DOCUMENT RESUME TITLE Southern Maine Vocational Technical ... · in Oceanography 101 Sample Examination in Chemical Oceanography 1.03 Sample Examination in Physical Oceanography 105

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ABSTRACT

Banerjee, TapanSyllabus for an Associate Degree Program in AnplieaMarine Biology and Oceanography.Southern Maine Vocational Technical Inst., SouthPortland.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.70120p.; Some pages have marginal legibility

EDRS Price Mr-50.69 NC Not Available from EDRS.*College Science, *Course Content, Courses,Curriculum, Earth Science, Environmental Education,*Oceanology, *Program Descriptions, *TechnicalEducation

Included is a detailed outline of the content ofeach course required or offered as an elective in the associatedegree program. With an 18 or 19 unit load each semester the programrequires two years, and includes 6u hours at sea every semester. Inaddition to chemistry, physics, biology, and oceanography courses,there is a required course in each of these subjects: Englishcomposition, mathematics, American literature, computer mathematics,economics, political science, and sociology. Appendices includesample tests, sample experiments, lists of audiovisual materials,publications, a list of faculty, a bibliography, and photographs ofactivities. [Not available in hard copy due to maralnal legibility oforiginal document. ] (PR)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATIONIN WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED

EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHEPERSCA OR

ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF

VIJW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES-

SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIALOFFICE OF EDU-

CATION POJTION OR POLICY

r

CP141

C:P

inLLJ SYLLABUS FOR AN ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM

IN

APPLIED MARINE BIOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Prepared byTapan BanerjeeCoordinator

SOUTHERN MAINE VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

FORT ROAD, SOUTH PORTLAND, MAINE 04106

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONSEA GRANT PROJECT GH-35

Appropriation No. 4624-81970

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 2

The Syllabus 2

Teaching Staff 3

Student Selection 3

Acknowledgment 3

Associate Degree Program 4English Composition 5

MathematicsChemistry 9Biology 14Elements of Oceanography 16

American Literature 21Physics I 23

Computer Mathematics 27

Instrumentation and Methods in Oceanography 29

Invertebrate Zoology 33Economics 37Physics II 39Survey of Navigation 42

Field Biology (Ecology) 44Chemical OceanographyPolitical Science 51

SociologyMicrobiology 56

Physical and Geological Oceanography 61Planktology (Elective) 66

Microtechnique (Elective) 69

Marine Botany (Elective) 71Fishery Science (Elective) 75

APPENDICES

Sample Laboratory Experiment (Chemistry)SampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSample

SampleSample

LaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratory

LaboratoryLaboratory

ExperimentExperimentExperimentExperimentExperimentExperiment

ExperimentExperiment

3

79Physics) 81

Invertebrate Zoology) 83

Field Biology, Ecology) 86

Chemical Oceanography) 89

9290(Microbiology)

(Physical & Geological)Oceanography

(Planktology) 94(Microtechnique) 95

Sample Laboratcry Experiment (Marine Botany) 96

Sample Laboratory Experiment (Fishery Science 97Sample Examination in Elements of Oceanography 99

Sample Examination in Instrumentation and Methodsin Oceanography 101

Sample Examination in Chemical Oceanography 1.03

Sample Examination in Physical Oceanography 105

Sources of some Audiovisual Materials 107

Sources of some Scientific and Technical Publicationb 108

List of Faculty Members at SMVTI 109

Bibliography 110

Photographs of Laboratory and Field Activities 112

/- 2 -

INTRODUCTION

Southern Maine Vocational Technical Institute, has part of the NorthAtlantic Ocean as the eastern boundary of the campus. This locationoffers such varied habitat as sandy beaches, mud flats, rocky poolsand beautiful Casco Bay, which has provideu us with an excellentopportunity to purFue a teaching program in marine science since1958.

Recently, with funding from the Sea Grant Program of the NationalScience Foundation, we have established a separate program inApplied Marine Biology and Oceanography. This syllabus has beenprepared in response to queries fron: high school instructors interestedin oceanography, maritime oriented colleges, marine industries, and

mother fouryear schools to which our graduates can make applicationfor advance degrees. It is also expected that this syllabus willserve as a guide to schools interested in planning a similar program.Since this outline will be revised and rearranged by the teacher,based on his own experiences, suggestions are welcome.

THE SYLLABUS

This syllabus is intended to provide a wide background to thetechnicians in. Applied Marine 'Biology and Oceanography. Studentsin the first semester receive the fundamentals of biology andoceanography along with other related subjects. In succeedingsemesters, subjects in biology and oceanography compliment andbuild directly on the first semester. During the last semester,a variety of electives are offered and students may choose toconcentrate on a subject of special interest. A total of 64 hoursis spent at sea every semester.

Graduates of this program can expect to find employment in manyareas of marine science. Each area may require somewhat differentabilities and different specialized knowledge for a successfulcareer. Most of these differences will be learned by continuedstudy on the job. The following is a partial list of jobs open tothese technicians.

Oceanographic Laboratory TechniciansFisheries TechniciansBiological TechniciansHydrographic Survey TechniciansApplied Research TechniciansOceanographic Instrumentation TechniciansIndustrial & Marine Laboratory Technicians

TEACHING.. STAFF

For a successful technical education program, it is important thatthe faculty understands the goals and the philosophy that characterizetheir area of specialization. Programs such as this one requires that,the teacher have special abilities based on knowledge of the subjectand hopefully, practical experience in the field.

All instructors should be oriented in the requirements for study inthe area of marine science so.that they may ,useappropriate examplesor subject matter as supporting material in the teaching of theirrespective courses. For example,a teacher teaching physics, chemistry,or mathematics, should emphasize and illustrate how the principles areapplied to the study of the marine environment. Teachers with anappropriate background are more ,likely to understand the objectivesof the program, and bring the enthusiasm that will help immeasurablyin effective development of meaningful studies.

STUDENT SF.TECTION

A student expecting to enter the Applied Marine Biology and Oceanography field must have a strong desire to work outofdoors andaboard ship. He should be prepared both mentally and physicallyfor the sometime rigorous demands that wi4 face him. He shouldbe interestdd in working closely with others as a team member.He should obtain a high school diploma and should be advised to takeat least two years of Algebra, one year of Chemistry, Biology, Physics,or the equivalent. Acceptable GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery)and SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) scores and the Mathematics Level Iand English Achievement Scores must also be presented.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Every member of this department as well as the Southern MaineVocational Technical Institute faculty members involved in teachingrelated subjects assisted in preparing this report and without theirhelp, it could not have been done,

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APPT.TFD MARINE BIOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Department Code: AMBO

ASSCCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM

First SemesterCourseNumber Subject Credits

Eng. 111 English Composition 3Mat. 111 Mathematics 4Chm. 111 Chemistry 4Bio. 111 Biology 4Oco. 111 Elements of Oceanography

Second Semester

Eng. 112 American Literature 3Phy. 112 Physics o od..e.0000sai.

Mat. 132 Computer Mathematics 3Oco. 112 Instrumentation and

Methods in Oceanography. 4Zoo. 112 Invertebrate Zoology

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Third Semester

Eco. 201 Economics 3Phy. 113 Physics II 4Nay, 21 Survey of Navigation 3Bio. 211 Field Biology (Ecology). 4Oco. 211 Chemical Oceanography.4.

Fourth Semester

Ssc. 204 Political Science. ...... 3Ssc. 202 Sociology... ....... 3Bio. 222 Microbiolpgy ..4Oco. 21 Physical and

Geological Oceanography. 4Elective. .

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Electives

Bio. 242 Planktology 4Bio. 244 Mic/..::,echnique 4Bio. 246 Marine Botany ..4Bio. 248 Fishery Science 4

7

-5

Course Title: English Composition

Hours Required: Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 0 hours

Prerequisites: Four Years High School English

Course Description and Objectives:

The purpose of this course is to provide practice inwriting with emphasis on mechanics and organization. Workin composition and reading in technical periodicals culminates in the preparation of a formal technical report on asubject in the student's major field.

Major Divisions:

I. Review of MechanicsII. Logic

III. ExpositionIV. The Technical ReportV. Letters of Application

Outline of Instruction:

I. Review of MechanicsA. SpellingB. PunctuationC. Sentence StructureD. Paragraph Organization

II. LogicA. FallaciesB. Propaganda Devices

III. ExpositionA. DescriptionB. NarrationC. AnalysisD. DefinitionE. Argument

IV. The Technical ReportA. Note TakingB. OutlineC. Rough DraftD. BibliographyE. Format

-6

V. Letters of ApplicationA. Letter Requesting Permission for ReferencesB. Data SheetC. Letter of Application

Text and References:

Hodges and Whitten,

Lee and Moynihan,

The New York TimesTechnical Periodicals

Harbrace College Handbook

Using Prose

Course Title: Mathematics

Hours Required: Class, 4 hours; Laboratory, 0 hours

Prerequisites: Mathematics, 1 Year High School

Description and

The course is designed to provide the necessary backgroundin Algebra and Trigonometry for a sound mathematical backgroundfor the technician. The course is solution oriented with applications in applied engineering.

Major Divisions:

I. AlgebraII. Trigonometry

III. Analytic Geometry


I. AlgebraA. Fundamental Concepts and OperationsB. Functions and GraphsC. Linear Equations and DeterminantsD. Factoring and FractionsE. Quadratic EquationsF. Exponents and RadicalsG. The JOperatorH. LogarithmsI. Systems of EquationsJ. Theory of Equations

II. TrigonometryA. The Trigonometric FunctionsB. Trigonometric Functions of any Angle or NumberC. Vectors and TrianglesD. Graphs of Trigonometric FunctionsE. Properties of the Trigonometric FunctionsF. The Inyerse Trigonometric Functions

III. Analytic GeometryA. BasicB. The Straight LineC. The CircleD. The ParabolaE. The HyperbolaF. The Ellipse

8

G. Translation of AxisH. The SecondDegree Equation


Washington, Basic Technical Mathematics

11

-9

Course Title: Chemistry

Hours Required: Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours

Prerequisites: High School Chemistry


This course will offer an accelerated review of generalchemistry placing particular emphasis on the, .principles of chemistryand laboratory apparatus. Although the approach will be mostlyqualitat lye, the door will be open to analytical methods common toIndustry, particularly the Marine oriented one.

Major Divisions:

I. IntroductionII. Nature of Matter

III. StochiometryIV. States of MatterV. Solutions

VI. AcidsBase RelationshipsVII. Element Properties and Relationships

VIII. Organic Chemistry


I. IntroductionA. Metric SystemB. Mathmatics of Chemistry

II. Nature of MatterA. Atomic massB. Gram atomsC. Periodic tableD. Electronic configurationsE. Chemical bonds

1. Ionic and covalent bonds2. Polarity3. Valence4. Electronegatiirity

III. StoichiometryA. Formulas

1. Empirical2. Molecular

B. Formula massC. Mole concept

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D. OxidationReductionE. GramEquivalentsF. Heats of reaction

IV. States of MatterA. Gases

1. Properties of gases2. Pressure, temperature, volume relationships3. Kinetic theory4. Van der Waals forces

B. Liquids1. Properties of liquids2. Equilibrium vapor pressure

C. Solids1. Properties of solids2. Crystalline structure

D. Changes of state

V. SolutionsA. Concentrations

1. Molar and formal2. Normal3. Molal4. Percent

a. Volumeb. Mass

B. Chemical equilibrium1. Mass action expression2. Equilibrium constant

C. Dissociation1. Percent dissociation2. Dissociation

D. Solubility1. Solutesolvent relationships2. Solubility constant3. Precipitation

E. Electrochemistry1. Electrolytes2. Conductivity3. Oxidation potentials

VI. AcidBase RelationshipsA. Acids, Bases, and SaltsB. Dissociation of Water

1. Basis of pH values2. Kw value3. Neutralization4. AcidBase titration5. Hydrolysis

C. Butter solutions

13

VII. Element Properties and RelationshipsA.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

HydrogenOxygen1. Oxides2. Bonding in water crystals3. Freezing process of waterSodium and related chemicalsChlorine and related elementsCalcium and related elementsNitrogen and re2ated elementsTransition elements

VIII. Organic ChemistryA. Carbon

1. Bonding2. Hydrocarbons and derivatives

a. Saturated and unsaturatedb. Isomers

B. Nomenclature1. Basic hydrocarbons2. Functional groups

a. Alcoholsb. Ket(,nes

c. Acidsd. Esterse. Ethersf. Amines

3. Aromatic hydrocarbonsC. Organic reactions

1. Decomposition properties2. Polymerization3. Chlorination

Texts and References:

Sienko and.Plane,

College Chemistry Laborator Outline

Chemistry Ord Edition)

I. IntroductionA. Taboratory safetyB. Equipment care and use

II. Use of BalancesA. 7iriple BeamB. Top loading panC. Chain-o-matic analyticalD. Automatic analytical

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12

III. Mass Volume RelationshipsA. Density of a solidB. Density of a liquid

IV. Formula from Experimental DataA. Weighing proceduresB. Hood ventilation proceduresC. Heating proceduresD. Application of GramAtoms

V. Molar SolutionA. Volumetric glasswareB. Volumetric proceduresC. Application of gram molecular weight

VI. Gas Analysis Based on Molar VolumeA. Gas law applicationB. Properties of oxygen

VII. Normal SolutionsA.:Volumetric glassware and proceduresB. Application of gram - .equivalents

VIII. Analysis Based on Equivalent WeightA. Gas law applicationB. Properties of hydrogenC. Application of equivalent weight

IX. Ionic and Covalent CompoundsA. Conductivity conceptB. Ionic Reactions

X. Reversible Reactions and Chemical EquilibriumA. Shifting of equilibriumB. Precipitation in saturated solutionsC. Filtration procedures

XI. The pH Determination of SolutionsA. IndicatorsB. The pH. meterC. Degree of ionization

XII. AcidBase TitrationA. Standard solutionsB. Use of Volumetric equipment

1. Buret2. Pipet

C. Titration proceduresD. IndicatorsE. Normalityvolume relationshipsF. Neutralization application

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XIII. Volumetric Analysis

A. Titration proceduresB. Application of equivalents as units in reactions

XIV. EquilibriaA. Hydrolysis of saltsB. Degree of hydrolysis

XV. Organic PropertiesA. Percent organic matter by ignitionB. Flash point of organic liquid


Frantz and Malm, Fundamental Experiments for College Chem2nd Edition

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Course Title: Biology


Prerequisites: None

Course Description and Oblectives:

This survey course is designed to provide the student with acomprehensive knowledge of the fundamental concepts of modernbiology. Although a molecular approach is considered, emphasisis placed on the structure and function of living organisms. Theobjective of this course is to prepare the student for more penetrating study in specialized areas of marine biology.

Major Divisions:

I. The Chemical Basis of LifeII. Physical Phenomena

III. CytologyIV. Genetics and EvolutionV. Ecology

VI. Organism Characteristics and Classification


I. The Chemical Basis of LifeA. Atomic StructureB. Bonds and EnergyC. MoleculesD. Organic Compounds

II. Physical PhenomenaA. Molecular MovementB. Diffusion and OsmosisC. pH

III. CytologyA. Cell ComponentsB. MitosisC. Meiosis

IV. Genetics and EvolutionA. Mendelian GeneticsB. Modern GeneticsC. DarwinismD. MutationE. Gene Pools

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V. EcologyA. Population, Community, and EcosystemB. Community InteractionsC. SymbiosisD. Marine Habitats

VI. Organism Characteristics and ClassificationA. Kingdom Monera,B. Kingdom ProtistaC. Kingdom MetaphytaD. Kingdom Metazoa

General Biology Laboratory Outline

I. Use of the MicroscopeA. Parts of a Compound MicroscopeB. Methods of using a Microscope.C. Calculating the MagnificationD. Preparation of Temporary Mounts

II. Cell MorphologyA. Onion CellsB. Muscle CellsC. Epidermal' Cells

III. Mitosis and MeiosisA. Whitefish BlastulaB. Gametes

IV. GeneticsA. Monohybrid CrossB. Dihybrid,CrossC. ProbabilityD. HardyWeinberg Law

V. MoneraA. Bacterial CellsB. BlueGreen Algae

VI. ProtistaA. ProtozoaB. Algae

VII. MetazoaA. Starfish DissectionB. Crab Dissection


GOodnight, Goodnight, and Armacost, Biology

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Course Title: Elements of Oceanography

Hours Re aired: Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 0 hours

Prerequisites: None, except admittance requirements

Course Description:

A first-year course in general oceanography. Many of themeasurable parameters in the ocean environment are defined. Someproblem areas in oceanography are mentioned. Potential uses ofthe sea are detailed as well as the geographical significance ofthe sea. Major morphological features of the sea bottom aredescribed. A minor part of the course is devoted to elementarylimnological considerations.

Major Areas of Discussion:

I. Introduction and HistoryII. Description of the Oceans

III. Geographical Significance of the OceansIV. Structure and Features of the Floors of OceansV. Water MassesVI. Circulation and Currents

VII. Physical Properties of Sea WaterVIII. Marine Chemistry

IX. TemperatureX. Sea Ice

XI. EstuariesXII. Introductory Concepts of LimnologyXIII. Classification of Lakes and Inland WatersXIV. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fresh Waters


I. Introduction and HistoryA. ;Early myths and legends7;. The beginning of understanding 600 BC - 300 BCC. A lapse into darkness (300 BC - 1300 AD) and an

age of enlightenment'(14th century T 18th century)

II. Descriptions of the OceansA. Size and extent in general termsB. Descriptions by early explorers

1. Franklin2. Cook3. Maury4. Challenger Expedition5. Agassiz6. Prince Albert of Monaco

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C. Decline in ocean exploration and discovery1. Shortage of funds2. Lack of firstrate oceanographers3. Magnitude of subject

D. New tools aid in new and renewed discoveries1. Math tables2. Sonar3. Seismology

4. Scuba5. CCTV and cameras

E. Geologic time scaleF. Ocean expanses vs land areasG., General bathymetric features of the oceans

1. Shelf2. Slope3. Basin

4. Trenches and deeps5. Terminblogy

H. Bottom 'configurations (ridges)

III Geographical Aignificance of the Oceans(interrelationships between the oceans and the land)A. Interaction of oceans and atmosphere

1. Effects of atmosphere on oceansa. Windb. Hydrologic cycle

2. Effects of ocean on atmosphere and earth climateB. The dhanging Sea level

1. Glaciation2. Temperature and salinity changes

C. Coastal change as Influenced by marine forces1. Rise or fall in sea level (disastrous forces)2. Wave action (normal shoreline forces)

D. Oceans in *cploration and transportationE. The strategic role of the oceansF. The oceans as a source of foodG., International cooperation of world organizations

in the study of the oceans

IV. Structure and Features of the Floors of the OceansA. The descent( into the basinsB. The midoceanic ridge systemC. The Mohorovicic discnntinvity and isostatic equilibriumD. A digression zones of the benthic region definedE. Abyssal plains and abyssql hillsF. Deepsea trenches (defined and'name and location)

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V. Water MassesA. DefinitionB. Sigma terminologyC. TS curveD. Classification of water massesE. Major water masses of each class

VI. Ocean Circulation and CurrentsA. Factors contributing to ocean circulationB. Classes of circulationC. Current systemsD. Current features

1. Gyral2. Westward displacement

E. Major' surface currents of the world's oceansF. Causes of the gyral systemsG. Coriolis effect

VII. Physical Properties of Sea WaterA. TemperatureB. PressureC. SalinityD. ChlorosityE. DensityF. Thermal properties

1. Effect of salinity on certain thermal properties2. Coefficient of thermal expansion3. Specific heat

4. Coefficient of thermal conductivity5. Latent heat of fusion6k. Latent heat of vaporization

G. Colligative propertiesH. Miscellaneous propertiesI. Transmission of sound in sea waterJ. Transmission and effects of light in sea water

VIII. Marine ChemistryA. Law of relative proportionsB. Factors influencing the composition of sea. waterC. Constituents of sea water

1. Major and minor constituents2. Origin of dissolved constituents

D. Gases in solutionE. Pelagic deposits (calcareous and siliceous)

IX. Heat and TemperatureA. Processes involved in heating of the oceansB. Processes involved in cooling of the oceansC. Heat budget and heat budget equation

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D. Sea surface temperaturesE. The "threelayezed ocean"F. Temperature variationsG. Thermal microstructure

X. Sea IceA. Terminology and definitionsB. Movement (drift) of sea iceC. Prediction aged International Ice Patrol

XI. EstuariesA. DefinitionB. Estuary types classed by salinity distributionC. Importance of; estuarine environmentD. Need for Oontinuing research and rqclamation of

our estuaries

XII., Introductory Concepts of LimnologyA. Limnology defined

XIII. Classification of Lakes and Inland WatersA. Classification by succession type

1. Oligotrophic2. Entrophic3. Dystrophic

B. Classification according to how lake was formed

XIV. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fresh WaterA. Physical properties

1. Specific gravity (density)2. Viscosity3. Extinction of solar radiation4. Distribution of heat

a. Sources of heatb. Losses of heat

5. The "threelayered lake"6. Currents in lake

B. Chemical, properties1. Dissolved salts2. Oxygen3. Carbon dioxide4. Other important elements


Williams, Jerome, Oceanography: An Introduction to theMarine Sciences

22

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Engel, Leonard, The Sea (Life Nature Series"

Hunt, Lee M., andDonald G. Groves, A Glossary of Ocean Science and Undersea

TechnolocLams

In

e t

21

Course Title: American Literature


Prerequisites: English Composition


The purpose of this course is to introduce students tosome of the major American writers of the twentieth century.The history df American literature is discussed. Literaryforms studied include the novel, the short story, poetry anddrama. Students are required to write a critical review basedon individual study.

Major Divisions:

I. Hitory of American LiteratureII. Forerunners of the Twentieth Century: Crane and Twain

III. Lost Generation: HemingwayIV. Art of FaulknerV. Novel as Social Protest: Steinbeck and WrightVI. Poetry: James Dickey

VII. Drama: Arthur Miller


I. History of American LiteratureA. PuritanismB. RomanticismC. Transcendentalism

II. Forerunners of the Twentieth Century: Crane and TwainA.- ImpressionismB. RealismC. Naturalism

III. Lost Generation: HemingwayA. StyleB. Themes

IV. Art of FaulknerA. styleB. Themes

V. Novel as Social Protest: Steinbeck and WrightA. Social History of the Thirties.B. Threat of Communism

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VI. Poetry: James Dickey

VII. Drama: Arthur Miller


Twain, Huckleberry Finn

Crane, Red Badge of Courage

Hemingway, The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories

Faulkner, Three Short Novels

Steinbeck, In Dubious Battle

Wright, Native Son

Liebermaa, The Achievement of James Dickey

Miller, Death of a Salesman

25

^7-77.77r-7:7117,17,,,,

-23

Course Title: Physics I

Hours Required: Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours

Prerequisites: Algebra, 1 year; Trignometry, z year;Geometry, z year; General Science orsome Physical Science, 1 year

CoureR Description and Objectives:

Modern approach to basic physics (non calculus) mechanics,with emphasis on quantitative relationships of rigid body motion,mechanical properties of matter and fluids. Laboratory willkincludephysical measurements.

Major Divisions:

I. Review of Ma+,hematicsII. Vector Analysis

III. Describing and Analyzing MotionIV. Force and MotionV. Friction

VI. EquilibriumVII. Circular Motion

VIII. EnergyIX. Mechanical AdvantageX. Fluids

XI. Vibration MotionXII. Waves


I. Review of MathematicsA. AlgebraB. EquationsC. FormulasD. ProportionalityE. GraphsF. ExponentsG. Exponential notationH. Measurements

II. Vector AnalysisA. VectorsB. Vector AdditionC. TrignometryD. Vector SubtractionE. Resolution of VectorsF. Component Method of Vector Addition

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24

III. A=scribing and Analyzing MotionA. Speed Constant, Instantaneous, AverageB. Acceleration MotionC. Falling Bodies

IV. Force and MotionA. Laws of Motion First, Second and Third Law of MotionB. Inertia and MassC. Force and MotionD. Mass and WeightE. The British System of Units

V. FrictionA. Sliding FrictionB. Coefficient. of FrictionC. Static FrictionD. Rolling FrictionE. Fluid Friction

VI. EquilibriumA. Equilibrium of a ParticleB. TorqueC. Center of Gravity

VII. Circular MotionA. Uniform Circular MotionB. Centripetal AccelerationC. Centripetal ForceD. Banked TurnsE. Centrifugal ForceF. Gravitation and the Gravitational

VIII. EnergyA. IntroductionB. WorkC. Power and its MeasurementD. Energy Kinetic, PotentialE. Conservation of Energy

IX. Mechanical AdvantageA. The LeverB. The Wheel and AxleC. The Block and TackleD. The Chain HoistE. Belt DriveF. GearsG. The Inclined PlaneH. The Wedge and Screw

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X. FluidsA. PressureB. ElasticityC. Young Modulus - Shear Modulus - Bulk Modulus

XI. Vibrational MotionA. Elastic Potential EnergyB. Simple Harmonic MotionC. The PendulumD. Position, Speed and Acceleration

XII. WavesA. Water WavesB. Longitudinal and Transverse WavesC. Wave Speed and EnergyD. Standing WavesE. ResonanceF. SoundG. Doppler Effect


Heiser, Modern Technical Physics

Physics I Laboratory Outline

I. Measurement; the Meter StickII. Measurement; the ,Vernier Caliper

III. Measurement; the Micrometer CaliperIV. Volume, and DensityV. Specific Gravity of Solids (-VI. Specific Gravity of Liquids

VII. Archimedes' PAncipleVIII. Composition of Forces

IX. Resolution of a ForceX. Parallel ForcesXI. Machines; the LeverXII. Coefficient of Friction

XIII. Machines; the PulleyXIV. Machines; the Wheel & AxleXV. M4ohimes; the Inclined PlaneXVI. Power (Mechanical/Electrical)

XVII. Hooke's LawXVIII. Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

XIX. Torsion ModulusXX. Boyle's LawXXI. lterTtllistlaTehdtium

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XXII. Young's Modulus (wire)

XXIII. AccelerationDue to ,Gravity

(Behr freefall app.)


SMTTI,Physics Laboratory

Eenual

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27

Course Title: Computer Mathematics

Hcnu' Required: Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 0 hours

Prerequisites: Mathematics I

Course Descri tion and Objectives:

InolwamTPICTV.7,7

The emphasis of this course is placed on learning how to use anumeric computer to solve problems in mathematics. Students arerequired to flowchart and code problems in mathematics. The courseis soption oriented with applications in statistics .and a desk topcomputer is used and available to all students.

Major Divisions:

I. The Whole Number SystemII. The Rational Number System

III. The System of IntegersIV. Sample SpacesV. Permutations

VI. CombinationsVII. Probability

VIII. Measures of Central TendencyIX. Measures of DispersionX. Correlation


I. The Whole Number SystemA. Closure under the Operation of AdditionB. Commutative Property of AdditionC. Associative Property of AdditionD. Whole Numbers 'under the Operation MultiplicationE. Closure under the Operation ,of MultiplicationF. Commutative Property of MultiplicationG. Associative Property of MultiplicationH. Distributive Property of Multiplication

II. The Rational Number SystemA. Equivalent Rattonal NumbersB. Renaming an itprbper fraction as a Mixed NumberC. Fundamental Operations with Rational NumbersD. Solving any ProportionE. Repeating Decimals

III. The System of IntegersA. Introduction to IntegersB. Fundamental Operation with Integers

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IV. Sample SpacesA. Finding Sample SpacesB. Computing Sample Spaces

V. PermutationsA. FactorialsB. Using a Computer to find NObjects taken Nat a time

and K at a time

VI. CombinationsA. Using a Computer to find the Combinations of NObjects

taken K at a timeB. The Binomial Expansion

VII. ProbabilityA. Outcomes Equally LikelyB. Mutually Exclusive EventsC. Not Mutually Exclusive Events

VIII. Measures of Central TendencyA. Computing the Arithmetic MeanB. Computing the Weighted Arithmetic MeanC. Computing the Arithmetic Mean frcm Grouped DataD. Computing the Median of Grouped DataE. Computing the Geometric Mean

IX. Measures of DispersionA. Variance (Grouped and Ungrouped)B. Computing Standard DeviationC. Computing the Mean and Standard Deviation

X. CorrelationA. Linear Correlation Coefficient between two sets of DataB. Meant Standard Deviation and Correlation Coefficient


McGillicuddy and et all

Johnson and Berman,

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The Real Number System throughComputerstiters, Vol. I and II

Probabilities and StatisticsThrou.sh Computers

29

Course Title: Instrumentation and Methods in Oceanography

Hours Required: Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours(every second week a,full day of station workon vessel)


A course in which the-student will become familiar with allthe more common oceanographic (and limnological) sampling tools andsampling methods. Field methods and field instruments (acquisitionof samples and raw data) will, be emphasized, but some time will bedenoted to related ship's gear and laboratory equipment


I. Water Sampling Gear and MethodsII. Plankton Samplers

III. Bottom SamplersIV. Coring DevicesV. Current Measuring or Indicating Devicec

VI. Temperature Measuring DevicesVII. Combined Purpose or Multipurpose Instruments


I. Water Sampling Gear and MethodsA. BucketB. Lumby surface samplerC. Insulated water bottleD. Nansen bottle standard depthsE. Knudsen bottleF. Kemmerer bottleG. Spilhaus Miller sea samplerH. Fjarlie bottleI. Van Dorn bottleJ. Frautschy bottleK. Niskin bottleL. N.I.O. water bottleM. Submersible pumpN. Sterile water samplers

1. Zobell bottle2. Cobet sampler3. Braincon multiple water sampler

0. Large volume (barrel) sampler for C14 studies

II. Plankton Samplers and MethodsA. BucketB. Sample bottle itself

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C. Submersible pump (qualitative and quantative methods)D. Bacteria and nannoplankton samplers

1. ZoBell bottle2. Cobet sampler

E. Birge-Juday plankton trapF. Plankton net materials and mesh sizesG. Simple cone netH. Hensen netI. Closing nets (non-mechanical)J. Meter net (also 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 meter nets)K. Hardy High Speed Plankton IndicatorL. Hardy Continuous Plankton RecorderM. Isaacs-Kidd High Speed samplerN. Clarke-Bumpus sampler0. Gulf III and. Gulf V samplersP. Lamont Multiple Plankton Sampler

III. Bottom SamplersA. Sounding leadB. Petersen grabC. Emery dredgeD. Van Veen dredgeE. Smith-MacIntyre samplerF. Holme Scoop samplerG. Dietz-LaFond samplerH. Orange-peel samplerI. Moore ooze suckerJ. Ekman dredge (Birge-Ekman dredge)K. Exploratory scoop, samplerL. Underway bottom sampler (Scoopfish)M. Bucket dredgeN. Pipe dredgeO. Oyster - scallop - rock dredge typesP. The selectivity of SCUBAQ. Meter 2 frame

IV. Coring DevicesA. Brief history of coringB. Hand corerC. Moore samplerD. Phleger corerE. Piggot corerF. Emery-Dietz gravity corerG. Ewing piston corerH. Kullenberg piston corerI. Stetson free-falling corerJ. Russian barrel corerK. The ball-breaker device (associated gear)L. The "Boomerang" type of corer

33

- 31 -

V. Ocean Current Measuring or Indicating DevicesA. Surface drifters

1. Visual Indicatorsa. Paperb. Current logc. Dyes

2. Release and find indicatorsa. Drift cardsb. Drift envelopesc. Drift bottles

B. Sub-surfape drifters1. Release and find

a. Bottom-trailer bottleb. Double bottlesc. Sea-bed drifter

2. Release and tracka. Swallow float

C. Current drogues and current drags1. Spar float2. Biplane float3. Biplane drag

D. Current meters1. Ekman current meter2. Price pattern current meter3. Roberts radio current meter4. The geomagnetic electrokinetograph (GEK)5. Savonius rotor systems

E. Use of a deep-sea camera to measure bottom currents

VI. Temperature Measuring DevicesA. Stem thermometersB. The bathythermograph (BT) and Mosby thereto -soundC. The XBT systemD. Reversing thermometersE. Max-min thermometerF. Thermistors

1. In situ recorders2. NEL thermistor chain

G. IR and remote sensors

VII. Combined Purpose and/or multipurpose instrumentsA. Navy Electronics Laboratory Deep Sea Oceanographic System

(NELDSOS)B. SVTP STDC. ICTID. Buoy platformsE. Geothermal probe

0(.1`1


Barnes, H.,

32

Limnological Methods

Oceanography and Marine Biology

35

-33-

Course Title: Invertebrate Zoology


Prerequisites: General Biology


The emphasis of this course is placed on the morphology, anatomy,and general biology of the major phyla of invertebrate animals.

Major Divisions:

I. Classification of Marine EnvironmentII. Factors Affecting Body Structure

III. Invertebrate Phyla1. Protozoa2. Porifera3. Coelenterata

4. Ctenophora5. Platyhelminthes6. Rhynchocoela7. AschelminthesE. Acanthocephala9. Entoprocta

10. Annelida11. Mollusca12. Arthrapoda13. Echinodermata14. Hemichordata15. Chordata


I. Classification of the Marine EnvironmentA. BenthicB. Pelagic

II. Factors Affecting Body StructureA. EnvironmentB. Size of animalC. Mode of existence

III. Invertebrate PhylaA. Protozoa

1. Position in Animal Kingdom2. Characteristics of Phylum3. Characteristics of Classes4. Evolution5. Economic importance

3G

--34-

B. Porifera1. Anatomy and Histology2. Basic sponge structures3. Physiology

4. Characteristics of Classes5. Evolution6. Economic importance

C. Coelenterata1. New structural features2. Histology and Physiology3. Polyp and Medusoid structure4. Characteristics of Classes5. Evolution

D. Ctenophora1. New structural features2. Comparison with Coelenterata3. Characteristics of Classes

4. Economic importance

E. Platyhelminthes1. Origin of bilateral symmetry2. Characteristics of Classes3. Evolution

4. Economic importance

F. Ryhnchocoela1. Evolution2. Characteristics of Classes3. Economic importance

G. Aschelminthes1. Embryonic development of body cavity2. Evolution3. Histology, Physiology4. Economic importance

H. Acanthocephala1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Economic importance

I. Entoprocta1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Economic importance

J. Annelida1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Characteristics of Classes

37

- 35 -

3. Evolution4. Economic importance

K. Mollusca1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Evolution3. Characteristics of Classes4. Economic importance

L. Arthropoda1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Reaspns Phylum so successful3. Classification of Classes, etc.4. Evolution5. Economic importance

M. Echinodermata1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Characteristics of Classes3. Evolution,

i4. Economic importance

N. Hemichordata1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Characteristics of Classes3. Evolution

0. Chordata1. Characteristics of Phylum2. Characteristics of Subphyla3. Comparison of Invertebrates with Vertebrates


Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology

Hickman, Integrated Principles of Zoology

Invertebrate Zoolo .t.4k Laborator Outline

I. Field TripsA. Collection methods of organisms from different environmentB. Preservatives and fixativesC. Transportation of specimens

II. Exercise in Identification of Common OrganismsA. Phylum ProtozoaB. " P.orifera

C. " Colenterata and CtenophoraD. " Platyhelminthes and RhychocoelaE. " Nematoda

-36-

F. " Rotifera, Gastrotricha & NematomorphaG. " AnnelidH. " Sipunculida, Echiurida and ChaetognatimI. Bryozoa and Brachiopoda7. " MolluacaK. " ArthropodaL. " EchinodermataN. " Prochordata

III. Anatomy and StructureA. ( Transverse:section of "Sycon" and "Balichondria"B. Spicule mountsC. Cross 'section of "Hydra "D. Longitudinal section of "Anemone"E. Regeneration experiment of "Planaria"F. Parapodia mountG. Dissection of "Neris"H. Dissection of "Gastrepoda"I. Dissection of "Pelecypod"J. DisseCtion of "Loligo"K. Internal structure of "Balanum"L. Dissection of a "Xobster"M. Dissection of a "Sea-cucumber"N. Dissection of a "Sea Urchin"

Each student will be required to maintain a laboratory notebook,where he will keep a record of.his10oretory work. for evaluation.


Smith, Ralph I., Editor, lleys to Marine Invertebratetof theWoods Hole Region

39

-37-

Course Title: Economics


Prerequisites: Ability to comprehend College Levelmaterial in the field of Social Science


The course attempts to give the student an understanding ofour economic system; to demonstrate the role of money and itseffect on the economy; to measure and understand production, employ-ment, and income based on the circular flow_concept; to explainbusiness fluctuation, and to show the current methods of economicanalysis and the development of economic policies that are used tostablize the levels of economic activity.

Major Divisions:

I. Econcmic SystemII. Money, Credit and Banking

III. Production Income and EmploymentIV. Business-Business Cycles FluctuationV. Income - Expenditure Analysis

VI. International Economics


I. Economic SystemA. Nature and Scope of EconomicsB. Process of EconomizingC. Our Free Enterprise Economic SystemD. Circular Flow of Economic Activity

II. Money, Credit and BankingA. Money and Circular FlowB. Money - its Nature, Function and CreationC. Banking SystemD. Federal Reserve Control over Money Supply

III. Production, Income and EmploymentA. Production Income and the Flow of FundsB. Determinations of the GNP and Economic GrowthC. Full Employment

IV. Business-Business Cycles FluctuationsA. Pattern of the CycleB. Business CycleC. Business Cycle, Monetary and Financial Causes

40

- 38 -

V. Income - Expenditure AnalysisA. Anti-depressionary PoliciesB. Anti-inflationary PoliciesC. Evaluation of Income Expenditure ApproachD. Fiscal Policy and the Department

VI. International EconomicsA. World TradeB. Theo Balance of International PaymentsC. International and Cooperation


Hailstones, Basic Economics

Kiplinger, Changing Times

U.S. News and World Report

Time Magazine

Wall Street Journal

National Observer

Business Week

41

-39-

Course Title: Physics II

Hours Required: Class1.3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours

Prerequisites: Physics i

Course Description and qb'ectives:

The course is orientated to present a comprehensive treatment of basic technical physics (nonrcalculus). The approachis highly quantitative as stress is laid on probleth solving andphysical measurement. in the experiments conducted. The objectiveof the course is to equip the student with sbme basic, logicalunderstanding and skill in physical measurement, together withquantitative description and analysis.

Major Divisions:

I. Mechanical PropertiesII. Heat

III. ElectricityIV. Magnetism


I. Mechanical PropertiesA. DensityB. ElasticityC. Module of ElasticityD. PressureE. Archimedes' Principal and Specific GravityF. Bernoulli EquationG. Simple Harmonic MotionH. Water WavesI. , SoundJ. Doppler Effect

II. HeatA. ThermometryB. Thermal EnergyC. Specific HeatD. Change of StateE. Thermal ExpansionF. Kinetic Theory of GasesG. First and Second Low of ThermodynamicsH. Carnot CycleI. Heat Transfer

42

40

III. Electricity (d.c.)A. Static ChargeB. Electric FieldsC. Ohm's LawD. ResistivityE. Kirchhoff's RulesF. ElectrochemistryG. Fuel CellsH. Capacitance

IV. MagnetismA. Magnetic PropertiesB. Magnetic FieldsC. Magnetic ForcesD. Galvanometer, Ammeter and VoltmeterE. d.c. MotorF. The BetatronG. a.c. and d.c. GeneratorsH. The TransformerI. InductanceJ. a.c. Theory


Beiser,

Schaum,

Modern Technical Physics

College Physics Outline

Physics II Laboratory Outline

I. HeatA. Calibrating a ThermometcB. Coefficient of Linear ExpansionC. (Specific) Heat CapacityD. Charles' LawE. Heat of FusionF. Heat of VaporizationG. Relative Humidity and Dew PointH. Heating Value of Fuel (Gas or Liquid)T. Electrical Equivalent of Heat

II. SoundA. The Simple PendulumB. Vibration Rate of Tuning ForksC. Sonic Resonance

III. LightA. PhotometryB. Reflection of Light

43

-41

C. Index of Refraction

D. Lenses and ImagesE. Spectroscopy


SMVTI, Physics Laboratory Manual

44

42

Course Title: Survey of Navigation



The emphasis of this course is placed on a study of the basicsof navigation. A basic introduction to the earth and its coordinates, navigation tools, charts, navigation publications, visualand electronic aids to navigation is presented. The objective ofthe course is to enable the student to determine and plot marinepositions. The course is solution oriented.

Major Divisions:

I. Dead ReckoningII. Piloting

III. Aids to Navigation Visual)IV. Aids to Navigation rlectronic)


I. Dead ReckoningA. The Earth and its CoordinatesB. The elements of DirectionC. The Rhumb LineD. Great and Small CirclesE. Distance, SpeedF. Chart Projections, (Mercator)G. Latitude and LongitudeH. Chart InterpretationI. Dead Reckoning DefinitionsJ. The D. R. TrackK. Time, Speed and Distance SolutionsL. Navigation InstrumentsM. The Gyro CompassN. The Magnetic Compass

II. PilotingA. Construction of Plotting SheetsB. Lines of PositionC. The RangeD. The FixE. Bearings, True and RelativeF. The Running FixG. Mathematical Solutions to the FixH. Safe Piloting without a,FixI. Danger BearingsJ. Danger AnglesK. TidesL. Currents

-43-

III. Aids to Navigation (Visual)A. Buoys Significance and SystemsB. Types of BuoysC. Daytime Buoy IdentificationD. Nighttime Buoy IdentificationE. Fog SignalsF. LighthousesG. Light VesselsH. Identification of LightsI. Range LightsJ. Visibility of LightsK. List of Lights Publication

IV. Aids to Navigation (Electronic)A. Introduction to Electronic AidsB. Electronic Aids PublicationsC. Radio Direction FindersD. Marine Radio BeaconsE. Radio Direction Finder StationsF. Errors in(R.D.F. BearingsG. Radar EquipmentH. Advantages and Limitations of RadarI. Radar AccuracyJ. Radar InterpretationK. Radar FixesL. Introduction to Maneuvering BoardM. Loran EquipmentN. Loran Charts0. Ground Waves and Sky Waves


Dutton's, Navigation and Piloting

H.O. 2665-10, Maneuvering Board

46

Course Title:

Hours Required:

prereguisites:

- 44 -

Field Biology (Ecology)

Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours

General Biology and Elements of Oceanography


This course is designed for second year students who have hadsome familiarity with basic biological and oceanographic concepts.General definitions and principles of ecology will be explored withparticular reference to the marine environment. Interrelationships`between organisms and how the physical, chemical and geologicalfeatures of the environment affect these relationships will bediscussed in detail. Occasional field trips and student involvementin ecological projects will be encouraged.

Ma.ior Areas of Discussion:

I. Introduction and Early Ecological ThoughtII. Basic Definitions in Ecology

III. Statistical Methods of Study and ResearchIV. Physical_ Environmental FactorsV. Chemical Environmental FactorsVI. Geological Factors and Species Distribution

VII. Biogeochemical CyclesVIII. Energetics and Productivity

IX. Population DynamicsX. Inter and Intraspegific CompetitionXI. The Community and Ecological Succession

XII. Classification and Ecology of the Marine ComrunitiesXIII. Aquatic PollutionXIV. An Ecological Approach to Harvesting the Sea


I. Introduction and Early Ecological ThoughtA. Addltional literature and .referencesB. History of Marine Ecology and Field Biology

1. The new science2. The scientific method of ecological study

C. The meaning of ecology.D. Interdisciplinary ramificationsE. The subdivisions of ecology

1. autecology vs. synecology

II. Basic Definitions in EcologyA. The "Biological Spectrum"

1. Organisms

47

- 45 -

2. Populations

3. Communities4. Ecosystems5. Biomes6. Biosphere

B. HabitatC. Niche

III. Statistical Methods of Study and ResearchA. Sarppling populations and the frequency distributionB. Measures of central tendencyC. Chi square significance testsD. Correlation coefficientsE. Graphic representations

IV. Physical Environmental Factors as "Limiting Factors"A. TemperatureB. SalinityC. PressureD. IlluminationE. WavesF. CurrentsG. AbrasionH. SubstratumI. Tides

V. Chemical Environmental Factors as "Limiting Factors"A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. Hydrogen SulfideD. Hydrogen Ion ConcentrationE. Inorganic SaltsF. Organic Compounds

VI. Geological Factors and Species DistributionA. Continental Drift and species isolationB. Submarine topography as barriers to distributionC. Erosion and AbrasionD. Marine sediments as a limiting factorE. Diastrophic events

VII. Biogeochemical CyclesA. General discussionB. Nitrogen CycleC. Carbon CycleD. Phosphate CycleE. Quantitative Study of Biogeochemical CyclesF. Other cycles

48

-46

VIII. Energetics and ProductivityA. Fundamental concepts related to energyB. Food chains and food websC. Metabolism and size of individualsD. Trophic structure apd ecological pyramidsE. Concept of productivity

IX. Population DynamicsA. Population density and measurementsB. Natality and MortalityC. Concepts of biotic potential and environmental resistanceD. Cyclic oscillations of populationsE. Population dispersal; internal distribution patternsF. Densityindependent and densitydependent actionsG. Population energy flowH. Aggregation and Allees PrincipleI. Isolation and TerritorialityJ. Plant Productivity Studies

1. Carbon 14 fixation2. Oxygen consumption3. Dry weight studies

X. Int:r and Intra Specific CompetitionA. Interspeeies interactions

1. Symbiotic relationshipsB. Competition

1. Gause's Principle

XI. The Community and Ecological SuccessionA. The community conceptB. Ecological dominanceC. Classification of biotic communities

EcologiCal succession1. Primary through climax communities

E. Community StratificationF. Community PeriodicityG. The EcotoneH. Speciesnumbers relationshipsI. Paleoecology

XII. Classification and Ecology of the Marine CommunitiesA. General IntroductionB. Habitats and Endemic Populations

1. Abyssal2. Pelagic3. Upper Oceanic Zone4. Coastal5. Coral Reef6. Intertidal7. Estuarine

49

47

XIII. Aquatic PollutionA. Animal WastesB. IndustrialC. ChemicalD. ThermalE. AtomicF. Herbicides and PesticidesG. Monitoring pollution and the Age of ComputorsH. Government controls; conservation and a new public

awareness

XIV. An Ecological Approach to Harvesting the OceansA. Aquaculture

1. Fish farming2. Turtle farming3. Seaweed harvest4. Plankton culture

B. Modern Conservation Techniques1. Whaling fisheries management2. Seal herds and other marine, mammal protection3. Laws and Governments


Odum, E.P.,

Hedgepeth, Treatise on Marine Ecolo_ Paleoecoiugx

Tait, An Introduction to Marine Ecology

Moore, H.B., Marine Ecolom

Benton and Werner, Field Biology and Ecology

Hazen, W.E., Readings in Population and Community Ecology

Fundamentals of Ecolom

50

Course Title: Chemical Oceanography


Prerequisites: Elements of Oceanography and Instrumentation,and Methods in Oceanography


A survey course of certain chemical and instrumental analyticalmethods specifically applicable to water and sea water analysis.Emphasis on procedure and technique of laboratory analyses ratherthan in situ measurements.

Methods Considered:

I. Salinity DeterminationsII. Dissolved Oxygen Determinations

III. Acidity DeterminationIV. Alkalinity DeterminationV. pH MeasurementsVI. Turbidity Measurements

VII. Suspended Solids DeterminationsVIII. Phosphorus Determinations

IX. Nitrogen. DeterminationsX. Chlorophyll Determination

XI. Measurement of Primary ProductivityXII. Sediment Size Analysis


I. Salinity DeterminationsA. Basic chemistry of titrimetric methodsB. Titrimetric methods (main emphasis)

1. Knudsen method2. Mohr method3. Harvey method

C. Gravimetric methodD. Amperometric methodE. Density (hydrometer) methodF. Refractive index methodG. Conductimetric methods (Isecondary emphasis)

1. Conductivity cell2. (Beckman) RS-5C in situ salinometer3. Laboratory induction salinometer

II. Dissolved Oxygen DeterminationA. Winkler Method (main emphasis)B. Galvanic cell oxygen analyzes and in situ probes and

monitors

-49-

III. Acidity Determination

IV. Alkalinity Determination

V. pH MeasurementsA. Definition of pHB. Colorimetr-c methods

1. Color comparator2. Colorimeter

C. pH Meter

VI. Turbidity MeasurementsA. Secchi discB. Platinum wire methodC. Candle turbidimeter.D. Hellige turbidimeterE. NephelometerF. ColorimeterG. Submersible photometer (transmissivity meter)H. Photocell

VII. Suspended Solids DeterminationsA. Evaporation methodB. Filtration methodC. Taring and ignition method (main emphasis)

VIII. Phosphorus DeterminationsA. Phosphorus fractionsB. Inorganic phosphorusC. Total phosphorus

IX. Nitrogen DeterminationsA. The nitrogen fractionsB. Determination of NH3C. Determination of NO3D. Determination of NO2E. Determination of total nitrogen (Kjeldahl method)

(main emphasis)

X. Chlorophyll Determination

XI. Measurement of Primary ProductivityA. Dark and light bottle methodB. Carbon-14 method

XII. Sediment Sire AnalysisA. SeivingB. Wentworth scaleC Rapid sediment analyer

52


Martin, D.F. ,

-50-

Marine Chemistry. Vol. I

Standard Methods - A.P.H.A.

53

-51

Course Title: Political Science


Prerequisites: Ability to comprehend College Level materialin the yield of Social Science.


This course is designed primarily for the student in collegetaking their first course in political Science.

Major Divisions:

I. Framework of GovernmentII. Interest, Groups and Pressure TacticsIII. Politic41 PartiesIV. Voting and ElectionsV. NoMination and(Election of the President

VI. The Presidential. OfficeVII. Congress: The MembershipVIII. Congress at Work

IX. The Federal CourtsX. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

XI. Man and the LandXII. The Service State

XIII. Health, Education and WelfareXIV. The Nation's Peace and Security


I. The Framework of GovernmentA. The Farmers and Their ProblemsB. The Constitution: A Bundle of CompromisesC. A Unique System of GovernmentD. Dynamic FederalismE. Political Voting BehaviorF. The Legal Setting for Voting Behavior

II. Interest Groups and Pressure TacticsA. Pressure Groups and Their ConstituentsB. LobbiesC. Pressure Groups, Yesterday and TodayD. Public OpinionE. Group MembershipF. Communication of the Groups Political Desires

III. Political PartiesA. Comparison of Parties and Press re Groups

54

52

B. Parties: The Basis of GovernmentC. Party MembershipD. The Two Party SystemE. Republican and Democratic RatiosF. Decentralized Party OrganizationG. Patterns of Party PreferenceH. The American Voter, the Pattern of his Turnouts,

and the Voter's Will at the Polls

IV. Voting and ElectionA. CampaigningB. Defensible RestrictionsC. The Mechanics of VotingD. Proposed ReformsE. Making Public PolicyF. The Struggle for Influence, Inside and Outside of the

Government

V. The Nomination and Election of the PresidentA. Geographical determinantsB. National ConventionC. They Party PlatformD. The CampaignE. The Electoral CollegeF. Political Leadership

VI. The Presidential OfficeA. As a LegislationE. Party ChieftainC. Curbs on Presidential PowerD. Presidential Succession

VII. Congress: The MembershipA. Modes of ElectionB. QualificationsC. Background, Ethnic and Religious factorsD. Choosing Candidates

VIII. Congress at WorkA. Daily RoutineB. A Bill takes the HurdlesC. Action in the House and SenateD. Congressional Leadership

The Federal CourtsA. Courts JurisdictionB. Structure of the CourtsC. Judicial ReviewD. The Role of the Supreme Court

55

- 53 -

X. Civil Rights and Civil LibertiesA. Restraints on the GovernmentB. The Bill of RightsC. Constitutional GuaranteesD. The Federal Role in Civil Rights

XI. Man and the LandA. Federal SubsidiesB. ConservationC. Problems of SurplusD. The Effects of Mechanization

XII. The Service StateA. Acts to BusinessB. Promotion and RegulationC. The Growth of Big BusinessD. The Balanced Wheel of the Economy

XIII. Health, Education and WelfareA. The Growth of Public Health ServicesB. Health and Social SecurityC. The Government and EducationD. The Welfare State; Pro and Con

XIV. The Nations Peace and SecurityA. Security through AlliancesB. The U.S. and Latin AmericaC. The United NationsD. The Defense Establishment


Fincher Ernest B.,

Bone, Hugh A., andAustin Ranny

Way, Frank H., Jr,s

56

The Government of the United States

Politics and the Voter

Liberty in the Balance

-54-

Course Title: Sociology


Frampisit'es: Graduation from High School

Purpose of the Course:

(I). To capture the interest of the student and to demonstratethe process and challenge of scientific observation and analysis ofsocial behavior.

(II). To cultivate in the student the habit of scientific analysisof social behavior.

(III.) To pra,ent the basic concepts and descriptive materials ofsociology clearly and intelligibly.

Major Divisions:

I. Sociology and SocietyII. Culture and Personality

III. Social OrganizationIV. Social InteractionV. Human Ecology

VI. Social Change a'i Social Policy


I. Sociology and SocietyA. Science and SocietyB. Fields and Methods of Sociology

II. Culture and PersonalityA. The Nature of CultureB. The Meaning of CultureC. Personality and SocializationD. Role and StatusE. Social Control and Social Deviation

III. Social OrganizationA. Groups and AssociationsB. Social InstitutionsC. The FamilyD. Social ClassE. Social Mobility

IV. Social InteractionA. Social ProcessesB. Social PowerC. Race and Ethnic RelationsD. Collected Behavior

57

,t+

55

V. Human EcologyA. PopulationB. Rural and Human Communities

VI. Social Change and Social PolicyA. Social and Cultural ChangeB. Social Movements


Norton and Hunt,

Bailie, Helena,

Cohen, Bruce Lt, andHelena Bailie

Huxley, Ald:ous;

Montague, Ashley,

58

Sociolo.y

Instructor's Manual for Horton and Hunt

Study Guide and Source Book

Brave New World

Man In Process

-56-

Course Title: Microbiology

Hours agairvil: Class, 3 hours; laboratory, 2 hours

Prerequisites: General Biology


This course will study the basic principles and techniques ofmicrobiology. Consideration will be given to microbial structure,growth, physiology, and the reactions of microorganisms do theirphysical, chemical and biological environments. Whenever possible,emphasis will be placed on marine microorganisms.


I. IntroductionII. History

III. Biological PrinciplesIV. Bacterial AnatomyV. Microbial Nutrition and Physiology

VI. Techniques of Growing BacteriaVII. Bacterial Growth

VIII. Influence of EnvironmentIX. GroupS of BacteriaX. Control of Microorganisms

1. Physical Agents2. Chemical Agents3. Antibiotics

XI. Resistance to Harmful AgentsXII. Microbiology of Water and Sewerage

XIII. Pathogens and VirulenceXIV. Host Defense MechanismsXV. Immunity and Vaccines

XVI. Water-borne Infections of ManXVII. Contact Diseases of Man


I. IntroductionA. General scope of microbiology

II. HistoryA. Beginning of microbiologyB. Pertinent discoveries

III. Biological PrinciplesA. DNA replication and transcriptionB. MetabolismC. Microbial nomenllature and classification

59

57

D. Microscopy1. Brightfield microscopy2. The function of oil3. Phasecontrast microscopy4. Electron microscopy

IV. Bacterial AnatomyA. Shape and arrangement of bacterial cellsB. Bacterial sizeC. Bacterial structures

1. Flagella2. Fimbriae3. Capsules4. Cell wall5. Cytoplasmic membrane6. Protoplasm7. Endospores

V. Microbial Nutrition and PhysiologyA. Nutritional requirementsB. Physical conditions required for growth

1. Temperatur2. Gaseous requirements3. pH4. Salinity

VI. Techniques of Growing BacteriaA. Bacteriological media

1. Types of media2. Procedure for making media

VII. Bacterial GrowthA. Growth curve of a bacterial population

1. Lag phase2. Log phase

a. Generation time3. Stationary phase4. Death phase5. Survival phase

VIII. Influence of EnvironmentA. Factors influencing phases of growth curve

IX. Groups of BacteriaA. Orders of bacteria

1. Pseudomonadales2. Chlamydobacteriales3. Hypomicrobiales4. Eubacteriales5. Caryophanales6. Actinomycetales7. Be'ggiatoales

60

58

8. Myxobacterales9. Spirochaetales10. Mycoplasmatales

B. The Viruses

X. Control of. MicroorganismsA. Terminology

1. Sterilization2. Disinfectant3. Antiseptic

4. Bactericide5. Antimicrobial agent6. Etc.

B. The Pattern of Death of BacteriaC. Conditions Influencing Antimicrobial ActionD. Physical Agents

1. Temperature2. Desiccation3. Radiation4. Ultraviolet light5. Surface tension6. BacteriolOgical filters

E. Chemical Agents1. Desirable features of chemical agents2. Majc: groups of chemical antimicrobial agents

F. Antibiotics1. The sulfonamides2. How antibiotics work3. Types of antibiotics

XI. Resistance to Harmful AgentsA. Resistance to antibiotics

XII. Microbiology of Water and SewerageA. Marino microbiology

1. Role of Marine microorganisms2. Fertility of oceans3. Water purification4. Coliform test5. Characteristics of sewerage6. Sewerage treatment and disposal

XIII. Pathogens and VirulenceA. Factors influencing virulenceB. Enzamatic factorsC. Factors influencing infectionD. InferAdve dosageE. F-rtal of entryF. Communicability

61

59

XIV. Host Defense MechanismsA. The first line of defenseB. The second line of defenseC. The third line of defense

XV. Immunity and VaccinesA. Active immunityB. Passive immunityC. AntigensD. Vaccines

XVI. Waterborne Infections of ManA. Control of intestinal infectionsB. The carrier problemC. Various infectious bacteria

XVII. Contact Diseases of ManA. Directcontact diseases

1. Syphilis2. Gonorrhea3. Streptococcus infections4. Staphylococcus infections5. Tetnus6. Rabies7. Etc.


Pelczart Michael, J., andRoger D. Reid Microbiology

Stanier, The Microbial World

Microbiology Laboratory Outline

I. General Laboratory TechniquesA. Aseptic transfer of bacteriaB. Streaking a plate for isolation of coloniesC. Identification of bacterial structural types

1. Cocci2. Bacilli3. SpIrilla

II. Preparation of MediaPreparation of sea water extract

B. Incubation of sea water colbniesC. Isolation of pure colonies

62

60 --

III. Dilution Counts by the Pour Plate Method

IV. Test for the Presence of Bacteriophage in Sea WaterA. Method to isolate phageB. Method to aetect phageC. Methods used for direct cJunting of bacteria

V. Thermal DeathA. Determine half life of spores of Bacillus megaterium

VI. Enrichmert CulturesA. Bluegreen algaeB. Green algaeC. Nitrogenfixing bacteriaD. Cellulose decomposing bacteriaE. Aerobic sporeformersF. Anaerobic bporeformers

VII. Determination of Bacterial CharacteristicsA. Spore stainB. Capsule outlineC. Gram stainD. Flagella stainE. Nuclear stainF. Simple stainG. Lipid stainH. Periodate Schiff stainI. AcidFast stain

VIII. Photoelectric Colorimetry and TurbidimetryA. Determination of spore generation with a Spec.-20

Coliform TestA. Millipore filter apparatusB. Fermentation tube technique

63

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Course Title: Physical and Geological Oceanography

Hours Required: Lecture, 3 hours; laborat3ry, 2 hours

Prerequisites: Elements of Oceanography


A second year course in Physical and Geological Oceanography.This course wiltl expand upon the concepts taught in Oceanography I,as well as introducting new topics. Emphasis will be put upon someof the modern research being carried out in the various fields beingdiscussed.

Major Divisions:

I. The Earth; its Origin, Structure, and CompositionII. Techniques for Exploration of the Sea Floor

III. Topography of the Sea FloorIV. Pelagic SedimentsV. Abyssal Plain Sediments

VI. Movements of the Sea FloorVII. Igenous Rocks the Ocean FloorVIII. The Structure of the Ocean Basins

IX. Continental DriftX. Beaches

XI. Physical Properties of Sea WaterXII. Typical Distributions of Water Characteristics

XIII. Water, Salt, and Heat Budgets of the OceansXIV. Circulation and Water Masses of the OceansXV. Coastal Oceanography

XVI. Waves and CurrentsXVII, Current Topics in Applied Oceanography

Outline of Instructions

I. The Earth; its Origin, Structure, and CompositionA. Formation of the EarthB. Geological time tableC. The layers of the Earth

1. The Atmosphere2. The Hydrosphere3. The Lithosphere

a. The Crustb. The Mantlec. The Core

D. The type of rocks and rockforming minerals

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II. Techniques for Exploration of the Sea FloorA. SeismologyB. Echo-sounding and Seismic profilingC. EarthquakesD. The Earth's magnetic fieldE. Heat -flow measurementF. Project MoholeG. Submersible vehiclesH. Underwater televisionI. Remote photographic equipment

III. Topography of the Sea FloorA. The Continental ShelfB. The Continental. SlopeC. The Continental RiseD. The Ocean BasinE. Submarine CanyonsF. ReefsG. RidgesH. TrenchesI. AtollsJ. The Mid-Ocean Ridge SystemK. Bathymetric Charts

IV. Pelagic SedimentsA. TypesB. Age determination of sedimentsC. Magnetic StratigraphyD. Mineralogy of sedimentsE. Devices for sampling sedimentsF. Applications of studies of Pelagic sediments

1. Indicator species2. Polar migration

Abyssal Plain SedimentsA. IberianB. Biscay Plains

VI. Movements of the Sea FloorA. Evidence of vertical movementB. Evidence of lateral movement

VII. Igneous Rocks of the Ocean BasinsA. Basic anri Ultra-Basic rocksB. Oceanic IslandsC. Mid-Ocean RidgeD. BasaltsE. Manganese

VIII. The Structure of the Ocean Basins

A. Mid -Ocean Ridge systemB. The Continental margins

I.X. Continental DriftA. Ocean floor spreadingB. Polar wandering

X. BeachesA. TerminologyB. TypesC. CharacteristicsD. Cycles

XI. Physical Properties of Sea WaterA. SalinityB. ConductivityC. SoundD. TemperatureE. DensityF. PressureG. ColorH. ChlorinityI. ChlorosityJ. Refractive Index

XII. Typical Distribution of Water CharacteristicsA. Density distributionsB. Dissolved, oxygen distributionsC. Temperature distributionD. Salinity distribution

XIII. Water, Salts, and Heat Budgets of the OceansA. Conservation of VolumeB. Conservation of SaltC. Conservation of Heat Energy

XIV. Circulation and Water Masses of the OceanA. General descriptionB. Southern OceanC. Atlantic OceanD. Mediterranean, Black, and Baltic SeasE. Northern SeasF. Artie SeasG. Pacific OceanH. Indian OceanI. Red Sea

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XV. Coastal Ocea::icgraphy

A. EstuariesB. BaysC. Flushing Time

XVT, Waves and CurrentsA. CausesB. Terminology and Ideal wavesC. Progressive Oscillatory wavesD. Wind wavesE. The Beaufort ScaleF. Young and Old wavesG. DwellH. Shallow water wavesI. Wave refractionJ. BreakersK. Current's set in motion by shoaling wavesL. TsunamisM. Storm SurgesN. Tides and tidal currents0. Turbidity CurrentsP. Internal Waves

XVII. Current Topics in Applied Oceanography


Keen, M. J., An Introduction to Marine Geology

Pickard, G.L., Descriptive Oceanography

Shepard, Francis, P., The Earth Beneath the Sea

Yasso, Warren, P., Oceanography

Spar, J., Earth, Sea, and Air

Sverdrup, Johnson, andFlemming, The Oceans

67

Physical and Geological Oceanography Laboratory Outline.

I. Fossil abildy

A. A study of the methods by which fossils formB. Observation and identification of various fossils

II. Rock and Mineral StudyA. The observation and identification of rocks and minerals

1. Igneous2. Metamorphic3. Sedimentary

III. Core AnalysisA. Aralysis of CLAY cores for determination of particle

type and size

IV. Core AnalysisA. Analysis of MUD cores for determination of particle

type and size

V. Foraminifera and DiatomsA. A study of sediment samples for the tests of diatoms and

foraminiferaB. Students will observe under a microscope and will

sketch those specimens they find

VI. Clastic StudyA. Investigation of lobal clastics to determine size,

shape; mineral makeup, abundance and location

VII. Field TripsA. To observe movements of particles, structures associated

with each phenomenon, its formation and erosion1. Lagoon2. Beach

3. Bar4. Rocky coast

d's153:s

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Course Title: Planktology (Elective)


Prerequisites: General Biology and Invertebrate Zoology

Course Description and Ob'ectives:

The emphasis of this course is placed on the structure anddynamics of marine plankton communities, classification, morphology,and ecology of major constituents. Laboratory will be involved incollecting, sorting, and identification of local biota.

Major Divisions:

I. IntroductionII. Familarity with Different: Terminology

III. PhytoplanktonIV. ZooplanktonV. Planktonic Larvae

VI. IchthyoplanktonVII. Factors Affecting Primary ProductionVIII. Plankton and the Fisheries


I. IntroductionA. Historical aspertsB. Quantitative approach

II. Familarity with Different TerminologyA. Relation to size

1. Megaplankton2. Macroplankton3. Nanoplankton4. Ultraplankton5. Microflagellates6. Hekistoplankton

B. Relation to the number of species1. Monomictic2. Polymictic3. Pantomirtic

C. Relaticn to nutrition1. Autctrophic2. Auxotrophic3. Heterotrophic4. Saprozoic5. Myxotrophic6. Holotrophic

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67

III. PhytoplanktonA. Diatoms

1. Centricae2. Pennatae

B. DinoflagellRta

IV. ZooplanktonA. Phylum ProtozoaB. CoelenterataC. it CtenophoraD. ChaetognathaE. AnnelidaF. PhoronidaG. MolluscaH. Urochordata

V. Planktonic LarvaeA. Polychaete larvaeB. Crustacean larvaeC. Gastropod larvaeD. Lamellibranch larvaeE. Ectoproct larvaeF. Echinoderm larvae

VI. IchthyoplanktonA. Fish eggsB. Fish larvae

VII. Factors Affecting Primary ProductionA. NutrientsB. Light and temperatureC. Organic micro nutrients and inhibitorsD. Grazing

VIII. Plankton and the FisheriesA. FoodB. Distribution and migrationC. FishingD. Mortality


Raymond,

Hardy,

Plankton and Productivity

The Open Sea, Part I

Newell and Newell, Marine Plankton

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planktology_Laboratory Outline

I. Collection of PlanktonA. Meter netB. High speed samplerC. Clark-Bumpus samplerD. Gulf III, plankton sampler

II. Techniques for Studying Plankton AbundanceA. Numerical method

1. "Y" splitter2. Sorting tray3. Folsom splitter4. Cushing splitter

B. Volumetric methodC. Gravimetric method

III. Identification of Major Groups

IV. Preservation and Preparation of Slides

71

Course Title:

Hours Required:

Prerequisites:

69

Microtechnique (Elective)


General Biology


An introduction to the procedures involved in the preparationof materials for microscopic examination, including instruction infixation, embedding, sectioning, and staining. The course isoriented towards laboratory technique in the subject.

Major Areas of Discussions

I. IntroductionII. Types of Microscope Slides

III. Materials and EquipmentIV. Fixation and FixativesV. Stains and Staining

VI. Dehydrating qnd ClearingVII. SectioningVIII. Cleaning, Labeling, and Storing Slides


I. IntroductionA. Outline the general nature of the course

IT. Types of Microscope SlidesA. WholemountB. SmearsC. SquashesD. Sections

III. Materials and EquipmentA. Slides and CoverslipsB. Containers for Handling ObjectsC. Equipment for Handling Slides

IV. Fixative MixturesA. Purpose of FixationB. Preservation of External FormC. Preservation of Cellular DetailD. Fixative Mixtures

V. Stains and StainingA. Principles of StainingB. Nuclear Stains

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C. Plasma or Contrast StainsD. Staining Procedures

VI. Dehydrating and ClearingA. General PrinciplesB. Clearing Agents

VII. SectioningA. Nature of the ProcessB. Methods of Holaing MaterialsC. Hardening and Fixing Materials for CuttingD. Choice of FixativesE. Technique of Dehydrating, Clearing, Embedding

VIII. Cleaning, Labeling, and Storing SlidesA. CleaningB. LabelingC. Storing


Gray,

Mahoney,

Handbook of Basic Microtechniques

Laboratory Techniques in Zoology

73

Course Title:

Hours Required:

-71-

Marine Botany (Elective)


General Biology

Course Description and Ob'ectiyes:

This course is designed to introduce the student to the majorgroups of marine algae as well as to the vascular plants whichexist in shore areas. Emphasis is placed on morphology, zonation,physiology, and evolution.


I. Vascular Plant TaxonomyII. Salt Marshes

III. Sand DunesIV. Bacteria in the SeaV. Marine Fungi

VI. Planktonic OrganismsVII. Cyanophyta

VIII. Basic Botany of the AlgaeIX. ChlorophytaX. Phaeophyta

XI. Macrocystis - A Case StudyXII. Rhodophyta

XIII. Zonation of a Rocky ShoreXIV. Physiology of the AlgaeXV. Phylogeny and Fossil Algae

XVI. Commercial Marine Plants of Maine


I. Vascular Plant TaxonomyA. TerminologyB. Trends in floral evolutionC. DicotyledonaeD. Monocotytedonae

II. Salt MarshesA. Introduction - value of a salt marshB. GeologyC. Zonation of marsh plantsD. Adaptations of halophytes

III. Sand DunesA. Types of shoresB. Formation of dunes

-72

C. Succession of plant and animal communitiesD. Factors affecting zonation on sand dune and beach areasE. Adaptations of selected plants

IV. Bacteria in the SeaA, Types of bacteria found in marine environmentB. Microorganisms of estuarine and nearshore watersC. Source of microorganisms in nearshore watersD. Mineralization of organic wastesE. Microbial interactions in water

V. Marine FungiA. Introduction

1. Definition2. Evolution

B. Slime moldsC. True fungi

VI. Planktonic OrganismsA. Populations of marine organismsB. Classification by sizeC. Phytoplankton

1. Diatoms2. Dipoflagellates3. Other phytoplankton

D. Methods of suspensionE. Factors affecting distribution of phytoplanktonF. Seasonal variationsG. Applications to research

VII. CyanophytaA. General featuresB. FamiliesC. Probable evolutionD. Ecology

VIII. Basic Botany of the AlgaeA. IntroductionB. Adaptations to benthic environmentC. Structure of the stipeD. The bladeE. Reproduction in algaeF. World wide distribution of major groups of algae

IX. ChlorophytaA. Cell structureB. Asexual reproductionC. Sexual reprodudtionD. Distribution

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E. PigmentsF. Marine ordersG. Proposed phylogenetic arrangement

X. PhaeophytaA. General characteristicsB. Methods of classificaUon types of life cyclesC. General growth patternsD. Representaltive marine ordersE. Suggested phylogenetic arrangement

XI. Macrocystis A Case StudyA. Organic productivity of giant kelp areasB. &btu:V., of kelpgrazing organismsC. Microbiological aspects of the kelp bed environment

XII. RhodophytaA. General characteristics

1. Pattfrns of growth2. Distribution

B. PigmentsC. Food storage productsD. ReproductionE. Representative ordersF. Suggested phylogenetic arrangement

XIII. Zonation of a Rocky ShoreA. Zones of tidal exposureB. Factors affecting zonation

XIV. Physiology of the AlgaeA. Nutritional requirementsB. Osmoregulation

1. Chief hilides involved2. Mechanisms

XV. Phylogeny and Fossil AlgaeA. Phylogeny

1. General statements2. Suggested phylogenetic lines of development

B. Fossil and Physiological evidence for phylogeny

XVI. Commercial Marine Plants of MaineA. Irish moss

1. History2. Uses for carrageenin3. Structure4. Management of industry

76

74

B. Equipment and methods used in gathering and processingIrish moss

C. Small businesses in seaweedsD. Eelgrass

1. History2. Biological importance3. Commercial importance

Laboratory Outline:

I. Treatment of experimental dataII. Plant reproduction

III. Bacteria morphology and gram stainIV. DiatomsV. Survey of algal formsVI. Carrageenin extraction methods and usesVII. Collecting procedures

VIII. Collecting tripIX. Field trip to Kraft Foods (Carrageenin processing plant)X. Identification of algal collections


Dawson, Yale E., Marine Botany

Taylor, W. T., Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coastof North America

77

Course Title:

Hours Required:

Prerequisites:

75

Fishery Science (Elective)


General Biology and Invertebrate Zoology


This course will include studies of the biology of the commerciallyimportant fishes, methods of fisheries research, fishing methods,and fishing techniques of the world. Laboratory will be devoted tomethods of age and growth determination, identification, fish taggingalong with several field trips to local fisheries industries.

Maior Areas of Discussions

I. IntroductionII. Classification

III. Functional Morpnology and Anatomy of FishesIV. Age and GrowthV. Races cf Subpopulation

VI. Vital Statistics of the PopulationVII. Tagging of FishVIII. A.quaculture

IX. Fishing GearX. Fisheries Technology

XI. Crustacean FisheryXII. Molluscan Fishery

XIII. Managing Natural PopulationXIV. Life History of some Economic Species


I. InstructionA. The general nature, limits, and status of the field

II. ClassificationA. Origin and phylogeny of the major groups of fishes.

III. Functional Morphology and AnatomyA. External anatomy

1. Body regions2. Body shape

3. Fins4. Body covering

B. Internal anatomy1. Skeleton2. Muscular systems3. Respiratorycirculatory systems

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4. Digestive systems5. Excretory systems6. Reproductive systems7. Nervous systems

IV. Age and GrowthA. Methods of determining growthB. Methods of determining age

V. Races of SubpopulationA. Races and their geographic extentB. Selection of racial charactersC. Methods of racial selection

VI. Vital Statistics of the PopulationA. Methods of estimating population sizeB. Factors affecting population sizeC. Collection of basic data

VII. Tagging of FishA. Types of tags and information soughtB. Techniques of tagging and recovery

VIII. AquacultureA. Pond cultureB. Lacustrine fisheriesC. Estuarine fisheriesD. Brackish water fisheries

IX. Fishing GearA. Types of fishing gear and their uses

X. Fisheries TechnologyA. Sources of the productsB. Marketing of the products

1. Processing2. Fresh fillet3. Canned fish4. Curring5. Salting6. Smoking

XI. Crustacean FisheryA. CrabsB. LobsterC. Shrimp

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XII. Molluscan FisheryA. MusselslL OysterC. Clams

XIII. Managing Natural PopulationsA. Management techniquesB. FishwaysC. PollutionD. OverfishingE. Regulation and its effects

XIV. Life History of some Economic SpeciesA. FlatfishB. HerringC. Cod familyD. TunaE. SalmonF. WhitingG. Haddock


Rounsefell and Everhart,

Lagler,

Lagler, Bardach and Miller,

Bigelow and Schroeder,

Fishery Science Laboratory Outline:

Fishery Science

Fresh Water Fishery Biology

Ichthyology

Fishes of the Gulf of Maine

I. Dissection of Shark and PerchA. General external morphologyB. Internal anatomy

II. Keys to the common fishes

III. Technique for Life History StudiesA. Measurement, length, and weightB., Scale processing and mountingC. Scale readingD. Examination of other parts, i.e., Otolith, Vertebrae,

Operculum and Dorsal SpineE. Technique in fish taggingF. Stomach analysis

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IV. Demonstration in Fishing Gear TechniqueA. Ocean. tripB. Technique in making knots and mending netsC. Model fish traps

V. Field TripsA. Fish farmsB. AquariumsC. HatcheriesD. Fish Processing Plants

81.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Chemistry)

TITLE: ACID-BASE TITRATION

Purpose:

To standardize an alkaline solution by Titration, using a carefullyprepared acid as a standard.

Special Equipment:

One 50 ml buret and buret clampOne 25 ml pipetOne 250 ml volumetric flask

Chemicals:

Oxalic acid crystals (H2 C3 04 .2H20)

Sodium Hydroxide Solution (approx. 6N)Phenolphthalein indicator

Procedure:

1. Preparation of standard Oxalic Acid. - Carefully weigh a 100 mlbeaker to a constant weight of 0.001 g. Place 7-9 g of pureoxalic acid crystals, H2 C3 04 .2H20, in the beaker and again,weigh to a constant weight of ± 0.001 g. Calculate the exactweight of the oxalic acid in the beaker.

With the aid of a stirring rod, carefully transfer the waighedcrystals, without loss, to a clean 250 ml volumetric flask.Rillse the last powder from the beaker into the flask withdistilled water, and then add distilled water until the flaskis slightly more than half full. Gently Mix the solution byswirling it in the flask, When all-the acid is dissolved, fillthe flask carefully to the mark. Cap the flask and mix thp solu-tion well by repeated inversion and swirling.

From the exact weight of the acid, formula weight (including thewater of crystallization), gram - equivalents, and final volumelcalculate the normality of your standard acid solution.

2. Preparation of the Sodium hydroxide Solution to be standardized -Dilute 40 ml of the approximately 6N solution of NaOH with 440 mlof water. Mix the solution thoroughly in a stopped flask byrepeatedly inverting and swirling the solution. Calculate theapproximate nprmality of tour NaOH by using a dilution ratio.

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3. Titration Clean thoroughly a buret and a 25 ml pipet, usinga small amount of soap solution and a buret brush if necessary.Rinse these thoroughly, first with tap water, then with distilledwater and drain.

Rinse the buret with a small amount of your NaOH solution; rejectthe rinsing. Repeat the rinsing a second time and reject therinsing.

Fill the buret with your NaOH solution, making sure there are noair bubbles in the tip of the buret. Adjust the level of theNaOH in the buret to the zero mark, catchihg the discharge solution in a beaker. Tagch off the drop adhering to the tip on theside of the beaker.

Rinse the pipet twice with a small amount of your oxalic acid.Using the pipet, transfer exactly 25 ml of oxalic acid to aclean 250 ml erlenmeyer flask.

Add (2) drops of phenolphthalein, then titrate by adding NaOHfrom the buret. Mix the solution in the flask by swirling whiletitrating. As the end point is approached, which is indicated bythe fact that the pink color disappears less rapidly, add theNaOH slowly, drop by drop, uptil the final drop leaves a slightpink color which persists. Make two additional titrations ofyour solution. Calculate the exact normality of your NaOH solution.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Physics)

TITLE: PHOTOMETRY

Purposes

To measure the intensity of various light sources, using the opticalbench.

Equipmtn:

Optical bench, singlebar form; photovoltaic; cell; 50uA meter;8candela standard source.; "unknown " light sources; accessor4s.

Introduction:

The illUMinance (level of illumination) from a point source of lightwithout reflector follows the inversesquare radiation law; that is,the illuminance E varies inversely with the square of the distance rfrom the source.

Equation .1: E (illuminance) 12-r

where I is the intensity of the source in candelas (cd), and r is thedistance from the source to the surface illuminated, in meters9 forilluminance in lumens per square meter.

The older name for the intensity unit was candlepower, but this waschanged to candela in name, only, to make it more international. The

unit itself has not changed except to be redefined in terms of theluminous flux from 1/60 of a cm2 of the surface of melting platinum,at 17550 C.

An older unit of illuminance in this country has been the fcotcandle;the illumination on a surface one foot from a one candle power (candela)source. A new unit of luminous flux is the lumen. The lumen is thelevel of light energy striking a square meter of surface at a distanceif one meter from a,1 candela source. ,Since there are, 4 n (12.57)square meters of surface area on a sphere of 1Meter radius, a onecandela source of light emits 4 n or 12.57 lumens, by definition. Theilluminance is numerically the same either in lumens per square meter,or in footcandles (obsolete unit).

With a photometer adjusted at the point of equal illuminance between twolight sources, one a standard, the other "unkown" we have:

84

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Equation .2: Illuminance s = Illuminance x

Es = Ex

Is Ix

2 2r rs x

where the subscript (s) refers to the standard, and (x) refers to the"unknown" source.

The sensitive element that we will use instead of a photometer is aphotovoltaic Cell, which generates an emf,in proportion to the illuminancestriking it. Its sensitive cesium surface is comparable to the human eyein color response. This is a delicate instrument. Never expose it todirect sunlight or other bright light -- especially without a loadconnected to it.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Invertebrate Zoology)

TITLE: HOMARUS AMERIOANUS PART II

Purpose:

To become familiar with details of structure, physiology and somenatural history relating to Homarus americanus.

Materials:

Dissecting kit, dissecting pan, dissecting microscope.

Procedure:

Note: Authorities are not in agreement on the segmentation: some donot regard either the preantennary or the telspn as true segments,this resulting in 19 segments; others recognize either the preantennarysegment or the telson, resulting in 20 segments; still others recognizeboth the preantennary segment and telson, making 21 segments. For thislab., we will assume that the American lobster has 19 body segment(Storer and Usinger, 1957). The first appendage (antennule) is includedwhereas the telson _is excluded.

A typical appendage of the higher crustaceans consists of not more thanseven segments, including the basal coxa which is followed by the basiumbearing the endopodite of five segments. If the coxa and the basium arefused, the resulting structure is known as a protopodite. Appendages maybe provided with epipodites or endites, i.e., processes arising from thecoxa and the endopodite. In the lower crustaceans the leg has an exoppditeas well as an endopoditel both of which arise from the basiuili. But in thehigher crustaceans, such as Homarus americanus, approximately onehalf ofthe appendages are missing the exopodite.

1). The first antenna (antennule) consists of a basal stalk of threesegments and a pair of slender manyjointed distal flagella, the outerone being the longer. On the dorsal surface of the coxa, there isa small opening to the saclike statocyst. Inside the sac arenumerous sensory hairs and small statoliths, grains of sand firstintroduced through the opening during the fourth mysis or lobsteringstage, which are shed and replaced with each succeeding molt. 'Open

the statocyst and notice the sensory hairs and sand grains.

2). The second antenna consists of a coxa and a basium, the scalelikeexopodite and the threejointed endopodite with a manyjointedflagellum; ventrally on the coxa is the opening of the green gland.

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3). Each mandible consists of two parts: a quadrate base, used incrushing food; and a threejointed palpus representing theendopodite.

4). The first maxilla consists of a basal coxa and three lobes. Thefirst lcbeTTIT7 endite) is borne on a separate arm off the coxa.The other two lobes are borne on a pecpnd arm, which may be regardedas a basium carrying a diOa1 second endite and a much reducedendopodite.

5). The second maxilla carries two long densely fringed endites aslender tapering endopodite and a long flat lateral epipodite,known as the ,scaphognathite or bailer. The first 5 pairs of appendagesbelong to the head.

6). The first maxilliped resembles the second maxilla in having a branched,fringed endite and a large coxal epipodite, but differs in having bothan endopodite and an exopodite.

7). The second maxillimi consists of a twojointed protopodite, a four-segmented endopodite, the exopodite with manyjointed flagellum, theepipodite and the rudimentary gill or podobranch. The first segmentof the protopodite is the coxa, the second the basischium; the firstsegment of the endopodite, the maims, carpus, propus, and dactylus,Endites are absent.

8). The third maxilliped consists of a twosegmented protopodite, afivesegmented endopodite, a small exopodite (both arising from thebasium). Beginning proximally, the endopodite consists of ischiiimwith combs, merus, carpus, propus and dactylus. The coxa bears anepipodite with a gill, the second podobranch.

9-13). The first pereiopod (chela) with the toothed claw shows also anepipodite and a podobranch. It has the same segmentation as the truewalking legs, except for the union of the ischium with the basium.This fusion forms the "breaking joint". The chela consists of agreatly enlarged propus with a strong clawlike lateral extensionwhich forms the ''fixed finger", and the dactylus Which is articulatedon the propus at the base of the fixed finger and constitutes the"movable finger". This appendage in the adult consists of six freesegments or podomeres and as many free joints.

Examine the third pereiopod, locating all structures includingepipodite, podobranch and, if the specimen is a female, theoviductal opening. The secondand third pereiopods are alsochelate.

Do the same with the fifth pereiopod. If the specimen is a male,observe the opening of the vas deferens.

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14-19). The following six pairs of appendages belong to the abdomen andare called pleopods. The first pair is uniramous. In the female,it is quite small, in the male it is developed as a pair ofstylets for copulation. The second, third,,fourth and fifthpairs of pleopods are biramous and very much alike in structure.They,consist of a single-segmented protopodite and flat exopoditeand endopodite, both the latter fringed with tactile hairs. Thesepleopods are used for forward swimming and, in the female, forholding and aerating the eggs. The last pair of pleopods is atthe same time the last pair of appendages. These pleopodsoknown as uropods, belong to the nineteenth segment and formtogether with the telson a powerful fan used in swimming,A uropod consists of a protopodite, a single-segmented endopoditeland a two-segmented exopodite; both of which are paddle-like andfringed with tactile hairs.

88

Sample Laboratory Experiment:

TITLE: PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Introduction:

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(Field Biology)- (Ecology)

The primary productivity refers to the rate at which energy is storedby photosynthetic and chemosypthetic activity of producers in the formof organic substances which can be used as food.

Productivity may be measured by any one of several means. The mostcommon method is by the measurement of oxygen output of the producers,primarily algae and other aquatic plants. The oxygen is used as anindex of productivity.

The overall photosynthetic process is as follows;

6 CO2 4. 6 H2O C6111206 + 6 02

For any study of productivity by oxygen determination it must beremembered that oxygen is only being produced during the lightedperiod and is being used et all times.

Equipment:

Nansen bottles, 3 250 ml. clear bottles with stoppers, opaquablack covers (or Aluminum Foil), Winkler apparatus.

Method:

1. Determine the oxygen content of water from the test location anddepths. This is done by the "Winkler Method".

2. Take two bottles (250 cc) of water samples from the area and sealthem.

3. Or3 of the bottles is then covered with an opaque black cover toexclude all light. In the uncovered bottle, photosynthesis, andrespiration will occur. In the covered bottle only respirationwill occur. The water in these bottles should include photo-synthetic organisms.

4. The bottles should then be placed in an area with sufficient lightfor normal growth. This is preferably the area from which thespecimens were taken or an incubator set up to resemble the area.

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5. At the end of a given times at least four (4) hours, each of thebottles is analyzed for oxygen content. (By the 'Winkler Method).

6. Total oxygen production is the sum of the difference between theoxygen content at the start of the experiment and the oxygen contentin each bottle at the end.

EXAMPLE: Oxygen at the end, bottle uncovered 10.0 ppm 02Oxygen at start - 7.0 ppm 02

net oxygen produced 3.0 ppm 02

Oxygen at startOxygen at end, bottle covered

Cxygen consumed.

Net oxygen producedOxygen consumed

TOTAL OXYGEN PRODUCED

Appendix "A": THE WINKLER METHOD

Introduction:

7.0 ppm 02

- 2.0 ppm 02

5.0 ppm 02

3.0 ppm 025.0 ppm 028.0 ppm 02

The standard method for the estimation of dissolved oxygen is theWinkler method, in which manganous hydroxide is allowed'to react withthe oxygen giving a tetravalent manganese compound; the presence ofacid potassium iodide, an equivalent quantity of iodine is liberatedwhich is titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate.

Method:

1. Collect the specimens with a Nansen Bottle being sure not to trapany air bubbles. This is accomplished by running the rubber deliverytube into the bottom of the sample bottle. Allow the water to overflowwhile slowly withdrawing the tube.

2. Insert the glass stopper, being careful not to entrap air bubbles.

THE NEXT STEPS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT DIMEDIATELY AFTER THE BOTTLES HAVEBEEN FITIRD.

3. Introduce 1 ml of MnSO4 solution, by inserting the tip of thepipette below the surface of the sample, and allowing the MnSO4 toflow in slowly - the reagent will sink to the bottom of the bottle.Do not blow out the pipette.

4. In the same manner, introduce 1 ml of KOH-KI

5. Replace the stopper quickly, neglecting overflow, but carefullywithout trapping air bubbles and mix immediately and thoroughly byvigorous snapping motion of the wrist.

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61,V

88

Allow the bottle to stand until most of the precipitate has settled.Mix thoroughly again and allow precipitate to resettle.

6. When the upper third of the bottle is perfectly clear (about 2 hour)introduce 1 ml of concentrated 42SO4 in the same manner as above,replace the stopper and immediately mix as above, making sure that theprecipitate is completely dissolved.

AT THIS POINT THE SAMPLE SHOULD NOT STAND TOO LONG. KEEP IT WELLSTOPPERED AND IN THE DARK.

THE REMAINING STEPS ARE DONE IN THE LABORATORY.

Standardization:

The thiosulfate solution should be standardized against potassiumbiiodate before a series of determinations, or each time a newsolution is prepared.

Titration:

1. Measure out accurately 50 ml of the sample and transfer it to a125 ml flask. Volume of the titration Elask is determined by samplesize. Always use a_flask large enough to provide good stirring actionso that a sharp end point may be obtained.

2. Fill the buret to the zero mark. Be sure to flush out any oldsolution which has been standing in the burette before/beginning thetitration.

3. Run the thiosulfate solution with stirring until solution almostclear, ie. a very pale straw yellow. Without stopping, add 3-4 dropsof starch indicator. This will give a blue color to the solution. Ifstarch is added before most of the iodine is titrated, the iodine willnot be readily discharged from the starch at the end point givingerroneous results.

4. Continue adding thiosulfate solution with a finer stream until thesolution is clear. Do not go dropwise. Ignore color changes thatoccur after the end point has been reached.

5. Read the buret carefully and note.

6. The calculations for determination of oxygen content are complicatedand will be described in detail in class by the instructor.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Chemical Oceanography)

TITLE: THE DETERMINATION OF SALINITY BY THE KNUDSEN METHOD

Purpose:

To demonstrate procedure for preparing equipment and reagent solutionsand familiarization with titrimetric procedure and endpoint color forthe Knudsen technique.

Schedule of Session:

1. Equipmenta. Issuanceb. Setting up the Knudsen apparatusc. Burette and pipette cleaning procedures

2. Reagentsa. Preparation of the silver nitrate solution (each student)b. Preparation of the chromate indicator (instructor, demo)

3. Standardizationa. Titration of the standard sea water w/student prep AgNO3b. Calculation of silver nitrate "strength" ("alpha" value)c. Adjustment of silver nitrate solution concentration

4. Sample titrationa. Familiarization w/procedure and w/proper endpoint colorb. Proper use of the titration data sheetc. Calculation of chlorinity and salinity by use of the

Knudsen Tablesd. Titration of student unknowns (for grade)

5. Cleaning and Securing Glassware

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Microbiology)

TITLE: SPORE STAIN

Purpose:

To examine some old plates for feathery colonies of Bacilluscereus. Stain some material from the edge of a colonyvia thespore stain desqribed below.

Solutions: a. :;10 aqueous malachite greenb. 0.5% aqueous safranine

Procedure:

1. Prepare a smear of the desired organism to be stained. Drythe film and fix with heat.

2. Cover the smear with a piece of absorbent paper which doesnot reach to the edges of the slide. .

3. Cover the slide with solution a. (malachite green). Heatthe bottom of the slide with a burner flame so that watervapor rises from it without boiling. Continue heating inter-mittently for 4 - 5 minutes, but replenish the stain as itevaporates so that no drying occurs during the process.

4. After the slide has cooled to room temperature, wash it thorough-ly with tap water.

5. Counterstain 30 - 60 seconds with solution b. (safranine), thenwash and dry. Examine under oil immersion.

MATURE SPORES WILL BE STAINED GREEN, WHETHER FREE OR STILL IN THEVEGETATIVE SPORANGIUM: VEGETATIVE CELLS AND SPORANGIA WILL STAIN RED.

A. India Ink Capsule Outline: Capsules may be demonstrated by out-lining them with India ink (negative stain).

Procedure:

1. Place a drop of safranine on 'a slide and emulsify in it a bit ofgrowth of the designated organism. Add a drop of Pelikan Indiaink of equal or greater size, then mix.

2. Place a cover-slip on the mixture, cover with a piece of filterpaper, than aluminum foil, and press so that both thick and thinareas are obtained. Discard foil and paper in the disinfectantjar.

93

3. Examine under oil immersion. The India ink can be clearlyseen outlining the capsule.

94

92

Sample Laboratory Experiment (Physical and Geological Oceanography)

TITLE: FORAMINIFERA CCU:FICTION AND IDENTIFICATION LABORATORY

Purpose:

To observe and identify local species of foraminifera, and tocompare the foraminiferal populations with the characteristics ofthe sediment on which they are found.

Equipment:

1. Bottom grab2. Corer3. Plankton net4. Rose bengal stain5. Seives6. Black metal picking trays7. Fine brushes8. Cardboard mounting slides9. Water soluble glue

10. Metal mounts for slides11. Glass slides

Method:

1. Collection Specific sites for field collection of specimens tobe determined by the individual instructor as weather and timepermit.

However, efforts should be made to sample the following eenerallocations:

a. Deep water sedimentsb. Shallow water sedimentsc. Interdial sediments

1. salt water2. brackish water

d. Plankton sampling1. surface2. mid water3. bottom

these should be taken at early morning, midday, and late afternoon.

Processing bottom Sediments

2. Stain the samples with rose bengal stain to stain any livingforaminifera.

Wash the samples with tap water to remove the clay and other finematerials.

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Carefully rinse the material collected on to a black metal pickingtray and pour of the excess water.

Examine the residue under low power magnification.

Any foraminifera present may be picked up with a fine brush moistenedin water and twirled to a fine point. The forams will stick to thebrush and may be transferred to a cardboard mounting slide. Foramsstained red were alive at the time of collection.

The forams on:the slide may be glued down by dipping the brush inthe special watersoluble glue. All of this work should be dcneunder the microscope.

Attempt to identify the general features of the specimens by usingthe sheets handed out by the instructor.

Attempt to distinguish between the calcareous type and the arenaceous(cemented sand grains) type.

When finished, the cardboardmounting slide may be placed into ametal moufit and a glass slide placed over it.

3. Processing Core Samples

The outside of the core should first be scraped clean of possiblecontaminating material and a small segment scooped out. This isthen washed through sieves, picked, and then identified.,

4. Processing Plankton Samples

The major type of planktonic foram found in this area is Globigerina,the "tests" of which you may have found in the sediments. It isdoubtful that any planktonic forams would be found alive close tothe shore.

Accurate drawings, fully labelled as to genus and species, and alsonoting collection site and magnification are required.

X Examine the prepared slides of several types of foraminifera whichthe instructor has, set up under the microscope,

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Sample Lah,--atory Experiment (Planktology)

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OFPLANKTON FROM A COTJECTED SAMPLE

Introduction:

It is important to know the kinds and number of planktonic organisms inthe sample collected for a variety of reasons. The numbers of eggs andlarvae are good indications of the future populations of adults of thesame species. The abundance of certain kinds will determine the, foodavailable for fishes and other marine animals, and the types and quantities may also be good indicators of oceanographic phenomena.

Procedure:

Before any analysis is begun, the total volume of water strained mustbe determined. The following formula is used for this purpose:

V= n r2 L

Where; V = Volume (in cubic meters)= 3.1417

r2 = radius of net, squared (in square meters)L = towing distance or length (in meters)

1. Numerical It is difficult to count all organisms in the sampletaken and so smaller subsamples are usually counted. Several typesof subsampler are in use which include "Folsom splitter", "Cushingsplitter", and "Xsplitter" in the "Plankton Sorting Tray". Allthese Samplers will be available to the students during this laboratory period.

2. Volumetric Some idea of the volume may be obtained at sea byallowing the zooplankton to settle to the bottom of a graduatedcylinder and reading the volume directly. A few drops of formalinwill kill organisms and hasten the settling. A more accurate methodis to determine the combined volume of plankton plus liquid; thenfilter of the plankton and measure the volume of difference betweenthe two readings as the displacement volume of the plankton.

3. Gravimetric A good estimate of the weight or mass of zooplanktonis found by filtering, drying and weighing a portion, say, onhalfof the plankton. This is best done inside a drying oven at 500 C.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment

TITLE: BONE STAINING

Materials:

*6.12011:1T.L,

(Microtechnique)

Ethanol, Formlin, Acetone, Ammonium Hydroxide or PotassiumHydroxide, Alizarine Red Glycerine, Plastic, Specimen, sixglass jars.

Procedure:

1. Skin the animal intended to be stained.

2. Remove viscera and all abdominal organs.

3. Fix specimen with either (70%-90%) ethanol or formalin.Leave specimen for approximately three days.

4. Soak specimen in acetone for 1 - 4 days to remove lipidmaterial.

5. Resoak in ethanol (12 - 24 hours).

6. Clear the tissue by soaking it in a caustic, solution. Ifspecimen is a fish, clear with 1% ammonium hydroxide. Leavethe fish in this solution until it's spinal cord is visiblethrough the muscle. For animals other than fish, use 1%Potassium Hydroxide. Lpave specimen in this clearing bathuntil the external bones are visible.

7. Stain. Use a 5% solution of Alizarine red in 95% ethanol.Transfer specimen back to a solution of either ammoniumhydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and than add stainingsolution drop by drop until the bath is colored a pinkcolor. If after 24 hours, the bones are not stained asdarkly as should be, add a few more drops of staining solutionto the bath. When bones are red enough, surplus stain washedout of other tissues with alkaline alcohol solution.

8. Transfer back to fresh ammonium or potassium hydroxide solu-overnight.

Mre.p.erlIn

9. Substitute glycerine for water in tissues by gradually allowingwater to diffuse out and glycerine to diffuse in. Glycerinefunctions as both a perservative and clearing agent.

10. Specimen can now be embedded in plastic. Wash off excessglycerine in acetone bath. Soak specimen in uncatalyzedplastic for a day. Transfer specimen to catalyzed plastic mold.

96

Sample Laboratory Experiment: (Ahrine Botany)

TITLE: MOUNTING SPECIMENS

Purpose:

To become familiar with a procedure us,x1 to permanently mount algalspecimens.

Materials:

Marine algae is best preserved for taxonomic study as dried specimens.The basic equipment used for drying and mounting algal specimensconsists of the following:

1. Medium weight herbarium paper. (standard sheets are 11.5" x 16.f")2. Wax paper.3. Herbarium blotters or folded newspaper.

4. Pans large enough to immerse the mounting paper.5. Large camel's hair brush.6. Plant press.

Procedure:

1. Place enough water in pan to cover herbarium paper.Note: Marine specimens should be mounted in sea water whenever

possible.2. Herbarium paper placed in pan.3. Chosen specimen washed to remove dirt and debris.

4. SPecimen placed in pan on herbarium paper and roughly arranged.5. If specimen is too thick, branches should be removed from

inconspicuous places so that individual branches will show clearlywhen the plant is dried.

6. Next comes the final arrangement aided by brush or water frompipette.

7. Remove Herbarium paper with attached specimen from pan.8. Drain water of paper.9. Place blotter paper on plant press.10. Place Herbarium paper with attached specimen on blotter.11. Cover specimen with wax paper.12. Tie plant press together.13. Specimens dry fast when air is forced through the plant press

with a fan.14. When specimens dry, remove from plant press for subsequent

classification.

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Sample Laboratory Experiment (Fishery Science)

TITLE: THE SCALE METHOD OF AGE DETERMINATION

Introduction:

Fish scales, like other bony structures, show seasonal changes in rateof growth. This is particularly true in waters which become cold enoughto interrupt growth for,part of each year. Growth occurs both underneathand on the margins of the scales. Each addition to the margin is demar-cated by a ridge (circulus) encircling the central zone (focus) of thescale. Seasonal cessation of growth or other factors may result in oneor more discontinuous circul* located between tiro continuous ones. Thisis one of the criteria which identifies a year mark or annulus. Annulimay also be identified by a crowding of the circuli just inside the yearmark, or by the presence of incomplete circuli.

Validity of annulus-like markings should not be assumed for species wheretheir worth has not been proven. The worker should avoid being misled by"spawning checks"? "false annuli", and other marks which may be due to anyone of several causes such as resorption, interruption of growth by bodilyinjury, disease, or spawning.

Objective:

This laboratory exercise is designed to familiarize the student with themorphology of typical ctenoid and cycloid scales, with emphasis beingplaced on identification of true annuli or year marks.

Equipment and Materials:

Specimens of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and yellow perch (Percaflavescens,) a mild edap and water solution, dissecting kits, microscopeslides, dissecting microscopes, and a microprojector are needed to com-plete this exercise.

Procedure:

1. In order to be comparable, scale samples must be removed from thesame region of the body of each fish. Remove about 20 scales froma location just below the prigin of the dorsal fin of a brook troutand a yellow perch. The scales may be scraped off with a knife orremoved with forceps.

2. Scales may have mucous, epidermis, or other foreign material adheringto them. Taking care not to break the margin or mar the innerportion, clean the scales in water with a hard-bristled brush or asharpened piece of wood.

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3. Prepare a temporary scale mount by placing the cleaned scales in adrop of soap and water solution between two microscope slides. Someworkers find that mounting the dry, cleaned scal,es between two slidesis a satisfactory procedure with certain species.

4. Using a dissecting scope, microscope, and microprojector, examineseveral scales from, each fish. Determine which viewing method bestenables you to identify the circuli, annuli, and focus of each scale.Estimate the age of,your specimen by counting the annuli on severalscales.

5. Sketch and label the scale types encountered in this exercise.

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Sample Examination in Elements of Oceanography

1. Name at least four different descipliries of oceanography studies.2. Hydrologists are physical oceanographers who specialize in under

standing water. T or F3. Ecologists in oceanography study entire marine habitats in order to

understand animal and plant populations, distributions and interdependencies. T or F

4. Match the left hand column with the right.

a) Benjamin Franklin ) Challenger expeditionb) Charles Darwin Water sampling bottlec 1872 1876 Beagled Mathew Fontaine Maury Gulf Streame Fridtjot Nansen ) First textbook

5. Name four kinds of deposits for bottom sediments in the ocean.6. Define, Salinity.7. Tke-epipelagic zone is also known as the photic zone. T or F8. Name three factors that causes the increase in density of the

surface water in the ocean.9. With the increase in salinity and temperature, the sound velocity

increases. T or F10. What percent of the oceanic area is covered by the continental shelf?

a 7.5%b 15%c 30%

80%

11. The "inner core" of the earth is composed of 75% iron and 25%nickel. T or F

12. What evidence has been used to support the idea of continental drift?Name two such evidences.

13. The depth at the continental slope varies froma 500 1000 fathomsb 1500 3000 fathomsc 3000 4000 fathomsd 4000 6000 fathoms

14. What is the greatest depth of the ocean and where is it?15. What causes the red tide?

a Runoff from landb Change in temperature & salinityc Planktonic organismd) Extreme high tide

16. How did "Black Sea" get its name?17. What is the "Moho"?

102

emus/1,V,

100

1$. Gyots are referred to the flat topped sea mounts. T or F19. Pressure may be in pounds per square inch or dynes per square

Centimeters. T or F20. Complete the following formulas.

S q/oo = +1.805 Cl 0/00

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Sam le Examination in Instrumentation and Methods in Oceanography

True or False

1. The Phleger corer takes cores only 6' long.2. The main factor causing the shortening of a core in the core

tube is friction.3. The Emery-Dietz corer takes cores up to about 30' long.4. The Van Dorn bottle is of brass and plastic construction

throughout.5. The Kemmerer bottle is of brass construction.6. Since brass won't corrode, tools made of this metal need no

special care except when they break.7. The basic principle involved with water samplers is that they

are opened and closed at some depth, thus taking water fromthat depth.

8. The first sampling bottle designed was invented by BenjaminFranklin in 1769.

9. The biplane drag gives a reasonable estimation of surfacecurrent velocity.

10. The Nansen bottle has a capacity of 1250 ml.11. The Nansen bottle has two clamping mechanisms to fasten it to

the hydrowire.12. When it is tripped, the Nansen bottle flips over a 900 arc.

13. The Cobet sampler is a large volume sampler.14. The submersible pump is a nearly ideal tool for collecting

plankton.15. The Birge-Ekman plankton trap is named for the two men who

developed it.__16. Silk bolting cloth is much used in plankton nets because it

stands up well to repeated wettings.17. One of the older types of plankton nets is the Hanson net.18. The meter net has an opening of 0.1 square meter.19. The Fjarlis bottle, like the Nansen bottle, has a thermometer

frame and is a reversing bottle.20. Flushing characteristics of the Frautschy bottle are poor.21. The Braincon multiple water sampler will obtain up to 60

water samples per unit per lowsring by a programmed mechanism.22. In high speed plankton samplersvthe not area is large in

relation to mouth opening to increase back pressure.23. The Hardy High Speed Plankton Indicator is towed at 20 knots

or better at the surface.24. The Petersen grab has a simple foot-trip device which opens the

jaws when the grab hits the bottom.25. The Van Veen dredge has no foot-trip device.26. A sampler in which a scoop rotates on an axle while a frame

rests on the bottom is the Holms mud-sampler.27. The orange peel sampler has four jaws instead of the usual two.

104

102

28. The DietzLaFond sampler can sometimes sample rock.29. The springloaded jaws of the Ekman dredge are held open by

two light chains leading to the main release mechanism whichis pressure activated.

30. The primary advantage of SCUBA as a tool in bottom sampling isthe element of selectivity.

105

103

Sample Examination in Chemical Oceanography

I. SHORT ANSWER and FILLIN: Make sure that each blank is filled.

1. If there are four separate phosphorus fractions present in sea water,how is each distinguished from the others?

2. The method of suspended solids analysis issuitable for use in either fresh or salt waters.

3. Before the final reagent is added, a brownish precipitate in aD.O. sample indicates that some is present.

4. Name the indicator solution needed in the following analyses:

oxygen pHsalinity turbidityalkalinity phosphorus

5. Name three mechanical methods of determining the composition ofsediments by grainsize analysis.

II. PROBLEMS: Solve as directed. Show all of your calculations. Labelwith the proper terms. Do not use a slide rule. If youneed certain tables, they will be available for use at thefront desk.

1. C.F. = 0.995 buret reading = 9.27 volume titrated = 200 ml

What is being analyzed for?How much of it (in proper terms) is present?

2. C.F. = 1.012 buret reading = 4.32 volume titrated = 100 nil

What is being analyzed for?How much of it (in proper terms) is present?

3. sample volume filtered 250 mlwt. of crucible alone 29.5000 gmwt. of crucible + ash 29.5005 gmwt. of crucible + filter +sample 29.5937 gmwt. of crucible + filter 29.5900 gm

a) Calculate the weight (in mg/1 of the total suspendedsolids.

b) Calculate the weight (in mg/1 of the organic suspendedsolids.

c) Calculate the weight (in mg/1 of the inorganic suspendedsolids.

d) What is the name of the method being used here?

OL = 0.08 a = 19.17 k =

104

5. Taking the appropriate values from Problem 4 (above), calculatethe chlorinity in 0/00.

6. Then, determine the salinity in 0/00 hy2Iusing the Knudsen equation.Show all work, including the equation. (No credit if work is now shown).

7. A 25.0 gm sediment sample was found to have 10.0 gm of particlessmaller than 0.06 mm.What percentage of this sample was composed of silt and clayparticles?What percentage was composed of sand and larger particles?

8. Observed density = 1.0239 Calculate the salinity.Temperature = 100 C. (Show steps used.)

9. By use of an induction salinometer, properly calibrated, the conductivityratio for a sample was determined to be 0.97872. The sample temperatureat the time of analysis was 200 C.What is the salinity of the sample?

10. No credit, but please answer.

Approximately how often have you referred to A Glossary of OceanScience & Undersea Technology Terms (a book you bought ad freshmen)?

Never 5 - 10 times

1 - 5 times over 10 times

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Sample Examination in Physical and Geological Oceanography

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Place the letter of the correct answer in thespace at the right.

1. The core is composed of a) a molten outer Core of aluminum silicate,b) a molten outer core of iron-nickel alloy, c) a molten inner core ofiron-nickel alloy, d) a molten inner core of aluminum silicate. 1.

2. The term orogeny refers toc) mountain building, d) none

3. The fotmation of the rockya) Paleosoic era, b) Mesozoic

a) fossil formation, b) sediment desposition,of these. 2.

mountains marked the oeginming of theeras c) Cenozoic era, d) Recent Epoch. 3.

4. In the northern hemispheres the north seeking end of a compassneedle points a) ups b) down, c) level. 4.

5. Lines of equal magnetic field intensity are a) isogonic, b) agonic,c) isoclinic, d) isodynamic. 5.

6. A rock composed of calcium carbonate and formed from the shells ofmarine animals is a) shale, b) evaporitess c) limestone, d)sandstone.

6.

7. The Gulf of Maine is an example of a) a marginal plateau, b)a epicontinental marginal seas c) a submarine canyon, d) an abyssalplain. 7.

8. The continental slope extends, at its deepest, down to depths ofa) 150 ms b) 1500 meters, c) 3000 m, d) 6,000 m. 8.

9. Turbidity currents are the cause of the formation of a) themid-ocean ridges b) marginal plateauss c) epicontinental marginal seas,d) submarine canyons. 9.

10. Calcium carbonate oozes are usually not found below a) 2,000 myb) 5,000 m, c) 10,000 m, d) 1,000 m. 10.

11. Beaches with a more gentle slope are found where there isa) coarse sand, b) fine sand. 11.

FILL-IN:

1. The angle between the geographic meridian and the lines of forceshown by the compass is called the

2. Two common magnetic minerals used to determine magnetic fluctuationsare and

=11111.2

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3. The continental shelf extends, on the average, to depths ofmeters.

4. The entire length of the mid-ocean ridge system is aboutmiles.

,,,

5. When waves rush over an area and trap and confine air in the sandwe see the formation of

6. Small channels caused by the seaward rush of water that has beenstored in the beach at high tide are called?

7. Beaches on the east coast of the U.S. are light in color and arecomposed mainly of the minerals and

8. Beaches on the coasts of Washington and Oregon are flat, hard anddark green in color and are composed mainly of

9. A shoreline which forms where normal faulting has dropped a crustalblock down so that it is completely submerged is called a

shoreline.

10. Embayed coasts produced by the partial submergence of a fluviallyeroded land mass are called shorelines.

11. An elongated hill of glacial till along a shore such as in BostonBay is called a shoreline.

12. Due to the narrowness of a tidal inlet in a lagoon ais produced at each high and low tide.

EXAMINATION ESSAY SECTION:

I. Discuss fully three facts which tend to verify the theory of"Continental Drift"..

II. Describe the two types of ripples.

:109

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SOURCES OF SOME AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS

Association Films, Inc.490 King StreetLittleton, Mass. 01460

Audio - Visual Services

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries1815'North Fort Myer DriveArlington, Virginia 22209

Bell SystemsLocal Representative orAffiliated Companies

Capital Film Laboratories, Inc.1905 Fairview Avenue, N. E.Washington, D. C. 20002

Encyclopedia Brittanica Film, Inc.1150 Wilmette AvenueWilmette, Ill. 60091

Eye Gate House, Inc.146-01 Archer AvenueJamaica, N. Y. 11435

Filmtronics Lab., Inc.231 W. 54th StreetNew York, N. Y. 10019

Films on OceanographyPublication C-4, 1966National Oceanographic Data Center,Washington, D. C. 20390

Imperial Film Company, Inc.321 S.-Florida AvenueLakeland, Florida 33801

International Film Bureau332 S. Michigan AvenueChicago, Illinois

Life Education ProgramBox 834, Radio City Post OfficeNew York, N. Y. 10019

Naval DistrictCode 08R495 Summer StreetBoston, Massachusetts 02210

Row, Peterson TextfilmsHarper & Row, Publishers, Inc.49 East 33rd StreetNew York, N. Y. 10016

Shell Film Library450 No. Meridian StreetIndianapclis, Indiana 46204

McGraw-Hill Text Films330 West 42nd StreetNew York, N.Y. 10018

108

cna

SOURCES OF SOME SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

The following list may be of interest to instructors and students involvedin Applied Marine Biology and Oceanography Program:

Bulletin of Marine EcologyBulletin of Marine ScienceBulletin of the'Scripps Institution of OceanographyBiological Bulletin, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstituteCommercial Fisheries ReviewDeep Sea Research and Oceanographic AbstractsEcologyFishing News InternationalHydrobiologiaHydro space

Journal du ConseilJournal of EcologyJournal of Experimental Marine BiologyJournal of the Fisheries Research Board of CanadaJournal of Marine ResearchLimpology and OceanographyMarine BiologyMarine Technology Society JournalMaritimesMonograph on Oceanographic MethodologyNatureOcean EngineeringOcean IndustryOceanology InternationalQceananusOffshoreProces Verbaux of the International Association of Physical OceanographyScienceScientific AmericanSea FrontiersSeahorseTransaction of the American Fisheries SocietyUndersea TechnologyUnderwater Science and Technology JournalWorld Fishing

109

List of Faculty Members Affiliated with the Department ofApplied Marine Biology and Oceanography at S.M.VT.I.

Name Subject

Acheson, Richard D. Instructor MicrobiologyM.S., University of New Hampshire;B.A., University of Maine

Baillargeon Roland Instructor MathematicsB#S., University of Maine;M.S., Gorham State College

ierjee, Tapan Coordinator Marine Biology OceanographyB.S., University of Calcutta;M.S., University of the Pacific

Caswell, Mrs. Frances P. Instructor EnglishB.A., University of Maine;M.A., University of Michigan

Cobb, Elmer W. Instructor EnglishB.S., University of Maine

Colpitts, Lawrence H. Captain Marine ScienceB.S., Gorham Teachers CollegeUnlimited '-Musters License

Doughty, Aftin L. Assistant Engineer Marine Science

Coast Guard LicenseEayrs, Weston III Instructor Oceanography

B.S., University of MassachusettsGoode, Robert E. Instructor Marine Biology

B.A., University of MaineM.S., University of Maine

Hupper George W. Instructor Marine ScienceU.S. Navy Institute';U.S. Coast Guard Institute

Knowles, Dennis T. Instructor ChemistryB.S., University of Maine

Lomoriellov Luigi S. Mate Marine'ScienceB.S., Maine Maritime Academy

Marcotte, Roland G. Chairman, Science PhysicsDepartment

B.S., Bates CollegeMorong Frank S. Instructor Political ScienceSociology

B.S., Gorham StateLCollegeM.S., GOrham State College

Siegel, Robert E. Instructor OceanographyB.S., Brooklyn CollegeM.A., Hofstra University

Turner, Norman W. Chief Engineer of Marine Sciencethe Vessels

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Meterological Society

1965. Collected Bibliographies on Physical Oceanography

Annonymous

1967. Selected Lecture Demonstration Methods for Secondary SchoolInstruction in Biological Oceanography. U.S. Bur. of Com.Fish., Biol. Lab., Boothby Harbcr, Maine.

Banerjee

1969.

Tapan.

Marine Science Tichnolo Program at Southern Maine VocationalTechnical Institute. SMVTI.4 So. Portlandr Maine. Sea GrantProject #0-35.)

1970. Training Marine Science Technicians for the Hydrospace Age.Tech. Edu. News., McGraw Hill Ei7ok Co.; Vol. 29; No.l.

Chan, Gordon L.

1968. The Education and Timinin&Lof Marine Technicians. Am. Assoc.of Jun. Coll. Wash., D.C.

Emery, K. 0.1 and Evelyn Sinha.

1967. Oceanographic Books of the World 1 5 -1 66, Mar. Tech. Soc.,Wash., D. C,

Forbesv Lynn.

1968. Oceanography in Print. Oceanogr. Education Center, FallmouthMass.

Hahn, Jan.

1964. Altatfalhaitall21112.20102y. Woods Oceangr. Inst., Mass.

Interagency Committee on Oceanography

1963. Bibliography of Oceanographic Publications. Science & Technology,ICO pamphlet #9.

113

Rabinowitz, Allen; Donald Ptalis, Walker MacDonald, and Morton A. Rice.

1969. Curriculum Outline for Elementary and Secondary Schools inOceanography and Marine Biology!. Oceanogr. Unliminted, Inc.,Lodi, N. J.

Sinha, Evelyn and Lynda Strauss.

1967. i.sofOcea-to:aASelectedBiblio:a.1...hBooksPublished

Betweer---.959----aryandInformation Center,La Jolla, California.

Taber, R. W.; Leon R. LaPorte, and Ellsworth C. Smith.

1968. An Oceanographic Curriculum for High Schools Outline. U. S.Naval Oceanogr. Office., Wash.,D.C.

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PHOTOGRAPHS OF LABORATORY AND FIELD ACTIVITIES

115

Figure 1. View of a typical marine biology class

3

0

1

14,

ti

Figure 2. Students preparing tissue for mounting on slide in histology laboratory.

113 1i

Figure 3. Students sorting specimens from the box dredge haul for laboratoryidentification.

Figure h. Technicians lowering the bathythermograph for temperature profilestudies.

117

0 if -14,V-\,44

\Ns4 ,

f

.0;0

r

- IFor ,

;-v'

_ ;.

4

Figure 5. Students and Staff preparing to lower the box dredge for bottomsampling.

Figure 6. Technicians measuring wind speed and velocity on station.

_118"5

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Figure 7. Students ana Instructor examining marine worms in the InvertebrateZoology class.

Figure 8. Students raising a Nansen bottle for water sample analysis.

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Figure 9. Students and Instructors getting ready to cast the bottom sampler"Orange Peel".

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Figure 10. Students performing a gill net cast with the help of the Instructor(Center).

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DOCUMENT RESUME TITLE Southern Maine Vocational Technical ... · in Oceanography 101 Sample Examination in Chemical Oceanography 1.03 Sample Examination in Physical Oceanography 105