DOCUMENT RESUME ED-354 830 Introduction to ...DOCUMENT RESUME ED-354 830 LI 003 106 TITLE Introduction to Librarianship, with Special Reference to the Tanganyika Library Service. INSTITUTION

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED-354 830 LI 003 106

TITLE Introduction to Librarianship, with Special Referenceto the Tanganyika Library Service.

INSTITUTION Tanganyika Library Service (Tanzania).PUB DATE Sep 71NOTE 73p.;(4, References)

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

ABSTRACT

MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29*Foreign Countries; *Inservice Education;*Librarians; *Library Services; Library Technicians;Organization; *Public LibrariesAfrica; *Librarianship

Since the inception of the Tanganyika Library Servicein 1963 in-service training has been run for newly recruited librarystaff. All along, however, it has been difficult to find suitablereading material for the training programme. Hence the need forwriting these notes. The notes have been written by senior members ofthe Tanganyika Library Service staff and are based on the syllabusfor the in-service course for library assistants. Although the noteshave been written with the library assistants in mind they aresuitable introductory information for trainee librarians andexpatriate librarians who wish to get an overall picture of theoperation of the Tanganyika Library Service. The information ismostly about how public libraries are, and should be, organized.

(Author/NH)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG-INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW ORIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

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It should also be noted that the (British) Council orNational Academic Awards is already certifying degreecourses in librarianship and the exact relationship ofthis body to the Library Association is still uncertain.

LIBRARIANSHIP IN THE UNIkED STATES

mtion of American library education.

:onveniently divided into 4 major periods

1. PRE-DEWEY - before 1887

- Retired professors acted az university and college

librarians.

- Public librarians were trained through apprenticeship.

2. DEWEY TO WILLIAMSON - 1887 - Ca 1920 (W W I)

Melvil Dewey and the School of Library Economy of

Columbia College (1887).

Two significant decisions were made in establishing the

the school.(a) To educate librarians in a professional

school rather than through library appren-tioeship as contrasted with the Englishsystem then

(b) To emphasize the practical almost to theneglect of the theoretical.

Core subjects -

- Cataloguing and classification.- reference and bibliography.- book selection.- administration of libraries*

The Association of American Library Schools (1915)

21/12E1q25a To shape educational policy in librarianship.(b) To establish standards for library schools.

3. WILLIAMSON TO 1948

- WILLIAMSON REPORT (1923)A study of 15 library schools then in existence.

Recommendations:(a) That the library school Identify itself with

a university.

(b) That a high percentage of the faculty befull-time instructors selected for theireducation and ability.

(c) That the first year of study be general and

basic, and that specialization be reservedfor a second and for subsequent years of study.

(d) That a distinction between clerical andprofessional studies be made and the formerlargely eliminated from the curriculum,

(e) That a national examining board be establishedfor the certification of librarians and thestandardization of library schools.

(f) That textbooks be recommended for thecurriculum - the A.L.A. series was launched asa result.

2 -

The Board of Education for Librarianshi (BEL) (1924) of the

American Librar Association (A.L.A.

Has served as the accrediting agency.

What it did between 1924 - 1933.

(a)visited each library school and discussedabout each school's administrative organiz-ation, staff, financial support andcurriculum,

(b)prepared minimum standards for differenttypes of schools and their accreditation,

(c)directed the publication of textbooks forthe use of library school students andlibrarians,

(d)recommended endowment for new schools,

(e)provided fellowships for librariansand prospective librarians.

The Carnefiie Corporation of New York and the Ten-Year Proqramme of

Library Service.(e)Provided funds for the implementation

of the recommendations of Williamson and ofthe Board cf Education for Librarianship.

(b)Provided funds for the establishment andendowment of the Graduate Library Schoolat the University of Chicago (1929)(which became very influential in Americanlibrarianahip - the first school offeringPhDS in librarianship),

21.12_19.22_Elanc121:12-_Though superseded by the 1951 version, still form the basis for

the list of accredited library schools.The 1933 standards divided library schools into three types:

Type III: Undergraduate Library Schools:

In which a year of professional study was incorporated inthe four years of college work normally required for the bache-

lor's degree. Usually professional work constituted the

fourth year after the three years of academic non-professional

work. The degree awarded was usually a B.A. or a B.S.supplemented by a certificate of competence in librarianship.

ape II: Graduate Library Schools.

In which the year of professional study followed a bachelor'sdegree awarded for four years of academic, non-professionalstudy. The degree awarded for this fifth year of work

was the Bachelor of Science in Library Science (BS in L.S.)

Type 1: Advanced Graduate Library School.

In which work beyond the first professional year was offered,

leading to the M.A. in L.S. or the M.S. in L.S. and PhD. -only Chicago University offered PhD in librarianship then.

The _period 1948 to the present:

Because of dissatisfaction with the 1933 standards, by 1948

there was some reorganization in a number of libraryschools. Master's degree instead of the B.S. in L.S.became the first professional degree.

The 1951 Standards:

Recommended a five-year

The basic concept ofbasic education of a5 ears of colle iat

programme.

the 1951 standards was that thelibrarian is his total educatione education be ond the secondar

school level.

i.e. 2 years of general education (Fresh and Soph)2 years of concentration (Junior and Senior)1.e.4 years of liberal arts education and1 year of professional library education.

Programme of general education.

acquaintance with the principal concepts andissues of the natural sciences, social sciences andhumanities.

Reading knowledge of one or more modern foreignlanguages.

Profesional education:To consist of pre-core and professinal corecourses as well as specialized electives.

I. Pre-core courses:

(i) Library materials - introduction to theselection of books and other materialincluding audio-visual material.

(it) Library orgànization - routinetechnical processes of order work,cataloguing, classifying, mending,processing, shelving, charging, inventory,etc.

(iii) Library. foundations - an orientationlibraries, library organizations,ethics, history, literature, etc.

(iv) Library observation and practice.A teacher-librarian had to take thefollowing additional courses:

Library materials for children, and

Library materials for young zeople.

(v)

(vi)

The Professional core:

Offered in the fifth or graduate year:Library research - lutroduction tothe methods of research, to theresearch literature of librarianshipand to current problems of investigation,and establishes a foundation for thestudent's own study, thesis orbibliography.

(ii) Bibliography or Literature of theHumanities.

(iii) Bibliography or Literature of theSocial Sciences.

in

ft- -

(iv) Bibliography or Literature of theNatural Sciences.

(v) Reference Sources and Services.

(vi) Problems of classification andcataloguing.

(vii) Audio-visual materials and services.

(viii)Basio communications.

(ix) Readers and reading.

Specialized electives:

(i) Public libraries.(ii) School libraries.(iii) College libraries.(Iv) Special libraries.(v) Audio-visual service.(vi) Cataloguing and classification.(vii) Government publications.(viii)Serials.

Graduate Schools of Library Science:

Reguirements:

(a) Holder of B.A. or B.Sc. from an approvedCollege or University with broadbackground, well rounded liberaltraining - with intensive study (a major)in a subject field.

(b) A minor in library science at anundergraduate college is an advantagebut this can still be taken later(e.g. in a Summer School) before beingadmitted to a graduate school.

(c) A grade-point average of B.(d) A reading knowledge of at least one

foreign language - e.g. French or German.

An acceptable score on the Aptitude Testof the Graduate Record Examination(GRE) and a scholastic averaceaccepted by both the Graduate Divisionand the School of Library Service.

American library education is in essence based on 1933 and1935. The Standards requirements of a professional librarian are:

(1) a first degree - B.A. or B.Sc. (i.e.4 years of liberal arts college orUniversity) and

(ii) a Masters degree in Library Science.The highest degree awarded in LibraryScience is either Phd or DLSc.

The Doctor of Philosophy is considered suitable forpersons intending to make teaching a career. This is therefore aresearch degree. The Doctor of Library Science is thought to equippersons intending to practice librarianship at the highest level.

ACCREDITATION

(e)

Education is not controlled by national authority.Each institution is free to structure its ownstandards. This accounts for great diversity

WPM'

- 5 -

in American education. However, there are regional andnational accrediting associations which appraise eachinstitution in regard to approved standards. Thus thereare accredited and non-accredited institutions.

THE PROBLEMS FACING AMERICAN LIBRARY EDUCATION

1. How to achieve balance in the basic professionalyear between theoretical training and the learningof practical techniques.

practical techniques that can be learntmore effectively by clinical or internexperience should be done in libraries andnot in classrooms.

2. How to educate specialists for special librariesand for special divisions of general libraries.

special subject matter. Knowledge inaddition to that obtained in anundergraduate major and in concentratedelectives taken during the graduateprofessional year of instruction shouldbe added to the requirements of trainingspecialist librarians.- e.g. LLB as well as the graduate year oflibrarianship are needed for law librarianship.

3. How to develop effective machinery foraccreditation and certification which canbring into reasonable order, uniformity,and a rational relationship the varioustypes and levels of training.

the machinery already exists for bothaccreditation and certification oftrained librarians. More tight enforce-ments of the standards are needed.

"Some Com arisons and Contrasts between library education inAmerica and United Kingdom."

NB. The comparisons and contrasts do not necessarily reflectqualitative judgement of the systems of library educationin the countries concerned.

Professional education

America - system based on the idea that profe-ssional education should be integrated with higheracademic education - 5 years of study beyond.the secondary school (i.e. B.A. or B.S. plusone - year graduate study leading to a Mastersdegree in Library Science - basic qualificationin librarianship. The PhD or DLS is the highestaward that one can get in American librarianship.

U.K. - strong tradition of apprentice type trainingin libraries based on the guild system of themiddle ages. Professional librarians can beeither gradUates or non-graduates. The LibraryAssociation, under the 1898 Royal Charter ischarged with the duty: "To hold examinations inLibrarianship and to issue Certificates ofefficiency" Hence the uniformity in examinationsfor admission to the -orofessional status and Register...,

America:

Amer4.cans have no register and there isno yiational central agency to controlsttmdards of examinations. Unlike inthe United Kingdom where the LibraryAssociation controls examinations inmost of the Library Schools, (e.g.setting of papers, marking and assessing)American library education examinationsare internal and vary in standards.

DIE EIND OF CHANGE IN BEITTSH LIBRARYEDUCATION.

Internal Examining:

The Library Association has delegateda measure of authority forexamining to the library schools.Examination papers, although set bylibrary school teachers will continueto bear the imprint of the Associationthis will allow for a diversity ofprogrammes but still a national registerof qualified librarians will bemaintained.

In the past there have been no"professional" or "vocational" degreesin librarianship. The climate is nowchanging. There are a number ofinstitutions now offering degrees inlibrary studies.

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GHANA tCAs in Nigeria, librarianship as a profession in Ghana

was unknown in the immediate post war years. In the 1950sthere were rapid developments following pionc-,3r work by theBritish Council. The acceleration of educat:Lc-mal developmentand the establishment of the Ghana UniversitykCollege, alsothe Ibadan Seminar organised by Unesco in 195-'=J had their sharein stimulating library consciouSness. Soon tlaere followedthe establishment or college, university, .public and governmentand special libraries.

Training of librariansFollowing the expansion of library provision since the

Ghana Library Board was established in 1950, and the consequentneed for librarians to man these libraries, it was necessaryto establish a school of librarianship. At the beginning of1962, the Government decided that a school should be establishedunder the Ghana Library Board and after appointing staff, theschool was eventually opened in 1962. Both graduate and non-graduate students are eligible for admission and the firstintake included Nigerians, Sierra Leonians as well as Ghanians.

EAST AFRICA.

The East African Literature BureauThe E.A.L.B. was established as a result of investigations

undertaken during the years 1945-1948 by the B.A. Governors'Conference. Since its establishment it has been administeredby the B.A. High Commission later the E.A. Common ServicesOrganisation and now the B.A. Community. The purpose of theE.A. Literature Bureau is:

1. To meet and foster the ever increasingdemand among Africans for books of allkinds.

2. To encourage African authorship.3. To produce and distribute general

literature, school text books, booksfor adults (1.Lterate and illiterate)and to give assistance to African andEuropean authors acting in 'the capacityof critic, literary agent, editor orfinancier.

. To run a library service.

The B.A. LlteratUre Bureau was the Pioneer organisationof the library movement in East' Africa. The Bureau's originalplan 'was a large .eentral' librarY in Nairobi, Par es. Salaam andKamPala with bra4cbes throughout .each ,territCrY- The Planproved tb be .toO Ambitious ,and, expensive. However,_the

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Me study of the Tanganyika Library Service has bE= i wela

documented in Annital Reports, Someni, Tanganyika Li:bra.7'y Serxrice

handos and other journals. It may however be useful :-tIc) note

the :il'ollowing dates:

1960 The Hockey Report.1963 Appointment of the first directoz' and the

inauguration of the Tanganyika LibraryServices Board.

1964 The Tanganyika Library Service formaLly eStabMished

Iringa Library was already operating.1965 Pilot Library opened at Mkwepu Street, Dar es Salaam.

The K.N.C.U. Library surrendered its ialdepq-andenmeto T.L.S.The Tanga King George VI Memorial Library Jcameunder T.L.S.

1967 Official opening of the National Central Labrary.1968 Mwanza, Bukoba and Iringa library buildings c71vrop1eted.

And from that time the Tanganyika Library 'Service'has embarked on a branch library building -programmefor the whole country.

The development of libraries in mainland Tanzania .ilas_not

been a royal road - problems have had to be faced.

1. Shortage of suitably qualified and experiencedlibrarians (Note that initially people did notlook on librarianship as a Career). Indigenouspeople have hadto be sent for their trainingabroad and expatriate librarians had to berecruited.

2. Lack of funds to enable th0 Board 'to reach plannedtargets.

3. Widespread unawareness and ignorance of the roleof librariee.

4. Illiteracy 'of .the bulk of the populatlOn.

5. Lack of published material in.Swahili and otherethnic:languages.

6. Considerable Ao4stances and poor means of communication.

Trainin of .i.ibrariansThe training of prOfes

assistants in East Africa 1School of Librarianship whiUganda and Tanzania-. TheStrv all types of libraries

sional librarians and libraryS conducted azt the Makerere B.A.oh admits students from Kenya,chool prepares students to workpublic aCadeMiC school and

Entrance to the library profession takes place at threelevolb.t

(a) ',..d.rary Assistants' CoursePorm TV leavers with five credits including

Mnglish in the East African Certificate of Educm.tioner its eaulvallont and provided they are employed in

handouts and other journals.the following dates:

1960 The Hockey Report.1963 Appoiritment of the first director and the

inauguration of the Tanganyika LibraryServices Board.

1964 The Tanganyika Library Service formally established

It may however be useful to note

Iringa Library was already operating.MIcwepu Street, Dar es Salaam.surrendered its independence

1965 Pilot Library opened atThe K.N.C.U. Libraryto T.L.S.The Tanga Kingunder T.L.S.

1967 Official opening of the National Central Library.1968 Mwanza, Bukoba and Iringa library buildings completed.

And from that time the Tanganyika Library Servicehas embarked on a branch library building programmefor the whole country.

development of libraries in mainland Tanzaniaroyal road - problems have had to be faced.

George VI Memorial Library came

Thebeen a

has

1. Shortage of suitably quatified and experiencedlibrarians (Note that initially people did notlook on librarianship as a career) . Indigenouspeople have had to be sent for their trainingabroad and expatriate librarians had to berecruited.

2. Lack of funds to enable th0 Board to reach plannedtargets.

3. Widespread unawareness and ignorance of the roleor libraries.

4. Illiteracy of the bulk of the population.5. Lack of published material in Swahili and other

ethnic languages.

not

o. Considerable distances and poor means or communication.

Training' of 1.ibrariansThe training of professional librarians and library

assistants in East Africa is conducted at the Makerere E.A.school or Librarianship which admits students from Kenya,Uganda and Tanzania. The School prepares students to workin all types of libraries - public, academic, school and

Entrance to the library profession takes place at threelevelb-t

(a) 1.4brary Assistants CourseForm XV leavers with five credits including

English in the East African Certificate of Educationor its equivalAant and provided they are employed inlibraries and have one year's experience, can beadmitted to a Certificate Course. Successfulstudents are awarded a Certificate in. Library Studiesafter a six months intensive study course.(b) Trainee Librarians

Form VX leavers. These are normally recruitedas trainee librarians provided they meet the universitygeneral requirements. Until now trainees have had tospend one year to gain library experience beforeembarking on the course but in future it will be

- 10 -possible for a student to go direct to Library Schoolafter leaving Form VI. Studernts who successfullycomplete this two year course :are awarded a Diplomain Librarianship. Students who do very well in theCertificate Course cam also be considered for aDiploma Course. Before the establishment of theDiploma Course at Makerere, all non-graduate studentswere sent overseas for library training.

(c) G-raduate levelNo training facilities exist for persons with

degrees in East Africa. All graduate trainees inKenya:, Uganda and Tanzania are sent abroad. Withthe expansion of library services in East Africa,it may in future be necessary to incorporate thepost zraduate course at the E.A. School of Librarianship.

Note: The syllabuses of the Certificate and Diploma Coursesmay be consulted in The Makerere University Handbook.

Qualifications in librarianshiR.An ambitious library student, and given the necessary

training facilities, may aspire to attain the followingqualifications:Obtainable in East Africa

1 Certificate in Library Studies.2. Diploma'in Librarianship.

Overseas including Africa1. Associate of the Library Association2. Fellow of the Library Association3. Diploma in Librarianship.4. Bachelor or Library Studies5. Master of Library Studies6. Ph.D., D.Lsc.

etc.

Summary of library education in scome sub-Sahara Africancountries excludin South Africa

The establishmet.t of the Insfo_laite or Librarianship atIba.dan University in 1960, ushered in.a new era in' the fieldor library education in:Africa.. In t40 ensuing decadei sixother university-based training programmes have been established.In 1971 a few features Stand OUt prominently:

1. Three levels of library training have beenrecOgnised:

la) Profe-sionalb) Sub7professional.-

-(c) Teacher/librarian.:Z.- University-based library schools require thesame entrance qualifications as the universities:.themselves-.

3. SoMe library SChools are.regienal geared toserve ..Multinationak mahpOwer needs for libraries

theEaSt ATricanl School of Librarianship.4- 73very effort is made to maintain the internationaloutrookof ..the'_COurses:while enri:chingthem with:theLocalCultural 'AilddeVelOpmental. needs.,

Ibadan Institute of Librarianship.Lfter its foundation in 1960 following the recommendation

of the Unesco Seminar on Development of Public Libraries inAfrica in 1953, admission was confined mainly to full-timestudents with undergraduate degrees. The course was for oneacademic year. The Institute now offers three courses:

(a) Post-graduate Diploma in LibrarianshC.p afterone year of study (Dip.Lib.)

(b) Master of Library Studies (M.L.S.) aftera period of two years or more.

(c) Doctor of Philosophy in Library Studies (Ph.D.)after three years or more.

It is hoped that a Certificate in Library Studies forintermediate staff with secondary school, qualifications willbe inaugurated in the academic year 1970/71.

Ahmadu Bello Universit Zaria. De artment of Librarianshi

This school was founded in 1968/69. At the time Mbadanwas training librarians for professional positions but no formaltraining existed at the intermediate level or the more _juniorstaff. Two programmes were started at Zaria:

1. A two year Diploma Course.2. A three year course culminating in a Bachelor

of Library Studies (B.L.S.)3. In 1969 (June) a one year M.L.S. course was added.

Uhlle the Diploma Course covers professional subjects, theB.L.S. includes academic courses, one of which must be a foreignlanguage. The M.L.S. comprises a professional course and aresearch project on any aspect of librarianship pertinent toAfrica.

Department of Library Studies of the University oEallanae..112,g2a

Library training in Ghana was first given at AchimolaCollege Tor the duration of one year. It was jointly sponsoredby the British Council and the four British Colonial governmentsor Uest Africa. The course prepared students for the BritishLibrary Association examinations from 1944.

Following the establishment of the Ibadan Library School,the Ghana Library Board accordingly started a non-graduatelibrary school in 1962. In 1965 it moved to the University orGhana which offered a major in library science i.e. B.A. inLibrary studies. This programme was however suspended in 1967and the School now offers a two year graduate diploma course(Dip.Lib.).

East African School of LibrarianshipThe School, which was set up in 19639 is one of the main

institutes of the now University or Makerere. It is supervisedby the Council for Library Training.in East Africa, whose

4J.L. LJA.A.,..Africa in 1953, admission was confined mainly to full-timestudents with undergraduate degrees. The course was for oneacademic year. The institute now offers three courses:

(a) Post-graduate Diploma in Librariansh_p afterone year of study (Dip.L1b.)

(b) Master of Library Studies (M.L.S.) aftera period or two years or more.

(c) Doctor of Philosophy in Library Studies (Ph.D.)after three years or more.

it is hoped that a Certificate in Library Studies forintermediate staff with secondary school, qualifications willbe inaugurated in the academic year I970/7i.

Ahmadu Bello Universit Zaria. Department of Librarianship.This school was founded in 1968/69. At the time Madan

was training librarians for professional positions but no formaltraining existed at the intermediate level or the more _juniorstaff. Two programmes were started at Zarla:

1. A two year Diploma Course.2. A three year course oulminating in a Bachelor

of Library Studies (B.L.S.)3. In 1969 (June) a one year M.L.S. course was added.

While the Diploma Course covers professional subjects, theB.L.S. includes academic courses, one of which must be a foreignlanguage. The M.L.S. comprises a professional course and aresearch project on any aspect of librarianship pertinent toAfrica.

De artment of Librar Studies of thejiyaly2ER1Ix_af

Library training in Ghana was first given at AchimolaCollege for the duration of one year. It was jointly sponsoredby the British Council and the four British Colonial governmentsof West Africa. The course prepared students for the BritishLibrary Association examinations from 1944.

Following the establishMent of the Madan Library School,the Ghana Library Board accordingly started a non-graduatelibrary school in 1962. In 1965 it moved tp the University ofGhana which offereda major in library:sCience.i.e. B.A. inLibrary stUdies. This programme was however suspended in 1967and the School noW offers a two year graduate diploma course(Dip.Lib.).

East African SChOol of LibrartanshipThe SChool. which Was Set upAn;1963, iS one of the main

instituteS of the now UniversitY of Makerere. Hit is supervisedby the Council:fOr Library Training.in EaSt Africa, whoSe*elairmsentatiVes Are from Keilya,Uganda and Tanzania. CourSesconducted 'are.:

1. The six months CertifiCate Cour6e for LibraryAssistants.'

2. The.two. year DiPloma Course for nongraduabesleading to a DiploMa 1.11Librarianship.

3. A'courSin school_ I-dirarianshAp:given at thePaculty.ofEdUCation-i6-aII seCond year studentsreading:for a

....v.

- 1 2

Llbrarx_studies in ZambiaA school of library studies is based at the University

or. Zambia, Lusaka and is the most recent library trainingprogramme. Library studies lead to the B.A. or B.Sc. TheSchool of Education offers courses in librarianship to studentstaking a post graduate certificate in education and thosestudying for education at undergraduate level. The School wasestablished to meet Zambia's library manpower needs. TheZambia Library Service offers courses for both sub-professionalsand for non-graduate professionals.

In all African countries where there is widespreadconsciousness for libraries, there are'other courses whichare run on an informal basis and devised by individual librarysystems or professional aSsociations.

(a) In-service training courses meant for libraryassistantsto 1-mprovetheir.daily routinesperforMance.

(b) Short courses for practising teachers.(c) Courses for students reading education. These

take librarianship instruction optionally.(d) Weekend schools run bY professional associations

and attended by all engaged in library work.Where these have been well planned they have beenextremely instructive to library assistants.Instructional library conferences organised by

-professA:onal-associ-ailons and attended bysub.Tprofessionals -and all linterested:

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SummaryLibraries can be grouped:

(a) By source of financial support.

(i) Tax-supported: public, country, state,federal government libraries, schools,colleges and universities.

(ii) Tuitionsupported or memb,ership: privateschools, membership/subscription libraries.

(iii) Industrial and commercial firms: companylibrary facilities that function within theframework of a business operating to producegoods or services.

(iv) Endowed institutions:

(b) By principal type of clientele(i) General public: includes the endowed libraries

that are for public use and tax-supportedmunicipal, county, state and federal governmentlibraries.

(ii) Students: schools, colleges and universities.

(iii) Institution patients and inmates: patients'libraries in hospitals and prison libraries.

(iv) Industries, businesses, and specialisedstaff anki clientele: most special libraries

many specialised government libraries.

(c) libraElesSubject:

General libraries: covering many subjects,this category includes most public, school,university and college libraries.Specialised subjects: includes the governmenttax-supported special libraries, companylibraries, society libraries or businessbranches of public libraries.

FormatBooks: materials in bound form, such asmonographs, texts, bound periodicals. Includedin this category are most public libraries andthe main libraries of schools, colleges anduniversities.Unbound materials, including periodicals pamphlets,technical reports, patents. Included are-mostspecial libraries.Non-printed word materials, music, maps, phonographrecords, microforms, motion pictures, taperecordings, photographs, prints and pictures,newspaper clippings, etc.Manuscripts; rare-book collections containingincunabula or materials produced prior to theprinting press and the more contemporarymanuscripts am.d typescripts that are in thenational archives and in archives of universitiesand companies and other research libraries.

17/. C

ME TANGANYIKA LIBRARY SERVILE

In June 1960 the British Council appointed a LibrariesOrganiser for East Africa who eventually produced the HockeyReport which formed thebasis of the establishment of theTanganyika Library Service.

Governing bodyThe Tanganyika Library Servime is a parastatal organisation

under the MinisTtry of National EdDucation.

The governing body is the Tanganyika Library ServiceBoard which was established by Gowernment in 1963. The membersof the Board are appointed by the Minister for National Education.The functions of the Board are to promote, establish, equip,

manage, maintwan and develop libraries in mainland Tanzania.

The Board consists of ten members who meet approximatelysix times a year. A number of actvisory committe,es have beenappointed and the Board has recelatly decided to extend this

policy by the stablishment of aelvisory committees to coverlibraries in parastatal organisations and government depar.tmental

libraries.

FinanceThe Library Service is fAnmuced by means of a subve=lon

from the central Government (thm Ministry of National Edu=ation),local authorities and grants f.ctuari a number of organisaticems.

Types of services pro,vided

(a) The National Central Library, situated in Dar es Sal:mam;it is the headquarters Of a nation-wide library serrwace.It has a fully organised public,reference and lendirwservice for both adults and children, a central book:processing and supply unit, and a central advisoryservice.

(b ) There are branch libraries in Arusha, Bukoba, Iringa,Kibaha, Korogwe, Moshi, Mwanza and Tanga and plansare under way for building libraries in other regions.

There are at present rural mobile library servicesoperating from Mwanza, Tanga and Kibaha and, it ishoped that with the acquisition of new mobilelibraries more places will be served.

(d) Loan collections are provided to a wide variety ofinstitutions.

(e) There is a school mobile library service.

Library leGislationThe following Acts affect the establishment and operation

or the Tanganyika Library Service:abc

Id

The Tanganyika LibraryServices Board Act., 1963The Libraries reposit of Bookl Act, 1902The LibrarieS Deposit of Books Order, 1963Copyright Act, 19,66..

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ifficution of documents) All deeds, instruments, contracts and otherdocuments shall be deemed to be duly executedby or on behalf of the Board -(a) if sealed with the common seal of tjhe

Board and signed by two members the.reof; oW

(b) if executed in that behalf by one)hemberof the Board appointed by the Board forthat purpose and by the Director or anymember of the staff of the Board actingin that office.

_aFaigulationsThe Board may, with approval of the Minister,make regulations -(a) for the better management and control of

any library managed by the Board.(b) for protecting any such library and

fittings, furnit:Ire and contents thereoffrom damage

(c) for the giving of a guarantee ov securityof any person using any such library

(d) fpr fees, and penalties to be Paid byany person borrowing books from any suchlibrary; and

(e) generally for the better carrying outof the.purposes Of this Act.

a- Libraries (Deposit of Books) Act, 1962Mkelive*:y of copies of books printed ,in Tanganyika3(1) The printer of every book.printed in

Tanganyika shall within one month afterthe day on which any such book :is firstdelivered out of the press, and notwith-standing any agreement, if the book ispublished between-the printer and publisherthereof, deliver.at his own expense one copyof the book-to the librarian of the DepositSection of the Library of the UniversityCollege, Dar es Salaam, and one further Copyto such Person and at such place as theMinister maY be orderdirect.

(2) EVery copy deliVered under the provisions of-this section shall-be a ca.Py of the whole bookwith all maPs and_illutions belonging'-thereto,finished, and coloured in the same,Imannera'sj:thebest: copies of t1-7,e Same areprOduCed*.*andShall be beundewed Or

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Provided that in the event of the identityof the author becoming known the term ofprotection of a copyright shall be calculatedin accordance with the provisions of subsection(2).

(4) In the case of work of joint authorship, referencein the preceding table to the death of the authorshall be taken to refer to the author who dies last,whether or not he is a qualified person.

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(d) Legal Deposit

- 27. -

It is governed by the Libraries(Deposit of Books) Act, 1962and the subsequent Order madeby the Minister for Educationin 1963 requiring printers todeposit a perfect copy withthe T.L.S. and another perfectcopy with the University of Dares Salaam Library. Periodicals,newspapers, books, maps, etc.are obtained in this way. Forinstance, T.L.S. receives acopy of: The Standard, TheNationalist, Ngurumo and Uhuruas legal deposit copy.

'ocessiii g. routine in Stock Department.Processing routine is the routine through which a book

.sses before it is presented to the public for use. There area..sons for these processes as will_ become clear in theollowing notes.

Unpacking_and checking of invoicesWhen books arrive from booksellers, they have to ba

checked against the invoices which, in most cases,arrive in advance. These invoices show the quantityoE books supplied and prices, and the order number.While checking the invoices there is a supplier'sinformation wilh has to be recorded in the bookreceived, in -0is form: e.g. CB/3:71/8863/5/50. Thismeans that a :7tain book was purchased from theCathedral Boo14.op (CB), and it arrived at the Libraryin March .1971 (3:71); and.the supplier's invoice numberwas 8863; the price. of .the book was Shs.5/50. Thisinformation will'help when answering questions fromauditors.

After checkl-g the invoices, the books are checkedagainst the 'order file' to see whether the booksordered have been supplied as requested. The informationto be found is mainly on quantity, titles and editions.

CataloguinE.When the Accessions' Clerk has checked the above,

the books are passed on to the cataloguers. Thecataloguers check whether the books are new or aadedcopies, whether some of.them need binding, or ought tobe acquired for the East Africana.

Cataloguing of added copies means putting ininstructions for the typists to Make added cards forthe books in question. They 'contain old entriesfound on the Master Stock Cards. The typists copythe entry with minor amendments if so indicated.

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(b) Adult Fiction books: 5 cardsas above except they do not haveclassified cards.

(c) ALL Kiswahili books get 6 cards,if NON-FICTION, and 5 cards if FICTION,but added copies get ONE STOCKCARD each;and they have GREEN 4"x2" bookcards andwhite 5"x3", depending on whether theyare for normal lending purposes or foradult education centres, or for schoolmobile respectively.

(0) JUNIOR books -(±) Non-fcition 4 cards:

2 stockcards (one of wh:Lch is accessioned),1 title card1 Master stockcard.

They have labels and bookcards of a separate colour.(ii) Fiction 3 cards:

1 stockcard (Which is accessioned)1 title card1 Master stockcard.

3- Typing cards and spine labelsUhen the drafts have been prepared and the number

of cards has been indicated, the books are passed onto the senior cataloguer for final checking beforethey are giNren to the typists.

Typists have their TYPING MANUALS to which theyrefer in order to carry out the instructions properly.The manual covers all aspects regarding the layout ofthe entries of all types, bookcards, colour ofstationery and labels. For more details of thissection see "TYPING MANUAL, A completely revisedversion of 1970".

4. Poisoning, pasting and accessioningAfter all the typing has been done and checked by

cataloguers, the books are sent on to the place wherethey get the final preparation. This process includes:(a) Poisoning. All books have to be protected against

termites and mould by applying a solution on thespines and inside the covers.

(b) After poisoning they are given 'Date Due labels'which will be used to record the date a bookshould be returned by a borrower. These labelsare fixed on the front flyleaves of the books,and.have pockets for safe-keeping of bookcards.At this stage they are stamped with the ownershipstamp to indicate that they belong to the library.

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- 30 -3. To assist the choice of book

by edtion (bibliographically)h by character (literary, topically).

Clearly there are TWO FUNCTIONS performed by acatalogue:1. Accurate and speedy determination of presence

of document specified by author, or III1E, andwhere to find it.

2. I./hat material tile library has on a given subjectand where it is located.

21p.es of catalogues, according to,the internal arangements.

There are two major types oE catalogues - AUTHORcatalogues and SUBJECT cataloguesI. AUTHOR catalogues, cuthors names in the headingsare arranged in alphabetical order by surname first.The surname is considered the most stable element,and is -oarated from the forenames by a comma, toshow :IL. rsion.

The arrangement includes editors, translators,artists, titles (whore documents ar cataloguedunder titles), corporate bodies, etc. dependingon the nature of the document. Sometimes prominenttitles are included to make this catalogue an author/title catalogue.

In SUBJECT catalogues, headings on entries designatesubject matter of a document, and they are arrangedsystematically-for subject identification and retrieval.Uhen the headings are in words, such catalogues arecalled Alphabetical Subject Catalogues, and thearrangement is alphabetical. IE the headings areclassification Symbols, using Classification Schemepreferably complemented with an alphabetical indexof subjects), such a catalogue is called a ClassifiedSubject Cataloizaz.

Briefly it can be stated that there are TWO'CLASSICAL' INNER FORMS of catalogues:1. Dictionary Catalocrues - whereby entries are

inter-filled in one alphabetical sequence,consisting of authors, titles, subjectheadings (verbal), references, series headings,etc., etc.

2. Classified Catalogues - consisting of three parts;the principal of which is the classified file -entries arranged by classification symbols;a sub'ect index ccmplamenti.pg:the,former: and anauthor title file; either together or separatelyarranged in alphabetical sequence.

OY et-LuJ_LJ:.L

(h) by character (literary, topically).

Clearly there are TWO FUNCTIONS performed by acatalogue:1. Accurate and speedy determination of presence

of document specified by author, or title, andwhere to find it.

2. What material the library has on a given subjectand where it is located.

21.pes of catalogues, accordinzta_the internal arrangements.

There are two major types ur -talogues - AWTHORcatalogues and SUBJECT catalogues

I. AUTHOR catalogues, cuthors, names in the headingsare arranged in alphabetical order by surname first.The surname is considered the most stable element,and is separated from the fox.enemes by a comma, to

show inversion.The arrangement includes ed-Ltors, translators,

artists, titles (where documents are catloguedunder titles), corporate bodies, etc dependingon the nature of the document. Sometimes prominenttitles are included to make this catalogue an author/title catalogue.

in SUBJECT catalogues, headings on entries designatesubject matter of a document, and they are arrangedsystematically for subject identification and retrieval.When the headings are in words, such catalogues arecalled Alphabetical Subject Catalowles, and thearrangement is alphabetical. If the headings areclaFIsification symbols, using Classification Schemepreferably complemented with an alphabetical indexof subjects), such a catalogue is called a ClassifiedSubject Catalogue.

Briefly it can be stated that there are TWO'CLASSICAL' INNER FORMS or catalogues:

1. Dictionary...Catalogues - whereby entries areinter-filled in one alphabetical sequence,consisting of authors, titles, subjectheadings (verbal), references, series headings,etc. 9 etc.

2. ca..aci_c_41A2__(21 - consisting of three parts;the principal of whicia is the classified fileentries arranged by classification symbols;a sub'ect index cc,mplamentipgthe.former: and anauthor title file; either together or separatelyarranged in alphabetical sequence.

Prom the foregoing, we can summarize the features ofa Classified Catalogue thus:

1. There is a logical arrangewent of subjects inthe classified file; displaying coordinate andsubordlnate relationships;

2. The .2aLlaaA_Ina2zt Complements, that is it aidsin clarification of subject searck-;

3. The notation is independent of natural language.40 The flexibility of subject index acicts easiness

to users by correlating distributed relatives.

4a 0

Some of the criticisms levelled against this type ofcatalogue are as follows:

1. The calssified file reflects illogicalitieswithin the classification scheme used - someparts of the schedules become outdated,therefore there is need for constant revision;

2. The notation is not readily acceptable andcomprehensible to the users;

3. There are two-step approachs to the requiredsubject entries by using subject index;

4. The user does not always require complete classsequence of the associated subjects - he needsmaterial on a specific subject quickly.

The features displayed by a DICTIONARY Catalogue areas follows:

1. The single alphabetical sequence of author/titleand subject headings are easily comprehensibleto users like dictionaries, directories, andencyclopaedias.

2. It permits ease of consultation, by 'syndetic'chain of subject references leading throughfrom generic to specific and from collateralsubjects.

3. Subject headings are independent of calssificationscheme used.

4. Subject headings can be manipulated to matchthe user's terminology.

The criticisms which can be levelled against DictionaryCatalogues are:

1. Verbal headings separate classes and subjects,and scatter them in the alphabetical sequence;

2. References bewilder th users;3. It depends on the list of 'established' head:ags

leading to the difficulties with semanticchange and obsolescence of terms.

4. The alphabetical arrangement becomes difficultwhen the catalogue grows.

The Tan anylga Librar Service CatalogueThis is a CLASSIFIED Catalogue, consisting of:

) CLASSIFID SEQUENCEIn this sequenc-e the entries are ax.ranged in classified

order according to the Dewey Decimal Classification Schemeused by the library. The classification numbers are foundon the top righthand corner of the cards. They range from000 to 999 with sub-divisions in decimal order. This isthe order by which books are shelved; and they appea77 in theorder of General to Specific.

(b) SUBJECT INDEXThe subject index is arranged in alphabetical order but

showing the classification numbers of the subjects. Thesequence does not represent the books in the library, butsubjects covered,

49

50- 32 -

A typical subject index entry would be:APRICA: Potory - 960 ) i.e. All books on the history11FRICA: Travel - 916 of Africa will have 960 asAnthropology - 390 the root number.

(c) AUTHOR SEQUENCEThis is an alphabetical sequence of entries by author.

Note that the form of author may be personal corporate ortitle. See definitions.

(d) TITLE SEcUENCEThis is an alphabetical sequence of title entries which

informs the reader whether the particular book he wants is instock.

1. Tools used in cataloguing and classificatipn,Thereare two main tools used at the Tanganyika J, ary Servicewhen cataloguing the book stock; these are Dewey DecimalClassification, 17th edition, and the Anglo-American Cataloguingrlules, 1967. Conventionally, the two documents are knows forshort as Dewey 17th ed., and A-ACR, resp,-,ctively The Dewey 17thed. is in two volumes: Volume I consists or tables of classifi-cation grouped into ten major subject headings :

000 - Generalia100 - Philosophy and psycho/ogy200 - Religion300 - The Social sciences400 - Languages (Philology)500 - Pure sciencers600 - Applied science (Technology)700 - The Arts (Fine arts)800 - Literature500 - History and Geography.

Each of thesçlbroad subjects is further subdivided to showspecificity of a subject so that when a certain book ±s beingclassified it will go with those books on similar subject andfind its i_osition among them k.zccordinG to the degree of itsspecificity.

Volume 2 of.the scheme is all index of the subjects coveredin the first volume. It directs the user to the subject ofenquiry, either directly or indirectly using cross references.

The AL-ACR is a book which has to be consulted by acataloguer in order to establish the author 1-lading of a certainbook, and the proper sequence of.terms in the catalo entry .at is a guide to the descriptive pa-t of the cataltue entry.

Other supplementary tools used unclude:(a ) Bib: Mgraphies, especially the British.National

Bibliography,.British .Books in Print, Library.ofCongress Catalogues. These help to give detailsoE the books if they are.not properly shown in acertain book-being catalegued.

(b ) Dictionaries of.various languages, e.g. French/

(c) AUTHOR SEQUENCEThis is an alphabetical sequence of entries by author.

Note that the form of author may be personal corporate ortitle. See definitions.

(d) TITLE SEcUENCEThis is an alphabetical sequence of title entries which

informs the reader whether the particular book he wants is instock.

1. Tools used in cataloguing and classification.

Thereamft two main tools used at the Tanganyika Library Servicewhen cataloguing the book stock; these are Dewey DecimalClassification, 17th edition, and the Anglo-American CataloguingRules, 1967. Conventionally, the two documents are knows forshort as Dewey 17th ed., and A-ACR, respectively. The Dewey 17thed. is in two volumes: Volume I consists of tables of classifi-cation grouped into ten major subject headings :

000 - Generalla100 - Philosophy and psychology200 - Religion300 - The Social se:Lances400 - Languages (Philology)500 - Pure sciences600 - Applied science (Technology)700 - The Arts (Fine arts)800 - Literature900 - History and Geography.

Each of thesebroad subjects Is further subdivided to showspecificity of a subject so that when a certain book is beingclassified it will go with those books on similar subject andfind its position among them according to the degree of itsspecificity.

Vo'lume 2 of the scheme is an index of the subjects coveredin the first volume. It directs the user to the subject ofenquiry, either directly or indirectly using Cross references.

The AL.ACR is a book which has to be consulted by acataloguer in order to establish the author heading of a certainbook, and the proper sequnce of terms in the catalogue entry.It is a guide to the descriptive part of the catalogue entry.

Other supplementary tools used unclude:(a) Bibliographies, especially the British National

Bibliography, British Books in Print, Library ofCongress Catalogues. These help to give detailsof the books if they are not properly shown in acertain book being catalogued.

(b) Dictionaries oE various langua&es, e.g. French/English Dictionary, German/English Dictionary, etc.,and Encyclopaedias, Tfho's Who and other bibliogvaphicaldictionaries used to ascertin the meanings Of foreignlanguages and correct entry of some diffic%Ilt names.

The Cataloguing Manual, Typing Manual and FilingManual, which show the T.L.S. practices. This isbecause every library has its own practices uniqueto the situation and local circumstanCes.

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Recording the periodicals is carried out usuallyby denoting the number of a periodical on the bodyof the card. By attaching 'signalsf to the visibleedge under the plastic sleeve it is possible toindicate visually the arrival of a periodical.Signals are flat pieces of coloured plastic whichcan be traversed along the visible edge of the cardunder the plastic sleeve.

Distributilm- Legal deposit periodicals and newspapersare not displayed, but are filed in locked cupboardsin the Adult Lending Library. Other periodicals aredisplayed in the Lending Library in alphabetical orderby title. Newspapers are displayed in the AdultLending Library at the back of the Enquiries desk.Periodicals on librarianship are displayed in the stafflibrary.

After the pe,riodicals and newspapers have iendisplayed in the Adult Library, and new issues havebeen received, the previous issues are sent to theStock Department where they are filed in flat shelvesin a/pheetical order by title. After a year, theseare collected together and are sent for binding.

gashallze SectionThis is part of the St;ock Department. It offers a

collection of books on loan to any Ujamaa village, school,community centre, prison or other responsible group.

The book collection service, familiarly knownas the Book Box Service, originated from the time whenthe East African Literature Bureau used to sendcollections of books in wooden boxes to centres. Atthe beginning a fee of Shs.100/- was paid for acollection of 150 to 200 books and by specialarrangements some centres received a collection of300 to 500 books at a fee of Sh.150/-.

In July 1968, the system.was changed to DepositAccount whereby a centre was required to pay Shs.1/-per book. The minimum deposit was Shs.50/- and themaximum Shs.500/-.

In 1971, the system of Deposit Account was reviewe(2.Since Tanzania placed much emphasis on adult education,it was finally decided to make the service free orcharge. Eence any responsible group can ask for acollection and receive it without any charge.

Availability. The service is open to all institutions.Initially a centre will receive a collection of 150books. If any centre requires more than 100 books itwill have to write to the Director exnlaining thereasons for needing more books. The centre must havea sponsoring authority approved by the TanganyikaLibrary Service. If the centre fails to pay for lostand damaged books, the sponsoring authority is req-iredto do so.

atitavaall2aa.. The centre haS to comply with theregulationS suMmarised in the application form(see page 36).

-

Ompration routine. Thc- Exchange Section keeps intouch with all the centres as follows:

1. Monthly issue forms are despatched with theco]lection.

2. A form letter, informing the pe:v r in chargeof ths centre that the collectic as beendespati:hed, is sent on the very day. When thr.,

collection is received, the person in chal:gereturns the forms to the Exchange Section.

3. Exchange notice is sent -1,o the centres everyyear asking them to return the collection.

4. After the collection has been received andchecked, the centre is informed of detailsof any missing or damagedbooks and the amountdue for these books.

5. If the centre or the sponsoring authorityfails to pay, the centre is 'blacklisted'and does not receive the collection any more.

TANGANYIKA LIBRARY-SERVIC * 3 6 -EP. O. Box 9283,Dar es Salaam.

63"

APPLICATION FOR COLLECTION OF BOOKS

Please supply a collection of books on loan to:

Name of Centro:

Postal Address:

We agree to:

1. Acz-ept full liability to refund the value of books which ar'elost, damaged, stolen or destroyed while in our possession.

2. Arrange for a suitable building or roam to house the Librarywhich will be easily accessible to people likely v- use it.

3. Make the books available to readers free of charge.

4. Appoivt a responsible person to be Centre Librarian and totake charge of ~he library, This person will:

(a) Open che library at regular times

(b) Encourage potentic41 readers by assisting them in thirchoice of bookl&

(c) Keep the necessary vecords

(d) Return the completed Monthly Issue Report to theTanganyika Library Service at the end of eacl- lrath

(e) Return Che book collection when requested.

We fully understand that the4te regulations are binding, andshall do all in our power to co-operate with the TanganyikaLibrary Service in everyway possible.

Please send all correspondence. relating to thelibrary to:

Title of person.in charewof the Centre:

Namartot.iheCentra:x

Postal address of the Centre:

Stamp and signature of the Signature of person i/c of the centre:aponsortaaauthoritya

111 AWN,

Name in Block Capitals:

Please supply a collection of books on loan to:

Same of Centre:

Postal Address:

We agree to:

1. Accept full liability to refund the value of books which axelost, damaged, stolen or destroyed while in our possession.

2. Arrange for a suitable building or room to house the Librarywhich will be easily accessible to people likely to use it.

3. Make the books available to readers free of charge,

4. Appoint a responsible person to be Centre Librarian and totake charge of the library. This person will:

(a) Open the library at regular times

(b) Encoutage potential readers by assisting them in theirchoice of books

(c) Keep the necessary records

(d) Return the completed Monthly Issue Report tc theTanganyika Library Service at the end of each month

(e) Return the book collection when requested.

5. We fully understand that these regu3ations are binding, andshall do all in our power to co-operate with the TanganyikaLibrary Service in everyway possible.

Please send all correspondence relating to the library to:

Title of person in charegof the Centre:

Name-,6t-ehe,centr.el-

,

Postal address of the Centre:

Stamp and signature of thesponsoring authority:

Signature of person i/c of the centre:

Name in Block Capitals:

Position:

Date:

Please complete the following information questions to help us selectand despatch your collection.

1. What kind of books are needed by the Centre?

2. By what means of transport do you usually receive suppliesfrom Dar es Salaam

Please cemplete two (2) copies of this form. Return one copy to:

The Director,Tanganyika Library Service,P. O. Box 9283, DAR ES SALAAM.

Keep the second copy of this form jyour files.37/.....

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014

Adult LendingBasically, the function of the Adult Lending Library

is to lend books for home reading to the following typesof readers:

(a) Registered borrowers living in the city ofDar es Salaam.

(b) Registered postal readers living in remoteareas of mainland Tanzania where libraryfacilities are non-existent.

(c) Registered readers at Tanganyika LibraryService Branches through the requestservice network.

(d) Other libraries, ministries and institutionsin Dar es Salaam.

The Tan an ika.Librar Services Board:(1) Believes in the freedom to read and Independence

of thought of all Tanzanians.(2) Believes that books and other pertinent material

-are powerful and indispensable agents of bringingenlightenment, inspiration, new knowledge andencouragement to every member of the community.

(3) Believes that education Is a lifelong processwhich the public library can sustain.

From the above principles, it can be seen that theLending Library lends books to readers for the followingreasons:

(a) To enable-Tanzanians to acquire education, newknowledge, job skills and talents.

(b) To enable Tanzanians to further any hobbieswhich they may have.

(c) To enable Tanzanians to gather inspiration andcourage in their endeavours to build the nation.

(a) To enable Tanzanians to keep abreast of currentevents; communicate local and the wOrld's bestthought, therefore widening their hox.izons andexperience.

(e) To enable Tanzanians to be in a position tojudge matters and to formulate their ownopinions.

(E) To enable the newly literate to further theirliteracy skill which can in turn help them toimprove their way of life in all Its domesnions.

To quote President J.K. Nyerere ".... bookS are avery important way to knowledge and to self improvement,:from them we can learn new ideas, new techniques ofworking and new methods..."

RoutinesAll assistants are expected to know in great detail

the Adult Lending Library routines and procedures including:Registration of readers.Arrangement of the bookstockCharging system in useLoan periodRenewalsRequest serviceOverdue procedure 39/

4i 39 -Lost and damaged booksReaders' advisory serviceStock control and repairStatisticsThe purpose and function of the Exhibition and

Meeting RoomPostal Library service.

Note that an exhaustive account of the lending libraryoperations is given in the Staff Manual for Adult LendingLibrary. Notes on the East Africana, Reference and PostalLibrary Service have been included, therefore all assistantsshould endeaviaur to read the manual as objectively as possible.

.9..haE:a5.1ng-aystemThe Tanganyika Library Service uses the Browne's

Charging system. This is the traditional method inBritish and American Librarianship. The book has aporAcet and a book card bearing:

la)

class numberb) accession number

author's nameshort title.

The book card is housed in the pocket. The readeror borrower is issued with a ticket (pocket-like)bearing his name and address. In order to issue a bookthe book card is transferred into the ticket and thedate of return stamped on the date label in the book.The arrangement of the charges is

(a) in alphabetical order of author's surnamefor fiction

(b) in order of class numbers for non-fiction(c) in alphabetical order of author's surname

for Swahili books.

Note that some libraries arrange-the charges in orderof accession numbers.

The filing is done in trays accerding to the date ofreturn. During discharge, the book card is transferredfrom the reader s ticket to the book pocket and theticket returned to the reader. If the book is notneeded by other readers and the borrower wishes torenew it, the assistant stamps the new date on thedate label and the charge is inserted in the currentday's issue.

Advantages or the method1. Easy to Maintain a Separate sequence for each

return date. :

2. The Med unit carries all information neededfor preparing Overdue notides,

3 Easy ,te limit the number of books issued to

fUlfilled by tile Teken,charging-system

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adequatelY designed equipment, Browne's methodremains the contender.

7. :Tith this method it IS easy to detect theexpiry date of the :ticket because differentcoloured tickets are used each year.

8. Browne's method facilitates the clipping inthe issue of books which are needed by otherreaders i.e. reserved.

9. Browne's method is ecoiLomical in small librariesbut not necessarily th i. most efficient.

10. No mechanical device needed.

Disadvantages_of the method1. There are delays at peak times.2. Atremendous amount of staff time is absorbed

in book preparatior, sorting and filing aswell as shelving.

3. Takes time to discharge and queries may arise.4. Book cards may be inserted into the wrong tickets.

Other methods1. Newark charging system.2. Detroit self-charging system3. Visible Record charging system4. Dickman Book charger system5. Gaylord charging system6. Photographic charging system7. I.B.M. Circulation Control system8. Token charging system.

All assistants should familiarise themselves withthese charging systems and be able to compare themwith Browne's method currently in use.in the. TanganyikaLibrary Service. The book entitled c_iternsby Helen Thornton Goer which can be found in AdultLending, gives a vast amount of information on thesemethods.

Stock control and maintenanceAll Adult Lending senior staff participate in book

selection because they are constantly in touch with readersand know intimately their literary needs. The StockDepartment coordinates all orders and may object to anybook which it considers unsuitable. In practice however,the senior librarian is always consulted on doubtrul cases,A Book Selection Policy document exists. Produced in 1968it was based on experience and research into Tanzanianreading needs.

Physical condition of bookS and out of datenesS.'

8. Lrowne's method facilitates the clipping inthe issue of bookF; which are needed by otherreaders i.e. reserved.

9. Browne's method is economical in small librariesbut not necessarily tho most efficient.

10. No mechanical device needed.

Disadvantages of the method1. There are delays at peak times.2. Atremendous amount of staff time is absorbed

in book preparation, sorting and filing aswell as shelving.

3. Takes time to discharge and queries may arise.4. Book cards may be inserted into the wrong tickets.

Other methods1. Newark charging system.2. Detroit self-charging system3. Visible Record charging system4. Dickman Book charger system5. Gaylord charging system6. Photographic charging system7. I.B.M. Circulation Control system8. Token charging system.

All assistants should familiarise themselves withthese charging systems and be able to compare themwith Browne's method currently in use.in the TanganyikaLibrary Service. The book entitled Charging Systemsby Helen Thornton Geer which can be found in AdultLending, gives a vast amount of information on thesemethods.

Stock control and maintenanceAll Adult Lending senior staff participate in book

selection because they are constantly in touch with readersand know intimately their literary needs. The StockDepartment coordinates all orders and may object to anybook which it considers unsuitable. In practice however,the senior librarian is always consulted on doubtful cases.A Book Selection Policy document exists. Produced in 1968it was based on experience and research into Tanzanianreading needs .

phxsical condition of books and out of dateness.Inevitably books become shabby, dirty and are subject

to heavy wear and tear. Others become out of date andmisleading especially in science and technology subjects.Some books disappear mysteriously. Therefore care is takenagainst such possibilities which may breed bookstockimbalance. In order to keep the bookstock in fairly goodcondition and to ensure that there is a balanced stock thefollowing steps are taken:

41/

(a) Stock taking(b) Occasion-al systematic revision of various

book stock classes.(c) Examination or books by Lending Library staff

to see what books are shabby, dirty and outof date.

Stock takingStocktaking is a painful task and depends (if

it is to be done properly) upon the size of library,availability of staff and reliable records to checkfrom. The Tanganyika Library Srvice has a schemewhereby sections of the stock are stocktaken everyyear. If stocktaking is well planned and doneproperly it has the following advantages:

(a) It brings the catalogues up to date.(1) Stockcards are extracted from the

shelf list;(iA) Catalogue cards are extracted from

the catalogues;(iii) In cases where the missing books are

last copies, the Master Stock Recordcards are also extracted.

(1v) Where we had one book representing asubject, the subject index card maybe withdrawn.

(b) Reveals losses of books therefore savestime that may be spent searching for bookswanted by readers.

(c) Clears up many queries which beset even thebest run libraries.

(d) May satisfy auditors that the bookstock isbeing properly managed.

(e) Weak and strong areas of the bookstock maybe discovered and improvements made.

(f) Tr losses are particularly high, morestringent methods may be devised tocontrol all outgoing readers-.

Disadvantages of stock_ taking.(a) Consumes much staff time which might be

better spent because in many cases resultsare largely negative.

(b) Stocktaking is virtually impossible in alarge library with-thousands of books.

(c) IE it is to be properly carried out, thelibrary may have to be closed for severaldays, thus interrupting the service toreaders.

Stock countThis is a deliberate effort to count physically

and by classea how many books are on the shelves ata particular time of the year and possibly comparethe resulting figures with books on loan. It musttherefore be a one day task if accurate comparativefigures are to be obtained.

66'42 /

Stock issue countAdult non-fiction

Class iIssue 1Shelves1

Issue andShelves Stock cards I

I

300-309 1 58 606

24

664

26

I

67.2----i7 27310-319 2

320-329 125 . 1310 1435 1402

330-339 [ 233 1651 1884 1913

340-341 i

1

102 214 316 428

350-369 179 557 736 675

370-379 i

i 81 1043 1124 1220

380-389t1

1

8 167 175 188

190-399 I54 160 214 241

Advantages of stock and issue count(1) Reveals what sections are issuing most, and

which are not issuing; steps may consequentlybe made to improve weak classes by discardinguseless books and ordering the more relevantbooks.

(2) If three or four 'stock counts show the sameresults, it may be necessary to revise theBook Selection Policy.

(3) The resultant figures may be used to comparewith those of other service points.

(4) If after comparing thOpooks in issue and onshelves with the stockcards, the number ofmissing books is unusually big, steps may betaken to do stock taking in order to arriveat a more realistic figure of losses anddiScover the actual books missing.

ND. Some libraries employ a Stock Editor with a goodknowledge of bibliographies and books who may beengaged in checking systematically the entire library'sbookstock to discover deficiencies and effect improvementsby additions to stock. In the process of executing thist-ask, all unsuitable and poor books are withdrawn.Such an officer is normally attached to the Book Order,Stock or Bibliographical Division of a Department. TheTanganyika Library Service has not come to a stage orhaving a Stock Editor. Even ir it did, shortage ofprofessional librarians at the present time would renderthis impossible. Uith the growth and expansion of theservice, oonsideration may be made to appoint such am.officer. At-the moment, the Librarians or the LendingLibrary execute the Stock Editor's functions.

6VBook bialLna_ansl_EP_RPAr

With adequate funds, books are discarded or replacedbefore getting beyond repair. The advent of the plasticjacket or lamination matem-lal has made it possible topreserve the original covex's of books and hence theirgeneral attractivene6. Repair of books in Adult Lendingis an unceasing task. Books which are repaired normallyfall into the following catogoriest

(a) Books which ha-sre not outll-ved their usefulnessand which can withstand a few more issues.

(b) Books with parial:i_y damaged spines.(c) Books with loose covers or pages.

Binding of books is an iwportant task which any librarymust undertake. The Tanganyika Library Service is becomingmore and more conscious of the need to bind paperback non-fiction, and irreplaceable books. At the present time theTanganyika Library Service does not have a home bindery andtherefore relies upon the overseas and local commercialbinders. The Lending Library, like other Tanganyika LibraryService points, decided on which books merit binding. TheStock Department coordinates all books earmarked for binding,and by virtue of this function, it holds the Binding Votefor the entire library system. Most of the books coming fromBritain are pre-bound. Like book repair, binding addstremendously to the attractiveness of the bookstock especiallyif material and colour are well chosen, and if good trimmingor the edges is properly done.

To sum up, the stock of the Adult Lending is kept up todate and in an attractive condition by the following methods:

1. Stocktaking2. Stock count3. Systematic examination of books on the shelves

class by class, w:l.thdx'awing and rep/acing theunfit books.

4. Typing new tackyti_te labels which carry theclass number etc.

5. Laminating books with transparent materialwhich are also not susceptible to dirt.

6. Simple repair of books.7. Ordering of new beoks and adhering to the Book

Selection Polley docliment and according tothe expressed and potential readers' needs.

StatisticsStatistics are kept in the Tanganyika Library Service for

the following reasenst1. They ShoW growth, use and cost of service2. The TanganyikaLibrary services Board is

statistics conScipus and _judges the suaCessOf the Library Service by a constant inarease

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5. Staff statistics6. T.L.S. service points - branches, mobiles

and vans7. Population statistics8. Equipment i.e. inventory.

Service to readersA large number of people coming into the library do not

know how and where to find books or information they want.Apparently some like to feel that they know where they canfind their material i.e they don't want to admit theirignorance, Some of those who seek for assistance fromlibrary staff lack the ability to communicate. Somereaders ±-.e. professional people, know their fields well,while others are amateurs or just literate. All thesepeople have to be served and treated as individuals so thatwe develop a well balanced staff-reader relationship. Asuccessful reader service must of necessity depend on mutualunderstanding between the library and the readers, and on thepart of the staff, knowledge of sources of information andpersonalities. To sum up, all staff should cultivate thefollowing qualities, if they are to execute their dailywork satisfactorily:

1. Ability to comprehend easily and to receivecommunication.

2. Imagination, resourcefulness, and tact.3. Enthusiasm to serve.4. Persis,tence5. A sense of duty or responsibility6. Humility7. Love of books and people.8. Speed, accuracy and clarity.

21.1.2.....Eaguiries Desk

T11-i is where a new readc?1- gets the first impression ofthe T Therefore careful handling of readers by thesta- T,;nquiries Desk is extremely important. Any

asSigned to sit this desk should know thefollowing:

1..Periodicals Request Form.2. Readers Declaration Form3. Cash Receipt Book4. Request for phdtocopying Form5. East Africana6.. Handouts

The bibliographies i.e. BBTP,BNB, 'etc.8. The catalogue i.e. author, clasSifiedi subject

.and title indexes.9. Arrangement of books on the shelves.10. .Subjec't specialist interests of staff who may

be helpfulin solving-difficult points.1 1. What East Africana and Reference Seci:±ons offer.

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The next job for the librarian to do is to checkthe catalogue to find out whether the book requestedis in the stock of the library or not. If it is, itwill be checked on the shelf and in the issues. Oncefound, the reader will be informed about it and willbe asked to come and collect the book from the library.

On the other hand if the librarian finds that thebook Is not in the library's stock she will try andget all the bibliographical details through the fewbibliographies that are available in the lendinglibrary. Failing that, all the requests are forwardedto the bibliographical librarian in the Stock Department.In the Stock Department where the bibliographical serviceforms a small unit, are housed some of the major biblio-graphies like: Library of Congress National UnionCatalogue, Cumulative Book Index, British NationalBibliography, Books in Print, British Books in Print,Bookseller, etc. For the requests for which nohibliographical details are found, the librarian willtrace the details from any one of these bibliographies.Once the details have been found, the Senior Librarian,Stock Department w&ll assess the worth of the book;whether the book would be well used in the library andwhether there will be a demand for such a book, orwhether it will flil the gap in the appropriate subject.The assessment is liaAnly based on the subject of thebook, the publisher and the price. If the book isfound to be too specialised and costly, arrangementswill be made to borrow that book from other librariesin Dar es Salaam, through an inter-library loan scheme.If the book in question cannot be supplied by any oneof the libraries in Dar er Salaam, arrangements will bemade to borrow that book from the National CentralLibrary in London, if the reader is prepared to pay forthe postage.

However, if the book requested is found to be apopular one, and in great demand by the general public,it will be placed on order straight away; and thereader will be notified about it.

As soon as the requested books arrive, priorityis:given to those books for 'cataloguing, and they areprocessed as soon as possible to satisfy the readersrequests.

lioutines instructions prorramme

This programme is conducted when we have a largeintake of library assistants, usually at the beginningof the year.

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Overdue rocedureaeminders are sent for cp---erdue books as follows:

2 weeks overdue1 month overdue6 weeks overdueOver 2 months overdue

4 months overdue6 months overdue

1st post card2nd post cardoverdue letterFinal letter addressed

to the school.Reader blacklistedBook written off the stock.

The van visits the school fox/books overdue from both theadult and the junior departments.

Svecial ActivitiesStory hours

Stories are told every Wednesday at 3.00 p.m.in Swahili and 3.30 p.m. in English. All childrenunder ten are welcome.

Children's_MaaaoineGazeti la Watoto is a magazine which is published

by this Department once every four months. Articlesare contributed by the children andothers interested.As from this year (i.e. January 1971) subscriptionshave been introduced. The rates are as follows:

Tanzania and the rest of Africa Shs.10/-Overseas Shs.15/-

Single copies can be bought on payment of 2/50(excluding postage).

Talks to new membersAll new meMbers (Primary school children) have to

attend the introductory-talk before they can have theirtickets. These are held on Wednesdays at 4.00 p.m. inSwahili and 4.15 in English.

Schoois Deual:pment services.1. Exhibition collection of books suitable forsecondary school libraries. A selection aid.Housed at the Central Library, Dar es Salaam. TdeallYshould circulate to reach all schools. Of limitedvalue until the financing of school libraries is puton a secure footing.

2(a) Booklist 'of accessions in the children's library,Dar es Salaam which are recommended for secondary

schools are sent to schools at 3 monthly intervals.(b) Book reviews: Annotated booklists and reviews

by subject teachers are coordinated at T.L.S. anddistributed quarterly.(c) List of periodicals for secondary school libraries.

3. Manual for school libraries. Compiled to guideteacher/librarians in the organisation of theirlibraries and to encourage uniformity.

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)rolDer methods of shelvin books.The method of shelving will also affect the amount of

7epair and binding.(a) Ensure that books stand upright on the shelves

and that book supports are used to hold them.Uhen books lean sideways, not only do they lookuntidy, but also a continuous strain is imposedon the sewing and binding.

(b) Avoid tight packing of the books on the shelves.The reader is compelled to pull a book out bythe spine, and this very often results inripping loose the top of the spine of thecovering.

(c) Store outsize books on shelves deep enough tohold them safely, so that a minimum frictionis imposed on books when sehlving or withdrawingthem. Keep them upright or flat as in the caseof exceptionally large volumes, e.g. Times atlasbut never halfway.

of the collection.qaintenance11;arly detection of damage and dirt and prompt treatment

Ls the basic principle in maintaining good condition of thebooks.

) Returned bOoks-should be checked beforeshelving for,:any signs of damage or dirt.

(b) Books in needof attention should:beputon :6::separate shelffor the Aabrarian .to

Thelibrarian .should*then deblde whetherthetbOOkhouid be r4e#dp,d. 4IsCarded 4Drreplaced.

(d) The bboks Should then be sorted into'appropriate groups for repair', withdrawal,binding, etc.

(e)-The methodical way of handling books for repairis to attach:a slip of paper to every book,stating what is -to be donev e.g. Repair:tearusing Magic tranSparent The paper Slipreamins with the:book until_the work is :comPleed and CheCked.

The:fol.loWing 139int: should be O.onsidered when makinga depasiong,1. Mending_

The well intentioned practice or mending a book in orderto keep it in circulation a little longer often impairs rather

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BindingWhen making a decision concerning binding, the librarian

ill have to take Into account different categories of books.ach book should be weighed as to its present and future value.n many libraries books which may have some importance inhemselves may be passed over when binding is needed becausethey and later volumes will fully meet the needs of thetudents.

Rare-booksWhen such material does appear it may have been

adly damaged. Such books should be trusted to bindersxperienced in special work. Alternatively a slip casean be used to protect rare books and it is recommended thathese books be withdrawn from circulation and produced onlyn request.

WithdrawingWithdraw from circulation damaged or irreparable copies

pf once popular titles for which there may be future demand;:eep them in storage to be produced when the need arises.amdlarly rare books beyond repair, useful for the information;hey containocan be removed from the lending shelves IntoItorage.

Withdraw from a library collection books that are no.onger in demand, are badly damaged, and which are extremelyarty and unattractive in appearance.

CleaningClean immediately any dirty marks in the books.

9S-34.,OSSAF'r OF LIBRARY TERNS

La:=J:.=ILEr ... One who has chargcs 4>f -this books, contents andadministration of a library

aLT.LLOGu:KI... A librarian who determines the forms of entryand prepares the bibliographical descriptions for acatalogue, and, in many libraries classifies the booksand assigns subject headings.

7,ATALOGUE... A list of books, pamphlets, etc., arrangedkccording to some definite plan. It records, describf3sand indexes the resources of a collection, a library,or a group of libraries. It is usually prepared oncards filed alphabetically in card catalogue cabinetsin libraries.

3TOCX...1. All the books in a library, or 2. All the booksavailable for sale by a bookseller or publisher.

300.K... A bound volume, or a volume of some sloe, distinguishedfrom a pamphlet.

muumB... A book distinguished from other books or from othermajor divisions of the same work by having its ownInclusive title page.

PAMRHLET... A publication or not more than 80 or 100 pagesEastened together but not bound; usually enelosed inpaper covers.

3P,RIAL... A publicationissued in successive parts, usuallyat regular-Intervals, and, as a rule, Intended to becontinued indefinitely. Serials inClude: periodicals,annuals, proceedings and transactions of Societies, etc.

?zaxopmcAL... A publication with a di8tinctive title intended toappear in successive (usually unbound) numbers or parts atstated or regular intervals and, as a rule, for anindefinite time. Each part generally contains articlesby several contributors. Newspapers and the memoirs,proceedings, journals, etc., or societies are notconsidered periodicals under the rules for cataloguing.

?artp_or a book:DI/ST-JAC.WET... (Also known as book jacket) A detachableWrapper,- plain or printed, flush with the 'covers at headahd.-tall,, but i7olded over between the cover (both frontand back) and the boo4: proper.

(AS;usedin binding.), The cover for a book-whlchismadecOMpietelybefot'ebeingattaChed. to::a bookby-mnans 0.±.." the ond-naners and 'fiarIpt5; in 'addilhinn-

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HA-LP-TITLE... The brief title of a book oppearimg onthe recto of the leaf preceding 'the titlepage.

CTO... The right-hand jpag;e of on open book or-man.uscript, usually bearing an odd page number.

VEaS0,,, The left-hand page of an open book or manuscript,usually bearing an even page number.

.13'eNTISPIECE... Any pictorial representation at -Une frontof a 'book, usualty facimg the title page, and as la ruleunnumbvered.

TI-0LE PAGE... A page at the beginning of a book or workbearing its full title and usually, though notnecessarily, the authorus (editor's etc.) name amd theimprint.

BEDIaATION... The author-1s Anscription to a persom orpersons testifying respect, and often rec4ommendkng thework -.to his for tUreirD s7Decial prctection and facrour,oppearAng usnally on 'Ulf:a, recto of the Leaf followingthe t7--".tle page.

FOREWARD... knownLias PREFACE) The author's :"'.(stasons-for writing, and his af'terthou;ght:s. It ±ndicatea thecope history, and purpose of the book and. the =lass of

readers for whom it is .Antended, and expresses th.anks to

helpar-s.

COrT:ZNTS, TABLE OF... _AL list of the IpralAminar±cs' andchapter headd:ngs cf almook in tneir correct ore-e,, orof articles:in a ile.riadical, with the nmmbers mf thepages on which they begin.

TEXT...1. .The main part of a book, as distinguLiishedfrom preliminaries, appendix, index, e-tc. 2. .M51.e type

matter or a poge, as distinguished from:the illmstrationsand margins.

APPENDIX... Matter which comes at the end of the.textand contains notes too long for footnotes; tables orfigures, tablesof statistics, or other items for whichthere is no rooM in the body of the book, or which fromthe nature of the information is more suitably placed*at the end or the text.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. A list oE books, maps, etc. on a specificsubject or about a specific person. A bibliographydiffers from a catalogue in not being necessarily a listof materials in a collection or a library. Such abibliography is often a list of materials used by theauthor in writing the book, or alternatively a selectedlist of works for further reading.

TITDEX..-. An alphabetical list of topics-, names, etc.,treated in a boOkor group of books, wi-th references tothe exact location where they. :occur, usually the pagebut frequently the entry number.

SECTION... The unit of paper which *s printed, foldiSdand sewn, And which; together with other Sections goesto maice up a printed book.

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FOOTNOTES... Notes at the foot of a page, usually insmaller type than the text, giving a reference, anauthority, or an elucidation of matter in the textabove.

17...A.GIFATION... The system of numbers by which theconsecutive pages of a book or MS. are marked toIndic:ate their order. Pagination was rare until1500 AD. and not really common until 1590 AD.

rU=ING TITLE... The title that runs through a book orsection of a book, repeated at the head of each page orat the top of the left-hand pages.

=DER'S TMTI,E... The title lettered on the back of aipewLIk when re-bound.

C0772,R TITT7M... The title of a book placed on a publisher's

CD-LOFT:10N. Particulars of printer, place and date ofprinting, title, name of author, and publishers orprinter's device, found at the end of manuscripts andea:=Cly prin=ted books. It is frequently found in early71yr.ed bccoks, and occasionally in modern. The devic.eo The printer or publisher if not accompanied by otheri=tayrmation would not constitute a colophon.

Catalo-ittng terminologxjAUTHOR... In the broader sense, the maker of the bookar the person or body immediately responsible for itse-xististence. Thus, a person who collects and putstogether the writings of several authors (compiler oreditor) may be said to be the author of a collection.A corporate body may be considered the author ofpublications issued in its name or by its authority.

TITLE... Ordinarily, the name by which the work isdesignated on its title page, and --- usuallydistinguished from any other work.

EDITION... All the impressions of a work printed at anytime or times from one setting of type, including thoseprinted from stereotype or electrotype plates from thatsetting provided, however, that there is no substantialchange in make-up, format, or character of the resultl.ngbook.

REVISED EDITION... A new edition with the text of theoriginal edition changed and corrected and. sometimeswith additions that .supplement it or bring it up todate.

ISSUE... (EDITION, Etc.) Specifically a distinct groupof copies or an edition, distinguished from the rest, bymore or less slight but well defined variations in theprinted matter. Different issues are those in whichintentional changes have been made without resettingthe type for the whole work.

REPRINT... A new printing, without material alterationfrom new or original type or plates. A textual reprintis one whose text follows exactly that or a particularedition.

It /

/0/Pf..INT EDITION.... A cheap edition of a standard work

- of a popular copyrighted work from plates used inthe regular trade edition, usually Issued throughagreement with the original publisher.

The place and date of publication, and the:sa-Lie of the publisher or the printer (or sometimes both);o.7..-dinarily printed at the foot of the title page.

COLLATION... That part of the catalogue entry whichdescribes the work as a material object, enumeratingits volumes, pages, size, etc., and the type andcharacter of its illustrations.

COPYaIGHT... The exclusive privilege of publishing andselling a work, granted by a government to an author,com-ooser, artist, etc.

COPYRIGHT DATE... The date or copyright as given in the.3c)c,I, as a rule on the back of the title leaf.

=RINT DATE... (TITLE PAGE DATE) The year of publicationor printing as specified on the title page.

PULLICATION DAT:7D... The year in which a book is published,generally the date given at the bottom of the title page,in distinction from copyright and other dates. Also knownas the Date of Publication.

2ULLISHER... The person, firm, or corporate body under-taising the responsibility for the issue of a book orotther printed matter to the public.

OUT OF PRINT... A book is out of print'when the publisherhas .no more copies for sale. Abbreviation: O.P.

.. A number of separate works, usually related toone another in subject or otherwise, issued in succession,normally by the same publisher and in unifOrm style, witha collective title which generally appears at the head orthe title page9 on the half title, or on the cover.

=YES NOTE... In a catalogue or a bibliography, a notestating the name or a series to which a book belongs.The series note ordinarily follows the collation.

7CLUKE...1. In a bibliographical sense, a bookdistinguished from other books or from other majordivisions of the same work by having its own inclusivetitle page. 2. For library statistical purposes, anyprinted, typewritten, mimeographed, or processed work,bound or unbound, which A1A,S been catalogued and fully-prepared for use.

PLGINATION... That part of the collation which statesthe number or pages, or pages and leaves, contained ina 'book. Also called Paglnig.

ar-,-reement witti tne

The place and date of publication, and the

71s-_:_le or the publisher or the printer (or sometimes both);o::.clinarily printed at the foot of the title page.

COLLATION... That part of the catalogue entry whichdescribes the work as a material object, enumeratingIts volumes, pages, size, etc., and the type andcharacter of its illustrations.

COPYllIGHT... The exclusive privilege of publishing andselling a work, gz-anted by a government to an author,

com7D3ser, artist, etc.

COPYRIGHT DATE... The date of copyright as given in the'oolz, as a rule on the back of the title leaf.

IiIPRINT DATE... (TITLE, PAGE DATE) The year of publicationor printing as specified on the title page.

P=LICATION DATE... The year in which a book is published,generally the date given at the bottom of the title page,

in distinction from copyright and other dates. Also knownas the Date of Publication.

7U-LLISHER... The person, firm, or corporate body under-taL:ing the responsibility for the issue of a book orotlier printed matter to the public.

OUT OF PRIKT... A book is out of print when the publisherlias no more copies for sale. Abbreviation: 0.P.

s=r2s... A number of separate works, usually related to

one another in subject or otherwise, issued in succession,normally by the same publisher and in uniform style, witha collective title which generally appears at the head orthe title page, on the half title, or on the cover.

f3=YES NOTE... In a catalogue or a bibliography, a notestating the name or a series to which a book belongs.The series note ordinarily follows the collation.

7CLUME...1. In a bibliographical sense, a bookdistinguished from other books or from other, majordivisions of the same work by having its own inclusivetitle page. 2. For libvary statistical purposes, anyprinted, typewritten, mimeographed, or processed work,bound or unbound, which has been catalogued and fullyprepared for use.

PAGINATION... That part of the collation which statesthe number of pages, or pages and leaves, contained in

a book. Also called Paging.

ILLUSTRATION. A pictorial or other representation inor belonging to a book. In a narrow sense the termstands for Illustrations within the text (i.e., thosewhich form part of the text page, or which are printedon a leaf bearing, on the reverse side, text otherthan a mere descriptive legend. Normally suchilluatrations are included in the pagination.

PLLTE... A full page of illustration on a page whichnormally is blailk on the other side. The reverse may,however, bear another plate. The leaf is usually ofspecial (livy) paper and may not be included in the

pagiLlati.on.

/03DIAGRAM... An illustrative figure which represents, in

outline or in general form only; the general plan or

1-elative position of the parts of an object.

11AP... A representation of a Part or the whole of the

su_rface of the earth or of a celestial body, delineated

on a place surface, each point in the drawing intended

to correspond to a geographical or a celesital position.

FACSIMILE... As used An collation, an exact reproduction

of manuscript or letterpress matter, or of music.

PORTRAIT.... A 117s.eness of a person. In collation it is

...enerally not used for a caricature or when the person

is of secondary importance to the scene.

HEADING... In cataloguing this is the word, name, or

phrase at the head of an entry by which the card is

filed.

NOTES... In cataloguing, an item on the catalogue card'7;elow the collation and main body of the card.

CONTENTS NOTE... A note on a catalogue card that liststhe contents of a work.

ClassliTication Terminology_L

CLASSIFICATION 1 A systematic scheme for thearangement and other material according to subject or

form. 2. The assigning of books to their roper places

in a system of classification.

CLASSIFICATION SCHEDULE... The printed scheme of aparticular system of classification. .

CLkSSIFICATION SYSTEN. A particular scheme.ofclassification, such ap the DectMal Classificationand the Library of Congress ClaSsificatiOn,

CLASS NUMBER... The notation aaded to a book and to its

.entry ±1 a catalogue to Show the class to Which it belongs

and to:indicate its location-on the shelves of a library,

in accordance with the classification scheme in use.

Som3tim's Called, Class Mark.

HOTATION... A syStem of Symbcls, generally letters and

figures', used separately or in combination, to represent

the divisions of a Classification:scheme.

GENERALIA cLAss.:,-. The main, class .of a classificationwhichiSreerved 'for boOks on Many subjeCts such As

,nCyClopaediaS'.

T4,(17,m CLASSES.. ThoSe parts or a dlassificatic.In

MAP... A representation of a part or the whole of thes=face of tile earth or of a celestial body, delineatedon a place surface, each point in the drawing intendedto correspond to a geographical or a celesital position.

FACSIMILE... -4.s used in collation, an exact reproductionoff' manuscript or letterpress matter, or of music.

PORTRAIT.... A likeness of a person. In collation it isgenerally not used for a caricature or when the personis of secondary importance to the scene.

HEADING... In cataloguing this is the word, name, orphrase at the head of an entry by which the card isfiled.

NOTES... In cataloguing, an item on the catalogue cardbelow the collation and main body of the card.

CONTENTS NOT... A note on a catalogue card'that liststhe contents of a work.

Classffication TerMinologygCLASSIFICATIOINT 1 A systematic scheme for thea7_-rangement and other material according to subject or

2. Tlie assigning of books to their proper placesin a system of classification.

CLASSIFICATION SCHEDULE... The printed scheme of aparticular system of classification.

CL.LSSIFICATION" SYSTEM.'... A particular scheme-ofclassification, such as the Decimal Classificationand the Library of Congress Classification.

. CLASS NUMBER... The notation aaded to a book and to itsentry in a catalogue to Show the class to.Which it belongsand to indicate its location on the shelves of a library,in accordance with the classification scheme in use.Sometimes Called Class Mark.

NOTATION... A system of symbols, generally letters andfir--ures, used separately or in combination, to representthe divisions of a Classification scheme.

GENERALIA CLASS... The main class of a classificationwhich is reserved for books on many subjects such asoncyclopaedis.e.

Po= CLASSES... Those parts of a classification in whichthe books are arranged according to the form in whichthey are written, e.g. poetry, drama, fiction, essays,etc., the subjects of the books bein.g ignored.

..-Jscald DIVISION'S... Adjuncts to a classification whichenable books to be arranged (within their subject)according to the form in which they are written. Thereare two kinds oP forms division: Outer Form indicatesbooks in which the contents are arranged in a particularway, or accox-ding to the form of writing, as essay,biblicgraphy, pewidocial. Subjective, or Inner Form,indicates modes of approach such as the theory, historyor philosophy oP a subject.

MNEMONICS... Symbols of the notation of a classificationwhich have the same meaning where they occur throughoutthe schedules.

MNEMONIC CHARACTERISTIC.... The use oE symbols in sucha manner that they haVe more or less constant meaninghen applied anywhere in a classification scheme.

/ vs°

Documents

DOCUMENT RESUME ED-354 830 Introduction to ...DOCUMENT RESUME ED-354 830 LI 003 106 TITLE Introduction to Librarianship, with Special Reference to the Tanganyika Library Service. INSTITUTION