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39 Offices in 19 Countries Typical Legal Issues regarding Startups (スタートアップを巡る典型的法律問 ) 下田 範幸 (日本およびカリフォルニア州弁護士) Squire Sanders (US) LLP (San Francisco Office) パートナー Phone: (415) 393-9894 Email: [email protected] May 15, 2013 at Palo Alto Office June 19, 2013 at San Francisco Office DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Venture Capital Financing – Part 1

DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA - Squire Patton Boggs/media/files/insights/...¾2) Resign from a current job (現職からの退職) ¾3) Start a new business in a garage (自宅ガレージで新

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  • 39 Offices in 19 Countries

    Typical Legal Issues regarding Startups(スタートアップを巡る典型的法律問

    題)

    下田 範幸 (日本およびカリフォルニア州弁護士)Squire Sanders (US) LLP (San Francisco Office) パートナー

    Phone: (415) 393-9894Email: [email protected]

    May 15, 2013 at Palo Alto OfficeJune 19, 2013 at San Francisco Office

    DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIAVenture Capital Financing –Part 1

  • 1

    Introduction - 1

    • Venture Capital Seminar Part -1Typical Legal Issues regarding Startups

    • Venture Capital Seminar Part -2Basics of US Securities Laws

    • Venture Capital Seminar Part -3Preferred Stock Financing Transactions

  • 2

    Introduction - 2

    • Example of Startup Success Process(典型的サクセスストーリーの例)

    1) Come up with an innovative business idea or technology (革新的技術の発案)2) Resign from a current job (現職からの退職)3) Start a new business in a garage (自宅ガレージで新ビジネス開始)4) Establish a Delaware corporation with capital of $0.00001 per share of common stock to run the business (デラウエア会社を設立し、一株0.00001ドルの普通株を取得)5) Prepare a preliminary business plan (最初のビジネスプランを作成)6) Obtain seed financing from angels (エンジェルから初期出資を得る。)7) Employ technology personnel and management team through use of stock options (ストックオプションで技術者および経営陣を構成する従業員を雇用)8) Develop and complete a business plan (本格的ビジネスプランの作成)

  • 3

    Introduction – 2 (Cont.)

    • Example of Startup Success Process 9) Apply for IP protection such as patent and trademark (特許出願、商標出願等の知的財産権取得)10) First preferred stock round financing from venture capitalists and/or others through Series A Preferred Stock and raise $3 M at $1 per share (最初の優先株シリーズAを一株1ドルで発行し、合計3ミリオンドルの調達)11) Further develop technology/products(さらなる技術開発)12) Second preferred round financing through Series B Preferred Stock and raise $5 M at $2 per share(2回目の優先株シリーズBを一株2ドルで発行し、合計5ミリオンドルを調達)13) Further develop technology/products, and develop a marketing plan and start building sales channels(さらに技術開発を進め、マーケティングプラン、セールスチャンネルの構築開始)14) Obtain bridge financing(つなぎ資金調達)

  • 4

    Introduction – 2 (Cont.)

    • Example of Startup Success Process 15) Complete products and execute agreements with major companies for license or distribution of products and start sales.(製品の完成と、大きな会社との販売契約等の締結)

    16) Third round financing from venture capitalists and/or others through Series C Preferred Stock and raise $10 M at $3 per share (3回目の優先株シリーズCを一株3ドルで発行し、合計10ミリオンドルを調達)17) Further build sales channels and increase sales(販売業績の上昇)

    18) Build reputation as successful startup (成功スタートアップの評判の確立)

    19) Mezzanine financing round (メザニンラウンド調達)20) IPO at NASDAQ at $5 per share or acquisition by a larger corporation (上場、またはM&A)

  • 5

    Key Points

    • VC-funded companies often follow a standard funding model.(ベンチャー会社は資金調達について共通のモデルに従うことが多い)

    • VC-funded companies encounter many legal issues as they grow.(ベンチャー会社は成長するにしたがって多くの法律問題への対応が必要になる)

  • 6

    VC Fund versus Strategic Investors (ベンチャー投資と戦略的投資)

    • A VC fund seeks to maximize the financial return for the fund’s partners (investors) within a limited time frame. (ベンチャーキャピタルは投資家のために、投資に対する短期間での最大限のリターンを追及する。)

    • Strategic investors seek a long-term collaborative relationship with startups through investment. A strategic investor invests in order to establish a special relationship with a startup to obtain new technologies or products, a potential supplier, or a license.(戦略的投資家は、スタートアップとの長期的な関係を追及し、スタートアップが開発した新技術の使用権の取得等を最大の目的として投資をする。)

  • 7

    Basics of VC Fund(ベンチャーキャピタル・ファンドの基礎)

    • Structure and Formation (法的組織と設立)Structured as a limited partnership (“LP”)(法人組織としては有限責任パートナーシップが使われる)

    In LP, many limited partners contribute money, which is then managed and invested by a general partner (the VC firm).(LPでは、有限責任パートナーが出資し、ジェネラルパートナーが運用する。)

    Income received by the limited partners is not subject to double taxation.(有限責任パートナーが得る所得には2重の税金の対象とならない)Limited partners are only liable for the amount of their investment.(有限責任パートナーは、自分の出資した金額の範囲内だけで責任を負う。)

  • 8

    Basics of VC Fund(ベンチャーキャピタル・ファンドの基礎)

    • Structure and FormationMany VC funds have a fixed term of 10 years (but may be extended up to 3 years to permit orderly liquidation).(多くのVCは10年の固定存続期間であるが、清算のために期間が3年間まで延長することができる)A VC firm will “raise” a VC fund by distributing a Private Placement Memorandum (PPM). A PPM provides detailed information about the fund, including its target size, its investment strategy, and how portfolio companies will be valued by the fund.(VCは、VCがどの等詳細を記載した私的資金調達メモ(PPM)を配布することによって資金調達を行う。)

    Limited partners make “commitments” to contribute capital(有限責任パートナーは資金を出資する約束をする)

    Once the VC fund is ready to begin investing, the fund makes “capital calls” of its limited partners.(VCが投資を決定すると、キャピタルコールを出し、それに応じて、有限責任パートナーが出資して投資を行う。)

  • 9

    Basics of VC Fund(ベンチャーキャピタル・ファンドの基礎)

    • Structure and FormationA VC fund will generally have a target size of pooled capital of anywhere from a few million dollars to over a billion dollars.(VCは、一定の目標投資金額をもち、それは数ミリオンドルから数千万ドルになる)Once the fund has reached its target size (i.e., received aggregate commitments in that amount), the fund will be closed to further investment. (ターゲットの金額に達したらそのVCは投資活動を停止する)If successful, a firm may raise several VC funds over the course of many years in order to permit new investors to join.(VCの活動が成功すると、同じ経営陣によるVCがいくつも設立される。)

  • 10

    Basics of VC Fund(ベンチャーキャピタル・ファンドの基礎)

    • Additional Benefits for startup of working with professional VC’s(スタートアップにとって、プロフェッショナルVCと共同することによって得られるプラスアルファのメリット)

    Securing reputable VC investors helps to secure future financing. VC investors often act as lead investors and facilitate future fundraising efforts by using their contacts to bring in other VC investors.(定評が高いVCからの投資を得ることによって、他の投資家からの投資を得やすくなる。)

    VC funds often have industry contacts and substantial experience in a particular area that can benefit a startup.(VCはそれぞれのビジネス分野で深い経験と有用なネットワークを持っており、スタートアップはそれを利用することができる。)

  • 11

    Standard Funding Model for Startups(スタンダードな資金調達モデル)

    • Founder’s round (創業者ラウンド)• Friends and family round(友人家族ラ

    ウンド)• Angel’s round (seed financing) (エンジェ

    ルラウンド)

    • Professional VC funds and preferred stock financings rounds (VC・優先株ラウンド)

    • Bridge financing (つなぎ資金調達)• Mezzanine round (中二階ラウンド)• IPO, or liquidity events or exit(上場、ま

    たは流動性イベントまたは、出口)

  • 12

    Founder’s Round(創業者ラウンド)とFriends and family round(友人家族ラウンド)

    • Founder’s stock - for example common stock $0.001 per share (創業者は、たとえば、一株0.1セントの普通株を取得)

    • Founders of a startup often invest significant amounts of their own money in the business as well as in-kind contribution of IP(創業者は、通常、自分の発明などの知的財産権などの現物出資とともに、相当な自己資金も投資する。)

    • In addition, they may seek loans or investments from friends or family members.(さらに、友人や家族から資金を借り入れたり出資してもらう。)

  • 13

    Angel’s Round(エンジェルラウンド)

    • “Angel” investors may invest from a few thousand to a few million dollars. (エンジェル投資家は、数十万ドルから数ミリオンドル出資する。)

    • Many angel investments are structured as convertible promissory note with warrants, while others are made as pure equity.(多くのエンジェル投資は、通常の投資の場合もあるが、ワラント付の転換約束手形の方法によってなされる。)

    • Angel investors are often successful entrepreneurs, retired executives or professionals.(エンジェルは、成功した事業家や、退職した大会社の重役や、弁護士や会計士などのプロフェッショナルが多い。)

    • Angel investors expect a high return on their investment, but many angels also desire regular contact and involvement with the management of the company.(エンジェルは、ハイリターンを期待するとともに、会社経営への参加等密接な関係を期待する。)

  • 14

    Professional VC Funds and Preferred Stock Financings rounds (VC・優先株ラウンド)

    • What is Preferred Stock?(優先株とは何か)A separate class of stock having special rights, preferences and privileges not possessed by common stock.(普通株とは違った優先的な権利や特権がついた株式)

    The special features can be designed to provide protective rights and preferences over the common stock.(普通株よりも厚く保護され、優先される株式である)

    Preferred stock generally has a prior claim on a dividends and assets (upon a liquidation), as well as other features such as redemption and antidilution rights.(配当や、解散時の残余財産の分配などに優先性を持つとともに、買取請求権や希釈化防止の権利など普通株にない権利を持つ。)

  • 15

    Professional VC Funds and Preferred Stock Financings rounds (VC・優先株ラウンド)

    • Preferred stock is favored for the following reasons(VC投資に優先株が使われる理由):

    Debt financing must be repaid, while preferred stock is usually permanent equity.(返済しなければならないローンより有利)

    Special features of preferred stock generally enable a company to offer it at a higher valuation than common stock. (普通株よりも多くの優先的な権利が与えられているために普通株よりも高い値段をつけられる。)

    It permits founders to keep a large percentage of ownership of the startup.(それによって、創業者がスタートアップの株式保有率の高さを維持できる。)

    It permits a company to keep the price of its common stock low, which is also important for stock options, the prices of which are tied to the price of common stock.(さらに、ストックオプションの行使価格も低くできる。)

  • 16

    Professional VC Funds and Preferred Stock Financings rounds (VC・優先株ラウンド)

    • Preferred stock is issued in multiple “rounds”(優先株による資金調達は数回のラウンドで行われる。)

    A startup may issue several series of preferred stock, depending on its capital needs, with the hope that the value of the company will increase at each new round.(スタートアップの成長につれて販売価格を高くできることを期待して、資金の必要に応じていくつかのシリーズによって販売される。)

    Often, further investment by existing investors or new investors through additional series of preferred stock may be tied to the company’s achieving certain milestones in accordance with its business plan.(追加の株式発行による資金調達は、会社の発展段階に応じて行われる。)

  • 17

    Bridge Financing(つなぎ資金調達)

    • Typically, short-term debt financing for the purpose of enabling a company to continue operating and “bridge the gap” until the company finds a more permanent source of financing.(次の大きな資金調達の機会までの会社運営に必要な資金を、短期の借入金によって行うこと)

    • Often structured as a promissory note that is convertible into equity (sometimes at a discounted purchase price) upon the next round of financing.(次のラウンドの優先株に転換される約束手形の方式によることが多い。)

  • 18

    Bridge Financing(つなぎ資金調達)

    • Bridge financings may also be used to delay valuing its equity securities.(つなぎ資金調達は、株式価格の算定を先延ばしするためにも使われる。)

    • A company may choose to engage in a bridge financing to carry it for a few months, after which time the increase in value would enable the company to raise money with less dilution for existing shareholders.(より高い価格で売却できる時期まで時間稼ぎをするために、つなぎ資金調達を行う場合も多い。)

  • 19

    Mezzanine Round(中二階ラウンド)

    • An intermediate stage of financing that typically follows VC investing, often serving to finance the period prior to an IPO or a merger.(通常のVCラウンドに続く、IPOや合併などの直前の時期に必要な資金を獲得するための株式発行)

    • It is often used to finance M&A or IPO because it results in an increase in equity and because M&A and IPOs are expensive.(M&AやIPOなどに必要な資金を調達することが目的でなされることが多い。)

    • Useful where a company is no longer a startup but has viable products or services and some track record of revenues and earnings.(すでに、有力な製品や、サービスを開発済みで、スタートアップから卒業した会社にとって可能な資金調達)

  • 20

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • A VC investor might expect to achieve liquidity or exit in its investment through a number of ways, including one of the following(VC投資家にとっていくつかの出口が考えられる。):

    “Going Public” (an IPO)(上場)Merger or Acquisition(M&A)Redemption or other “Put” rights (買い戻し請求権)Tag-along rights or co-sale rights(売却参加権)Private Sale of Stock (私的転売)

  • 21

    Liquidity Events or Exit (流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Going Public” (Initial Public Offering -IPO)

    IPO: The first issuance by a company of its securities to the public.(最初に一般投資家に対して株式を販売して資金調達をすること)

    Under federal securities law, no securities may be sold to the public unless the offering is registered with the SEC.(連邦証券法上、証券取引委員会(Security Exchange Commission)に対して株式を登録しないと一般投資家に対して株式を販売することはできない。)

  • 22

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Going Public” (IPO)Registration includes the production of a registration statement and a “prospectus,” which fully discloses to potential investors all of the material information about the company and risks associated with buying the company’s stock.(登録のためには登録申請書と会社情報の全面的な開示を内容とする目論見書を作成提出が必要。)

    Once the IPO process is completed, generally speaking, shares of the company’s stock can be freely traded in a public trading market, such as the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.(IPOが出きると、一般的に言ってその会社の株式はNY証券取引所やナスダックで自由な取引が可能になる。)

  • 23

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Going Public” (an IPO)IPO permits a company to raise a significant amount of money at a high valuation, and afterward a trading market exists for the company’s stock, which is an advantage for future fundraising.(IPOによって、会社は一般投資家から、VC投資よりもずっと高い価格で資金調達が可能)

  • 24

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Going Public” (an IPO)On the other hand, the IPO process is complex, time-consuming, and very costly. (他方、IPOは大変複雑な手続きが必要で、時間もかかり費用も

    かかる。)

    In addition, a public company is subject to mandatory periodic disclosure of information under federal securities laws and stricter corporate compliance, reporting and disclosure controls under the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.(さらに、上場会社は、連邦証券法上、継続的な情

    報開示義務を負い、またSOX法の適用を受け、その遵守のために、大変な費用と時間がかかる。)

  • 25

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Going Public” (an IPO)Generally upon an IPO holders of preferred stock have their shares automatically converted into shares of common stock. (IPOと同時に優先株は普通株に強制転換される。)

    Shares held by VC investors are often subject to “lock-up” provisions, which may impose a waiting period (e.g., 180 days) before a shareholder may sell newly registered shares.(VC投資家の優先株が普通株に転換後も、通常180日は、自己の株式を証券取引所で販売できない義務を負う。)

  • 26

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • Merger or Acquisition (M&A)A sale of the business or combination of two or more companies into a single entity(会社の買収、合併)

    – Statutory Merger (法定合併): A merger under state statutory law whereby one company is absorbed into another entity and disappears.

    – Asset Acquisition (資産買収): Acquisition of all or substantially all of the assets of another company, after which the selling company is dissolved.

    – Stock Acquisition(株式買収): Acquisition of all, or a controlling block, of the shares of a company, after which the selling company becomes a subsidiary of the purchaser.

  • 27

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • Merger or AcquisitionUpon M&A, shareholders may receive funds directly from acquirer or as a distribution.(M&Aは、株主が投資に対するリターンを得る機会)

    VC investors will have negotiated for a “liquidation preference” which obligates the company upon M&A events to distribute to the investor a given amount.(そのような場合に、優先的にリターンを得られる権利を交渉して取

    得しておく必要がある。)

  • 28

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • Redemption or other “Put” rights(株式買戻し請求権)

    The right to force the company to buy back an investment at a pre-determined value. (会社に株式を買い戻させる権利)

    Such rights may not be exercisable for several years from the time of the initial investment. (出資後数年は行使できないのが通常)

  • 29

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • “Tag Along” rights (co-sale rights)(売却参加権):

    the right to join any sales of equity securities made by the founder or management of the company(会社の創業者や経営陣が株式を販売するときに、その販売に参加する権利)

  • 30

    Liquidity Events or Exit(流動性イベントまたは出口)

    • Private Sale of Stock (私的転売)Provided a suitable purchaser could be found, which may be difficult for a privately-held startup, a VC investor may be able to sell shares to another accredited investor.(証券法上の一定の要件を満たした買主に対しては、転売が許される場合もある。)

  • Typical Legal Issues Regarding Start-ups

  • 32

    Place of Incorporation(会社設立の場所)

    • Why Delaware?(なぜデラウエア州か)Modern and flexible corporate laws which is in favor of the management and major shareholders(経営者、大株主に有利な現代的で柔軟な会社法)

    Highly respected Court of Chancery and Accumulated Case laws on corporate matters –high predictability (会社法に関する判例の豊富さによって、会社法の争いについての予測可能性が

    高い)

    Customer service oriented staff of the Delaware Division of Corporations and speedy handling of filing(親切で迅速なサービス)

  • 33

    Place of Incorporation(会社設立の場所)

    • Drawbacks (不利な点)Generally higher franchise tax (支払税額の増加)– Depends on the number of shares authorized, the par

    value of the authorized stock and the total assets of the corporation (DEでの法人税は、授権資本数と額面額による計算で決定される。)

    Must apply for foreign corporation qualification in California if the actual business is located in CA (支店登録が必要)

    Pseudo California Corporation (準カリフォルニア州会社制度)

    – If a non-California corporation falls within a special category, it becomes subject to a number of significant provisions of California corporation law (一定の要件を満たすと、他州の会社もCA州の会社法の適用を受ける。)

  • 34

    Consideration for Stock Issuance (株式の対価)

    • Shares may be issued in exchange for consideration as follows(株式購入は以下のような対価によって可能):

    Money paid (金員の支払い)Labor done (労力の提供)Services actually rendered to the corporation (実際に実行されたサービス)

    Debts or securities canceled (債務の免除)Tangible or intangible property actually received by the corporation (有体、または無体資産)Note - generally a mere unsecured promissory note or the promise of future services are not good consideration(一般的に言って、単なる担保権のつかない約束手形や、将

    来のサービスの提供の約束では不十分)

  • 35

    Consideration for Stock Issuance(株式の対価)

    • Non-monetary consideration or in-kind contribution(現物出資):

    Where a corporation issues shares in exchange for any non-monetary consideration (e.g., consulting services or the contribution of intellectual property), the board of directors of the corporation must state by resolution the fair market value of the consideration received. (現金以外の、知的財産権やサービスの提供を対価とする現物出資の場合、取締役会でその価値を評価して、株式発行をする。)

  • 36

    Securities Law (証券法)

    • Securities law limitations (証券法の制限)

    Companies must always consider the securities laws implications of granting any type of ownership interest in the company. (常に証券法遵守に注意が必要)In order to protect the investing public and the integrity of the capital markets, federal and state securities laws place certain requirements on the offer and sale of securities.(一般投資家を保護するために、連邦および州証券法は、株式取引に厳密な要件を課している。)The failure to comply with securities laws can subject a company and its officers and directors to significant liability and impede start-ups efforts for success.(違反があれば、会社および取締役や役員の責任が問われ、成功の妨げになる。)

  • 37

    Securities Law(証券法)

    • Failure to comply with securities laws can result in some of the following(証券法違反の結果):

    Giving shareholders a right to rescind the transaction and receive the full purchase price of their shares or damages(投資家は投資を取り消せる。)Civil and criminal sanctions for the company, its directors or officers.(会社およびその取締役や役員には刑事罰や民事罰が課される。)

  • 38

    Stock Options (ストックオプション)

    • Use of stock options(ストックオプションの使用):

    What is a stock option?– The legal right to purchase the company’s stock at a

    specified purchase price at a future date (会社の株式を一定の金額で将来購入する権利)

  • 39

    Stock Options(ストックオプション)

    • Benefits of stock options for startup(ストックオプションのメリット)

    Stock option programs serve as a long-term incentive to employees by aligning company’s and employees’ interests(従業員に対して、会社の成功が従業員の成功をも意味することによる長

    期のインセンティブ)

    Increases in a company’s stock price foster employee loyalty(会社の株価が上がることにより従業員の忠誠心も高める)

    Low-cost means of compensation (低い経費で可能な報酬)

    Retention of personnel(従業員の維持)

  • 40

    Stock Options(ストックオプション)

    • Benefits of stock options for startup (ストックオプションのメリット) :

    Options allow a privately-held company to sell stock to employees who might not be otherwise eligible to purchase shares because they would not fall within a securities law exemption from registration(通常は、証券法上、未公開株式を購入する適格性のない従業員もス

    トックオプションであれば購入可能)

  • 41

    Stock Options(ストックオプション)

    • Two kinds of stock options(2種類のストックオプション)

    – Incentive Stock Options (ISO)– Nonstatutory Stock Options (also call Non-Qualified

    Stock Options) (NSO) – Eligible recipient (誰に与えられるか)

    » ISO – employees» NSO – service providers

    – Exercise price (行使価格)» Fair market value (市場価値)» If ISO, must be 110% of FMV for holders of more than 10% of

    company’s shares(すでに会社の株式を10%以上保有しているものに与える場合は、市場価値の110%)

    – Term (有効期間)» No more than 10 years (10年以内であることが必要)» If ISO, must be no more than 5 years for holders of more than

    10% of company’s shares(ISOの場合、会社の株式の10%以上を保有する従業員に与えるストックオプションの期間は5年以内でなければならない。)

  • 42

    Stock Options(ストックオプション)

    • Comparison of ISO and NSO(ISOとNSOの比較)

    Taxation (税務)– ISO – taxable upon disposition at capital gains rates if hold

    option for 2 years after grant date and 1 year after exercise (オプション取得から2年、行使による株取得後1年たてば、転売して利益を出した時点でキャピタルゲインとして課税される。)

    – NSO – taxable upon exercise as ordinary income and upon disposition at capital gains rates if hold option for 2 years after grant date and 1 year after exercise (行使の段階で通常の所得として課税されるうえに、転売の時点でキャピタルゲインとして課税される。)

  • 43

    Intellectual Property (知的財産権)

    • Protecting intellectual property(知的財産権保護)

    Against third parties (第三者に対して)– Inventions (発明)

    » Patent (特許)– file application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”)(特許出願)

    » On March 16, 2013, US has started first-to-file system, but invention-first system still governs patents prior to that date (2013年3月16日にアメリカは、先発明主義から、先願主義に移行。)

  • 44

    Intellectual Property(知的財産権)

    • Protecting intellectual property (知的財産権保護)

    Against third parties – Copyright (著作権)

    » Copyright is automatic in any original work that is fixed on a tangible medium, so no need for copyright notice or registration, but registration gives certain advantages when suing for infringement, such as statutory damages and attorneys’ fees(著作権は、登録等なしで、著作物が媒体に固定されたときに発生する。ただし侵害者に対して裁判を起こし、法定損害賠償や弁護士費用を請求するためには登録をすることが必要。)

  • 45

    Intellectual Property(知的財産権)

    • Protecting intellectual property (知的財産権保護)

    Against third parties– Trademark (商標)

    » In the United States, under federal law, the first to use a mark “in commerce” generally is the owner of the mark – registration is not required.(権利の発生については、商標も実際使用することによって発生し、登録は必要ではない。)

    » It is advisable for a company to obtain registrations for its marks. (登録をしたほうが有利)– Presumption that registrant is owner of mark(権利

    の推定)

    – Geographic coverage for entire United States even if use is limited to localized areas(商標の有効性の地理的範囲が全米に及ぶ)

  • 46

    Intellectual Property(知的財産権)

    • Protecting intellectual property (知的財産権保護)

    Against third parties – Trade secrets(トレードシークレット)

    » No registration (登録制度なし)» No limitation on duration (期限なし)» Three requirements(成立3要件):

    – Not available to public (一般に知られていない)– Needs to have economic value (経済的価値の存在)– Needs to make reasonable efforts to protect by providing security

    measures (秘密を守る合理的な努力)

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    Intellectual Property(知的財産権)

    • Protecting intellectual property (知的財産権保護)

    Against employees (対従業員)– Have all employees sign a proprietary rights and

    inventions assignment agreement and confidentiality agreement (全従業員に秘密保持と知的財産権が会社に発生することまたは会社に譲渡する義務があることを認めさせる契約書にサインをさせることが必要)

  • 48

    Not-to-Compete Agreement (競業禁止契約)

    • Not to compete (競業禁止)California Business and Professional Code §16600“[E]very contract by which anyone is restrained from engaging in a lawful profession, trade, or business of any kind is to that extent void”

    (CAでは競業禁止義務を契約で課しても無効が原則)California’s public policy favors mobility (労働力の流動性の保証はCAの公序良俗)

  • 49

    Not-to-Compete Agreement(競業禁止契約)

    • Not to compete: exceptions (例外)Sale of business (事業の売却)– And (および)

    Scope: within a specified geographic area where business has been carried out (限定した時間的地理的範囲)

  • 50

    Not-to-Compete Agreement(競業禁止契約)

    • Not to compete(競業禁止)Limitations: employee(対従業員)– Cannot misappropriate trade secrets (トレードシーク

    レットの盗用は禁止される)

    – Not to solicit its employees for a limited period of time following the termination of employment(従業員の引き抜きは一定期間禁止できる。)

  • 51

    Due Diligence (詳細調査・デューデリジェンス)

    • Due diligence checklist• Purposes of due diligence (目的)

    Identify risks material to buyer’s decision whether or not to do the deal(投資を行うかどうかの決定に重要な意味のあるリスクがあるかどう

    か)

    Identify risks/issues to be addressed in transaction documents(契約書で明確にすべきリスク・問題点があるか)

    Identify any third-party consents needed (第三者の同意が必要かどうか)

  • 52

    Due Diligence(詳細調査・デューデリジェンス)

    • Business due diligence (ビジネス)Business prospects of the company(成功の見込み)

    Potential market (潜在的な市場)Background and reputation of management(経営陣の評判)

  • 53

    Due Diligence(詳細調査・デューデリジェンス)

    • Financial due diligence (財務)Sound Financial Policy (健全な財務政策)Burn rate (経費の消費率)Possible illegal use of money (違法なお金の使い方)

  • 54

    Due Diligence(詳細調査・デューデリジェンス)

    • IP due diligence (知的財産権)What IP does the company have? (どのようなIPを保有しているか)Can the company trace the ownership of IP? (適切に所有権を取得しているか)Are there any limits on the company’s ability to exploit the IP? (IPを使用する権利において何らかの制限を受けていないか)

    Appropriate registrations or maintenance have been made? (適切な登録や維持のための手続きをとられているか)

  • 55

    Due Diligence(詳細調査・デューデリジェンス)

    • Legal due diligence (法務)Whether the company, its officers and directors, have, or have had, the legal authority to undertake certain actions(取引を実行する権限を会社が持っているか、役員には署名権限があるか)

    Have loans or other forms of financing been properly documented and have all issuances of securities complied with federal and state securities laws? (ローンや、他の資金調達が適切な書面によってなされているか、過去の株式発行が証券法を遵守したものとなっているか)

    What are the assets of the company and how good is the title to those assets? (会社の資産の内容と適切な所有権の確保)

    Is there any pending, threatened, or potential litigation (e.g., employment or environmental, product liability)?(裁判が起こされているか、裁判の可能性のあるような争いが存在しているか)

  • 56

    Worldwide Locations

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