Domain IIOrganisms

EOCT Review pages 5-7

1

• ATP is a nucleotide.

• It is used as a source of energy in the cell.

2

• ATP releases energy as bonds are broken.

• A – P – P – P

• A – P – P + P

This bond is broken

This is ADP…which is a lower energy molecule than ATP.

3

• Cell use energy for:

• Respiration

• Photosynthesis (in plants)

• Digestion (in animals)

• Reproduction (meiosis)

• Active transport

• Growth and repair (mitosis)

4Process Organelle where it

occursWhat is needed? What is produced?

Photosynthesis

Cell Respiration

Chloroplast CO2, H20, LIGHTSugar (glucose) and Oxygen

Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

Sugar (glucose) and Oxygen CO2, H20, 36 ATP

CO2 + H20 + LIGHT Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen

5

• PLANTAE!!!!!

• And…Some bacteria and some protists.

6

• Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen CO2 + H20 + 36 ATP

7

• All eukaryotic kingdoms perform respiration:• Plantae

• Protista

• Animalia

• Fungi

8

• Autotroph; Producer

9

• Heterotroph; Consumer

10

• Fermentation is a process that occurs when there is not enough oxygen to run steps 2 (Krebs cycle)and 3 (Electron transport chain) of cell respiration.

• It happens in the cytoplasm.

11

• The glucose is broken in half during step 1 of cell respiration (glycolysis) to form two pyruvate molecules.

• The pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, which allows glycolysis to happen again.

• You feel the lactic acid build up as a burning sensation in your muscles.

12

• Taxonomy is the scientific study of classifying organisms into groups based on characteristics.

13

• Homo sapiens

• Homo = genus name

• sapiens = species name.

14

• K

• P

• C

• O

• F

• G

• S

15

• A taxon (pl. taxa) is a level of classification.• K, P, C, O, F, G, and S are taxa.

16

• Similar DNA sequences (biochemistry)

• Physical similarities

• Geographic distribution

• Chromosome comparisons

• Breeding behavior

17

• It allows for an orderly study and makes comparisons between organisms possible.

18

• Evolutionary relationships are another way to determine how closely two species are related.

19

• Old bacterial kingdom = Monera

• Scientists realized that some bacteria were as different from other bacteria as plants are from animals. • So, they needed to be in different kingdoms.

• Thus, the birth of kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

20

• A tool used to determine the identity of an organism based on physical characteristics.

21

• A = house fly

• B = Grasshopper

• C = Ladybug

• D = dragonfly

22

• A cladogram is a diagram showing evolutionary relationships and history between organisms.

23

• A.) Mosses• Technically it is the green algae ancestor, but of the clades listed, Mosses are the oldest.

• B.) Ferns, Cone-bearing plants and Flowering plants

• C.) Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants

• D.) Flowering plants

19…don’t know why it is numbered 19….accept it and move on.

Characteristic Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type PRO PRO EU EU EU EU

# of cells 1 1 1+ Some 1+, most multi

Multi multi

Nucleus NO NO YES YES YES YES

FOOD? Some auto/some hetero

Some auto/somehetero

Some auto/some hetero

Hetero Auto Hetero

Cell wall? YES YES Some YES YES NO

Photosyn? NO A few A few NO YES NO

Ex: ThermophilesMethanogens

-E. Coli-Staph-Strep

EuglenaAmoebaParamecium

-Mold- Yeast

Plants Animals

24

• Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction that occurs in bacteria. It is very similar to mitosis:

• 1.) The bacterial DNA is copied.

• 2.) The copied DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell.

• 3.) The cell splits in half forming two identical cells.

25

• Decomposers return nutrients into the soil (and atmosphere in the case of carbon (CO2) allowing the cycle to continue.

26

• Viruses are considered non-living because:• 1.) They cannot reproduce on their own. (They need a host).

• 2.) They are not made of cells. • They are essentially a bag made of protein with DNA or RNA in the bag.

27

Pay special attention to the CAPSID and the DNA. These are the two most important parts for you to know!!!

This is a BACTERIOPHAGE.(A virus that infects bacteria)

28

• In the lytic cycle, the virus:• 1.) completely takes over the cell

• 2.) uses the cell’s organelles to make new viruses

• 3.) causes the cell to explode, releasing the new viruses.

• In the lysogenic cycle, the virus:• 1.) hides its DNA in the host cell

DNA.

• 2.) reproduces only as fast as the host cell goes through mitosis.

• 3.) may lie hidden for years before the person shows any symptoms.

These are very fast-acting viruses.

These tend to be slow-acting viruses.

29

• A very basic explanation:• 1.) The virus enters the host cell.

• 2.) The virus is copied within the cell.• Either by

• taking over the cell (lytic cycle) or

• by being copied as the host cell divides (lysogenic cycle)

• 3.) The new viruses leave the cell to infect other cells.

Domain IIIEOCT review guide pages 8

1

• Interphase & Cell Division

2

• G1 = cell grows and carries out its normal job.

• S phase = DNA is copied (replicated/duplicated)

• G2 = Cell prepares for division

3

• During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down and the copied chromosomes are separated to either side of the cell. (this is mitosis)

• Then , the cell divides. (This is cytokinesis)

4

• The cytoplasm of the cell divides, cutting the cell in half.

• In animals, the cell pinches in half.

• In plants, the cell builds a new cell wall in the middle of the cell. The new cell wall is called a cell plate.

5

• A = Early Prophase

• B = Telophase

• C = Metaphase

• D = Interphase

• E = Anaphase

• F = Late Prophase

6Phase Description

Prophase DNA condenses to form chromosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase Copied chromosomes line up at the center (equator) of the cell.

Anaphase Copied chromosomes (sister chromatids) split apart and begin moving to the poles of the cell.

Telophase The exact opposite of prophase. DNA unwinds and the new nuclear envelopes reform.

7

• Mitosis is for growth and repair.

• Meiosis is for production of gametes

8

• Haploid = a cell with half the normal number of chromosomes. These cells are usually gametes.

• Diploid = a cell with a full set of chromosomes. These cells are usually somatic cells.