m .

T h e g r a p h i c a l s t u d y i s a t h e o r e t i c a l r e - c o n s t r u c t o f J u d d ’ s

w o r k o n p a p e r . I t g o e s b e y o n d t h e p u r e s i m p l i c i t y a n d n e a t -

n e s s o f t h e m i n i m a l q u a l i t y . I t a l s o b r i n g s o u t t h e d i s c u s s i o n

o f r i c h n e s s t o w a r d s J u d d ’ s w o r k . M o s t o f t e n , t h e r i c h n e s s

c o m e s f r o m t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f g e o m e t r y

a n d t h e m a t e r i a l s q u a l i t y .

G R A P H I C A L D I A L O G U E 0 1

F L O O R B O X

meet 3 lines | intersect meet 2 lines | folding meet 0 or 1 line | vanishing

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B o r n o n 3 J u n e i n E x c e l s i o r S p r i n g , M i s s o u r i1 9 4 8 / 4 9 S t u d i e d a t t h e C o l l e g e o f W i l l i a m a n d M a r y , W i l l i a m s b u r g1 9 4 8 - 1 9 5 3 S t u d i e d a t t h e A r t S t u d e n t s L e a g u e , N e w Y o r k S t u d i e d a t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , N e w Y o r k , q u a l i f y i n g i n P h i l o s o p h y1 9 5 7 - 1 9 6 2 S t u d i e d A r t H i s t o r y a t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , N e w Y o r k1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 5 A r t c r i t i c f o r v a r i o u s m a g a z i n e s1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 4T a u g h t a t B r o o k l y n I n s t i t u t e o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s ,B r o o k l y n , N e w Y o r k1 9 6 7T a u g h t a t Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y , N e w H a v e n1 9 6 8B o u g h t t h e b u i l d i n g a t 1 0 1 S p r i n g S t r e e t i n N e wY o r k . A w a r d e d a G u g g e n h e i m F e l -l o w s h i p

1 9 7 1 M o v e d t o M a r f a , T e x a s1 9 7 6 B a l d w i n P r o f e s s o r a t O b e r l i n C o l l e g e , O h i o 1 9 8 6O p e n i n g o f a p e r m a n e n t e x h i -b i t i o n o f h i s w o r k s a tt h e C h i n a t i F o u n d a t i o n , M a r f a1 9 8 7A w a r d e d t h e S k o w h e g a n M e d a l f o r S c u l p t u r e b y t h e S k o w h e -g a n S c h o o l o f P a i n t i n g a n d S c u l p t u r e , M a y n e , a n d t h e B r a n d e i s U n i v e r s i t y M e d a l f o r S c u l p t u r e b y B r a n d e i s U n i v e r -s i t y , W a l t h a m , M a s s a c h u s e t t s1 9 9 2P r i z e f r o m t h e S t a n k o w s k i F o u n d a t i o n , S t u t t g a r t1 9 9 3A w a r d f r o m t h e S i k k e n s F o u n -d a t i o n , S a s s e n h e i m ,t h e N e t h e r l a n d s1 9 9 4D o n a l d J u d d d i e d o n 1 2 F e b -r u a r y i n N e w Y o r k

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ED o n a l d J u d d , c o l o r i s t D i e t -

m a r E l g e r ( e d . ) . B o n n : H a t j e

C a n t z P u b l i s h e r s , c 2 0 0 0 .

D o n a l d J u d d , A r c h i t e k t u r

H e r a u s g e g e b e n v o n M a r i a n n e

S t o c k e b r a n d . S t u t t g a r t : E d i -

t i o n C a n t z , 1 9 9 2 .

A r t + d e s i g n : D o n a l d J u d d

[ k a t a l o g r e d a k t i o n , R e n a t e

P e t z i n g e r , H a n n e D a n n e n b e r g

e r ] . [ S t u t t g a r t ] : C a n t z V e r l a g ,

c 1 9 9 3 .

D o n a l d J u d d : E s c u l t u r a ,

g r a v u r a , m o b i l i á r i o = s c u l p -

t u r e , p r i n t s , f u r n i t u r e C e n -

t r o C u l t u r a l d e B e l é m , 1 9 9 7 /

[ C o o r d e n a ç õ e d i t o r i a l , C l a r a

T á v o r a V i l a r , N u n o C a r v a l h o ] .

L i s b o n : M i n i s t é r i o d e C u l -

t u r a : C e n t r o C u l t u r a l d e

B e l é m , c 1 9 9 7 .

D o n a l d J u d d : 1 9 5 5 - 1 9 6 8

/ [ c o n c e p t i o n a n d r e a l i s a -

t i o n ] , T h o m a s K e l l e i n . N e w

Y o r k : D . A . P. , c 2 0 0 2 .

meet 3 lines | intersect

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Donald Judd Fitration