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For more information and to register visit: www.greenroofs.org
Donald Carpenter, Ph.D.HSW Engineering, Inc.
& Lawrence Tech University will be presenting“The Lawrence Technological University Green Roof Performance Evaluation Project”
at the Hillsborough County Green Roof Symposium on Wednesday, June 18, 2008a one-day workshop co-sponsored by
Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, Hillsborough County, and SWFWMDThe workshop will be held at the University of South Florida, Tampa, in the Marshall Center
This symposium is being held in Florida for the first time! Don and HSW are proud to be part of it!
HSW Engineering, Inc.Don Carpenter, Ph.D.
URL: www.hsweng.com
Southfield
Rouge River Watershed
Lawrence Technological UniversityLawrence Technological UniversityTheory and PracticeTheory and Practice
Southfield
Southfield
Campus MapCampus Map
• Southfield, Michigan • Founded in 1932• 120-acre campus• 4,300 students• Colleges of :
• Architecture and • Design, • Arts and Sciences,• Engineering, and• Management
Southfield
Rouge River Watershed
Lawrence Technological University
City of Southfield
Main CampusMain CampusB
G
E
B
B
DB
F
C
AB
Implemented Projects
Proposed Projects
A: Green roof
B: Bioretention
C: Bioswale
D: Porous Pavers
E: StormwaterTreatment Wetland
F: Naturalized Detention
G: Riparian Buffer
H: Cistern
H
Green RoofGreen RoofDefinitionDefinition
A green roof consists of vegetation and A green roof consists of vegetation and soil, planted over a waterproofing soil, planted over a waterproofing membrane. They can be either membrane. They can be either extensive or intensive.extensive or intensive.
LTU ProjectLTU Project10,000 sq ft extensive green roof 10,000 sq ft extensive green roof designed by designed by HydrotechHydrotech..Research project to determine the long Research project to determine the long term effectiveness with regards to term effectiveness with regards to water quality and quantity (USEPA and water quality and quantity (USEPA and LTU COE).LTU COE).
Maintenance = Medium (2 years) / LowMaintenance = Medium (2 years) / Low
Effectiveness = HighEffectiveness = High
Green RoofGreen Roof
Extensive Green RoofHydrotech 6125 – Garden Roof AssemblySaturated Weight = 15.1 lbs/ft2
LTU GREEN ROOFLTU GREEN ROOF
Green Roof in Lawrence Technological University is constructGreen Roof in Lawrence Technological University is constructed on the roof of ed on the roof of A. Alfred Taubman Student Services Center.A. Alfred Taubman Student Services Center.
Green Roof Research in LTUGreen Roof Research in LTU
Research GoalsResearch Goals
The goals of this research project are as follows:The goals of this research project are as follows:
Determine the overall percent of precipitation retained and detaDetermine the overall percent of precipitation retained and detained by ined by
the green roof (water quantity).the green roof (water quantity).
Determine the a nutrient loading attenuation capabilities of theDetermine the a nutrient loading attenuation capabilities of the green roof green roof
(water quality).(water quality).
Determine the reduction in ambient temperature associated with tDetermine the reduction in ambient temperature associated with the he
green roof (air quality).green roof (air quality).
Determine the reduction in storm water temperature associated wiDetermine the reduction in storm water temperature associated with the th the
green roof.green roof.
Establish longEstablish long--term monitoring station capable of determining the term monitoring station capable of determining the
temporal performance of the green roof.temporal performance of the green roof.
Green Roof CrossGreen Roof Cross--Section at LTUSection at LTU
Components of Green Roof at LTUComponents of Green Roof at LTU
Conventional stoneballastNine varieties of sedum
Embeddeddrip irrigation
1. 1. Teledyne Isco Avalanche Transportable Teledyne Isco Avalanche Transportable
Refrigerated SamplerRefrigerated Sampler::
It is furnished with a refrigerated sampler.It is furnished with a refrigerated sampler.
Used for permanent site or portable, Used for permanent site or portable,
sequential, and composite sampling sequential, and composite sampling
applications. applications.
It is capable of collecting samples from a It is capable of collecting samples from a
variety of liquid sources. variety of liquid sources.
Suited to collect priority pollutant or Suited to collect priority pollutant or
general purpose samples in multiple bottles general purpose samples in multiple bottles
or a single bottle. or a single bottle.
Sampling Equipments used at LTUSampling Equipments used at LTU
Sampling Equipments used at LTUSampling Equipments used at LTU
2. 2. ISCO 730 Bubbler flow moduleISCO 730 Bubbler flow module
Measures the pressure needed to force airMeasures the pressure needed to force air
bubbles out of the line, the water level is bubbles out of the line, the water level is
accurately determined. accurately determined.
The 6700 Series or Avalanche Sampler then The 6700 Series or Avalanche Sampler then
converts the level into flow rate.converts the level into flow rate.
A 6" PalmerA 6" Palmer--bowlusbowlus flume is used with pipe flume is used with pipe
stubs on both ends, sampler tube, bubble tube, stubs on both ends, sampler tube, bubble tube,
to cover gasket with wing nuts.to cover gasket with wing nuts.
Sampling Equipments used at LTUSampling Equipments used at LTU
3. 3. Isco 674 Rain GaugeIsco 674 Rain Gauge::
Connects directly to AvalancheConnects directly to Avalanche™™ SamplersSamplers
The Isco 674 Rain Gauge uses a tipping The Isco 674 Rain Gauge uses a tipping
bucket design for rainfall measurement. bucket design for rainfall measurement.
88--inch diameter orifice and factoryinch diameter orifice and factory--
calibrated to tip at either 0.01 inch or 0.1 calibrated to tip at either 0.01 inch or 0.1
mm of rainfall.mm of rainfall.
Flowlink 5 software is used for Data Flowlink 5 software is used for Data Retrieval & Analysis. Retrieval & Analysis.
The Beginning Stages of Green Roof Construction At The Beginning Stages of Green Roof Construction At LTULTU
09/06/2008 17
Types:
Intensive green roofs:
•may include larger plants•require deeper substrate layers (usually > 10cm)•require ‘intense’maintenance, and •accessible to the general public.
Extensive roofs:
•are limited normally to drought tolerant succulents such as Sedum•can be sustained in a shallow substrate layer (< 10 cm)•require minimal maintenance, and •generally not accessible.
09/06/2008 18
Extensive Green Roof Intensive Green Roof
09/06/2008
Extensive green roofs are mostly applied since :
•designed with minimal thick medium.•plants able to survive, regenerate and maintain in harsh weather condition over long periods of time.•do not normally require irrigation.•need minimal maintenance and are the least expensive category of green roofing.•need less structural support.
19
09/06/2008 20
reviewed documents are from several locations, they show that:
•the hydrologic response is diverse due to variation in the physical properties of the media and the layered structure of the systems. •performance is strongly dependent on climatic condition.
Contd:
09/06/2008 21
Green roof systems must be close analogues to the proposed application and that the climatic conditions must be similar to those under which the data was collected. It is therefore essential to study its performance in the region of application.
Purpose of study:
09/06/2008 22
Objectives of Study:
•Comprehensive review and analysis of available data on green roof application in North America
•Evaluate the performance of the green roof at Lawrence Tech University with respect to stormwater quantity and quality
contd.
09/06/2008 23
•Develop and calibrate a simple model of the green roof
•Conduct model simulation to its performance at LTU with respect to stormwater quantity and compare with experimental observations
09/06/2008 24
Experimental Set up:
An area of 3496 square feet from the entire green roof is monitored.it’s performance is compared with two other roofs,
•existing rock ballast roof and, •a conventional roof, acting as the control station.
09/06/2008 25
Monitoring Equipments:
ISCO Avalanche SamplersISCO 730 Bubbler FlowmeterISCO 674 rain gauge4" Palmer-Bowlus FlumesTemperature sensors
09/06/2008 26
Proposed Research Plan:
Review and analyze up to date research of application of extensive green roof in NA with focus on:
•Characteristics of green roof•Stormwater quantity•Stormwater quality•Locations
Contd.
09/06/2008 27
Analyze and compare data for the three roofs at LTU for stormwater quantity.
Analyze and compare data for the three roofs for stormwater quality with respect to:•Temperature•Selected PAHs•Heavy metals such as Copper and Zinc
09/06/2008
Greenroof’s action on stormwater:
•interception•absorption•evapo-transpiration•runoff
28
09/06/2008 29
Result on Stormwater management:
Quantity:
Retention ranged from 30 to 90 %.Detention varied from several minutes to several hours.
09/06/2008 30
Quality:
•not much study done.•no study at all for PAHs.•very few on heavy metals.•some are on nutrients.
09/06/2008 31
Common PAHs in roof runoff:
•Fluoranthene•Pyrene•Benzo[b] Fluoranthene•Benzo[k] Fluoranthene•Benzo[a] pyrene•Naphthalene •Benzo[a]anthracene
Source: Preliminary examination of the nature of urban roof runoff in New Zealand, August 2001.
09/06/2008 32
Model Development:
•Based on the rainfall and runoff data, a simple model defining the Retention Capacity of this particular LTU green roof is developed.
•The calculation is done over a period of time consisting a number of rainfall events and different moisture condition of the media.
Are much lighter in weight with soil depths ranging from 3" to 7Are much lighter in weight with soil depths ranging from 3" to 7". ".
They are typically planted with very hardy species such as sedumThey are typically planted with very hardy species such as sedums, tolerate s, tolerate extreme temperature and moisture conditions.extreme temperature and moisture conditions.
http://www.commons.bcit/images.com` http://www.igra.world.com/
http://www.igra.world.com/
Extensive Green RoofsExtensive Green Roofs
Comparing the Two RoofsComparing the Two RoofsCharacteristics Intensive Green Roof Extensive Green Roof
Soil Requires minimum of one foot of soil depth
Requires only 1 to 5 inches of soil depth
Vegetation Accommodates large trees, shrubs, and well-maintained gardens
Capable of including many kinds of vegetative ground cover and grasses
Load Adds 80-150 pounds per square foot of load
Adds only 12-50 pounds per square foot
Access Regular access accommodated & encouraged
Usually not designed for public accessibility
Maintenance Significant maintenance required
Annual maintenance walks are performed
Drainage Includes complex drainage systems
Simple drainage system
Storm Water ManagementStorm Water ManagementThe green roofs studied function as excellent Best Management PrThe green roofs studied function as excellent Best Management Practices (BMPs) for water retentionactices (BMPs) for water retention
and peak flow reduction. and peak flow reduction.
Green rooftops reduce runoff problems by a variety of means, incGreen rooftops reduce runoff problems by a variety of means, including:luding:
a) The storage of water in the substrate a) The storage of water in the substrate
b) Absorbing water in the root zoneb) Absorbing water in the root zone
c) Capturing and holding precipitation in the plant c) Capturing and holding precipitation in the plant foilagefoilage
http://www.asla.org/land/050205/greenroofcentral.html#
Reduction of Urban Heat IslandReduction of Urban Heat Island
'Urban Heat Island Effect' 'Urban Heat Island Effect' -- difference in temperature between a city and the difference in temperature between a city and the
countryside. countryside.
A green roof will have a noticeable impact on the heat gain and A green roof will have a noticeable impact on the heat gain and loss of a building, as loss of a building, as
well as the humidity, air quality and reflected heat in the surrwell as the humidity, air quality and reflected heat in the surrounding neighborhood.ounding neighborhood.
On a summer day, the temperature of a gravel roof can increase bOn a summer day, the temperature of a gravel roof can increase by as much as 25 y as much as 25 °°C C
(77 (77 °°F), to between 60F), to between 60--80 80 °°C (140 C (140 -- 176 176 °°F).F).
Covered with grass, the temperature of that roof would not rise Covered with grass, the temperature of that roof would not rise above 25 above 25 °°C (77 C (77 °°F), F),
thus resulting in energy cost savings. thus resulting in energy cost savings.
Rooms under a green roof are at least 3 Rooms under a green roof are at least 3 -- 4 4 °°C (5.4 C (5.4 -- 7.27.2°°F) cooler than the air outside, F) cooler than the air outside,
when outdoor temperatures range between 25when outdoor temperatures range between 25--30 30 °°C (77 C (77 -- 86 86 °°F).F).
LTU GREEN ROOFLTU GREEN ROOF
Green Roof in Lawrence Technological University is constructed oGreen Roof in Lawrence Technological University is constructed on the roof of A. Alfred n the roof of A. Alfred Taubman Student Services Center.Taubman Student Services Center.
Green Roof CrossGreen Roof Cross--Section at LTUSection at LTU
The Beginning Stages of Green Roof Construction At The Beginning Stages of Green Roof Construction At LTULTU
REFERENCESREFERENCES
‘‘Sweet SedumSweet Sedum”” Profiles of five green roofs, from Profiles of five green roofs, from MetropolisMetropolis magazine magazine
A timeline of notable green roofsA timeline of notable green roofs from from MetropolisMetropolis magazine magazine
A map of U.S. green roofs and facts about the technologyA map of U.S. green roofs and facts about the technology from from MetropolisMetropolismagazine magazine
May your roof be greenMay your roof be green Article on green roofs in Egypt Article on green roofs in Egypt
The Creekside Centre in Deptford (Greenwich) The Creekside Centre in Deptford (Greenwich) -- London, UK has a green London, UK has a green roof roof
The Urban Ecology Centre The Urban Ecology Centre -- Montreal, Canada, has installed a model green Montreal, Canada, has installed a model green roof and offers public workshops and visits roof and offers public workshops and visits
Why Green Roof Standards? FLL Guideline? Why Green Roof Standards? FLL Guideline?
The German Landscape Research, Development & Construction SocietThe German Landscape Research, Development & Construction Societyyhttp://www.ifenergy.com/50226711/the_history_of_green_roof_technhttp://www.ifenergy.com/50226711/the_history_of_green_roof_technology.ology.phpphp
http://http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/strategies/greenroofs.htmlwww.epa.gov/heatisland/strategies/greenroofs.html Michigan State Michigan State University Green Roof Research University Green Roof Research
http://http://www.earthpledge.www.earthpledge.orgorg//
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
HistoryHistory European technology and European technology and experience is over 35 years oldexperience is over 35 years oldTens of millions of square feet Tens of millions of square feet installed in Europe and around installed in Europe and around the world.the world.
Leaders in Garden Roof Technology…
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Ecological BenefitsEcological BenefitsProcessing of airborne toxinsProcessing of airborne toxinsCarbon Sink Carbon Sink …… (re(re--oxygenates the air) oxygenates the air) Wildlife corridors. Wildlife corridors. Reduces Urban Heat Reduces Urban Heat Island effectsIsland effects
keeps urban areas coolerkeeps urban areas coolerreduces power demandsreduces power demandsreduces smogreduces smog
Washington D.C.
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Technical BenefitsTechnical BenefitsReduces temperature extremes on roofReduces temperature extremes on roofPrevents mechanical damage to roof membranePrevents mechanical damage to roof membraneReduction of noise transmission into buildingReduction of noise transmission into buildingIncreased energyIncreased energyefficiencyefficiencyStorm waterStorm watermanagementmanagement ..
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
100%100% 100%100% 100%100%5%5%
95%95% 80%80%
20%20% 50%-90%50%50%--90%90%
50%-10%50%-10%
Storm water runoffStorm water runoff
Sloping roof Flat Roof Garden Roof Garden Roof ®®U U U
CisternCisternSeparateSeparatesystemsystem
PondRainwater retention
Draining ditch
Clarification plant
CombinedCombinedsystemsystem
ToiletToiletToilet
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Owner BenefitsOwner BenefitsAdditional usable tenant spaceAdditional usable tenant spaceIncreases property value Increases property value Creates therapeutic, peaceful Creates therapeutic, peaceful environments.environments.Financial incentives from Financial incentives from government . government .
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Conventional Green Roofvs.Garden RoofAssemblies
Garden Roof Assembly®
Conventional Green Roof
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Ordinary Soil Ordinary Soil -- high in clay contenthigh in clay content
Very heavy Very heavy -- especially when wetespecially when wetProne to compaction Prone to compaction --especially at shallower depthsespecially at shallower depths
loss of oxygen/nutrientsloss of oxygen/nutrientssoil acidificationsoil acidification
poor drainagepoor drainagefungus growth & root rot.fungus growth & root rot.
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Garden RoofGarden Roof®®ComponentsComponents
PlantsPlants
Lightweight soilLightweight soil
System Filter SFSystem Filter SF
Floradrain Floradrain -- water drainage,water drainage,retention & aeration layerretention & aeration layer
Moisture retention layerMoisture retention layer
Root barrier & protection courseRoot barrier & protection course
Monolithic Membrane 6125Monolithic Membrane 6125--FRFR
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Garden Roof Garden Roof ®®
-- InsulatedInsulated
PlantsPlants
Lightweight soilLightweight soil
System Filter SFSystem Filter SF
Floradrain Floradrain -- water drainage,water drainage,retention & aeration layerretention & aeration layer
Moisture retention layerMoisture retention layer
STYROFOAM* with air layerSTYROFOAM* with air layer
Root barrier & protection courseRoot barrier & protection course
Monolithic Membrane 6125Monolithic Membrane 6125--FRFR
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Floradrain 25, 40 & 60 Floradrain 25, 40 & 60 -- Drainage/Water Retention/Ventilation LayerDrainage/Water Retention/Ventilation LayerReproduce basic elements of natural groundReproduce basic elements of natural groundDrainage of excess waterDrainage of excess water
prevent fungus growth, root rotprevent fungus growth, root rotRetention of water for plant useRetention of water for plant useAir circulationAir circulation
provide necessary oxygen provide necessary oxygen to root zone.to root zone.
FD 40
FD 60
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Garden Roof Soil CharacteristicsGarden Roof Soil CharacteristicsMust be able to retain Must be able to retain moisture/nutrients and drain freelymoisture/nutrients and drain freelyph level must be correctph level must be correctLighter than ordinary soilLighter than ordinary soil
Types Types --Humus (organic)Humus (organic)Expanded Shale, Slate Expanded Shale, Slate or Clay (mineral)or Clay (mineral)
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
PlantsPlantsResistant to direct radiationResistant to direct radiationDrought resistantDrought resistantFrost resistantFrost resistantWind resistantWind resistantRegenerative.Regenerative.
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Planting Growth
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
EXTENSIVE EXTENSIVE Garden RoofGarden RoofLightweightLightweightLow maintenanceLow maintenanceNo irrigation (typically)No irrigation (typically)Limited varietyLimited varietyof plantsof plantsNonNon--recreational recreational Simple design.Simple design.
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Ordinary Soil (6”)
Pea Gravel (6”)
Weight (lb/sq.ft.)Dry
36 60
53 60
89 120
Wet
Grass Lawn (Conventional Green Roof)
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Intensive Soil (6”)
Drainage/Retention
Weight (lb/sq.ft.)Dry
30 45
4 4.7
34 49.7
Wet
Grass Lawn (Garden Roof Assembly)
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Extensive Soil (3”)
Drainage/Retention
Weight (lb/sq.ft.)Dry
17 22.5
0.4 1.2
17.4 23.7
Wet
Extensive - Garden Roof Assembly (min. thickness)
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
INTENSIVEINTENSIVE Garden RoofGarden RoofGreater soil depthGreater soil depthRequires careRequires careMust be irrigatedMust be irrigatedRecreational useRecreational useWide varietyWide varietyof plants,of plants,shrubs, andshrubs, andsmall trees.small trees.
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Intensive Roofscape (Conventional Green Intensive Roofscape (Conventional Green Roof)Roof)
Ordinary Soil (12”)
Pea Gravel (6”)
Weight (lb/sq.ft.)Dry
72 120
53 60
125 180
Wet
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Intensive Soil (8”)
Drainage/Retention
Weight (lb/sq.ft.)Dry
45.6 70.4
5 7.4
50.6 77.8
Wet
Intensive Roofscape (Garden Roof Assembly)Intensive Roofscape (Garden Roof Assembly)
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Vegetation FreeZones
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
Planning ConsiderationsPlanning ConsiderationsStructural capacitiesStructural capacities…… weight loads to considerweight loads to considerWind loadingWind loading…… UL and FM guidelines & approvalsUL and FM guidelines & approvalsFire ResistanceFire Resistance…… UL and FM guidelines & approvalsUL and FM guidelines & approvalsSlopeSlope…… dead level to 2dead level to 2”” in 12in 12”” possiblepossibleDetailingDetailing…… transitions to hardscape, perimeterstransitions to hardscape, perimetersAccess/Maintenance.Access/Maintenance.
DETAILS
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
ProjectsProjects
Garden RoofGarden Roof ®®
ProjectsProjects
CisternCistern
DefinitionDefinitionAn underground retention facility that An underground retention facility that holds storm water for reuse.holds storm water for reuse.
LTU ProjectLTU ProjectA 10,000 gallon cistern that captures A 10,000 gallon cistern that captures excess roof water from student services excess roof water from student services center for gray water reuse.center for gray water reuse.
Maintenance = Very LowMaintenance = Very Low
Effectiveness = HighEffectiveness = High
Normalized Hydrographs - June 10, 2008
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hours)
Dis
char
ge (c
fs) p
er 1
000
sq ft
roof
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
Rai
nfal
l (ft) Black
StoneGreen15 min rainfall
Cumulative Depth - June 10, 2008
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hours)
Cum
ulat
ive
Run
-off/
Rai
nfal
l (ft)
BlackStoneGreenRainfall
Normalized Hydrographs - May 30, 2008
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
Dis
char
ge (c
fs) p
er 1
000
sq ft
roof
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
Rai
nfal
l (ft) Blackroof
StoneroofGreenroofRainfall
Cumulative Run-off - May 30, 2008
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
Cum
ulat
ive
Run
-off/
Rai
nfal
l (ft)
BlackroofStoneroofGreenroofRainfall
Run-off Comparison
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Rainfall (in)
Run
-off
Dep
th (i
n)
BlackroofStoneroofGreenroofLinear Poly. (Stoneroof)Poly. (Greenroof)
Green Roof Run-off Coefficient
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Rainfall (in)
Run
-off
Coe
ffici
ent
PLANT LIST Student Services Center Green RoofLAWRENCE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYSouthfield, Michigan
QTY. BOTANICAL NAME/COMMON NAME SIZE ROOT SPACING COMMENTS
3430 Dianthus plumarius 2 1/4" pot 9" O.C. peat pot preferred3430 Koeleria glauca 2 1/4" pot 9" O.C. peat pot preferred3430 Sedum album 2 1/4" pot 9" O.C. peat pot preferred3430 Sedum floriferum 2 1/4" pot 9" O.C. peat pot preferred3430 Sedum spurium 2 1/4" pot 9" O.C. peat pot preferred
PERENNIALS
Questions?Questions?
Thanks!Thanks!
http://www.ltu.edu/stormwater/index.asp
LID LID StormwaterStormwater Practices Practices on the Campus of on the Campus of
Lawrence Technological UniversityLawrence Technological University
Donald D CarpenterDonald D Carpenter
Laura Laura HallamHallam, LTU, LTUMark Mark HeiberHeiber, Harley Ellis , Harley Ellis DevereauxDevereaux