DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 083 096 SO 006 324

TITLE Teacher's Supplement to Unit on U.S.S.R. GradeEleven. [Unit II.] Project Social Studies.

INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Project Social StudiesCurriculum Center.

SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C.BUREAU NO HS-045PUB DATE 67NOTE 26p.

EDRS PRICE EF-$0.65 HC-$3.29DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; Comparative Analysis; *Cross Cultural

Studies; Cultural Factors; Economic Progress;Economics; Foreign Policy; Governmental Structure;Government Role; Grade 11; Pretests; Re: urce,Units;*Social Studies; Supplementary Reading Materials;Teaching Guides

IDENTIFIERS Project Social Studies; *Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics; USSR

ABSTRACTThis is a subunit to one of four resource units for

an eleventh grade course on area studies. This subunit is a teacher'ssupplement to the unit on the U.S.S.R. A pretest on the Soviet Union,supplementary readings on the Soviet economy, foreign policy,constitution, government, Soviet attitudes toward the United States,and comparative statistics for the United States and the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics comprise the subunit. The units on theUSSR are SO 006 325, SO 006 326, SO 006 327, and SO 006 328. (KS?)

.25-7 5C /

Grade ElevenUnit: The U.S.S.R.

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCE° EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED 00 NOT NECE)SAFULY REPPESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

TEACHER'S SUPPLEMENT TO UNIT ON U.S.S.R.

C)

0 These materials.were developed by the*-- Project Social Studies Curriculum Center

of the ,Iniversity of Minnesota under aspeical contract with the CooperativeResearch Division of the United StatesOffice of Education, effective prior toJuly 14, 1965. (Project No. HS-045)

1967

FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY

P:IETEST ON THE SOVIET UNION

This is not an achievement test and will not begraded. Hopei:oily, it will give you a chance tofind out some the things that you know about theSoviet Union and some of the things that we as aclass should study.

Directions: Place an "A" in front of each statementwith which you agree and a "D" in frontof each statement with which you disagree.

1. .90% of the U.S.S.R. is north of internationa:Falls, Minnesota.

2, The physical geographic features of the U.S.S.R.determine how the Soviet people live.

3. The Soviet Union is larger than the UnitedStates.

4. The Soviet Union has more people than the U.S.does.

5. The United States invaded.the U.S.S.R. soonafter the communists took control of thegovernment in the Soviet Union.

6, The standard of living in :he Soviet Union islower than it was ;n Russia before the commu-nist revolution.

7. The Soviet annual rate of economic growth isgreater (on the average) than that of the U.S.

8. Russian workers earn about the same glary.

9. The average Russian has little leisure time.

10. The Soviets spend proportionately twice asmuch of their national income on education asis spent in the U.S.

11. Most Russians are unhappy with tho results ofthe communist government.

12. Conventional religion has been extinguishedIn the U.S.S.R.

13. The communists led the revot against the oldgovernment which had existed In Russia duringthe 19th and early 20th centuries.

14. The government in Russia during the 19th cen-tury was a democratic government like that InBritain at the time.

-2-

11the Soviet Union.

16. Soviet people cannot own any property.

17. The ordinary Soviet citizen is Illiterate.

18. The Communist Government of the U.S.S.R. hasalways opposed U.S. foreign policy.

19. The communists eradicated the old individual-istic attitudes of the Russian people and sub-stituted collectivistic attitudes.

20. All adults in the Soviet Union are members ofthe Communist Party.

21. Only one candidate is permitted to run In anySoviet election.

15. Free enterprise has been removed completely in

22. The Soviet Union has fewer natural resourcesneeded for industry than does the U.S.

23. The U.S.S.R. has about twice as much agricul-tural land in production as does the U.S.

_3-

SOVIET IDEAS ABOUT THE U.S. and

AMERICAN IDEAS ABOUT THE U.S.S.R.

AN INTERVIEW WITH A SOVIET CITIZEN

q --What comes to your mind when you hear the wordAmerica?

A.- -Cars, of course, and roads to drive them on.

Skyscrapers: I cannot understand how peopleenjoy living on the hundredth floor.

lb

Jazz. Yes, we wish we apuld hear more of yourjazz.

Q, - -What is it you feel that you don't understa:Aabout America?

A, - -I can't understand why you tolerate discriminationagainst ;1egroes, against Women, Why must such arich country have unemployment?"

Max Frankel "Typical RussianExpounds on U.S. The New YorkTimes, Sept-. 14, 1959, p.

"A few weeks ago I was showing some photographs I hadtaken.in Russia to a class of fifth and sixth gradersin an American school. Among my pictures were a numberof shots of roads lines with young trees.

A child's hand went up: 'Why do they have trees alongthe road?'

A bit puzzled, I turned the question back to the class:'Why do you suppose they have trees?' Another child'shand rose for eager answer: .'So that people won't beable to see what's going on beyond the road.' :A girlhad a different idea: 'It's to make work for theprisoners:' I asked why some of our roads have treesplanted along the side. 'For shade:' the childrensaid. 'To keep the dust down.'

Where did children get the idea that the Russianshave different reasons that we have for planting trees?"

Urie Bronfenbrenner,

Saturday Review, Jan. 5, 1963.

QUOTATiONS 1--6 AMERICANS AND FROM SOVIET LEADERS ON

POSSIBLE CiliSH BETWEEN THE U.S . AND THE U.S.S.R.

The United States can wipe out from 50 to 100 million.of its adversaries, or they /the U.S.S.R.37 in the sameamount of time, wipe out 50 to 100 million of our peo-ple, taking half of our land, half of our populationin a matter of an hour.

President Johnson

. .To those nations that would make themselves ouradversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: thatboth sides begin anew the quest for peace, before thedark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulfall humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.

We do not dare tempt them with weakness. For onlywhen our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we becertain beyond doubt that they win never be employed.

But neither can two great and powerful groups of nationstake comfort from their present course--both sidesoverburdened by the cost of modern v.eapons, bothrightly alarmed by the steady s?reao of the deadlyatom, yct both racing to alter that uncertain balanceof terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war."

John F. Kennedy, inauguralAddress, Jan. 204 1961

"On several occasions, notably during the Cuban mis-sile crisis and the repeated Berl;:-. a:arms, the U.S.and the Soviet Union appeared to u ,eeding for a hotwar. But each time they pulled 'ziacK. While admittingthe lunthinkability* of a nuclear war, the superpowersare virtually able to annihilate each other. Whileadmitting the necessity for coexistence, they spendbillions of dollars annually on new and improved sys-tems of destruction."

"The U.S. and the U.S.S.R.,"intercom; Vo!... 7, Number 6,Nov. -Deco, 1965.

Soviet military doctrine has now come to regard strate-gic nuclear missile strikes in the Initial period asdecisive in a future general war. would still benecessary, however, to have:large ground forces toseize and occupy territory In order. to win the final

-5-

victory. Tne war might be short, but it could alsobe long.

Garthoff, R.I.., MilitarySt rated : Soviet Doctrine andoncepts.

. . .First: Examine our attitude towards peace It-self. Too many of us think of it as impossible. Toomany think it is unreal. But that is a dangerous,defeatist belief. !t leads to the conclusion that waris inevitable--that mankind Is doomed--that we aregripped by forces we cannot control.

We need not accept that view. Our problems are man-made. Therefore, they can be solved by man. And mancan be as big as he wants. No problem of human des-tiny is beyond human beings. Man's reason and spirithave often solved the seemingly unsolvable--and webelieve that they can do it again. .

And second: Let us re-examine our attitude towardsthe Soviet Union. . . No government or social systemis so evil that T.t, people must be considered lackingin virtue. As Americans, we find Communism profoundlyrepugnant as a negation of personal freedom and dignity.But we can still hail the Russian people for theirmany achievements--in science and space, in economicand industrial growth, in culture and in acts ofcourage. . . .

Today, should war break out again--no matter how--ourtwo countries will be the primary targets. It is.

ironic but accurate that the two strongest powersare the tmo most in danger of devastation. All wehave built, all we have worked for would be destroyedin the first 24 hours

We are both cauoht up In a vicious and dangerous cyclewith suspicion on cne side breeding suspicion on theother, and new eapons begetting counterweapons. . .fl

John F. Kennedy, CommencementAddress at American UniversityJune 10, 1963

"We must realize that we ffhe communist world and thewest7 cannot coexist eternally, for a long time. Oneof us must go to the grave. They do not want to go totheir grave. We don't want to go to the grave, either.

What must be done? We must push them to their grave:"

Nikita S. Khrushchev, at aPolish Communist Party meetingin Warsaw, April, 1955.

"You cannot, after all, persuade a tiger to starteating grass; it cannot do this, since it is carnivo-rous. You cannot persuade a monopolist, a capitalist,cannot demonstrate to him that communism is oetterthan capitalism. What do we mean by 'persuade' him?We mean persuade him to give up his capital, to turnover the enterprises that he -ills 'mine' Into thepossession of the people so that the working peoplewill start calling them lours.'

Where will you find a capitalist who will voluntarilygive up his riches? Such a transfer of wealth intothe hands of the people can only be brought about bya working class that, organized into a close family,takes power into its hands. This party, as the experi-ence of history shows, can only be the Communist ''arty.The working class needs a party that can organize itand lead it along the right path. Only then is thevictory of the working class possible, and this vic-tory will come, it will come, It will come."

No prayers, no handouts will enable the capitaliststo buy off the victory of communism: It is only amatter of time. . . .

Nikita S. Khrushchev, fromPravda, March 17, 1962.

"Imperialism Is the only source of the war danger. Theimperialist camp is making preparations for the mostterrible crime against mankind--a world thermonuclearwar that can bring unprecedented destruction to entirecountries and wipe out entire nations. The problem ofwar and peace has become a life and death problem forhundreds of millions of people.

The peoples must concentrate their efforts on curbingthe imperialists in good time and preventing them frommaking use of lethal.weapons: The main thing is toward off a thermonuclear war, to prevent it frombreaking out. . ."

Programme of the Communist Partyof the Soviet Union Adopted bythe 22nd Congress of the CPSU,October 31, 1961.

-7-

COMPARATIVE DOLLAR VALUES OF GROSS

NATIONAL PRODUCT IN 1964*

Market Pricei7

Country Ranked by GNP (in billInns)

United States

U.S.S.R.

West Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

France

Italy

629

293

126

104

101

96

61

COMPARATIVE GRWTH RATES OF GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT**

Country Aggregate513 59

Yearly6o 61 62 63 64I950-b.: 50-6g:

United States 2.9 4.4 -la 6.7 2.5 1.9 6.1 4.3U.S.S.R. 7.1 5.3 9.4 49 5.2 6.2 5.1 2.6 7.9France 5,4 2.5 28 7.3 4.3 6.3 4.3 5.3West Germany 7;6 5.8 3.5 7:1 8.9 5.8 4.1 3,2 6.6

5.6 6.1 4.4 7:3 6.8 8.3 6.0 4.0 2.9United Kingdom.2:4 3.9 1.0 3.6 4.5 3.3 .2 3.5 54Japan 6.1 12.0 -0.1 10:3 13.0 15.9 6.9 8:3 13.9

---*FaTt of a table presented in New Directions in theSoviet Economy, Studies Prepared for the Subcommitteeon Foreign Economic Policy of the Joint EconomicCommittee, Congress of the United States. Part. 11-AEconomic Performance, Section 1. Aggregate NationalPrcduct. Washington: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1966, p. 108.

**ibid., p. 104.

THE NATURE OF THE SOVIET ECONOMIC CHALLENGE

"It is the difference in the rate of growth that theSoviet leaders have in mind when they say they willinevitably overtake us In terms of economic power.And it is also this comparison that Allen Dulles, headof the Centre' Intelligence Agency, refers to when hetells Congre_ that the Soviet Union is catching upwith us."

Robert W. Campbell, Prof. ofEconomics, Indiana University,Soviet Economic Power, Cambridge,Mass.: The Riverside ^ress, 1960,

"The nature of the Soviet challenge is essentiallyeconomic. . 'High rates of growth. . .are extremelytempting to countries in which economic developmenthas been very slow or neglibible. These countriescomprise today more than two-thirds of the world'spopulation. The Soviet challenge is an invitation forthe undeveloped countries to follow the Soviet example."

Jan S. Prybyla, Prof. of Econom-ics at Pennsylvania State Univer-sity, Pennsylvania Business Sur-_alx, July, 1962, pp. 4-7.

"When I really feil gloomy I think that five yearsfrom now they will be obviously superior to us inevery area. But when I am optimistic I feel it willtake ten years for them to achieve this position."

J.B. Wiesner, Prof. -t theMassachusetts Inst, yte ofTechnology

"Continuation of their rapid industrial growth makesincreasingly cridible the Soviet claim for overtakingthe U.S. levels of industrial production at somefuture date."

John Hardt, from a report tothe Joint Economic Committee ofthe U.S. Congress

-9-

The Kremlin leadership for several years hasbeen trying to do too much with too few resources.This living on borrowed capital, improvising cheapbut temporary solutions to basic problems such asagriculture, and chronical4 neglecting balanced devel-opment to push ahead spectacularly on a narrow rangeof goals has finally caught up with the SovietUnion.Economic growth has begun to slow appreciably. TIC

rate of expansion of fixed. investments, upon whichgrowth depends, has not been maintained. With annualincreases in investment cut in half, a sharp curtail-ment in economic growth is Inevitable."

C.I.A. Report, Jan. 9, 1964

Although recognizing the slowed rate of economicgrowth in the U.S.S.R. during the early 1960's thefollowing author concluded in an article in 1964:

"On the other hand, future years are likely to beconsiderably better for the U.S.S.R. The SovietUnion's overall growth rate will probably be well oversix percent II By this means, the Soviet Union willeventually 'catch up' with the United States, unlessUnited States growth rates rise above their presentlevel."

Harry G. Shaffer, The Univer-sity of Kansas, Kansas BusinessReview, August, 1964.

-10-

The following data is taken from the article, "PeacefulCompetition: U.S.S.R.-U.S.A.," written by Y. Pokatayevand Y. Joffe. It was published by Soviet Booklets,London, January, 1963. They illustrate the Sovietview of their.economic position.

PER CAPITA PRODUCTION IN 1913Russia U.S.A.

Electric power k.w.h. 14 260Coal lb. 451 11,693Steel 11 66 '719Cement 11 24 358Paper 3.1 75.2Cotton fabrics yards 14:1 63.25

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATES OF GROWTH-IN THE OUTPUT OF MAJORINDUSTRIAL ITEMS IN 1954-61 (percent)

Soviet Union United StatesSteel 8.0 -1,4Oil 15.4 1,4Electrical power 11.7 6,8Cement 15.6 2,3Woollen fabrics 6,9 -1.8Leather footwear 8.1 1.7Sugar 7.4 2,6

In 1954-61 the absolute average annual increase in theoutput of major industrial goods in the U.S.S.R. andthe United States was as follows:

Pig Iron Million tons 2.9Steel 11 11 4,1 -1:3Coals 21.2 -8:4Oil 111 14,2 -4.8Electric power Million koWeh, 22,400.0 44,700.0Cement Million tons 4.4 1.1Cotton, fabrics Million sq. ft. 159.7 648:4Woollen fabrics . "'linear ft: 60,4 -16.8Leather footwear Million pairs 25.5 93Sugar Thousand tons 331 . 87

YEARS NEEDED TO RAISE THE OUTPUT OF VARIOUS GOODS

Steel, from 27 to 65 milliontons

Pig Iron, from 10 to 47million tons

Oil, from 30 to 148 milliontons

Electric power, from 91,000million to 220,000 millionk.w.h.

Cement, from ten to 45 milliontons

30 years(1912-41)38 years(1904-41)22 years(1915-36)21 years(1927-47)

4: years(1912-53)

U.S.S.R.10 years(1951-60)10 years

-12-

LENIN'S COMMENTS ON INDIRECT TAXES

/This statement was made in 1904 in a statement "ToThe Rural Poor." It may be' found in volute 11, p. 283of his Selected klorks, published in Moscow in 193477

"The richer the man the smaller the share of hisincome does he pay in indl-ect taxes. This makes in-direct taxation the most iir form of taxation. In-direct taxes are taxes o, ,e poor. The peasants andworkers together form nine-tenths of the populationand pay eight or nine-tenths of the indirect taxes....

So the Social-Democrats /Lenin's Bolsheviks7 demandthe abolition of indirect taxation and the introduc-tion of a graduated tax on incomes and inheritances.'Graduated means that the higher the income, the high-er the tax."

-13-

SELECTED NOTATIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES

/The first quotation is from Adam D. Ulam in Beerand Ulam, editors, Patterns Government (New York:Random House, 1962 e.12r2i,u5-.

the Stalin Constitution cam into effect .duringthe most intense period of terror in the history ofthe U.S.S.R., when the holocaust made a mockeryof the civil rights and liberties so emphaticallyguaranteed in the Constitutior..-

/The second quotation is from Frederick L. SchumanRussia Since 1917 (New York: Knopi, 1957).7

"Many other rights solemnly guaranteed by the SupremeLaw of Soviet land remained 'dead letters' during mostof the two decades after 1936. Freedom of speech,press, assembly, and association and inviolabil-ity of persons, homes, and correspondence IOC wereoften honored more in the breach than in the obser-vance...."

SELECTED QUOTATIONS ON STRUCTURE OF SOVIETGOVERNMENT

/The first quotation i2 from Kenneth R. Whiting, TheSoviet Union Today (New York: Praeger, 1966 ed.),p. 137.1

"Article 30 of the Constitution of the U.S.S.R.states that the Supreme Soviet is the 'highest organof state power in the U.S.S.R.' This is pure fic-tion, of course.... The Supreme Soviet is merelywindow dressing behind which the Party operates."

/The second quotation is from Herbert McClosky andJohn E. Turner, The Soviet Dictatorship. (New York:McGraw-Hill, 1967:77.70-7--

"The soviets are no longer subject to signifi-cant influence by the people themselves. Since elec-tions are not free, there is no electoral 'will' tobe represented in the soviets. .., In addition, thelower soviets are completely subordinate to the powerof higher governing organs, and this power is widelyand continually used."

EX2RC1SE ON EV.:..1AUAMTG $ 01E10:37;Z3OUT SOVIET UITION

Place a cross (l) before the two sources which you would ratethe best as sources of information about civil liberties in theSoviet Union. Then explain why you have chosen these two andnot the others.

1. A book by a U.S. senator who visited the Soviet Unionfor several weeks.

2. A speech by the Soviet foreign r_ainister at a D. N. meet-ing in reply to charges made by other nations abot.t. thelack of civil liberties in the J. C. S. a.

3. A book by a refugee, formerly of high Nazi rank, whoVMS sent to a labor camp in the U.S.S.R. after beingcaptured during 7 orld 7.7.1ar

4. A book by a refugee, formerly a -:_lember of the Commu-nist Party of Z.ustria, who gent to the U. S. S. R. to liveand was imprisoned after two years.

5. A book by a professor c: 2olitical Science at Harvardwho has studied Soviet documents and writings and thetestimony of refugees.

-15-

KHRUSHCHEV ON ECONOMIC R ,CE WITH U. S.

/This statement was made in a speech on television during hisvisit to the Uaited States in September of 1959.7

The United States is at present the richest and economicallythe most highly developed power. The. figures for your country,represent the highest ceiling in the capitalist world. You mustbear in mind, however, that the average annual rate of indus-trial expansion in the Soviet Union is about three to five timeshigher than in your country, and for this reason within the nextten to twelve years we shall surpass the United States both inphysical production and in production per capita of the population,while in agriculture this will be accomplished much earlier.

-16-

LEM'S COMMENTS ON INDIRECT TAXES

/This statement was made in 1904 in a statement "ToThe Rural Poor." It may be found in volume II, p. 283of his Selected 'dorks, published in Moscow in 193477

"The richer the man the smaller the share of hisincome does he pay in indirect taxes. This makes in-direct taxation the most unfair Form of taxation. In-direct taxes are taxes on the poor. The peasants andworkers together form nine-tenths of the populationand pay eight or nine-tenths of the indirect taxes....So the Social- Democrats /Lenin's Bolsheviks7 demandthe abolition of indirect taxation and the introduc-tion of a graduated tax on incomes and inheritances.'Graduated means that the higher the income, the high-er the tax."

_17_

ICHRUCEICHEIT'S PRONITS = LIDOUT RE LL WAGESPND CONSUlaitsa

,riKhrushchev made the following staZer..ient in May, 1957.7

. . It will be interesting now to see what the American im-perialists have to say when they read that the U.S.S.R. isplanning to exceed them scon in per capita output of meat,milk, and butter.

fithrushchev made the following promise in January; 1959.7

As a result of higher money wages, pensions and grants, anda reduction in restaurant prices, the real income per workerand empici.:3 will increase 40 per cent by the end of the sevenyear period. . . .Real earnings of collective farmers willsimilarly rise at least 40 per cent.

fihrushchev made the following statement in January, 1961.7

Obviously, however, we act Icalow a policy of developingferrous metallurgy as much as possible. Obviously we shallshift part of the capital investments to agriculture and lightindustry. It is impossible to build coramunism by offeringonly machines and ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Peoplemust be able to eat and clothe themselves well, to have hous-ing and other material and cultural conditions.

This is not a revision of our general line, but a reasonableemployment of our possibilities. ','hen we were encircled byenemies and our industry was weaizer than that of the capital-ist nations, we economized on everything, even as Lenin said,on schools. Vie are in a different situation now. We have apowerful industry and our armed forces have the most modernweapons. 7:1-iy should we deny people what they can receivewithout harm to the further development of our socialist soci-ety?

-18-

STALIN'S CTLTEMENT /931

We must draw up wage scales that will to eke into account thedifference between skilled labor and unskilled labor, betweenheavy work and light work. We cannot tolerate a situationwhere a rolling mill hand in a steel mill earns no more thana sweeper.

- 19-

PROBLEMS :..111f3W.C.4 2ROM UNEVILI FULFILLiviENT OFPL.U'45 DUIZINa TiiritD PLLI1

Quotations from Soviet Industria, an organ for Soviet Industry:

"Machinery worth tens of millions of roubles remains un-finished because a small piece of equipment has not been deliv-ered from another factory which specializes in its production."

"The most advanced iron and steel 'combinat' of Xuznetzhad produced in nine months 50,000 tons of metal which did notcomply with the requirements of the users. "

"P..t first our blast furnaces had frequent stoppages becausethe iron ore was lacking. . . . But now. . . . many furnaceshave been reduced to stop working :3c:cause there is no lime. . .In the last few days alarming messages have reached the-"Ten-tre' stating that the Martin furnaces wet out of work becausethere were no acids and especially no ferro-manganese. . .V.'hile so many of our furnaces have afficulties with auxiliarymaterials, tens of thousands of tons of manganese ore arelying untouched at Poti. . . . "

- 2C-

KHRUSFICEEV'S STATElviENTC COCILLJSM ANDCOMMUNISM. IN THE U. S. S. a.

/his statement was made in a speech to the Twenty-first Con-gress of the Communist Party of the ,_soviet Union in January of1959.7

Comrades ! Now that our country :121; entered a new histor-ical period of its development, special importance attaches toproblems of iliarxist-Leninist theory connected with the transi-tion from socialism to communism.

. . . .The development of Soviet society has confirmed the Marx-

ist-Leninist prediction of two phases of communism. Havingbuilt a socialist society, the Soviet people have entered a newperiod of development in which social ism grows into commu-nism.

It must be born in mind that with the present level of productionthere is still not enough to satisfy fully the requirements of allthe people. Such "equalitarian communism" would only eat upaccumulated funds and make impossible the further successfuldevelopment of the economy and expanded production.

notwithstanding all the differences between communismand the socialist stage, is no wall separating these twostages of social development. 'Communism grows out of social-ism and is its direct continuation. It would be wrong. toassume that communism will somehow appear suddenly. Com-munist forms of labor and industrial organization as well assuch forms of satisfying the requirements of our people as pub-lic catering, boarding schools, kindergartens, and day nurser-f.es are already developing more and more widely. Our societyhas many tangible and visible communist features which will bedeveloping and improving.

There is no calendar date mar!:ing the entry into commu-nism. There will be no given moment at which we will shutone door and announce: "The building of socialism is completed, "and then open another door and say: "Ye have now reached com-munism. " The transition from socialism to communism is acontinuous process. Vie are already opening the door to com-munist society, we are now engaged in building communism....Communist construction will be completed when we shall haveprovided a complete abundance of everything needed to satisfythe requirements of all the people, when all the people learnto work according to their ability, so as to multiply and accum-ulate communal wealth.

Is th lme far off when it will be possible fully to satisfythe essential requirements. of all Soviet persons ? Evidentlynot so far off.

Full satisfaction, within necessary and reasonable limits,of all the Soviet people's requirements of food, housing, andclothing can probably be attained in the near future. . . . Ofcourse,: when we speak of satisfying people's requirements,we have in mind not whims of claims to luxuries, but the whole-some consumption of a cultured person.

It will take a longer time for people to acquire the innerneed to work in accordance with their abilities. As long asthis is lacking, society cannot dispense with definite regulationof working time in order that every able-bodied person contrib-ute a definite amount of labor to the production of the goods andservices that the community needs.

The question of the withering away of the state is a questionof evolution of the socialist state toward communist public self-government. Under communism, too, there will remain cer-tain public functions similar to those now performed by thestate, but their nature and the methods by which they will beaccomplished will differ from those obtained in the presentstage.

It is already clear that many functions performed by gov-ernment agencies will gradually pass to public organizations.Take, for instance, certain aspects of cultural services. It isnot at all essential that they remain in the hands of governmentorganizations. Public organizations can deal with them success-fully.

a

Evidently the conditions are ready for turning over moreand more public health matters in the cities to the trade untons.

Problems of enforcing public order and the rules of thesocialist community should likewise come increasingly underthe jurisdiction of public organizations.

.Socialist society forms such voluntary organizations for

safeguarding public order as the people's militia, comrades'courts, and the like. . . . The voluntary detachments of peo-,ple's militia should undertake to keep public order in their re-spective communities.. . .

-22-

Of course, definite functions will remain with the courts,the militia and the Prosecutor's Office. These agencies willcontinue to function in order to exert influence on persons whomaliciously refuse to submit to socialist society's standards ofbehavior and are not amenable to persuasion.

/Prior to the party congress at which Mirushchev deliveredthis speech, he issued a statement that th Soviet Union wouldsurpass the United States in per capita production by 1970. Hedeclared also that the U.S.S.R. would have developed the"material and technological base of communism" by 1980.7

-23-XHRUSHCHEV'S C.:01VIMENTS 11,:_);..f;SIBLLITY OF .A

RIFT WITH

/he following statement was made ia a speech to the Twenty -first Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union inJan- -ry of 1959.7

The Communist Party of China is employing many originalforms of socialist construction. But we have no disagreementswith this party, nor can there be any disagreements.

The Yugoslav revisionists arc now concentrating theirfire on the Chinese People's Republic, disseminating all sortsof inventiors about alleged differences between the Commu-nist Parties of the Soviet Union aid China. . . The revision-ists are searching for discord among our Communist Parties,but their illusory hopes are doomed to failure. Vie are infull and complete agreement with the fraternal CommunistParty of China, although in many resix)cts its methods ofbuilding socialism do not resemble our own. Vie know thatChina has its specific features of historical development,size of population, level of production and national culture.Therefore it would be a mistake.; to ignore these specific fea-tures and to copy what is good for one country but unsuitablefor another.

Why have we no differences with the Communist Party ofChina? Because we share the same class approach and classconception. The Chinese Communist Party stands firmly onMarxist-Leninist class position. It.is waging a struggleagainst the imperialists and exploiters, a struggle to refash-ion life along socialist lines; it abides by the principle of inter-national proletarian solidarity and is guided by Marxist-Lenin-ist theory.

The chief thing is to maintain and strengthen class soli-darity in the struggle against capitalism, for the liberation ofthe working class, for the building of socialism.

- 2 4 -

EXCERPTS FROM KHRUSHCHEN'S JTATEMENTON WAR

/The first selection is from :1.1.rushchev's Speech to theTwentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the SovietUnion. It was made in 19567

The possibility of preventing war in the present era:

Millions of people all over the world are asking whetheranother war is really inevitable, whether mankind, which hasalready experienced two devastating world wars, must stillgo through a third one. Marxists must answer this question,taking into consideration the epoch -ma Being changes of thelast decades.

There is, of course, a Marxist - Leninist precept thatwars are inevitable as long as imperialism exists. This pre-cept was evolved at a time when, first, imperialism was anall-embracing world system and, second, the social andpolitical forces which did not want war were weak, poorlyorganized, and hence unable to compel the imperialists torenounce war.

People usually take only one aspect of the question andexamine only the economic basis of wars under imperialism.This is not enough. is not only an economic phenomenon.Whether there is to be a war or not depends in large measureon the correlation of class, political forces, the degree oforganization, and the awareness and resolve of the people.

Moreover, in certain conditions, the struggle waged byprogressive social and political forces may play a decisiverole. Hitherto the state of affairs was such that the forcesthat did not want war and opposed it were poorly organizedand lacked the means to check the schemes of the war-makers.

Thus it was before World War 1, when the main forceopposed to the threat of war- -the world proletariat--was dis-organized by the treachery of the leaders of the .Second Inter-national. Thus it was on the eve of .iorld ar II when theother Great Powers, to all intents and purposes, encouragedthe aggressors, and the right wing social democratic leadershad split the labor movement in the capitalist countries.

- 25 -

In that period, this precept was al)solutely correct. Atthe present time, however, the situation has changed radi-cally. Now there is a world camp of socialism which hasbecome a mighty force. In this camp, the peace forces findnot only the moral but also the material means to preventaggression.

Moreover, there is a large group of other countries,with a population running into many :lundreds of millions,which are actively working to avert war. The labor move-ment in the capitalist countries has today become a tremen-dous force. The movement of peace supporters has sprungup and developed into a powerful factor.

In these circumstances, certainly the Leninist preceptthat so long as imperialism exists the economic basis givingrise to wars will also be preserved, remains in force. Thatis why we must display the greatest vigilance. As long ascapitalism survives in the world, the reactionary forcesrepresenting the interests of the capitalist monopolies willcontinue their drive toward military gambles and aggressionand may try to unleash war.

But war is not fatalist:;:p.(..,y inevitable. Today thereare mighty social and polinn.7 ores possessing formidablemeans to prevent the imporialis,:s from unleashing war, and,if they actually try to start it, to give a smashing rebuff tothe aggressors and frustrate their adventuristic plans.

To be able to do this, all anti-war forces must be vig-ilant and prepared; they must act as a united front and neverrelax their efforts in the battle for peace. The more active-ly the peoples defend peace, the greater the guarantees thatthere will be no new war.