Civil Engineering Handbook Structural Steel
822 Dome RoofsWed, 04 Mar 2015 | Structural Steel
These are preferable to arches where the large column-free area
to be covered
is circular, elliptical, or approximately an equal-sided
polygon. They often have
been used for the roofs of exhibition buildings, arenas,
planetariums, water
reservoirs, and gas tanks. Also, the feasibility of covering
large stadiums with
domes has been demonstrated. Domes are relatively lightweight,
despite long
spans, because they can be shaped so that loads induce mainly
axial stresses.
Domes may be readily supported on columns, without ties or
buttresses,
because they can be shaped to produce little or no thrust. For a
shallow dome, a
tension ring usually is provided around the base to resist
thrusts. If desired,
however, domes may be extended to grade, thus eliminating the
need for walls
(Fig. 8.3l). If an opening is left at the crown, for example,
for a lantern (Fig.
8.3lb), a compression ring is installed around the opening to
resist the thrusts.
Also, if desired, portions of a dome may be made movable, to
expose the
building interior.
FIGURE 8.31 Steel-framed domes. (a) Arch rib; (b) Schwedler; (c)
pleated rib.
FIGURE 8.31 Steel-framed domes. (a) Arch rib; (b) Schwedler; (c)
pleated rib.
Designers have a choice of a wide variety of structural systems
for domes. In
general, dome construction may be categorized as single-layer
framing (Fig.
8.31a and 8.31b); double-layer (truss) framing, or space frame,
for greater
resistance to buckling; and stressed skin, with the roof deck
acting integrally
with structural framing. Greater stiffness can be obtained by
dimpling, pleating
(Fig. 8.31c), or undulating the surface.
Figure 8.31a shows a ribbed dome. Its principal components are
half arches.
They are shown connected at the crown, but usually, to avoid a
cramped joint
with numerous members converging there, the ribs are terminated
at a small-
diameter compression ring circumscribing the crown. The opening
may be used
for light and ventilation. If the connections at the top and
bottom of the ribs
permit rotation in the plane of each rib, the system is
statically determinate for
all loads.
Figure 8.31b shows a Schwedler dome, which offers more even
distribution of
the dead load and reduces the unbraced length of the ribs.
Principal members
are the arch ribs and a series of horizontal rings with diameter
increasing with
distance from the crown. The ribs transmit loads to the base
mainly by axial
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