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Ostertag, B. A.Software Programs and' the Learning DisabledStudent.Feb 85.18p.Special Education Resource Network, 650 UniversityAve., Room 201, Sacramento, CA 95825,4eproductioncosts plus shipping).Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.Computer Assisted Instruction; *Computer Software;Elementary Secondary Education; *LearningDisabilities; *Media Selection; *Microcomputers

Suggestions are offered regarding the use andselection of software with LD (learning disabled). students. Thescarcity of appropriate software for the population is pointed outand a hybrid selection scale based upon several existing scales isdescribed. It is noted that the major reason for rejecting softwareis the high readability skill required of the user to followdirections. Results of reviews of software are summarized, andreviewers' requirements are noted, including educational soundness,flexibility, and adaptability to the peer teaching process. Appendedare a list of software evaluation sources and/or directories, thesample evaluation scale, a list of software programs recommended forLD students in seven topic areas: microcomputer introduction; typing;quiz or lesson generators; word processing, cognitive, perceptual,spatial; language arts ancLreading; and mathematics, a list ofsoftware publishers. (CL)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document. *

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forms': i n "whi'ell these mconditi,ons may 'fiexi st, al sq ham rs software development

in .this t!a. on the positive e s).142, the Departilient of Education has given five

tai 1 I i dollarsS°. of federal" funds to 'contractor, "to' adopt and 'Write courseware

f61' the general, special education pdpul at tegr:.(Roberts,, 1981)". . Despite the

increase' gpvetnent,:aid for the development of appropriate software, is

.unrea i st.i;c id expect a./. greot flood: of pr9grams' for the L. D. population tor. . ,

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' e w nt i-oo iA git''u sjng, Computer assisted'l' n str uit i opal sdftware for persons with

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in order to Sec] ect,,t13/4e mos appropriate. software programs, a system should

be used for:eVal'uattng ,Od selectitig crocompUter courseware. There are

(Tali'le,A)',,thit...O.ffer:c,ourseware,reviews and/or identify,

avai i able'4ftware' (Ffotietts 1583,, liofftnan 1983, Usl an, 1983). A terO

se') ecii hdse ,iprograrn that appear to meet, the general needs of 'your LD,.. 4 J.

poptilati is-, crUci al to apply a formal fev.aluation tool.

Software Programs

,

An evaluation screening tool that has proved useful in this capacity As

hybrid scale developed by the author and based upon several existing software

evaluathn vales (see Table B). This quick evaluation tool has been

, successfully utilized by teachers on the campus in graduate-level courses and

in their own special classes. As with any screening device, the benefits of

its brevity also tend to negate some positive factors a more lengthy evaluation

proces migh, develop.

Q.

The mai orit of the software evaluated1Was originally designed. for general

education; scores have fallen in the low 70's and many pro ms have not whole-

heartedly been recommended. Only some,--teacher utilities word processing

systems received very favorable reviews. The major problem with most rejected

/"software centered on the high readability skills required of the user to follow

,directions. This was true eveon supRosedly remedial- skill programs. The

reviewer consensus- was that a reading-level of high-third or better was

necessary for a user to function indepeNeCly with current software programs.

A heterogeneous peer-teaming, aide or teacher supervision was deemed necessary,

to allow low reading-level students to appropriately utilize the majority of

this software.

There was eireat d;aiOr-eorinnaiity between reviewers as to some features

they demandedfrom computer assisted instructional software. \First, the ,

reviewers looked for the educational soundness of the .material: Next, they

wanted user-friendliness; included ease of use for the novice computer

user And clear, readable (5th reading level or less) directions. Reviewers

4"

Software Programs

also preferred software tO/be flexible; because of the expense of most

commercial software (public domain software was excluded from teacher review),

teachers wanted versatile software that could be used more than once with a

pupil, would allow teacher=input of problems, spelling words,etc.,'and could

be used over a variety of subjects,,. Lastly, reviewers wanted software

programs, after students had mastered their content, to be adaptable for

student-input of problems, materials, etc.; the concept of using software as

part of the peer-teaching process was strongly endorsed.r.

Software that was found to be generally useful withLD students are listed

by recommended category (Table C). It is important to note that evaluator-.

.

....--/

subjectivity varied based upon the needs and abilities of their ?own students OP"'

st.

.)situation. Teacher utilities and word processing systems received the best

overall teacher evaluation. Next, the evaluators rated mathematical programs-

as being more successful with-their LD students than the currently available

reading or language arts programs. The top five rated programs, in descending

order were: 1. Magic Slate (word processing): 2. Crossword Magic (teacher

utilit.y); 3. Academic Drill Builders (math-and reading)1 4. The Print Shop

(cognitive spatial/teacher utility), and 5. BLOCKS (teacher utility). All

programs were reviewed on an Apple II+ or IIe and are npt inNWive of all

available software in the education field.

6

J

SoftwareilPrograms

-5-

Teachers of the LD are unlikely to meet all of their student's micro-

computer needs through currently available softwa.re; they are going to have to

become involved in the development of appropriate softwal.e. -Unfortunately,

softwareigogramming is exceedingly time-consuming and Afficult. Most 'special

educators do not have the programming expertise necessary to create even thg

simplest of'programs. However, alternatives do, exist. First, teachers must

identify exactly what software needs exist for their particular situation.

Next, they must objectify,those needs. Third, special educators must

.

prioritize on the basis of importance, over-all class utility and longevity ofb

those needs. Teachers must then be able to identify community resources which

are capabie,of developing software programs. Excellent sources are institutes

of higher education (computeNcience majors are always looking for program\.--

ideas) and local computer-user groups. Educational software-developing

at

companies continually seek ideas. Another important contact would be your

State Department Of education; they should be able to serve as a resource

network for personnel involved in microcomputer centers, projects or grants.

The fifth step is to sit down with the identified programmer and explain

exactly what you need. Sixth, determine what type of program (simulation,

drill and practice, etc.) will be developed. Lastly, maintain constant4

communication with the programmer to assure that proper educatiOnal

methodologies, goals, reading levels, objectives, multi-modalitypproach, etc.'

are being fulfilled. The end result should be a useful software program

appropriate for LD students.

J.

-6-

Software ProgramPs

For those who. wish to begin "yesterday" in providing appropriate micro-

computeraided lessons to learning disabled students, the recommended list of

software shouldiprovide a base. Be aware that federal, state and private

concerns are encouraging and funding software development for the handicapped;

4o material will become available over the(next several years. Check

educational periodicals, directories, magazines, etc. to keep abreast of these

new software programs. Remember that microcomputer software is like any other

educational tool: the selection and application must fit ta needs of the

individual learner. Choose that software which.is flexible and able to be

adapted to meet those needS posed lyour particular students.

4

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. Software Programs

1 -7-

Selected.Bibliograpyand Sources

411%

11

Ahl, D.H. (Ed.). Creative computing. Morristown, NJ: Ahl Publishing, Nt.1983.

Behrmann, M. H'andbook of Microcomputers in Special Education. San Diego, CA:College-Hill Press, 1984.

Bowe, F.G. Personal Computers & Special N1984.

Berkeley, CA: Sybex Press,

Goldenberg, E.P., Russell, S.J. & Carter, Computers, Education, andSpecial Needs. 'Reading, MA: Addisqn-Wesley Publishing Co., 1984.

Hannaford, A.E. and Taber, F1 "Microcomputer software for the handicapped:develo ment and evaluation. Exceptional children, October 198, Volume 49,Num er ,

Hannah, L. Courseware evaluation. Unpublished paper, California StateUniversity, Sacramento, Summer 1983.

Hoffman, R. Microcomputers and teachers. Deriver: Love Publishing, 1979.

Jenkins, S. Providing CAI for the mentally retarded. Closing the gap, April-

May 1983, Volume 2, Number'1, 10. st

Kellerman, P. (Ed.). Classroom computer news directory of educational

computing resources. Watertown, MA: Intentional Educations, Inc., 1983.

Kosel, M. Designing educational microcomputer software: A model in use.Paper presented it the annuaLconAntion of The Association for-EducationalData Systems, St. Louis, April 13-16, 1980. (ERIC Document Reproduction

Service No. ED 192-718).

Lobello, S.T. (ed.). Software buyer's guide. Electronic education.

September, 1983, VoIpme, 3, November 1, 29-43.

Microsift. Evaluator's guide for microcomputer - based instructional packages.

Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, 1982. J, I

Morgan, C.P..(Ed.). Popular computing. Rochelle Park NJ: BYTE Publications,,Inc./McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983.

Moursund, D. (Ed.). The computing teacher. Eugene, OR: International Council

for Computers in Education, 1983.

Ost'rtag, B.A. Microcomputing and Special Educatibn. _Sacramento, CA: Special

Education ResourceOtwork, 1464.

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s,4

Softyare Programs

Roberts, J. (Ed.). How to find-good software, Electronic learnihg,:October1982, Volume 2; Number 2, 40-44.

Roberts, J. (Ed.). The software line-up: what reviewers look for whenevaluating software. Electronic-learning. October 1982, Volume 2, Number2, 45-48.

Roberts, J. (Ed.). Report 'sees use of micros in spec ed rising dramatically.Electronic learning, October, 1983 Volume 3, Number 2, 18.

Sanders, R.L. and Sanders, M.E. Evaluating microcd uter software. CRLA,-Summer, 1983, Volume 1, Number 1, 21-25.

0

Special-Ware Directory, The. LILAC Associates, Inc., thbus, OH: 1983.,

Sloane, E. Computer orgasbord: FLDRS-Sotth microcomputer evaluation form.

4101tA paper presented he annual convention of the Council for exceptionalChildren, Hartford, .T., March, 1983. *.s.

araber, F. Microcomopters in special education: 'Selection and decision makingprocess. Reston, VA: CEC, 1983.

Uslan D. The human element in computer use. The catalyst, January /February1983, Volume 2, Number 1, 1.

aI'

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71 I, A714.

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Software Pro,grains

Table,A1 Softvare Evaluation Sources and /or Directories

AEDS Bulletin .

Association of ducational DataSystems

1201 Sixteenth Street; N.W.Washington,'D:C. 20036

Apple Journal of COUrseware ReviewBox 28426San Jose, CA 95159

Electronic Learningholastic Inc.'

P. O. Box 645Lyndhu,rst; NJ 07071 -9986

EPIE Micro-ColcsAarle Pro/FilesEPIE -84 Consumer s UnionBox 620Stony Brook, NY 11790

Atari Program ExchangeAtari, inc.,*P, O. Box 427155 Moffett Park Dr.Sunnyvale, CA 94086

J.

Classroom'Computer,NekwsBox 266

, Cambridge, MA 921.3a

Commodore SoftwareEncyclopediaComm9dore Busines1 MachinesSoftware Group681 Moore Rd.300 Valley Forge SquareKing of Prussia, PA 19406

Computers, Reading and nguageArts

Box 13247Oakland, CA 94661 0

The Computing TeacherDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of OregonEugene,,OR 97403

Courseware ReportiCard150 West Carob StreetCompton, CA 90220

Directory ofMicrocomputer Software.Detapro Research1895 Underwood BoulevardDelran, NJ 08075

Educational SoftwareDirector, Apple II EditionSterling Swift Publishing Co.1600 Fortview RoadAustin, TX 78704

Electronic cda-ifion1311 Executive Center Drive,

Suite 220. Tallahassee, FL 32301

Microprocessor SoftwareD.A.T.A: BookD.A.T.A.

P. O. Box 26875San Diego, CA 92126

MicroSoft ReviewsNorthwest Regional Education

Laboratories300 S.W. Sixth AvenuePortland; OR 97204

Popular Computing70 Main StreetPetersborough, NH 03458

Radio Shack TRS-80Applications SoftwareSourcebook 1

Radio ShackBox'17400Fort Worth, TX 76102,

School MicrowareDresden AssociatesP. O. Box 246Dresden, ME 04342

Software yrograms

-10-

Software and Services'Sourcebook and SupplementInformation Sdurces, Inc.1807 Glenview RoadGlenview, IL 60025

Special Educatibn SoftwareReview

c/o Drive One Publishers, Ltd.3807 N. Northwood Ave.Peoria, IL 61614

Special Net Edutech Bulletin BoardNational Association of State

Directors of Special Education1201 - 16th Street, NWWashington, D.C. 20036

The Special Ware DirectoryLINC Associates, Ihc.1875 Morse RoadColumbus, OH 43229

Teaching and Computersc /o' Scholastic, Inc.

. P.O. Box 645Lyndhurst, NJ 07071-9986

VanLovess 1983 AppleSoftware Director, Vol., IIAdvanced SoftwareTechnology, Inc.7899 Mastin DriveOverland Park, KS 66204

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Software Programs

Table B: Microcomputer Software Evaluation Scale for L. D. Students

Subject Area/Topic: Date Evaluated:

*Title: Date Published:

INTENDED ABILITY LEVEL: K 1 2 3

INTENDED INTEREST LEVEL: K 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult. Other

4 5'6 7 8, 9 10 11 12, Adult Other

SOFTWARE MEMORY: 8K 16K 12K 48K 64K Other

HARDWARE NEEDED: Apple Atari Commodore 4BM PET TI TRS Other

.TRANSFER MEDIUM: Tape 5 1/4"Disk 8"Disk Cartridge Other

SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Audio Color Graphics Joystick/Paddle Light Pen

Printer /Other

COST:

PUBLISHER:

p REPRODUCTION PERMITTED: Yes No BACK-UP AVAILABLE: 'I/6s No

TYPE OF-PROGRAM: Authoring System ;Data Management Diagnosis /Assessment

Drill and Practice Educational Game Game

Problem Solving Simulation Tutorial Other

MENU DRIVEN: 'Yes No WRITTEN MANUAL: Yes No

*CONTENT:

Poor

1

Not Applicable

0

5, 4 3 2 1 0 1.

5° 4 3 2 1 0 2.

5 4 3' 2, 1 0 3.

5 4 .1 2 1 0 4.

Content based on Stated Behavioral Term&

Content Accurate and Consistent

Content Presentation Clear and Logical.

Racial, Ethnic and Sexist Stereotypes

Avoided

-12-4

oftware Programs

EDUCATIONAL(QUALITY: 5 4 3 2 1 0 5. Directions Clear

5 4 3 2 1 0 9'6. Text at Intended Conceptual Level

5 4 3 2 1 0 7. Text at Intended Reading Level.

5 4 3 2 1 0 8. Purpose of Material Defined

5 4 3 2 1 0 9. Program Objectives Met

5 4, 3 2 1 0 10. Appropriate Feedback for Incorrect

Reponses.

5 4 3 2 1 0 11. Functions at User's Pace

5 4 3 2 1 0, 12. Size of Print Clear and Well-Spaced

5 4 3 2 '1 0 13. Multi-sensory Approach Used

5 4 3 2 1 0 14. Material Relevant to User Needs

0 5 4 3 2 1 0 15. Program Motivating

5 4 3 2 1 0 16. Skills Taught Transferrable to Other

Situations

GENERALQUALITY: 5 4 3 2 1 0 17. Program Operation Uncomplicated

5 4 3 2 1 0 18. Support Materials Effective and

5 4 3 2 1 0 19.

Comprehensive,

Program Reliable in Operation

5 4 3 2 1 0 20. Material Effective with Individual

Learning Styles

PROGRAM RATING TOTAL (Add items 1-20)

Score

90-100 = Excellent. 'Recommend Without Hesitation.

80-89 = Very Good. Worth4Purchasing.

70-79 m Good. Consider Purchasing

6d-69 = Fair. May Want to Wait for Something Better.

59 and below =. Poor. Do Not Recommend Purchasing

PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS

'Recommended For LD Students Usage: Yes No

Reading Level Required: K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult

Estimated Interest Level: .K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:

NMI

Software Programs

-13-

Table C: Software Programs Recommended for Use With the Learning Disabled

PROGRAM

I. Microcomputer Introduction.1. Apple Keyboard2. Apple Presents Apple

ti

II. Typing.

3. Mastertype4. Typing Strategy

5. Typing 'Tutor II

III. Quiz or Lesson Generators

6.-BLOCKS.

8.

Master Match

10. Mix and-Match11. Tic Tac Show

IV. Word Processing12. Bank Street ,Speller

13. Bank Street Writer14. Ma is15. Milliken Word Processor

V. Cognitive, Perceptual, Spatial16. Apple LOGO17. Delta Drawing18. Early Games for Young Children

19. Facemaker20. aerfrude's Puzzles21. er

22. GetIing Ready to Read23. Jugglers Rainbow24. KinderComp25. Memory: The First Step in

Problem Solving

26. Motown27. Add-0-66 Out

28. Print Shop

VI. Mathematics29. Arcademic Drill Builders in

4afh -Series30. Basic Living Skills Series31. Basic Skills in-Math-Series32. Bumble Games33. Rumble Plot34. Calendar35. Challenge Math

PUBLISHER

Apple ComputerApple Computer

Lightning SoftwareBehavioral EngineeringMicrosoft

San Juan Unified Schools

L&S SoftwareComputer Advanced IdeasComputer Advanced IdeasApple ComputerComputer Advanced Ideas

Broderbund SoftwareBroderbund SoftwareSunburst CommunicationsMilliken Publishing Company

Apple ComputerSpinnaker SoftwareCounterpoint Software, Inc.Spinnaker SoftwareLearning CompanyLearning CompanySunburst CommunicationLearning CompanySpinnaker SoftwareSunburst Communication

Learning CompanySunburst CommunicationBroderbund Software

DLM/Teaching Resources

Love PublighingLcfarning CompanyLearning CompanyLearning CompanyHartley CoursewareSunburst, Inc.

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36. Clock

37. givision Skills38. Elementary Math39. FastMath40. Getting the Basics41. Math for -Everyday Living42. Mathematics43. Math Maze

44. Survival Math45. Teasers 6y1Obbs46. Telling Time

VII. Language Arts and Reading47. Aracademic Drill Builders in

Language Arts48, Dragon Games49. DragonTs-keep50. Carly Words51. Elementary #752. Sentences53. cpellicopter54. Spellcaster55. Spelltronics Series56. Sticky Bear ABC Series57. Word-Families58. Wordrlash59. WordMaster

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Hartley CoursewareMilton Bradley Company -

MECC

NTS SoftwareNTS SoftwareEducational ActivitiesMECCDesignwareSunburst CommunicationsSunburst CommunicationsHartley Courseware

DLM.

Educational ActivitiesSunnyside SoftMerry Bee Communications.MECCMicro Power and LightDesignware

`NTS SoftwareEducational ActivitiesXeroxHartley CoursewareIdeatechNTS Software

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A pal. Computer Company, inc.._',Z0$25 Marianna AvenUe

Cuii&tlpoCCA 95014

IBehavjonal Engineering,230 Moudt Herman Road'-Suite 207

Scotts 95066

-Broderbund,Spftware1.938 Fourth Stredt

San.Rafael, CA 94901

Computer Assisted Ideas.1442A Walnut Street -

Suite 341Berkeley, CA 94709

Counterpoint Software, Inc.4005 W. 65th StreetMinneapolis, CA 55435

Designware,.Inc.185 Berry StreetSan Francisco, CA 94107

DLM Teaching Resources, Inc.One DLM ParkAllen, TX 75002

Educatidnal Activities, Inc.P.O. Box 392Freeport, NY 11520

Hartley. Courseware, Inc.

Box 431Dimondale, ML 48821

Ideatech CompanyP.O. Box 62451Sunnyvale, CA 94088

L&S Computerware1589 Fraser DriveSunnyvale CA 94087

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4:earning Software.4370 Alpine Roadportola Valley, CA 94075

Lightping SoftwareP.O. Box 11725`Palo Alto,'CA' 90436.'

Love POlishing Company1777 SouthBellaire StreetDenver, C0 80022

Merry Bee Communications815 Crest Drive-PapilllonOmaht, NE 68046

MicroSoct Corporation10700 Northrup WayBellevue, WA 98004

Milliken Publishing Company1100 Research BoulevardBox 21579St.fLouis, MO 63132-0579

Milton Bradley443 Shaker RoadEast Longmeadow, MA 01028

Minnesota EducationalComputer Consortium

2520 Broadway DriveHighway 280 & Broadway

Saint Paul, MN 55113

MUSE347 North Charles StreetBaltimore MD 21201

NTS Software680 North Arrowhead AvenueRialto, CA 92376

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San 'Juan Unified SchoollDrstrilot-

3738 Walnut AvenueCarmichael, CA 95608

Spinnaker215 First Street(Cambridge, MA 02142

Sunburst CommunicationsP.O. Box 40Pleasantville, NY 10570

Sunnyside Soft5815 East Parkway4,Fresno, CA 93727

Xerox.Computer Software Division246 Longhill RoadMiddletown, CT 06457

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