201
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 427 877 PS 027 376 TITLE Dialogue on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education. INSTITUTION American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. ISBN ISBN-0-87168-629-5 PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 199p.; Document is based on papers commissioned for the Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (Washington, DC, February 6-8, 1998). CONTRACT ESI-96189093 AVAILABLE FROM AAAS Distribution Center, P.O. Box 521, Annapolis Junction, MD 20710; Tel: 800-222-7809 (Toll Free) ($12.95; AAAS members $10). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cognitive Development; *Learning Processes; *Mathematics Education; Preschool Children; *Preschool Education; Research Needs;, *Science Education; *Technology Education IDENTIFIERS National Science Foundation; National Science Teachers Association ABSTRACT Educators, scholars, and researchers in the United States convened at the Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education to discuss how, when, and even if science, mathematics, and technology should be taught to pre-kindergarten children. The product of that forum, this book summarizes some of the latest thinking about early childhood science, mathematics, and technology education. Articles are organized into sections covering perspectives; learning context; first experiences in science, mathematics, and technology; and fostering high-quality programs. The articles are as follows: (1) "Early Childhood Education in Science, Mathematics, and Technology: An NSTA Perspective" (Fred Johnson--National Science Teachers Association); (2) "Toward a Research Agenda in Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education" (Alverna M. Champion--National Science Foundation); (3) "Making Sense of the World" (Shirley Malcom--American Association for the Advancement of Science); (4) "The Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education" (Jacqueline R. Johnson--Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan); (5) "The State of Early Childhood Programs in America; Challenges for the New Millenium" (Barbara Day and Tracie Yarbrough--The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; (6) "Policy Implications for Math, Science, and Technology in Early Childhood Education" (Barbara T. Bowman--Erikson Institute); (7) "Concept Development in Preschool Children" (Susan A. Gelman--University of Michigan-Ann Arbor); (8) "Educating Young Children in Math, Science, and Technology" (David Elkind--Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts); (9) "Science in Early Childhood: Developing and Acquiring Fundamental Concepts and Skills" (Karen K. Lind--University of Louisville, Kentucky); (10) "Early Childhood Mathematics" (Susan Sperry Smith--Cardinal Stritch University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin); (11) "Young Children and Technology" (Douglas Clements--SUNY-Buffalo, New York); (12) "Science Assessment in Early Childhood Programs" (Edward Chittenden and Jacqueline

DOCUMENT RESUME - ERIC · DOCUMENT RESUME. ED 427 877 PS 027 376. TITLE Dialogue on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and. Technology Education. INSTITUTION American Association

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  • DOCUMENT RESUME

    ED 427 877 PS 027 376

    TITLE Dialogue on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, andTechnology Education.

    INSTITUTION American Association for the Advancement of Science,Washington, DC.

    SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA.ISBN ISBN-0-87168-629-5PUB DATE 1999-00-00NOTE 199p.; Document is based on papers commissioned for the

    Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, andTechnology Education (Washington, DC, February 6-8, 1998).

    CONTRACT ESI-96189093AVAILABLE FROM AAAS Distribution Center, P.O. Box 521, Annapolis Junction,

    MD 20710; Tel: 800-222-7809 (Toll Free) ($12.95; AAASmembers $10).

    PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Cognitive Development; *Learning Processes; *Mathematics

    Education; Preschool Children; *Preschool Education;Research Needs;, *Science Education; *Technology Education

    IDENTIFIERS National Science Foundation; National Science TeachersAssociation

    ABSTRACTEducators, scholars, and researchers in the United States

    convened at the Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and TechnologyEducation to discuss how, when, and even if science, mathematics, andtechnology should be taught to pre-kindergarten children. The product of thatforum, this book summarizes some of the latest thinking about early childhoodscience, mathematics, and technology education. Articles are organized intosections covering perspectives; learning context; first experiences inscience, mathematics, and technology; and fostering high-quality programs.The articles are as follows: (1) "Early Childhood Education in Science,Mathematics, and Technology: An NSTA Perspective" (Fred Johnson--NationalScience Teachers Association); (2) "Toward a Research Agenda in EarlyChildhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education" (Alverna M.Champion--National Science Foundation); (3) "Making Sense of the World"(Shirley Malcom--American Association for the Advancement of Science); (4)"The Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education"(Jacqueline R. Johnson--Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan);(5) "The State of Early Childhood Programs in America; Challenges for the NewMillenium" (Barbara Day and Tracie Yarbrough--The University of NorthCarolina-Chapel Hill; (6) "Policy Implications for Math, Science, andTechnology in Early Childhood Education" (Barbara T. Bowman--EriksonInstitute); (7) "Concept Development in Preschool Children" (Susan A.Gelman--University of Michigan-Ann Arbor); (8) "Educating Young Children inMath, Science, and Technology" (David Elkind--Tufts University, Medford,Massachusetts); (9) "Science in Early Childhood: Developing and AcquiringFundamental Concepts and Skills" (Karen K. Lind--University of Louisville,Kentucky); (10) "Early Childhood Mathematics" (Susan Sperry Smith--CardinalStritch University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin); (11) "Young Children andTechnology" (Douglas Clements--SUNY-Buffalo, New York); (12) "ScienceAssessment in Early Childhood Programs" (Edward Chittenden and Jacqueline

  • +++++ ED427877 Has Multi-page SFR---Level=1 +++++Jones--Educational Testing Service); (13) "Preparing Teachers of YoungLearners: Professional Development of Early Childhood Teachers in Mathematicsand Science" (Juanita V. Copley and Yolanda Padron--University of Houston,Texas); (14) "Partnerships among Families, Early Childhood Educators, andCommunities To Promote Early Learning in Science, Mathematics, andTechnology" (Heather B. Weiss--Harvard Family Research Project); and (15)"Playing Fair and Square: Issues of Equity in Preschool Mathematics, Science,and Technology" (Rebecca S. New--University of New Hampshire). Each articlecontains references. The book concludes with lists of selected resources andof the forum attendees. (HTH)

    ********************************************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made ** from the original document. *********************************************************************************

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    pur

    suin

    g ou

    r

    goal

    of

    liter

    acy?

    In F

    ebru

    ary

    1998

    a m

    ultid

    isci

    plin

    ary

    grou

    p of

    mor

    e th

    an 1

    00

    expe

    rts

    gath

    ered

    in W

    ashi

    ngto

    n, D

    C f

    or th

    e Fo

    rum

    on

    Ear

    ly

    Chi

    ldho

    od S

    cien

    ce, M

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy

    Edu

    catio

    n. A

    t

    the

    requ

    est o

    f th

    e N

    atio

    nal S

    cien

    ce F

    ound

    atio

    n (N

    SF),

    the

    natio

    n's

    mos

    t acc

    ompl

    ishe

    d ed

    ucat

    ors,

    sch

    olar

    s, a

    nd r

    esea

    rche

    rs

    conv

    ened

    for

    thre

    e da

    ys to

    dis

    cuss

    how

    , whe

    n, a

    nd e

    ven

    if w

    e

    shou

    ld te

    ach

    scie

    nce,

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    to p

    re-k

    inde

    r-

    gart

    en c

    hild

    ren.

    Thi

    s bo

    ok, D

    ialo

    gue

    on E

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od S

    cien

    ce,

    Mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd T

    echn

    olog

    y E

    duca

    tion

    is a

    pro

    duct

    oF

    that

    mee

    ting.

    Dia

    logu

    e on

    Ear

    ly C

    hild

    hood

    Sci

    ence

    , Mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd T

    echn

    ol-

    ogy

    Edu

    catio

    n re

    pres

    ents

    som

    e of

    the

    late

    st th

    inki

    ng a

    bout

    ear

    ly

    child

    hood

    sci

    ence

    , mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    edu

    catio

    n. I

    t

    EST

    CO

    PYA

    VA

    EL

    AB

    LE

    8

  • PRE

    FAC

    E

    brin

    gs to

    geth

    er 1

    1 pa

    pers

    on

    wid

    e-ra

    ngin

    g to

    pics

    com

    mis

    sion

    edby

    the

    Am

    eric

    an A

    ssoc

    iatio

    n fo

    r th

    e A

    dvan

    cem

    ent o

    f Sc

    ienc

    e

    (AA

    AS)

    for

    the

    foru

    m. A

    mon

    g th

    e in

    trig

    uing

    idea

    s to

    emer

    gefr

    om th

    ese

    pape

    rs a

    re th

    e fo

    llow

    ing:

    Chi

    ldre

    n ar

    e ca

    pabl

    e of

    lear

    ning

    mor

    e th

    an w

    e ha

    dpr

    evio

    usly

    thou

    ght,

    thou

    gh w

    e do

    n't k

    now

    eno

    ugh

    abou

    t chi

    ld d

    evel

    opm

    ent,

    yet,

    to s

    ay w

    hat e

    xper

    ienc

    esev

    ery

    child

    sho

    uld

    have

    .

    Mat

    hem

    atic

    s an

    d sc

    ienc

    e ar

    e us

    ually

    abs

    ent i

    n ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    edu

    catio

    n.

    Ear

    ly c

    hild

    hood

    teac

    hers

    and

    car

    egiv

    ers

    are

    ofte

    n ill

    pre

    -pa

    red

    to in

    corp

    orat

    e ap

    prop

    riat

    e sc

    ienc

    e, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    or

    tech

    nolo

    gy e

    xper

    ienc

    es in

    to c

    hild

    ren'

    s liv

    es.

    The

    ran

    ge o

    f ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    exp

    erie

    nces

    isva

    st, a

    ndth

    e re

    sour

    ces

    for

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od e

    duca

    tion

    are

    few

    and

    ineq

    uita

    bly

    dist

    ribu

    ted.

    The

    boo

    k al

    so c

    onta

    ins

    an e

    xten

    sive

    bib

    liogr

    aphy

    and

    list

    of

    reso

    urce

    s fo

    r ed

    ucat

    ors,

    par

    ents

    , and

    edu

    catio

    n gr

    oups

    to u

    se a

    s

    they

    see

    k th

    e be

    st s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy e

    xper

    i-en

    ces

    for

    youn

    g ch

    ildre

    n. W

    e ho

    pe th

    at th

    is b

    ook

    both

    sus

    tain

    s

    vi

    the

    conv

    ersa

    tion

    begu

    n at

    the

    foru

    m a

    nden

    cour

    ages

    mor

    e of

    the

    com

    mun

    ity to

    par

    ticip

    ate.

    Man

    y pe

    ople

    con

    trib

    uted

    to th

    e su

    cces

    s of

    the

    foru

    m a

    nd to

    this

    boo

    k. F

    rom

    NSF

    , Dr.

    Mar

    gare

    t Coz

    zens

    , for

    mer

    dir

    ecto

    rof

    the

    Ele

    men

    tary

    , Sec

    onda

    ry, a

    nd I

    nfor

    mal

    Edu

    catio

    n D

    ivi-

    sion

    , ini

    tiate

    d th

    e pr

    ojec

    t; D

    r. J

    anic

    e E

    arle

    , Pro

    ject

    206

    1's

    prog

    ram

    off

    icer

    , hel

    ped

    iden

    tify

    the

    fund

    ing;

    Dr.

    Alv

    erna

    Cha

    mpi

    on, p

    rogr

    am o

    ffic

    er, a

    nd D

    r. P

    atri

    cia

    Ken

    ny, d

    irec

    tor

    of N

    SF's

    spe

    ctac

    ular

    new

    Chi

    ld D

    evel

    opm

    ent C

    ente

    r, w

    orke

    d

    clos

    ely

    with

    us

    in e

    very

    asp

    ect o

    f bo

    th th

    e fo

    rum

    and

    boo

    k.Fr

    om A

    AA

    S, M

    ary

    Kop

    pal,

    com

    mun

    icat

    ions

    dir

    ecto

    r,or

    gan-

    ized

    bot

    h th

    e co

    nfer

    ence

    and

    this

    boo

    k; N

    atal

    ie N

    iels

    on a

    nd

    Ter

    ry H

    andy

    ski

    llful

    ly e

    dite

    d th

    e m

    anus

    crip

    t; B

    arba

    ra W

    alth

    alan

    d T

    racy

    Gat

    h co

    mpi

    led

    the

    exte

    nsiv

    e bi

    blio

    grap

    hy a

    ndre

    sour

    ce li

    st; L

    este

    r M

    atlo

    ck, p

    roje

    ct a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    , han

    dled

    all o

    f th

    e lo

    gist

    ics

    for

    the

    foru

    m. I

    am

    gra

    tefu

    l to

    all f

    or th

    eir

    dedi

    catio

    n an

    d ha

    rd w

    ork.

    Fin

    ally

    , I th

    ank

    all o

    f th

    e au

    thor

    sfo

    r th

    eir

    thou

    ghtf

    ul c

    ontr

    ibut

    ions

    to th

    is v

    olum

    e.

    Geo

    rge

    D. N

    elso

    n

    Dir

    ecto

    r, P

    roje

    ct 2

    061

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    , MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS,

    AN

    D T

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    PER

    SPE

    CT

    IVE

    S

    1 0

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    , MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS,

    AN

    D T

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od E

    duca

    tion

    in S

    cien

    ce, M

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    Lia

    nd T

    echn

    olog

    y: A

    n N

    STA

    Per

    spec

    tive

    Fred

    Jo

    hnso

    n

    The

    Nat

    iona

    l Sci

    ence

    Tea

    cher

    s A

    ssoc

    iatio

    n (N

    STA

    ) be

    lieve

    s tw

    o

    issu

    es m

    ust b

    e co

    nsid

    ered

    reg

    ardi

    ng e

    arly

    chi

    ldho

    od e

    duca

    tion.

    Firs

    t, w

    e m

    ust u

    nder

    stan

    d ho

    w a

    nd w

    hy y

    oung

    chi

    ldre

    n le

    arn.

    Seco

    nd, w

    e m

    ust i

    dent

    ify

    prog

    ram

    s an

    d le

    arni

    ng e

    xper

    ienc

    es th

    at

    appl

    y th

    is u

    nder

    stan

    ding

    of

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od le

    arni

    ng to

    eff

    ectiv

    e-

    ly m

    eet y

    oung

    chi

    ldre

    n's

    need

    s.

    Cur

    rent

    res

    earc

    h on

    bra

    in d

    evel

    opm

    ent e

    mph

    asiz

    es th

    e im

    por-

    tanc

    e of

    ear

    ly s

    timul

    atio

    n in

    dev

    elop

    ing

    brai

    n co

    nnec

    tions

    fro

    m

    birt

    h. T

    he C

    arne

    gie

    Tas

    k Fo

    rce

    on M

    eetin

    g th

    e N

    eeds

    of

    You

    ng

    Chi

    ldre

    n in

    199

    4 is

    sued

    a c

    all f

    or h

    elp

    in p

    repa

    ring

    chi

    ldre

    n fo

    r

    lear

    ning

    whe

    n th

    ey e

    nter

    sch

    ool.

    Thi

    s re

    port

    sta

    tes

    that

    "br

    ain

    deve

    lopm

    ent i

    s m

    uch

    mor

    e vu

    lner

    able

    to e

    nvir

    onm

    enta

    l inf

    luen

    ce

    than

    pre

    viou

    sly

    susp

    ecte

    d an

    d ea

    rly

    envi

    ronm

    enta

    l inf

    luen

    ce o

    n

    Fred

    Joh

    nson

    ser

    ved

    as p

    resi

    dent

    of

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Sci

    ence

    Tea

    cher

    sA

    ssoc

    iatio

    n fr

    om J

    une

    1997

    thro

    ugh

    June

    199

    8.

    brai

    n de

    velo

    pmen

    t is

    long

    last

    ing.

    " N

    euro

    biol

    ogy

    rese

    arch

    reg

    ard-

    ing

    norm

    al b

    rain

    fun

    ctio

    n is

    rev

    ealin

    g m

    ore

    abou

    t -ho

    w c

    hild

    ren

    lear

    n (M

    arke

    zich

    199

    6).

    "Lea

    rnin

    g w

    indo

    ws"

    optim

    al ti

    mes

    for

    lear

    ning

    at p

    artic

    ular

    deve

    lopm

    enta

    l sta

    gess

    houl

    d be

    use

    d to

    enh

    ance

    und

    erst

    andi

    ng

    of s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy in

    you

    ng c

    hild

    ren.

    Res

    earc

    h fi

    ndin

    gs h

    ave

    stro

    ng im

    plic

    atio

    ns f

    or d

    evel

    opin

    g ef

    fec-

    tive

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od e

    duca

    tion

    prog

    ram

    s be

    caus

    e "r

    ich

    expe

    rien

    ces

    prod

    uce

    rich

    bra

    ins"

    (N

    ash

    1997

    ).

    Piag

    et's

    theo

    ry o

    f co

    gniti

    ve d

    evel

    opm

    ent w

    as c

    reat

    ed in

    the

    1920

    s, lo

    ng b

    efor

    e ac

    cess

    to m

    edic

    al im

    agin

    g te

    chno

    logy

    and

    curr

    ent b

    rain

    res

    earc

    h w

    as a

    vaila

    ble.

    The

    cur

    rent

    nat

    iona

    l red

    i-

    rect

    ion

    of s

    cien

    ce a

    nd m

    ath

    teac

    hing

    is g

    roun

    ded

    in th

    is th

    eory

    ,

    whi

    ch s

    tres

    ses

    the

    use

    of a

    teac

    hing

    /lear

    ning

    cyc

    le a

    nd e

    xplo

    -

    ratio

    ns th

    roug

    h th

    e m

    anip

    ulat

    ion

    of o

    bjec

    ts a

    nd m

    ater

    ials

    ."D

    evel

    opm

    enta

    lly a

    ppro

    pria

    te p

    ract

    ice"

    a cu

    rric

    ulum

    bas

    ed o

    n

    11

  • JOH

    NSO

    N

    wha

    t is

    know

    n ab

    out y

    oung

    chi

    ldre

    nsho

    uld

    driv

    e in

    stru

    ctio

    n

    (Cla

    rk 1

    996)

    .

    Res

    earc

    h on

    chi

    ldre

    n's

    mot

    ivat

    ion

    to le

    arn

    and

    thei

    r un

    der-

    achi

    evem

    ent r

    evea

    ls th

    at y

    oung

    chi

    ldre

    n ar

    e fu

    ll of

    cur

    iosi

    ty a

    nd a

    pass

    ion

    for

    lear

    ning

    (R

    affi

    ni 1

    993)

    . If

    this

    pas

    sion

    cha

    nges

    fro

    m

    delig

    ht to

    dru

    dger

    y, o

    ne in

    fou

    r of

    thos

    est

    uden

    ts w

    ill le

    ave

    scho

    ol b

    efor

    e gr

    adua

    t-

    ing.

    A g

    reat

    er u

    nder

    stan

    ding

    of

    stud

    ent

    mot

    ivat

    ion

    is n

    eede

    d, p

    artic

    ular

    ly a

    s it

    rela

    tes

    to in

    trin

    sic

    and

    extr

    insi

    c re

    war

    dsfo

    r le

    arni

    ng.

    Doc

    umen

    tatio

    n an

    d ev

    alua

    tion

    data

    on

    Hea

    d St

    art,

    Titl

    e I,

    and

    the

    Mili

    tary

    Chi

    ld

    Car

    e Sy

    stem

    may

    rev

    eal m

    odel

    s fo

    r ef

    fect

    ive

    pres

    choo

    l edu

    catio

    n.

    Clo

    sing

    the

    deve

    lopm

    enta

    l gap

    bet

    wee

    n pr

    esch

    ool c

    hild

    ren

    who

    are

    men

    tally

    stim

    ulat

    ed b

    y th

    eir

    fam

    ily a

    nd s

    urro

    undi

    ngs

    and

    thos

    e w

    ho a

    re n

    ot s

    timul

    ated

    sho

    uld

    be a

    pri

    ority

    in p

    repa

    ring

    child

    ren

    for

    scho

    ol. T

    he im

    port

    ance

    of

    brai

    n de

    velo

    pmen

    t and

    the

    oppo

    rtun

    ities

    for

    ear

    ly c

    hild

    hood

    stim

    ulat

    ion

    calls

    for

    wel

    l-

    desi

    gned

    pre

    scho

    ol e

    duca

    tion

    for

    thre

    e-, f

    our-

    , and

    fiv

    e-ye

    ar-o

    lds.

    4

    The

    se p

    rogr

    ams

    may

    com

    pens

    ate

    for

    a ch

    ild's

    lack

    of

    stim

    ulat

    ion

    in th

    e pr

    evio

    us y

    ears

    and

    mon

    ths;

    they

    may

    als

    o en

    hanc

    e le

    ss

    than

    stim

    ulat

    ing

    hom

    e en

    viro

    nmen

    ts.

    Cul

    tura

    l div

    ersi

    ty a

    nd c

    hild

    ren

    with

    spe

    cial

    nee

    ds a

    re a

    par

    -

    ticul

    ar c

    halle

    nge

    for

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od e

    duca

    tion

    as d

    evel

    op-

    men

    tal m

    ilest

    ones

    are

    atta

    ined

    on

    a di

    ffer

    ent s

    ched

    ule

    and

    ina

    diff

    eren

    t man

    ner.

    If

    all c

    hild

    ren

    are

    to r

    each

    thei

    r po

    tent

    ial,

    they

    mus

    t all

    be in

    clud

    ed in

    our

    con

    cern

    s w

    hen

    we

    desi

    gn a

    nd

    prov

    ide

    high

    -qua

    lity

    pres

    choo

    l edu

    catio

    nal o

    ppor

    tuni

    ties.

    Fina

    ncin

    g is

    sues

    are

    alw

    ays

    a co

    ncer

    n. L

    ocal

    edu

    catio

    nal

    prog

    ram

    min

    g th

    at is

    fun

    ded

    by g

    rant

    s an

    d th

    at r

    ecei

    ves

    spec

    ial

    com

    mun

    ity s

    uppo

    rt s

    eem

    s to

    be

    mos

    t eff

    ectiv

    e: T

    he s

    take

    hold

    ers

    have

    mor

    e in

    vest

    ed in

    the

    succ

    ess

    of th

    ese

    prog

    ram

    s. E

    duca

    tors

    '

    top

    prio

    rity

    sho

    uld

    be f

    inan

    cial

    ass

    ista

    nce

    for

    pres

    choo

    l pro

    gram

    s

    that

    are

    wor

    king

    eff

    ectiv

    ely

    to p

    repa

    re s

    tude

    nts

    for

    lear

    ning

    .

    As

    NST

    A c

    onsi

    ders

    neu

    rolo

    gica

    l res

    earc

    h an

    d its

    impl

    icat

    ions

    for

    pres

    choo

    l edu

    catio

    n, w

    e re

    cogn

    ize

    the

    need

    for

    mak

    ing

    the

    mos

    t of

    thes

    e ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    yea

    rs th

    roug

    h w

    ell-

    desi

    gned

    pres

    choo

    l pro

    gram

    s th

    at p

    rovi

    de s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy e

    duca

    tion.

    12

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    . MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS,

    AN

    DT

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    Ref

    eren

    ces

    Cla

    rk, J

    . V. (

    1996

    ). R

    edir

    ectin

    g sc

    ienc

    e ed

    ucat

    ion.

    Cor

    win

    Pre

    ss,

    Inc.

    Mar

    kezi

    ch, A

    . (19

    96).

    Lea

    rnin

    g w

    indo

    ws

    and

    the

    child

    's b

    rain

    .

    Supe

    r K

    ids

    Edu

    catio

    nal S

    oftw

    are

    Rev

    iew

    . Kno

    wle

    dge

    Shar

    e L

    LC

    .

    Nas

    h, M

    . J. (

    1997

    ). F

    ertil

    e m

    inds

    . Tim

    e, 1

    49:5

    .

    Raf

    fini

    , J. P

    . (19

    93).

    Win

    ners

    with

    out l

    oser

    s: S

    truc

    ture

    s an

    d st

    rate

    gies

    fir

    incr

    easi

    ng s

    tude

    nt m

    otiv

    atio

    n to

    lear

    n. U

    pper

    Sad

    dle

    Riv

    er, N

    J:

    Pren

    tice

    Hal

    l.

    13 5

  • 71-

    owar

    d a

    Res

    earc

    h A

    gend

    a in

    Ear

    ly C

    hild

    hood

    _A_

    Scie

    nce,

    Mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd T

    echn

    olog

    y E

    duca

    tion

    Alv

    erna

    M C

    ham

    pion

    "It t

    akes

    a v

    illag

    e to

    rai

    se a

    chi

    ld."

    Thi

    s w

    ell-

    wor

    n A

    fric

    an a

    dage

    is

    no le

    ss tr

    ue to

    day

    than

    it w

    as w

    hen

    the

    thou

    ght w

    as f

    irst

    mad

    e

    wor

    d. T

    he A

    mer

    ican

    Ass

    ocia

    tion

    for

    the

    Adv

    ance

    men

    t of

    Scie

    nce,

    with

    fun

    ding

    fro

    m th

    e N

    atio

    nal S

    cien

    ce F

    ound

    atio

    n (N

    SF)

    and

    inpu

    t fro

    m th

    e O

    ffic

    e of

    Edu

    catio

    nal R

    esea

    rch

    and

    Impr

    ovem

    ent

    (OE

    RI)

    of

    the

    Dep

    artm

    ent o

    f E

    duca

    tion,

    bro

    ught

    the

    glob

    alvi

    llage

    toge

    ther

    in F

    ebru

    ary

    of 1

    998.

    Mat

    hem

    atic

    ians

    and

    sci

    en-

    tists

    , res

    earc

    hers

    and

    pra

    ctiti

    oner

    s, te

    ache

    rs a

    nd a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    s,

    and

    polic

    y m

    aker

    s fr

    om n

    ear

    and

    abro

    ad g

    athe

    red

    in W

    ashi

    ng-

    ton,

    DC

    , for

    a d

    ynam

    ic F

    orum

    on

    Ear

    ly C

    hild

    hood

    Sci

    ence

    ,M

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy

    Edu

    catio

    n. W

    e ca

    me

    toge

    ther

    as

    a

    Alv

    erna

    M C

    ham

    pion

    is p

    rofe

    ssor

    of

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s at

    Gra

    nd V

    alle

    ySt

    ate

    Uni

    vers

    ity in

    Gra

    nd R

    apid

    s, M

    I.

    6

    uniq

    ue c

    omm

    unity

    : eac

    h w

    ith d

    iffe

    rent

    vie

    ws,

    bel

    iefs

    , and

    idea

    ls b

    ut a

    ll w

    ith s

    imila

    r co

    mm

    itmen

    ts to

    impr

    ovin

    g th

    e liv

    es,

    oppo

    rtun

    ities

    , and

    fat

    es o

    f yo

    ung

    child

    ren

    aged

    3 to

    5.

    We

    left

    the

    foru

    m r

    eady

    to in

    form

    the

    wor

    ld a

    bout

    sci

    ence

    ,

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    edu

    catio

    n fo

    r yo

    ung

    child

    ren.

    We

    left

    rev

    italiz

    ed to

    teac

    h th

    ose

    who

    her

    etof

    ore

    have

    bee

    n

    cate

    gori

    zed

    as u

    n-te

    acha

    ble.

    We

    left

    eag

    er to

    enc

    oura

    ge th

    eal

    iena

    ted.

    We

    left

    am

    enab

    le to

    wel

    com

    e, w

    ith o

    pen

    arm

    s, th

    e

    dise

    nfra

    nchi

    sed.

    We

    left

    equ

    ippe

    d to

    rel

    ease

    the

    shac

    kles

    fro

    m

    thos

    e ch

    ildre

    n w

    ho a

    re te

    ther

    ed to

    labe

    ls s

    uch

    as "

    at-r

    isk.

    " W

    e

    left

    as

    we

    had

    com

    e, r

    eciti

    ng th

    e m

    antr

    a, "

    All

    child

    ren

    can

    lear

    n,"

    but n

    ow w

    e ac

    tual

    ly b

    elie

    ved

    it.W

    ith s

    o m

    uch

    syne

    rgy

    at w

    ork,

    how

    can

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Sci

    ence

    Foun

    datio

    n af

    ford

    not

    to s

    uppo

    rt p

    roje

    cts

    care

    fully

    cra

    fted

    to

    14

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    . MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS.

    AN

    D T

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    impr

    ove

    the

    teac

    hing

    and

    lear

    ning

    of

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, s

    cien

    ce, a

    ndte

    chno

    logy

    for

    you

    ng c

    hild

    ren?

    With

    the

    need

    s of

    you

    ng c

    hild

    ren

    gain

    ing

    the

    spot

    light

    at a

    ll le

    y-

    (Q. .21

    _,;;

    c211

    1r,_

    ,yh

    ia'

    A"d

    dTP:

    els

    of g

    over

    nmen

    t, it

    is im

    por-

    tant

    that

    we

    seiz

    e th

    e da

    y.Su

    bmit

    a pr

    opos

    al!

    Con

    side

    r

    the

    follo

    win

    g po

    ssib

    ilitie

    s.

    Mar

    gare

    t "M

    idge

    " C

    ozze

    ns,

    the

    form

    er d

    irec

    tor

    of th

    e E

    le-

    men

    tary

    , Sec

    onda

    ry, a

    nd I

    nfor

    -

    mal

    Sci

    ence

    Edu

    catio

    n (E

    SIE

    )

    Div

    isio

    n of

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Sci

    ence

    Fou

    ndat

    ion,

    obs

    erve

    d, "

    We

    don'

    t hav

    e a

    good

    syn

    thes

    is o

    f th

    e re

    sear

    ch o

    n ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    educ

    atio

    n as

    it r

    elat

    es to

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, s

    cien

    ce a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    ."

    The

    Div

    isio

    n of

    Res

    earc

    h, E

    valu

    atio

    n, a

    nd C

    omm

    unic

    atio

    ns

    and

    ESI

    E o

    ffer

    opp

    ortu

    nitie

    s fo

    r fu

    ndin

    g in

    the

    area

    s of

    res

    earc

    h,

    eval

    uatio

    n, a

    nd a

    sses

    smen

    t.

    Hym

    an F

    ield

    , act

    ing

    dire

    ctor

    of

    ESI

    E, a

    dds

    to M

    idge

    's s

    tate

    -

    men

    t by

    enco

    urag

    ing

    the

    subm

    issi

    on o

    f pr

    opos

    als

    that

    wou

    ld

    enha

    nce

    youn

    g ch

    ildre

    n's

    lear

    ning

    of

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, s

    cien

    ce, a

    nd

    tech

    nolo

    gy in

    set

    tings

    out

    side

    the

    form

    al c

    lass

    room

    . Pro

    posa

    ls f

    or

    incr

    easi

    ng p

    aren

    tal i

    nvol

    vem

    ent a

    re a

    pri

    ority

    .

    NSF

    has

    rec

    ently

    fun

    ded

    five

    pro

    ject

    s on

    the

    deve

    lopm

    ent

    of e

    arly

    chi

    ldho

    od in

    stru

    ctio

    nal m

    ater

    ials

    . NSF

    , in

    fund

    ing

    ava

    riet

    y of

    pro

    ject

    s, s

    eeks

    to le

    arn

    mor

    e ab

    out w

    hat w

    orks

    ,un

    der

    wha

    t con

    ditio

    ns, a

    nd f

    or w

    hom

    . The

    se p

    roje

    cts

    are

    not

    inte

    nded

    to b

    e ex

    empl

    ars;

    they

    are

    inte

    nded

    to s

    erve

    as

    exam

    ples

    .

    Fund

    ing

    inno

    vativ

    e an

    d cr

    eativ

    e in

    stru

    ctio

    nal m

    ater

    ials

    dev

    elop

    -

    men

    t pro

    ject

    s th

    at f

    ocus

    on

    subs

    tant

    ive

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, s

    cien

    ce,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy is

    par

    ticul

    arly

    impo

    rtan

    t to

    NSF

    .

  • Mak

    ing

    Sens

    e of

    the

    Wor

    ld

    Shir

    ley

    Mal

    com

    If p

    eopl

    e ar

    e sh

    aped

    by

    thei

    r ex

    peri

    ence

    sand

    I b

    elie

    ve th

    eyar

    ethe

    n al

    l of

    my

    expe

    rien

    ces

    as a

    sci

    entis

    t and

    as

    a pa

    rent

    hav

    e

    conv

    ince

    d m

    e th

    at s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy m

    atte

    r

    fir

    youn

    g ch

    ildre

    n be

    caus

    e th

    ey m

    atte

    r to

    you

    ng c

    hild

    ren.

    As

    chil-

    dren

    set

    the

    tabl

    e, m

    atch

    thei

    r so

    cks,

    or

    reac

    h fo

    r th

    eir

    jack

    ets,

    boo

    ts,

    and

    mitt

    ens

    on a

    sno

    wy

    day;

    as

    they

    lear

    n to

    coo

    k or

    pla

    y w

    ith

    bath

    toys

    , the

    y am

    ass

    expe

    rien

    ces

    that

    set

    them

    up

    for

    the

    punc

    h

    line.

    And

    the

    punc

    h lin

    e is

    this

    : We

    live

    in a

    wor

    ld th

    at is

    gov

    erne

    d

    by r

    ules

    , whe

    re s

    ome

    outc

    omes

    are

    pre

    dict

    able

    , whe

    re k

    now

    ledg

    e

    can

    be u

    ncov

    ered

    , whe

    re q

    uest

    ions

    can

    be

    aske

    d an

    d an

    swer

    ed.

    My

    own

    child

    ren

    taug

    ht m

    e ea

    rly

    on th

    at th

    ey s

    ough

    tand

    wou

    ld c

    reat

    e if

    nec

    essa

    ryex

    plan

    atio

    ns o

    f th

    eir

    wor

    ld a

    nd it

    s

    Shir

    ley

    Mal

    com

    is d

    irec

    tor

    of E

    duca

    tion

    and

    Hum

    an R

    esou

    rces

    at t

    heA

    mer

    ican

    Ass

    ocia

    tion

    for

    the

    Adv

    ance

    men

    t of

    Scie

    nce.

    wor

    king

    s. T

    hey

    took

    no

    part

    of

    the

    mat

    eria

    l wor

    ld f

    or g

    rant

    ed.

    Wha

    t mak

    es it

    sno

    w?

    Wha

    t are

    clo

    uds

    mad

    e of

    ? M

    y da

    ught

    er

    Kel

    ly's

    fea

    r of

    thun

    der

    led

    her

    to a

    mom

    ent o

    f sc

    ient

    ific

    theo

    -

    rizi

    ng w

    hen

    she

    was

    fou

    r ye

    ars

    old.

    As

    we

    wer

    e ra

    cing

    hom

    edu

    ring

    a s

    torm

    , she

    ann

    ounc

    ed f

    rom

    the

    back

    sea

    t tha

    t she

    knew

    why

    the

    "clo

    uds

    bum

    ped

    into

    eac

    h ot

    her

    and

    mak

    e th

    atth

    unde

    r."

    "Why

    is th

    at?"

    I a

    sked

    . "B

    ecau

    se th

    ey d

    on't

    have

    any

    eyes

    ," K

    elly

    rep

    lied.

    Chi

    ld d

    evel

    opm

    ent r

    esea

    rch

    tells

    us

    that

    chi

    ldre

    n do

    , in

    fact

    ,

    attr

    ibut

    e th

    e ch

    arac

    teri

    stic

    s of

    ani

    mat

    e ob

    ject

    s to

    nat

    ural

    phe

    -

    nom

    ena.

    But

    wha

    t was

    mos

    t fas

    cina

    ting

    to m

    e w

    as th

    at s

    hefo

    und

    it ne

    cess

    ary

    to a

    rtic

    ulat

    e a

    hypo

    thes

    is. L

    ater

    exp

    erie

    nces

    wou

    ld h

    elp

    her

    refi

    ne a

    nd d

    evel

    op h

    er th

    eori

    es a

    bout

    thun

    der,

    stor

    ms,

    and

    clo

    uds,

    but

    for

    now

    she

    had

    ask

    ed a

    que

    stio

    n th

    at

    16

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    . MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS,

    AN

    D T

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    was

    impo

    rtan

    t to

    her

    and

    had

    form

    ulat

    ed a

    n ex

    plan

    atio

    n th

    at

    wou

    ld h

    elp

    her

    mak

    e se

    nse

    of th

    e w

    orld

    .

    Aro

    und

    the

    time

    my

    child

    ren

    bega

    n to

    con

    fron

    t me

    with

    thei

    r

    ques

    tions

    and

    hyp

    othe

    ses,

    I w

    as a

    sked

    to m

    ake

    a pr

    esen

    tatio

    n

    on s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy a

    t a m

    eetin

    g of

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Ass

    ocia

    tion

    for

    the

    Edu

    catio

    n of

    You

    ng C

    hild

    ren.

    To

    prep

    are,

    I b

    egan

    to e

    xplo

    re th

    e fo

    rmal

    kno

    wle

    dge

    abou

    t chi

    ld

    deve

    lopm

    ent a

    nd th

    e ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    yea

    rs in

    par

    ticul

    ar. A

    t the

    sam

    e tim

    e, I

    ref

    lect

    ed o

    n w

    hat I

    had

    lear

    ned

    from

    wat

    chin

    g m

    y

    own

    and

    othe

    r yo

    ung

    child

    ren

    fram

    e th

    eir

    ques

    tions

    abo

    ut th

    e

    wor

    ld a

    nd d

    evel

    op th

    eir

    hypo

    thes

    es. I

    t bec

    ame

    clea

    r to

    me

    that

    by

    thei

    r ve

    ry n

    atur

    e, s

    cien

    ce a

    nd m

    athe

    mat

    ics

    coul

    d of

    fer

    youn

    g ch

    il-

    dren

    pow

    erfu

    l way

    s of

    kno

    win

    g ab

    out t

    he w

    orld

    . And

    that

    inde

    ed,

    child

    ren'

    s ex

    peri

    ence

    s in

    thei

    r ve

    ry e

    arly

    yea

    rs c

    ould

    pre

    pare

    them

    for

    the

    form

    al s

    tudy

    of

    scie

    nce,

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    late

    r

    on. T

    hese

    con

    clus

    ions

    led

    me

    inev

    itabl

    y to

    my

    pres

    ent r

    ole

    as

    advo

    cate

    . My

    mes

    sage

    is th

    is: W

    e ne

    ed to

    pro

    vide

    all

    child

    ren

    with

    -muc

    h gr

    eate

    r ac

    cess

    to th

    e ri

    ches

    t var

    iety

    of

    expe

    rien

    ces

    that

    will

    help

    them

    mak

    e se

    nse

    of th

    eir

    wor

    ld. W

    e m

    ust h

    ave

    unbo

    unde

    d

    expe

    ctat

    ions

    for

    eve

    ry c

    hild

    .

    The

    Gre

    at E

    qual

    izer

    sSo

    me

    may

    fea

    r th

    at I

    am

    sug

    gest

    ing

    we

    impo

    se a

    rig

    id, f

    orm

    al

    curr

    icul

    um o

    n yo

    ung

    child

    ren.

    Tha

    t is

    not a

    t all

    wha

    t I h

    ave

    in

    min

    d. I

    nste

    ad, w

    e m

    ust t

    ake

    adva

    ntag

    e of

    chi

    ldre

    n's

    ever

    yday

    expe

    rien

    ces,

    sup

    plem

    entin

    g th

    em w

    ith o

    ther

    exp

    erie

    nces

    that

    are

    cons

    iste

    nt w

    ith w

    hat w

    e kn

    ow a

    bout

    how

    chi

    ldre

    n de

    velo

    p an

    d

    wha

    t we

    know

    abo

    ut e

    ach

    indi

    vidu

    al c

    hild

    . The

    val

    ue o

    f su

    ch a

    n

    appr

    oach

    was

    bes

    t des

    crib

    ed b

    y D

    avid

    Haw

    kins

    in a

    n ar

    ticle

    in

    the

    Spri

    ng 1

    983

    issu

    e of

    Dae

    aus:

    "The

    kin

    d of

    exp

    erie

    ntia

    l bac

    kgro

    und

    in c

    hild

    ren'

    s

    lives

    bef

    ore

    scho

    olin

    g be

    gins

    or

    alon

    g th

    e w

    ay is

    mor

    e

    unif

    orm

    ly a

    dequ

    ate

    to m

    ath

    and

    scie

    nce

    than

    tom

    ost o

    ther

    sch

    ool s

    ubje

    cts.

    The

    pov

    erty

    or

    rich

    ness

    of s

    ocia

    l bac

    kgro

    und

    mat

    ter

    less

    her

    e in

    the

    earl

    y

    year

    s th

    an in

    oth

    er s

    choo

    l sub

    ject

    s. M

    ath

    and

    scie

    nce

    shou

    ld th

    eref

    ore

    be th

    e gr

    eat e

    qual

    izer

    s, w

    heth

    er th

    ey

    are

    now

    see

    n to

    be

    or n

    ot."

    Unf

    ortu

    nate

    ly, m

    athe

    mat

    ics

    and

    scie

    nce

    are

    ofte

    n th

    e gr

    eat s

    epa-

    rato

    rs r

    athe

    r th

    an e

    qual

    izer

    s. T

    hey

    are

    the

    gate

    keep

    er s

    ubje

    cts.

    With

    out a

    dvan

    ced

    cour

    ses

    in s

    cien

    ce a

    nd m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    stu

    dent

    s

    are

    excl

    uded

    fro

    m e

    duca

    tiona

    l opp

    ortu

    nitie

    s an

    d ex

    peri

    ence

    s th

    at

    can

    affe

    ct th

    eir

    care

    er a

    spir

    atio

    ns, t

    heir

    rol

    e in

    soc

    iety

    , and

    eve

    n

    1 ''

    9

  • MA

    LC

    OM

    thei

    r se

    nse

    of p

    erso

    nal f

    ulfi

    llmen

    t. W

    ith th

    is m

    uch

    at s

    take

    , how

    do w

    e m

    ake

    sure

    that

    all

    youn

    g ch

    ildre

    n ha

    ve th

    e im

    port

    ant e

    xpe-

    rien

    ces

    that

    will

    pro

    vide

    them

    with

    a s

    tron

    g fo

    unda

    tion

    for

    futu

    re

    lear

    ning

    ? A

    t the

    ver

    y le

    ast,

    it w

    ill r

    equi

    re m

    uch

    mor

    e co

    oper

    atio

    n

    amon

    g th

    ree

    dist

    inct

    com

    mun

    ities

    that

    are

    just

    beg

    inni

    ng to

    take

    acco

    unt o

    f ea

    ch o

    ther

    .

    Bui

    ldin

    g th

    e B

    ridge

    sFo

    r th

    ose

    in th

    e K

    -16

    educ

    atio

    n co

    mm

    unity

    , thi

    nkin

    g ab

    out s

    ci-

    ence

    , mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    chno

    logy

    in a

    pre

    scho

    ol c

    onte

    xt is

    rel

    a-

    tivel

    y ne

    w. S

    imila

    rly,

    the

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od e

    duca

    tion

    com

    mun

    ity is

    just

    beg

    inni

    ng to

    con

    side

    r w

    hat c

    onte

    nt-r

    ich

    prog

    ram

    s w

    ould

    be

    like

    at th

    e pr

    esch

    ool l

    evel

    . And

    for

    thos

    e w

    ho w

    ork

    in th

    e ar

    ea o

    f

    educ

    atio

    nal e

    quity

    , the

    re is

    now

    a g

    row

    ing

    awar

    enes

    s th

    at a

    cces

    s to

    thou

    ghtf

    ul, e

    ngag

    ing

    expe

    rien

    ces

    in s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy d

    urin

    g th

    e ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    yea

    rs c

    an p

    rovi

    de b

    oth

    shor

    t- a

    nd lo

    ng-t

    erm

    ben

    efits

    to a

    ll ch

    ildre

    n. C

    onne

    ctin

    g th

    ese

    thre

    e co

    mm

    uniti

    es a

    nd f

    indi

    ng o

    ut w

    here

    thei

    r in

    tere

    sts

    inte

    rsec

    t

    are

    esse

    ntia

    l fir

    st s

    teps

    .

    In th

    e ar

    ea o

    f in

    form

    al e

    duca

    tiont

    elev

    isio

    n, m

    useu

    ms,

    sci

    -en

    ce c

    ente

    rs, a

    nd th

    e lik

    esom

    e pr

    ogra

    ms

    and

    initi

    ativ

    es h

    ave

    alre

    ady

    begu

    n to

    mak

    e th

    ese

    conn

    ectio

    ns. M

    useu

    m p

    rogr

    ams

    aim

    ed a

    t you

    ng c

    hild

    ren

    have

    dea

    lt w

    ith a

    var

    iety

    of

    scie

    nce,

    mat

    h-

    emat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy c

    once

    pts:

    hot

    and

    col

    d, b

    ig a

    nd s

    mal

    l,

    sink

    and

    flo

    at, m

    achi

    nes,

    num

    bers

    , sen

    ses,

    sha

    pes,

    and

    so

    on.

    Unf

    ortu

    nate

    ly, m

    any

    child

    ren

    have

    not

    had

    an

    oppo

    rtun

    ity to

    take

    par

    t in

    thes

    e ki

    nds

    of p

    rogr

    ams.

    Muc

    h m

    ore

    need

    s to

    be

    done

    to m

    ake

    such

    pro

    gram

    s ac

    cess

    ible

    to a

    ll fa

    mili

    es.

    Tel

    evis

    ionw

    ith it

    s al

    mos

    t uni

    vers

    al a

    cces

    sibi

    litya

    long

    with

    toys

    , gam

    es, c

    ompu

    ter

    soft

    war

    e, f

    ilms,

    and

    boo

    ks h

    ave

    also

    had

    som

    e su

    cces

    s in

    exp

    osin

    g yo

    ung

    child

    ren

    to s

    ci-

    ence

    and

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s. T

    hese

    few

    exa

    mpl

    es s

    erve

    only

    to s

    ugge

    st th

    e ra

    nge

    of a

    ctiv

    ities

    , mat

    eria

    ls,

    and

    med

    ia th

    at c

    an c

    ontr

    ibut

    e to

    a c

    hild

    's e

    xplo

    -

    ratio

    n an

    d un

    ders

    tand

    ing

    of th

    e w

    orld

    .

    In 1

    985,

    the

    Scie

    nce

    Tea

    cher

    pub

    lishe

    d an

    art

    i-

    cle

    abou

    t hol

    istic

    lear

    ning

    in s

    cien

    ce b

    y B

    ob

    Sam

    ples

    and

    Bill

    Ham

    mon

    d. W

    heth

    er th

    eau

    thor

    s kn

    ew it

    or

    not,

    they

    wer

    e ac

    tual

    ly a

    skin

    g

    for

    an in

    clus

    ion

    mod

    el f

    or s

    choo

    l sci

    ence

    . Tha

    t

    mod

    el d

    rew

    hea

    vily

    on

    mod

    els

    that

    are

    the

    norm

    inea

    rly

    child

    -

    hood

    edu

    catio

    n, w

    here

    it is

    wid

    ely

    acce

    pted

    that

    eac

    h ch

    ild d

    evel

    -

    ops

    at a

    n in

    divi

    dual

    pac

    e an

    d ga

    ins

    skill

    s an

    d kn

    owle

    dge

    in a

    dist

    inct

    and

    per

    sona

    l sty

    le. T

    he a

    utho

    rs w

    ere

    nega

    tive

    abou

    t

    18

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    . MA

    TH

    EM

    AT

    ICS.

    AN

    D T

    EC

    HN

    OL

    OG

    Y E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    book

    -bou

    nd, l

    ectu

    re-b

    ased

    inst

    ruct

    ion,

    and

    they

    mad

    e th

    is s

    tate

    -

    men

    t: "L

    earn

    ing

    styl

    e re

    sear

    cher

    s ar

    e co

    nvin

    ced

    that

    at a

    ny g

    iven

    time

    half

    to th

    ree-

    quar

    ters

    of

    the

    stud

    ents

    in m

    ost c

    lass

    room

    s ar

    e

    not l

    earn

    ing

    at n

    ear

    optim

    um."

    I th

    ink

    it is

    pro

    babl

    y hi

    gher

    than

    that

    . Sam

    ples

    and

    Ham

    mon

    d

    go o

    n to

    say

    , "O

    nly

    a qu

    arte

    r of

    our

    stu

    dent

    s ga

    in th

    e m

    ost f

    rom

    a si

    ngle

    app

    roac

    h to

    inst

    ruct

    ion.

    We

    mus

    t try

    mor

    e ef

    fect

    ive

    way

    s

    to r

    each

    all

    stud

    ents

    . It i

    s a

    kind

    of

    myo

    pia

    to c

    ling

    to in

    stru

    ctio

    nal

    prac

    tices

    that

    sys

    tem

    atic

    ally

    exc

    lude

    stu

    dent

    s. I

    t is

    a ki

    nd o

    fim

    mor

    ality

    to s

    uppo

    rt e

    duca

    tion

    prac

    tices

    that

    sys

    tem

    atic

    ally

    excl

    ude

    mos

    t of

    a le

    arne

    r's m

    ind.

    " T

    here

    is m

    uch

    we

    can

    lear

    n

    from

    our

    col

    leag

    ues

    in e

    arly

    chi

    ldho

    od e

    duca

    tion.

    Wha

    t Wor

    ks?

    In th

    e m

    id-1

    980s

    the

    Am

    eric

    an A

    ssoc

    iatio

    n fo

    r th

    e A

    dvan

    cem

    ent

    of S

    cien

    ce (

    AA

    AS)

    col

    labo

    rate

    d w

    ith th

    e N

    atio

    nal U

    rban

    Lea

    gue

    on a

    pro

    ject

    fun

    ded

    by th

    e N

    atio

    nal S

    cien

    ce F

    ound

    atio

    n. T

    he

    goal

    of

    the

    proj

    ect w

    as to

    dev

    elop

    mod

    el p

    rogr

    ams

    for

    earl

    y ch

    ild-

    hood

    edu

    catio

    n in

    sci

    ence

    that

    cou

    ld b

    e cu

    stom

    ized

    for

    pre

    scho

    ol

    setti

    ngs.

    The

    mod

    els

    had

    thes

    e co

    nstr

    aint

    s: f

    ew o

    f th

    e pr

    esch

    ool

    staf

    f ha

    d fo

    ur-y

    ear

    degr

    ees

    in e

    arly

    chi

    ldho

    od e

    duca

    tion;

    man

    y

    had

    asso

    ciat

    e de

    gree

    s; th

    e st

    aff

    turn

    over

    rat

    e w

    as h

    igh,

    as

    it is

    in

    mos

    t pro

    gram

    s fo

    r yo

    ung

    child

    ren.

    In

    othe

    r w

    ords

    , we

    had

    to

    desi

    gn a

    mod

    el th

    at w

    ould

    res

    pond

    to th

    e re

    aliti

    es o

    f th

    e w

    orld

    as

    it w

    as, n

    ot a

    s w

    e w

    ante

    d it

    to b

    e. O

    ur c

    halle

    nge

    was

    to h

    elp

    the

    peop

    le w

    ho w

    ere

    wor

    king

    with

    ver

    y yo

    ung

    child

    ren

    to b

    ecom

    e

    empo

    wer

    ed th

    emse

    lves

    by

    thei

    r ow

    n kn

    owle

    dge

    of s

    cien

    ce a

    nd

    the

    fact

    that

    it h

    ad m

    eani

    ng in

    thei

    r liv

    es. U

    ntil

    that

    hap

    pene

    d,

    they

    wer

    e un

    likel

    y to

    eng

    age

    the

    child

    ren

    in s

    cien

    ce, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy.

    The

    se m

    odel

    s ha

    ve a

    lso

    been

    an

    infl

    u-

    ence

    on

    AA

    AS'

    s B

    lack

    Chu

    rche

    s pr

    ojec

    t.

    We

    have

    fou

    nd th

    at e

    arly

    chi

    ldho

    od e

    du-

    catio

    n an

    d ch

    ildca

    re p

    rogr

    ams

    are

    amon

    g

    thos

    e pr

    ogra

    ms

    mos

    t fre

    quen

    tly o

    ffer

    ed

    by th

    e ch

    urch

    es. H

    ow d

    o w

    e he

    lp c

    hurc

    h-

    es im

    prov

    e th

    e qu

    ality

    of

    wha

    t the

    y ar

    e

    doin

    g? H

    ow d

    o w

    e he

    lp th

    eir

    staf

    f de

    velo

    p th

    emse

    lves

    sion

    ally

    ? W

    e ha

    ve f

    ound

    onc

    e ag

    ain

    that

    it is

    a m

    atte

    r of

    ena

    blin

    g

    indi

    vidu

    als

    to ta

    ke h

    old

    of th

    e sc

    ienc

    e th

    emse

    lves

    . We

    enga

    ge

    them

    with

    the

    kind

    s of

    str

    ateg

    ies

    that

    act

    ually

    wor

    k w

    ith y

    oung

    child

    ren

    and

    then

    sho

    w th

    em ih

    e sc

    ienc

    e, m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    tech

    -

    nolo

    gy th

    at is

    pre

    sent

    in th

    e ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    env

    iron

    men

    ts th

    ey

    have

    cre

    ated

    . Cha

    nces

    are

    , the

    re is

    alr

    eady

    a c

    orne

    r fo

    r bl

    ocks

    or

    prof

    es-

    EST

    CO

    PY A

    VM

    LA

    BL

    E

    119

  • MA

    LC

    OM

    perh

    aps

    a w

    ater

    tabl

    e in

    the

    spac

    e. B

    y us

    ing

    thes

    e to

    con

    stru

    ct

    tow

    ers,

    bui

    ld a

    big

    blo

    ck f

    rom

    sev

    eral

    sm

    alle

    r bl

    ocks

    , pou

    r w

    ater

    into

    con

    tain

    ers

    of d

    iffe

    rent

    siz

    es a

    nd s

    hape

    s, o

    r pr

    edic

    t how

    far

    a

    ball

    or to

    y ca

    r w

    ill r

    oll o

    n di

    ffer

    ent s

    urfa

    ces,

    chi

    ldre

    n ar

    e ab

    le to

    inte

    ract

    with

    and

    lear

    n ab

    out t

    he n

    atur

    al w

    orld

    .

    Seve

    ral y

    ears

    ago

    , I s

    erve

    d as

    co-

    chai

    r of

    the

    Car

    negi

    e T

    ask

    Forc

    e on

    Lea

    rnin

    g in

    the

    Prim

    ary

    Gra

    des.

    We

    exam

    ined

    man

    y

    issu

    es r

    elat

    ed to

    chi

    ldre

    n an

    d th

    eir

    wel

    l-be

    ing,

    but

    a p

    ivot

    al f

    ind-

    ing

    of o

    ur w

    ork

    was

    this

    : For

    thre

    e-ye

    ar-o

    ld c

    hild

    renw

    hate

    ver

    thei

    r si

    tuat

    ions

    in li

    feev

    eryt

    hing

    was

    stil

    l pos

    sibl

    e. B

    ut in

    just

    a fe

    w y

    ears

    tim

    e, m

    any

    wou

    ld b

    egin

    to lo

    se g

    roun

    d. H

    ow d

    o w

    e

    supp

    ort t

    hat a

    maz

    ing

    pote

    ntia

    l of

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od?

    Wha

    t exp

    ec-

    tatio

    ns a

    nd o

    utco

    mes

    sho

    uld

    we

    have

    in m

    ind

    whe

    n w

    e ta

    lkab

    out p

    resc

    hool

    edu

    catio

    n? H

    ow s

    peci

    fic

    need

    we

    be in

    set

    ting

    goal

    s fo

    r co

    nten

    t and

    pro

    gram

    s? H

    ow d

    o w

    e m

    aint

    ain

    a fo

    cus

    on

    the

    deve

    lopm

    ent o

    f ea

    ch in

    divi

    dual

    chi

    ld w

    hile

    ens

    urin

    g th

    at a

    ll

    child

    ren

    have

    acc

    ess

    to th

    e ki

    nds

    of e

    xper

    ienc

    es th

    at w

    ill p

    repa

    re

    them

    for

    hig

    h ac

    hiev

    emen

    t in

    scie

    nce,

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, a

    nd te

    ch-

    nolo

    gy?

    Unl

    ess

    we

    nam

    e th

    ose

    expe

    rien

    ces,

    som

    e ch

    ildre

    n w

    ill

    sim

    ply

    not g

    et th

    em.

    One

    goa

    l of

    the

    Foru

    m o

    n E

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od S

    cien

    ce, M

    athe

    -

    mat

    ics,

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy

    Edu

    catio

    n w

    as to

    nam

    e th

    ose

    expe

    rien

    ces.

    Wha

    t is

    it th

    at s

    tude

    nts

    need

    to k

    now

    and

    be

    able

    to d

    o by

    the

    12

    time

    they

    get

    to k

    inde

    rgar

    ten?

    Wha

    t exp

    erie

    nces

    can

    we

    assu

    me

    they

    hav

    e ha

    d? H

    ow c

    an w

    e he

    lp p

    rovi

    de a

    n op

    port

    unity

    for

    eve

    ry

    child

    to h

    ave

    thos

    e ex

    peri

    ence

    s?

    Lifti

    ng R

    efrig

    erat

    ors

    and

    Lear

    ning

    abo

    ut L

    ever

    sFi

    nally

    , a s

    tory

    of

    my

    othe

    r da

    ught

    er il

    lust

    rate

    s w

    here

    suc

    h th

    ink-

    ing

    mig

    ht le

    ad. M

    y hu

    sban

    d ne

    eded

    to m

    ove

    the

    rolle

    rs u

    nder

    the

    refr

    iger

    ator

    . He

    aske

    d ou

    r fi

    ve-y

    ear-

    old

    for

    help

    . "L

    inds

    ey,"

    he

    said

    , "I

    wan

    t you

    to li

    ft th

    e re

    frig

    erat

    or."

    Lin

    dsey

    turn

    ed to

    her

    Eth

    er, l

    augh

    ed, a

    nd s

    aid,

    "D

    addy

    , you

    're s

    o si

    lly. I

    'm to

    o lit

    tle. I

    can'

    t lif

    t a r

    efri

    gera

    tor.

    It i

    s to

    o he

    avy

    for

    me.

    "

    Her

    fat

    her

    wen

    t out

    to th

    e ga

    rage

    and

    cam

    e ba

    ck w

    ith a

    long

    -

    hand

    led

    shov

    el. H

    e pl

    aced

    the

    blad

    e se

    cure

    ly u

    nder

    the

    fron

    t of

    the

    refr

    iger

    ator

    and

    pus

    hed

    dow

    n on

    the

    hand

    le. H

    e ca

    lled

    Lin

    d-

    sey

    over

    and

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    they

    gra

    dual

    ly e

    xcha

    nged

    wei

    ght a

    nd s

    he p

    ut h

    er

    40 p

    ound

    s on

    the

    shov

    el h

    andl

    e, s

    he li

    fted

    the

    refr

    iger

    ator

    . Her

    eyes

    lit u

    p, h

    er m

    outh

    dro

    pped

    ope

    n, a

    nd th

    is s

    illy

    grin

    cam

    e

    acro

    ss h

    er f

    ace.

    She

    had

    dis

    cove

    red

    that

    tech

    nolo

    gy w

    as e

    mpo

    wer

    -

    ing.

    We

    neve

    r sa

    id th

    e w

    ord

    "lev

    er"

    to h

    er. W

    e ne

    ver

    trie

    d to

    tell

    her

    abou

    t ful

    crum

    s or

    any

    thin

    g el

    se. S

    he h

    ad f

    ound

    out

    her

    self

    .

    Whe

    n th

    e na

    tion'

    s go

    vern

    ors

    and

    Pres

    iden

    t Bus

    h m

    et in

    Cha

    rlot

    tesv

    ille

    for

    the

    1989

    Edu

    catio

    n Su

    mm

    it, th

    e fi

    rst

    natio

    nal e

    duca

    tion

    goal

    they

    art

    icul

    ated

    was

    this

    : All

    child

    ren

    will

    20

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SC

    IEN

    CE

    ,M

    AT

    HE

    MA

    TIC

    S, A

    ND

    TE

    CH

    NO

    LO

    GY

    1D-U

    CA

    TIO

    N

    com

    e to

    sch

    ool r

    eady

    to le

    arn.

    It h

    as ta

    ken

    us m

    any

    year

    s to

    lear

    nR

    efer

    ence

    sw

    hat "

    read

    y" m

    eans

    . It m

    eans

    that

    chi

    ldre

    n w

    ill c

    ome

    to s

    choo

    lH

    amm

    ond,

    B. a

    nd S

    ampl

    es, B

    . (N

    ovem

    ber

    1985

    ). T

    he S

    cien

    ce

    with

    lovi

    ng a

    nd c

    arin

    g ad

    ults

    in th

    eir

    lives

    , with

    ade

    quat

    e he

    alth

    Tea

    cher

    , 52

    (8)

    :40-

    43.

    care

    and

    nut

    ritio

    n, a

    nd w

    ith a

    n en

    tire

    com

    mun

    ity o

    f su

    ppor

    t.H

    awki

    ns, D

    . (Sp

    ring

    198

    3). N

    atur

    e C

    lose

    ly O

    bser

    ved.

    Dae

    dalu

    s,B

    ut it

    als

    o m

    eans

    that

    they

    mus

    t com

    e to

    sch

    ool w

    ith th

    e ex

    peri

    -11

    2(2)

    .en

    ces

    that

    will

    allo

    w th

    em to

    rea

    ch th

    eir

    full

    pote

    ntia

    l and

    with

    limitl

    ess

    expe

    ctat

    ions

    that

    they

    will

    suc

    ceed

    at t

    he h

    ighe

    st le

    vels

    .

    2 1

    13

  • The

    For

    um o

    n E

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od S

    cien

    ce, M

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy

    Edu

    catio

    nJa

    cque

    line

    R. J

    ohns

    on

    The

    for

    um o

    n E

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od S

    cien

    ce, M

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    and

    Tec

    h-

    nolo

    gy E

    duca

    tion,

    con

    vene

    d by

    Pro

    ject

    206

    1 of

    the

    Am

    eric

    an

    Ass

    ocia

    tion

    for

    the

    Adv

    ance

    men

    t of

    Scie

    nce,

    cre

    ated

    a le

    arni

    ng

    com

    mun

    ity o

    f ea

    rly

    child

    hood

    pra

    ctiti

    oner

    s an

    d re

    sear

    cher

    s,sc

    hola

    rs, a

    nd te

    chno

    logi

    cal e

    xper

    ts f

    rom

    the

    scie

    nces

    and

    mat

    he-

    mat

    ics.

    The

    se in

    divi

    dual

    s ex

    plor

    ed th

    e st

    atus

    of

    mat

    hem

    atic

    s, s

    ci-

    ence

    , and

    tech

    nolo

    gica

    l edu

    catio

    n in

    the

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od y

    ears

    .

    The

    for

    um w

    as c

    onve

    ned

    in F

    ebru

    ary

    1998

    in a

    n ef

    fort

    to:

    mer

    ge th

    ree

    cons

    titue

    ncie

    srep

    rese

    ntat

    ives

    fro

    m th

    em

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    sci

    ence

    , and

    tech

    nolo

    gy c

    omm

    uniti

    es; e

    arly

    child

    hood

    edu

    catio

    nal p

    ract

    ition

    ers;

    and

    the

    educ

    atio

    nal

    equi

    ty c

    omm

    unity

    to e

    nhan

    ce m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    sci

    ence

    ,an

    d te

    chno

    logy

    edu

    catio

    n in

    ear

    ly c

    hild

    hood

    .

    Jacq

    uelin

    e R

    . Joh

    nson

    is p

    rofe

    ssor

    of

    soci

    olog

    y an

    d ch

    air

    of th

    ede

    part

    men

    t of

    anth

    ropo

    logy

    and

    soc

    iolo

    gy a

    t Gra

    nd V

    alle

    y St

    ate

    Uni

    vers

    ity in

    Alle

    ndal

    e, M

    I.

    14

    cons

    ider

    wha

    t the

    goa

    ls o

    f su

    ch e

    duca

    tion

    shou

    ld b

    e an

    dto

    beg

    in to

    art

    icul

    ate

    stra

    tegi

    es f

    or a

    chie

    ving

    thes

    e go

    als.

    revi

    ew w

    hat i

    s kn

    own

    abou

    t thi

    s ar

    ea o

    f ed

    ucat

    ion.

    iden

    tify

    prom

    isin

    g su

    bjec

    t are

    as o

    r pr

    ogra

    ms

    wor

    thy

    ofou

    tsid

    e fu

    ndin

    g.

    Thi

    s pa

    per

    synt

    hesi

    zes

    the

    issu

    es a

    nd f

    indi

    ngs

    from

    the

    foru

    m.

    It p

    rovi

    des

    an o

    verv

    iew

    of

    wha

    t we

    know

    abo

    ut m

    athe

    mat

    ics,

    scie

    nce,

    and

    tech

    nolo

    gy e

    duca

    tion;

    iden

    tifie

    s ex

    em-

    plar

    s of

    goo

    d pr

    actic

    e; a

    nd id

    entif

    ies

    obst

    acle

    s to

    goa

    l

    achi

    evem

    ent.

    Spec

    ific

    ally

    , thi

    s pa

    per

    cons

    ider

    s th

    e

    issu

    es a

    nd a

    gend

    a th

    at p

    rom

    pted

    the

    mee

    ting.

    It a

    lso

    pres

    ents

    a p

    relim

    inar

    y ag

    enda

    for

    fut

    ure

    wor

    k an

    d

    poss

    ible

    fun

    ding

    initi

    ativ

    es in

    this

    are

    na.

    In "

    Scie

    nce

    Ass

    essm

    ent i

    n E

    arly

    Chi

    ldho

    od P

    ro-

    gram

    s" (

    page

    106

    ), E

    dwar

    d C

    hitte

    nden

    and

    Jac

    quel

    ine

    Jone

    s re

    coun

    t a k

    inde

    rgar

    ten

    clas

    s's

    obse

    rvat

    ion

    of a

    22

  • DIA

    LO

    GU

    E O

    N E

    AR

    LY

    CH

    ILD

    HO

    OD

    SCIE

    NC

    E, M

    AT

    HE

    MA

    TIC

    S. A

    ND

    TE

    CH

    NO

    LO

    GY

    ED

    UC

    AT

    ION

    dead

    fis

    h. T

    he n

    arra

    tive

    prov

    ides

    an

    exam

    ple

    of th

    e pr

    omis

    e an

    d

    pote

    ntia

    l of

    earl

    y ch

    ildho

    od s

    cien

    ce e

    duca

    tion.

    In

    "You

    ng C

    hil-

    dren

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy,

    " D

    ougl

    as C

    lem

    ents

    like

    ns th

    e po

    wer

    of

    effe

    ctiv

    e sc

    ient

    ific

    and

    mat

    hem

    atic

    al th

    inki

    ng (

    whi

    ch h

    e de

    scri

    bes

    as "

    inte

    grat

    ed-c

    oncr

    ete

    thin

    ki