DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 218 701 E. 014 567

AUTHOR Boniso, Carl; Shakeshaft, CharolTITLE The Influence of Gender in the Selection of Secondary

School Principals,PUB DATt Mat, 82NOTE 26p.: Paper presented at the Annual Meeti g ol the

American Educational Research Association ( ew York.NT March 19-23 19)2).

E RS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.*Administeator Attitudes; AdminisQualilications; *Administrator So*Trincipals; Secondary Education;Discrimination; State Surveys

IDENTIFISRS *New York

ABSTRACT

ratorection;*Sex

*Females;

A sample of 472 superintendents in New York Stateparticipated i this study, which examined the presence of sexdiscrimination in the selection of secondary school principal.s. Thesuperintendents were asked to rate a hypotheti,cal 'applicant resume_that included credentials and a photograph. A hypothetical jobdescription of a secondary school principal and a questionnaire werealso included in the packet. The results of the study indicated nodifference basedLon gender in the ratings of applicants withidentical qualifications. In a follow-up investigation, 59superintendents (from the original sample) who Ilad hired one r moresecondary principals during the 1980-81 school year were interviewedconcerning their hiring experiences. The majority of thesesuperintendents stated that few female applicants were qualified forthe job, an assertion,the researchers were unable to confirm orrefute. The study reaches,no conclusions about the presence orabsence of sex'discrimination in hiring practices, but suggests thatthe small nuqber of women hired 'as secondary school principals in NewYork State may be due to an insufficient number of wamen applying fortha_ppsition and to continued sex discrimination. (Autho WD

* ************** * ********* ******************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document************************** ********************* * ****** **********

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION..,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONEDIA',ATILINAL RESOUFICES INFORMATION

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"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEDiv

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TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

The Influence of Gender in the

Selection of Secondary School

Principals

by

Carl BonusoSouth High SchoolValley Stream, NY 11581

and

Charol ShakestraftSchool of EducationHofstra UniversityLHempstead; New York 11550

114 (516) 560-3551

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American EducationalResearch Association

New YorkMarch.1982

Copyright @ 1982

Do not reprint Or quote without. erission.

THE INFLUEICE OF GENDER IN TRE SELECTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL FRIICIPALS

Research of tile past decade suggests a great many

barriers to women entering educational administration.

Studies cite such barriers as: low"self image/.1ack of

confidence (Schmuck, 1975); lack of aspiration/motivation

(Miller, 1976; Perrin, 1974): lack of support and encouragement

(Baughman; .1977); family and home responsibilities (Schmuck,

1975); lack of preparation/experience (Qapps, 1976; Perrin,

1974): lack of finances to continue training (EdsOn, 1981); ,

too few role model's (Davis, 1978); lack of sponsorship (Poll,

1978); and lack of network (Davis, 1978).

The barrier that was identified in perhaps the largest

body of research which prevented the entry of women into

administration was,sex discrimination. A number of studies

(Baughman, 1977; Capps, 1976; Fleming, 1974; Gardner, 1977;

Moore, 1977; Owens, 1975; Poll, 1978; Pruitt, 1976; Shakeshaft,

1979; Way, 1976) have documented discrimination by schoolAL

boards, professional educators and administrators as a practice

which has prevented or hampered women from entering the field

of educational administration.

There is a belief by some that sex discrimination has

been devoured by the forces of the '80's (affirmative acticn,

the feminist movement, raised consdiousness of educators) and

that it no longer stands as.a major barrier stemming a growing

tide of women into administration., Others call this. wishful

thinking.

One arena for pronottocott diccvimilaiioo

tive hiring in the past h s h en contiAvN puhlic choe,lc

The staffing, especiall of the loaderhir

schools has resulted In women h.ilo

represented. In 19 8, women comprised 46't, of cociiAc qc6011

teachers, yet only of secondary school priocipal* q.prp

women (Howard, 1980).

The pt.hrpose of this study therefore, l.1% to PNAM

influence of gender in the selection of secondar school

principals in an effort to explore whether sex discrtmin ((oil

is still an issue in hiring school admini t rat or s.

While sex discrimination has been studied uAino a humhev

of approaches, one method has been repeatedIN uAed

1978 and Fleming, .1974), This approach seeks to doculent

discrimination in the evaluation of resumes submitted for

administrative positions.

In the Zikmund study, for instance, resumes for

accounting positions were sent to 100 personnel dir otors of

corporations; applicant gender and two levels of scholastic

peTformance were systematically varied so as to Oeld four

different resumes, one of which was sent to the personnel

'director. The gender of the applicant waskidentifJed as

obviously female (Linda) or unspecified (L.O.) The grade

point average was either that of a high performer (1,8 out of

4.0) or average performer (2..8 out of 4.0). Both the nutber

of replies to the resumes and the number of positie responses

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F, 17.he past ilehta1 resumes maniplaiating ge.nder of

4Pc,i1c4ht received di ImIlar scores, might mean that sex

lisriolination had come to an tng. After all female

were rated no differently than the males. On the other hand,

,:his study may not have reflected actual behavior of SCnOO l

.;.,,erintengents; while they gave lip-service to equity.,

perintengents i?iht not be hiring women, Th4;; it Ofcr;

gteAded to do 4 follow-up in-_stigation to the intiul

stogy to drin 6 more Precisely the tudys significance,

Trit target population for this foliow Investigation

1-1T;otil r th perintendents or chief ss6hool officials

from the list of te respOnding to the original survey (472)

O ".4 hag actually hired a Aew secondary principal during the

year in whir,--h they responded to our inquiry.. Through an

e ramlhation and comparison of the 1979-80 and 1980-81

1",ecto of P I and Administrators in New York S

It detvined that 52 districts had recorded changes in

9r more secondary prihpipais during the 1980-81 school

year; 90.9% of those were men and 9.1% were women who filled

the p itions.

A telephone survey of the superintendents of the.59

districts that had hired a secondary principal was conducted

in which the following research questions were asked:

Who from yOur district was involved in the finallevel tofterview?

How many candidates were Involved in the final Level

interview? How many of these were women?

1 k

What art your observations concerning thenumber of ftmale aPplicants aoplYing for Yk.41"

administrative vacancies?

Fo p

All 59 of the d ricts were contacted during 3 days

of the survey; 26 tor 44.110 were available to respond to

the survey..

In response to the question, "Who from your district

was involved. IA the final level interview?" superintendent and

boards of education were cited-overwhelmingly 4.S btihq

delegated this responsibility (see Table 2),,

the total number of candidates involved in the final

level interviews in these 26 districts was 90, 86 of which

were male (see Table 3). Very few women were involved in

the final level interview. Approximately 4.5% of those

receiving interviews were women; this is comparable to,the.

percentage of women who finally' achieved the actual position

of secondary principal in these districtS 17.7 ).

In response to the question, 'What are yotir observations

concvning the number of female applioants applying for your

administrative vacancies?' the vast majority of,silperintendents

cA,ted "few, if any, -qualified female applicants" (see table 4).

so

Discussion

y In the firSt study reported, the mean total ra ing by

Sup'rintendents-of candidate qual fioations on identical

TAble

PL4L n

Number

epresentative4

T

CandlAates

Final Interview

- Final Interview

F malen 1%)

Accepted Prin ship 2 (7.7)

86.(95 5)

Table 4

ception by Superintendents of Female Seconda y School

Principalship Applicant Pool

Number or SuperinteAdents

13

Perc ptlon

any, qu41 edfemale applicants

No observations/Notqualified- to say

Number of females hasincreased measureably

Other

13

14

resumes identified as being male, female, or unsppecified

gender were not significantly different. This finding led

the researchers to conduct a second study to determine if

this signified an end to sexAiscrimination in secondary

principalship hiring practices, or if it was merely an

indication-that although overt signs of bias have disappeated,

sex bias.itself has not.

Of the districts contacted which were involved in the

original study and in which secondary school principals had

actually been hired, 92.3% of the new principals were male

and 7.7% were female. A look at second level evidence, thoe

who made it to the final interview stage, found 95.5% male

candidates and 4.5% female candidates. Although a majority

of superintendents claimed that the reason few females were

hired was because of "few, if any, qualified female applicants,"

we v:ere unable to either confirm or refute this assertion.

Since we could not examine the gender and credentials of the

initial pool of applicants, all we can surmise from these

studies is that while superintendents An New York State were

indicating no preference for one,gender over another

applying for the hypothetical j b of secondary school princiipal,

at the same time these same superintendents were.filling

92.3% of their real openings for secondary,school principafls

with men. Women were neither receiving the jobs nor

participatiri§ in finarlevel interviews for these jobs.

1 6

9

15

The question of the existence of sex discrimination,

then, has not been answered. We do not know if there was

pa pool of female applicants for the positions studied. Since

46% of all secondary school faculties are female and sinCe

the percentage of women in administr.ative training programs

in New York State is approaching 50%, we believe that pool

exists. Because we are unable to document the exiStence of

this female applicant pool, we are left with two rival

hypotheses to explain the paucity of women hired for the

position of secondary school principal in New York State:

either sufficient women candidates did not apply for the

position, or sex discrimination still exists. Probably,

ao-ombination of the two explains the abience of women in

iecondary school administration.

Bibliography

Baughman, M.K. Attitudes and Perceptions of a Selected Sampke

of Women Senior High Teachers Toward Becoming School Ad-

ministrators in Detroit Public Schools (Doctoral dissert-

Ion, the University of Michigan, 1977). Dis%ertation

Abstracts International, 1978, 38,. 6420-A. (University

Microfilms No. 7804t44)

Bonuso, C.A. An Examination of the InflUence of the Physical

Characteristics of Height and Weight in the Selection of

Secondary Principals in Public Schools of New York State

(Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra UniversLty, 1981).

Uni ersity Microfilms No. 313130

'Capps,.J.A. The Roles of Assistant Superintendents and Super-

visors in North Catolina Relative to Sex Differences

(Doctoral dissertation, Duke University, 19/6). Dissert-

atior\ Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 1140-A.

(University Microfilms No. 77-18765)

Uavis, M.C. Women Administrators In Southeastern Institutions

of'Higher Education (Doctoral dissertation, the University

of Alabama, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International,

1978, 39, 1945-A-1946-A. (University, Microfilms No. 7819168)

Fleming, J.T. Assesimeht of E41oyment Practi-d'es Towards

Women Administrators in Institutions of Higher Education

(Doctoral dissertationj'Arizona State University, 1974).

Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975, 35, 4184-A.

(University.Microfilms No. 75-488)

Gardner, L.C. Employment Status of.Female Anministrators and

Attitudes Toward Employment.of Female Administrators in

the COmmunity College System of North Cardlina'(Doctotal

'dissertation, East Tenness)eleState Universkty, 1977)

Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 3833-A4

-3834-A. (University Micrdfilms No. 77-27, 98.)

Miller, G.L. A Study of Selected Social Processes on WOmen's

Career Motivation Related to the Declining Number of

Women in the Elementary School Principalship (Doctoral

dissertation, Rutgers University, The State University'

of New. Jersey, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International,

1976, 37, 3315-A-3316-A. (University Microfilms No. 76-27,

336)

Moore, S.E. Opportunities for Women An the Field of ,Public

School Administration in the New Jersey Counties of

Cumberland, Hunterdon, and Passaic (Doctoral dissertation,

Rutgers University, The State, University of New Jersey,

1977). Dissertation AbstraCts International, 1977, 374

7451-A-74527A. (University Microfilms No. 77-13,468)

1 8

Owens, E.T. Perceived Barriers to Employment for Women asEducational Administrators in South Carolina PublicSchools (Doctoral diSsertation, University of SouthCarolina, 1975). Dissertation Abstracts International,1976, 36, 7107-A-7108-A.. (Unlversity Microfilms NO.76-10,478)

Perrin, E.H. Perceptions of Women Collegel aculty MembersToward Careers in Academic Administration (Doctoraldissertation, University of Pittsburgh, .1974). Dissert-ation Abstracts International. 1975, 35, 7574-A-7575-A.(University Microfilms No. 75-13,206)

Polls, C. No Room at the Top: A Study pi' the Social Pro-. cesses that Contribute to the Underrepresentatton of

Women on the Administrative Levels of-"the New XorkCity School System (Doctoral dissertation, City Univer-sity of New York, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts Inter-national, 1978, 39, 3165-A. (University Microfilms No.7821905)

Pruitt, G.S. Women in Leadership of Alterftative Schools(Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts,1970.. Dissertation Abstracts Internationa/, 19,76, 37-,

80-A. (universify Microfilms No. 76-14,655)

Schmuck, P.A. Sex Differentiation in Public School Admin-istration (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon,1975). Dissertation Abstracts International, 1976, 36,5719-A. (University Microfilm§ No, 76-5204)

Shakeshaft, C.S. Dissertation Research on Women in Education-al Administration: A Synthesis of Findings and Paradigapfor Research. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,Texas A&M University,, 1979.

War, 0.A. A Comparison of Background Prof les, Career Expect-Ations and Career Aspirations of Men ànd Women PublicSchool Administrators (Doctoral dissertation, WesternMichigan University, 1976). Dissertation AbsOractsInternational, 1976, 37, ,3333-A-33347A (UniversityMicrcifilms No. 76-28,431)

Zikmund, W.G. and others. Influence of Sex and ScholasticPerformance on Reactions to Job Applicant Resumes.222.niedPsclicaux, April 1978, 63, 252-254.

Appendix A

Directions

1. Please complete all aras outside of double line on Resume-(page 3).

Evaluate the candidate in each of the following four areas:

Education

Experience

Professional Memberships,Jionors and Awards

Community Involvement

based on th'e competencies required for the position of Senior

High School Principal detailed in the Job Description (page 2).

Mark each area of credentials individually on the lines provided

to the left, using the following scale:0

(5)-Extellent

(4)'Good

(3) Fair

.(2) poor

(1) Unsatisfactory,

2. PleaSe complete the questions at the.bottom of the Resume (page 3 ).

3. A photp of the hypothetical applicant is enclosed for your

info tion. 'The applicant is indicated in the group photo

with a àot placed above the head.

4. Please ret rn this resume folder:in the enclosed stamped,

self-addres ed envelo0e.

Please reffiember you are rattnglthe worth and appropriateness of

A/the credentials and not the conitruction or format of the resume.

'10

Appendix B.

job flelalptisa

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL

The PrincipaT is charged with the administration, supervision,and operation of the individual schoOl Program. It is his/herresponsibility to see that the school functions within theframework of policies of the local School Goard and the StateBoard of Education.. S/he is expected to provide leadershipto his/her staff and assists in interpreting the educationalprogram in the community.

MAJOR FUNCTIONS

1. Supervise activities of Assistant to the Principal relatingto the planning, organizing, and operation of specialservices, such as counseling, psychological services,and testing.

2. Oversee the compilation of budget estimates and the conductof business operations specifically delegated to the school.

3. Recommend staff appointments and assign personnel to carryout, the curricular program:

4. Exercise the supervisory and evaluation function for allstaff employees within the school, utilizing staffemployees and Central Staff members as necessary toobta-in pertinent facts and render sound judgments.

Assure the proper care and safeguarding of school property,equipment_and supplies,,and the maintenance of safe andhealthful conditions at all times.

6. Supervise activities relating to student organizations,and extra-curricular actiiiities.

7. Supervise the planning, developing, implementation, and,evaluation of instructional program and materials.

Maiintain continuing communications and liason with parents,parent groups, civic and community sOurces to achieveunderstanding and support for school programs and goals.

Circle One:

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54 32 1

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54 3 2 1

i,ppondlx C

Peronai Data

Hos urnfl

Steph4n Michaels,

63 North Drive

Massapequa, New York 11758

(516) 541-6398

Educati on

SUNY at Albany

M.Ed. NeW York liniversity

School Administrator andSupervisor Certificate(SAS) New York University

Ht.

Wt.

Liberal Arts 1966

Secondary Ed- 1971

Ed, Admin. 1974

Experience

Social Studies Teacher,Massapequa High School 1971 - 1978

Department ChairpersonSocial Studies, MassapequaHigh School 1978 - 1979

Assistant Principal, SouthHigh School; Valley Stream,New York 1979 Present

Professional Memberships; Honors and Awards

Bachelor of Arts Cum Laude

National Association of Secondary School Principals,

National Education Association

Phi Delta Kappa

Community Involvement

Administrative Liaison to PTA, Valley'Stream

Citizens Advisory Committee on Finance toMassapequa School Board

Nassau Shores Civic Association

Would you consider this applicant for the positionstated? Yes No

Why or why not?

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