MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Domestication of Lesser Known Tropical

Species Neolamarckia cadamba among the

Small Scale Forest Owners

Ahmad Zuhaidi, Y.,

Hashim, M. N. , Sarifah, K &

Norhazaedawati, B

Forest Research Institute

Malaysia

IUFRO 2012 Small-Scale Forestry: Science for Solutions, 24-27

September 2012, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

My presentation:

• About the species

• Distribution and Ecological

• Early planting in Malaysia

• Facts and figures of the species

• The growth and yield

performance

• Field observation

• Positive and disadvantages

• Research on the planting materials productions

• General remarks

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Forest / Forest Industry situation

i. Government and the association of wood-based

industries recognized the need to develop forest

plantations for the sustenance of timber supply.

ii. Increasing import values of logs and sawntimber

from neighbouring countries indicates the

shortage of raw materials for local consumption

needs

iii. Incentives by the government on commercial

plantation; soft loans; income tax reduction

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Experience in Forest Plantation

Main species planted Hevea brasiliensis, Acacia mangium, both

exotics, since 1990’s

Need to plant potential native species

Causes and failures of previous plantation species,

i. Known techniques are not applied

ii. Management practices, are not tuned to the species / sites.

iii. Often the approach of designing plantation projects is too

narrow

iv. Unable to produce the timber quality anticipated and economic

targets cannot be achieved.

v. Readily, the species is blamed for the failure.

vi. .

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Forest plantation as an alternative

i. Allocation of production forests or an annual coupe is

slowly decreasing, the role of forest plantations, an

alternative source of raw materials and investments in

forestry sector.

ii. Current stage, a total of 1,000,000 ha of land identified

in various states with major portions in Sabah and

Sarawak

iii. A total 8 species listed including natives such as N.

cadamba, which is found growing in natural forests

iv. Tectona grandis, Rubber, Acacias, potential exotic such

as Khaya spp. and Eucalyptus.

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

About the species

It can be found between latitude 27 º N and latitude

9 º S, from India to Nepal, through Myanmar,

Thailand and Indo China and eastward in the

Peninsular Malaysia, Island of Borneo to Papua

New Guinea. It is known as “Kelempayan” in

Peninsular Malaysia, “Laran ” in Sabah, “Jabon ” in

Kalimantan and “Kadam” in India.

i. Family Rubiaceae was formerly

Anthocephalus cadamba and

later changed to Anthocephalus

chinensis and now renamed

by the botanist as Neolamarkia

cadamba.

ii. Pioneer tree, geographical and

ecological range, between

latitude 27 º N and latitude 9 º

S, India to Nepal, Thailand

and Indo China and eastward in

the Peninsular Malaysia, Island

of Borneo to Papua New

Guinea. It is known as

“Kelempayan” in Peninsular

Malaysia, “Laran ” in

Sabah/Sarawak, “Jabon ” in

Kalimantan/Java and “Kadam”

in India.

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Ecological characteristics

i. Found growing in moist,

warm type of deciduous

and evergreen forests in

area below 1300 m altitude

with annual rainfall from

1500-5000 mm.

ii. Light demanding species

and grows on a variety of

soils commonly grows best

on deep, moist alluvial

ground, along rivers and

swampy areas

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In this study, seeds are collected from selected

mother trees in the wild

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Later raised in the nursery until plants are ready for planting

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Similar trials using leafy cuttings

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Trial using vegetative propagation, mainly

cuttings

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Experimental results

Production of Planting Stocks of Neolamarckia cadamba by Leafy Stem Cuttings

H. AMINAH, M. S. AHMAD FAUZI, A. F. MOHD ADI FAIZ, M. HAMZAH & M. FAUZIAH. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor, Malaysia

Email: aminah@frim.gov.my

Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the species chosen for forest plantation in Malaysia because it is a fast growing

species and suitable for planting in the plantation. The planting materials for this species are normally obtained from

seeds or wildings. However, there is problem with regular seed supply because seeds are produced according to

seasons. Due to this problem, vegetative propagation by stem cuttings can be an alternative technique to supplement

the supply of planting materials. For this project, effect of medium and hormones on cuttings of the species were

studied. This experiment was followed by the determination of suitable potting medium to raise the planting stocks

produced from rooted cuttings

In the experiment on propagation by cuttings 3 media and 4 commercial hormones and control were used. The media

used were sand, coconut husk and a mixture of these two media in the ratio of 1:1 while the hormones applied were 1)

Seradix 2 (0.6% Indole butyric acid- IBA), 2) Seradix 3 (0.8% IBA) 3) Plantone-R 2000 (0.2% IBA+0.1% NAA-

Naphthalene acetic acid), 4) Plantone-R 3000 (0.3% IBA+0.15% NAA) and 5) Control. For potting media experiment,

media used were 1) 100% forest top soil, 2) soil:sand 3) soil:coconut husk, 4) soil:rice hulls, 5) soil:leaf compost and 6)

sand:leaf compost. The ratio for each of these mixtures was 1:1.

Results for the experiment on cuttings showed that, there was no significant difference between other hormone

treatments and control, but they produced significantly higher rooting than Seradix 3. Highest rooting was obtained

with Plantone R-3000 (74.4%) followed by Seradix 2 (72.2%).

In terms of rooting media, no significant difference in rooting of cuttings was achieved. However, potting was

significantly higher in media of soil, mixture of soil:compost and sand:compost compared to mixture of soil:coconut

husks and soil:rice hulls. Diameter increment was significantly higher in mixture of soil:compost and sand:compost

compared to mixture of soil:coconut husks and soil:rice hulls. The media with soil:compost had the highest height

increment (20.4 cm) and the highest diameter increment was obtained in media of sand:compost (9.1 cm).

Key words: Plantation species: Vegetative propagation: rooting medium: hormones: potting medium

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

In this domestication study, 4 study sites

• I - Sandakan, Sabah located at latitude 5o 54 ‘ N and longitude 118 o

04 ‘ E. The area experiences a typical equatorial climate, with

constant temperature, considerable amount of rain and high humidity.

Elevation ranges from 25 to 30 m above sea level. Overall the stand is

located along riverine areas.

• II - The stand in , Sibu, Sarawak started in 2007 was under the

Immense Fleet Forest Plantation Programme covers an area of 2,000

hectares . The areas in general are undulating with steep slopes

between an elevation of 100 and 180 m above sea level.

• III – Setul FR in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia at longitude 2 o 47 ‘, latitude 101 o 55 ‘ E. Located just north of the Equator, the area

has a perhumid climate with average daily temperature ranging from

27 to 32 o C. The annual rainfall was between 1900 and 2050 mm

• IV – Sabah Softwood Sdn Bhd , Tawau (single plot) is located at the

latitude 4 o 16 ‘ N and longitude 117 o 53 ‘ E slightly below in latitude

from Sandakan, experiencing similar weather pattern with temperature

ranges from 26 to 27 O C

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Site III

Study sites

Site I

Site II

Site IV

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Field Planting (well drained, high moisture

regime) after 6 months, FRIM

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Field Planting (well drained, high moisture

regime) after 12 months FRIM

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Site I

Planted at 5 x5 m

spacing, low

lying area

adjacent to water

ways

After 4 years

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Site II

Planted at 4 x4 m

spacing, gentle

sloping area

adjacent to water

ways

4-year-old N. cadamba

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Site III 6-month old provenance

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Site III after 12 months

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Site III after 3 years

Planted at 4 x4 m spacing, gentle sloping area

adjacent to water ways

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Site IV

Planted at 4 x4 m

spacing, gentle

sloping area

adjacent to water

ways

10-year-old N. cadamba

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Achieved growth and yield _ Site I

Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele

1 4 333 19.9 13.85 10.42 85.59 21.65 25 – 30

2 4 327 23.7 15.46 14.36 133.20 33.30

3 4 313 23.6 15.93 14.54 138.97 34.74

Ave. 22.4 119.25 29.87

MAI 5.6

Private plantations, Kenangan Manis,

Sandakan, Sabah (150 trees)

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Achieved growth and yield _ Site II

Table 1 Private plantations, Kenangan Manis, Sandakan (150 trees)

Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele.

1 4 437 19.3 14.0 12.82 107.69 31.41 181.6

2 4 388 19.2 12.9 11.29 87.38 21.84 176.6

3 4 350 18.6 11.6 9.49 66.05 16.51 99.7

Ave. 19.0 87.04 23.25

MAI 4.8

Immense Fleet stands, Sibu, Kanowit,

Sarawak (150 trees)

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Achieved growth and yield _ Site III

Plot/source Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele. 1/Keningau 4 855 9.4 6.56 5.89 23.18 5.79 75 - 250 2 882 10.0 7.78 6.93 32.35 8.08 3/Ulu Segama 4 827 12.2 8.64 9.64 49.97 12.49 4 782 10.3 7.13 6.52 27.89 6.93 5/Sibuga 4 418 11.4 8.47 4.26 21.65 5.41 6 682 10.8 7.97 6.29 30.08 7.52 7/L. Datu 4 573 13.6 10.25 8.33 51.22 12.81 8 627 11.4 8.78 6.43 33.87 8.47

Average 11.0 33.78 8.44 MAI 2.8

Setul Forest Reserve, Negeri

Sembilan (400 trees)

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Achieved growth and yield _ Site IV

Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele.

1 10 1063 25.2 17.39 52.83 551.22 55.12 75

MAI 2.5

Sabah Softwood Berhad, Tawau,

Sabah (75 trees)

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Overall results after 4 years

• Favourable growth rates based on the results

from 4 different sites, except in Site III, in P.

Malaysia

• May not be suitable in higher elevation or not

associated with water

• Potential species for rehabilitation of riverine

areas or areas with high moisture regime, which

are unsuitable to other plantation species

• Utilization of native fast growing species

• Aspects of wood utilization is yet to be

examined

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Weaknesses observed

• Presence of stem

borer, Endoclita

aroura

• Treatment – trunk

injection with

systemic insecticide

e.g.

Methamidophos at

10 cc per treatment

• However, no major

outbreak of pest

attack

• Defoliators –

Margaronia hilaralis

• Treatment –

• a) Before field planting

– apply systemic

• insecticide e.g.

Carbofuran to every

seedlings

• b) Age below 6 months

old – insecticide spray

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Observation of close association with water

regime

• Measurement on

tree sizes with

distance from water

sources

• To relate that the

species grows best

on deep, moist

alluvial ground,

along rivers and

swampy areas

Negative relation of dbh growth with moisture regime

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

Future Outlooks • Government initiatives

– multi disciplinary

species for plantations

• Increasing interest by

the Investors as source

of light hardwood

supply

• Native species

availability of seeds

and vegetative

propagation

• Alternatives species in

areas not suitable for

other plantation

species

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Application of available knowledge

MS ISO 9001 : 2000

To conclude;

1. The results obtained from the study help:

i. answering questions relating the potential

growth rate, expected rotation;

ii. rehabilitation of wide range of plantation sites;

iii. the importance of silvicultural regime in the

management of the species.

2. Species site-specific characteristic- closely related

in association with water sources;

3. An alternative source of indigenous tree species

besides the exotic

MS ISO 9001 : 2000 33

Thank you for attending this session,

happy to answer questions now or

during the break