Document 3 - 2013.07.29 WT_detailed_BATC.doc

7/27/2019 Document 3 - 2013.07.29 WT_detailed_BATC.doc

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Waste Treatment draft BAT conclusions Guideline draft for the expression of initial positions

WT_BATC_2013_07_AP_MC 1

[Colour codes used in this document]

Black: items derived from the conclusions on BAT of the currently adopted WT BREF,

including some rewording.Dark red: standard texts

Green: additional proposals expected to meet the BAT conclusions criteria set in the BREF

Guidance

[Blue]: messages to the TWG [in square brackets]

[The original numbers of the conclusions on BAT of the adopted WT BREF are indicated beloweach BAT conclusions statement of this document, e.g. BAT 2, 13, while deleted conclusions on

BAT are indicated with struck through numbers, e.g. BAT 82.

The word [other] is used in a list or table to indicate that other items of the list or table are expected

Empty cells or suspension points () are used to indicated areas where further work is needed]

BAT conclusions

f o r

Waste Treatment

(Detailed guideline draft for the expression of initial positions)


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TABLE OF CONTENT

1 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES................................................................................. .............. 4Scope................................................................................................................................... 4Definitions............................................................................................................................................... 7General considerations ............................................................................................................................ 9Reference conditions for emissions to air................................................................................................ 9Averaging periods for emissions to air.................................................................................................... 9Conversion of emissions concentration to reference oxygen level........................................................ 10Reference conditions for emissions to water......................................................................................... 10Averaging periods for emissions to water ............................................................................................. 101.1 General BAT conclusions ......................................................................................................... 11

1.1.1 Overall environmental performance.................................................................................... 111.1.1.1 Environmental management systems............................................................................. 111.1.1.2 Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.2 Waste treatment performance.............................................................................................. 141.1.2.1 Reception, handling and storage.................................................................................... 151.1.2.2 Compatibility to mix or blend........................................................................................ 181.1.2.3 Input pre-treatment and output finalisation.................................................................... 19

1.1.3 Emissions to air ................................................................................................................... 211.1.4 Emissions to water and water consumption......................................................................... 241.1.5 Consumption of raw materials and chemicals ..................................................................... 251.1.6 Energy consumption............................................................................................................ 261.1.7 Noise and vibrations ............................................................................................................ 271.1.8 Prevention of soil and groundwater contamination ............................................................. 281.1.9 Decommissioning................................................................................................................ 28

1.2 BAT conclusions for mechanical treatments............................................................................. 311.2.1 BAT conclusions for sorting, sieving .................................................................................. 31

1.2.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 311.2.2 BAT conclusions for crushing, shredding, or milling.......................................................... 31

1.2.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 311.2.2.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 32

1.2.2.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air............................................................................... 321.2.2.4 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 331.2.2.5 Vibrations ...................................................................................................................... 33

1.3 BAT conclusions for biological treatments............................................................................... 341.3.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 341.3.1.2 Odour............................................................................................................................. 34

1.3.2 BAT conclusions specific to aerobic treatment ................................................................... 341.3.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 341.3.2.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 351.3.2.3 Water consumption and emissions to water................................................................... 361.3.2.4 Energy efficiency........................................................................................................... 37

1.3.3 BAT conclusions specific to anaerobic digestion................................................................ 381.3.3.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 38

1.3.3.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 381.3.3.3 Water consumption and emissions to water................................................................... 391.3.3.4 Energy efficiency........................................................................................................... 40

1.4 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatments .................................................................... 421.4.1 BAT conclusions for extraction........................................................................................... 42

1.4.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 421.4.1.2 Acid emissions to air...................................................................................................... 421.4.1.3 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 42

1.4.2 BAT conclusions for washing ............................................................................................. 431.4.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 431.4.2.2 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 43

1.4.3 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste ................... 441.4.3.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 44

1.4.3.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 441.4.3.3 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 451.4.4 BAT conclusions for thermal drying................................................................................... 46

1.4.4.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 46


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1.4.4.2 Ammonia emissions to air ............................................................................................. 461.4.4.3 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 46

1.4.5 BAT conclusions for immobilisation................................................................................... 471.4.5.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 471.4.5.2 Asbestos emissions to air ............................................................................................... 471.4.5.3 Lead emissions to air ..................................................................................................... 481.4.5.4 Cadmium emissions to air.............................................................................................. 481.4.5.5 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 48

1.4.6 BAT conclusions for thermal desorption............................................................................. 491.4.6.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 491.4.6.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 491.4.6.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air............................................................................... 501.4.6.4 Acid emissions to air...................................................................................................... 501.4.6.5 SOX emissions to air ...................................................................................................... 511.4.6.6 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 51

1.4.7 BAT conclusions for distillation.......................................................................................... 521.4.7.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 521.4.7.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 521.4.7.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air............................................................................... 531.4.7.4 Emissions to water......................................................................................................... 53

Description of techniques...................................................................................................................... 55


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1 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES

SCOPE

These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to

Directive 2010/75/EU, namely:

5.1. Disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per dayinvolving one or more of the following activities:

(a)biological treatment;(b)physicochemical treatment;(c)blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points

5.1 and 5.2 of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive;(d)repackaging prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points 5.1 and

5.2 of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive;

(e)solvent reclamation/regeneration;(f) recycling/reclamation of inorganic materials other than metals or metal compounds;

(g)regeneration of acids or bases;(h)recovery of components used for pollution abatement;(i) recovery of components from catalysts;(j) oil re-refining or other reuses of oil;(k)surface impoundment.

5.3(a)Disposal of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day

involving one or more of the following activities:

(i) biological treatment;(ii) physicochemical treatment;(iii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration;(iv) treatment of slags and ashes;(v) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and

electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components.

(b)Recovery, or a mix of recovery and disposal, of non-hazardous waste with a capacityexceeding 75 tonnes per day involving one or more of the following activities:

(i) biological treatment;(ii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration;(iii) treatment of slags and ashes;(iv) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and

electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components.When the only waste treatment activity carried out is anaerobic digestion, the

capacity threshold for this activity shall be 100 tonnes per day.

5.5. Temporary storage of hazardous waste pending any of the activities listed in points 5.1,5.2, 5.4 and 5.6of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive with a total capacity

exceeding 50 tonnes.'

In particular, these BAT conclusions cover the following processes and activities, whether these are

carried out as the primary activity on the installation or as a directly associated activity to another

IED activity:

the loading, unloading and handling of waste the temporary storage of waste the blending and mixing of waste


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Waste treatment processes such as:o Mechanical treatment of waste:o Biological treatment of wasteo Physicochemical treatment of wasteo Combined treatment of waste (e.g. mechanical-biological treatment of biological waste)

Upstream and downstream activities directly associated with the waste treatment (e.g. combustionof biogas from the anaerobic digestion)

the applied techniques to prevent and control emissions and consumption site remediation measures needed as a consequence of the waste treatment activity within IED

installations.

These BAT conclusions do not address the following activities:

activities covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste-water treatment; temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where the waste is generated; waste management activities, recovery or disposal of waste not occurring in IED installations and

related acceptance criteria;

recovery of waste to substitute raw materials used in IED installations covered in other BATreference documents and related acceptance criteria;

waste incineration and co-incineration and related acceptance criteria; landfilling and related acceptance criteria (covered by Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April

1999 on the landfill of waste);

underground storage of waste and related acceptance criteria; waste management in the extractive industries (covered by Directive 2006/21/EC);These BAT conclusions do not address the following topics:

end-of-waste criteria, product specificationsThese BAT conclusions are without prejudice of the following directives and regulations:

end-of-life vehicles (covered by Directive 2000/53/EC) electronic waste (covered by Directive 2012/19/EU) batteries (covered by Directive 2006/66/EC) [placeholder for the regulation on ship recycling COM/2012/0118 final 2012/0055 (COD)] POP-containing waste (Regulation (EC) n. 850/2004) PCB-containing equipments are decontaminated (Directive 96/59/EC)

Other reference documents, which are relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions,

are the following:

Reference document Activity / Subject

Emissions from Storage BREF (EFS) Storage and handling of fuels and additives

General Principles of Monitoring (MON) Emissions and consumptions monitoring

Energy Efficiency BREF (ENE) General energy efficiency

Economic and Cross-Media Effects (ECM) Economic and cross-media effects of techniques

CWW Common waste water and waste gas treatments


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WI Waste incineration

LCP, CLM, IS, GLS, []Waste co-incineration and recovery of waste as a substitute of other materials in IEDinstallations

MTWR Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities


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DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:

Term used Definition

Biological treatmentTreatment of biodegradable waste by mean of aerobic or anaerobic

process that degrade the biological matter to stable compounds.Mechanical treatment []

wet bio-waste Biowaste with water content > 80 %

Biogas The gaseous output of the anaerobic digestion process

Waste input The incoming waste to be treated in the waste treatment plant

Waste holder The subject sending the waste input to the waste treatment plant

Waste producerThe subject that generated the waste input sent to the waste treatmentplant

Output The processed material flow dispatched from the waste treatment plant

Mixing The process of merging solid waste streams

Blending The process of merging liquid waste streams

POP content

Recovery rate

ExtractionTreatment of solid or liquid wastes by mean of co- or counter-currant ofe.g. vapour, solvent, acid, to extract pollutants as metals, salts, organiccompounds.

ImmobilisationTreatment of solid waste by mean of e.g. stabilisation, solidification,vitrification, melting, to reduce the rate of contaminant migration to theenvironment and/or to reduce the level of toxicity of the waste.

Water-based liquid waste []

Washing []

Thermal drying []

Immobilisation []

Thermal desorption []

Distillation []

Dust []HCl all gaseous chlorides expressed as HCl

HF all gaseous fluorides expressed as HF

Hg The sum of mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg

CH4 []

VOC []

TOC []

Continuous measurement Measurement using an 'automated measuring system' (AMS) or a'continuous emission monitoring system' (CEM) permanently installed onsite

Periodic measurement Determination of a measurand (particular quantity subject to

measurement) at specified time intervals using manual or automatedreference methods. A periodic measurement of emissions to air is the

average over 3 consecutive measurements of at least half an hour). Aperiodic measurement of emissions to water is a flow-proportional

composite sample over 24-hour.

PEMS Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems: systems used to determine theemissions concentration of a pollutant based on its relationship with anumber of characteristic continuously-monitored process parameters and

feed quality data of an emission source.

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronymsapply:

Acronyms Definition

POP Persistent organic pollutantMSW Municipal Solid Wastes

MBT Mechanical Biological Treatment

WEEE Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment


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EoLV End of Live Vehicles

WFGD Wet flue-gas desulphurisation

AMS automated measuring system

CEM continuous emission monitoring system

PEMS Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems


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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor

exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental

protection.

Unless stated otherwise, the techniques identified in these BAT conclusions are generallyapplicable.

[NOTE: Whilst cross-references are provided to other parts of this document in order to aid the

work of the TWG, they will not be included in the final BAT conclusions themselves. Such

cross-references are consequently displayed in square brackets.]

EXPRESSION OF EMISSION LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BEST AVAILABLETECHNIQUES (BAT-AELs)

[TWG: please note that in order to avoid repetition, this section contains general considerations that

are essential to the understanding of the BAT conclusions taken as a standalone document, such as:- reference conditions for air emissions (e.g. dry gas, standard temperature/pressure, oxygen

concentration)

- averaging periods- sampling times- conversions to reference conditions- adopted units of measures]

Reference conditions for emissions to air

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs)

for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to monthly average values of

concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substance per volume of waste gasunder the following

standard conditions: dry gas, temperature 273.15 K, pressure 101.3 kPa.

For combustion processes, oxygen reference conditions for oxygen are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Oxygen reference conditions for BAT-AELs concerning emissions to air from combustion processes

Activities Unit Oxygen reference conditions

Combustion process using liquid or gaseous fuels

with the exception of gas turbines and engines mg/Nm

3

3 % oxygen by volume

Gas turbines (including combined cycle gasturbines CCGT) and engines

mg/Nm3 15 % oxygen by volume

Averaging periods for emissions to air

Unless stated otherwise, BAT-AELs refer to monthly average values

Monthly average: average over a period of one month based on valid hourlyaverages measured by continuous measurementsFor continuous measurements

Daily average: average over a period of one day based on valid hourly averagesmeasured by continuous measurements


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For periodic measurements BAT-AELs refer to the average value over the sampling period

Conversion of emissions concentration to reference oxygen level

The formula for calculating the emissions concentration at reference oxygen level (see Table 1.1) isshown below.

ER =21 OR21 OM

EM

Where:

ER (mg/Nm3): emissions concentration corrected to the reference oxygen level OR

OR (vol %): reference oxygen level

EM (mg/Nm3): emissions concentration referred to the measured oxygen level OM

OM (vol %): measured oxygen level.

Reference conditions for emissions to water

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs)for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to values of concentration (mass of

emitted substances per volume of water) expressed in mg/l.

Averaging periods for emissions to water

Unless stated otherwise, the averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs are defined as

follows:

Daily averageAverage over a sampling period of 24 hours taken as a flow-proportional composite sample. Time-proportional sampling can

be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated.

Yearly/Monthly averageAverage (weighted according to the daily flows) of the dailyaverage values taken with the minimum frequency set for therelevant parameter within a year/month


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1.1 General BAT conclusions

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable. The

process-specific BAT conclusions included in Sections 1.2 to 1.4 apply in addition to the generalBAT conclusions mentioned in this section.

1.1.1 Overall environmental performance

1.1.1.1Environmental management systems

1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment plants,BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that

incorporates all of the following features:[BAT 1, 3, 5, 16, 17, 18, 40, 57]

i.

commitment of the management, including senior management;ii. definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of theinstallation by the management;

iii. planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunctionwith financial planning and investment;

iv. implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:(a)structure and responsibility(b)training, awareness and competence(c)communication(d)employee involvement(e)documentation(f) efficient process control(g)maintenance programmes(h)emergency preparedness and response(i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation;

v. checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:(a)monitoring and measurement (see also the Reference Document on the General

Principles of Monitoring)

(b)corrective and preventive action(c)maintenance of records(d)independent (where practicable) internal and external auditing in order to determine

whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly

implemented and maintained;

vi. review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by seniormanagement;

vii. following the development of cleaner technologies;viii. consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the

installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;

ix. application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis.Specifically for waste treatment sector, it is also important to consider the following potentialfeatures of the EMS:


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x. details on point iv above that include:(a)process and risk management procedures(b)periodic specific job training or education for all personnel (e.g. on environmental

protection and prevention from risks, safety operations, process performance)

(c) indications of the availability of qualified on-duty staff during all the plant activities.(d)The ability of the personnel implementing all the procedures (e.g. pre acceptance,acceptance, sampling, checking and analysis, see BAT 8 and BAT 9) to cope with all

the issues relevant for the waste treatment in the concerned plant, due to his

profession and/or experience.

xi. Details on point v above to indicate the type of recordings indicated in these BATconclusions

xii. A good housekeeping system embedded within the EMS covering the following basic items:(a)an adequate training programme that includes also the preventive actions that

workers need to take on environmental risks

(b)leak detection and maintenance procedures (see BAT 7.d)(c)procedures for moving and dispatching drums and containers under the instructions

from the appropriate manager(d)an operational diary integrated with the waste tracking system (see BAT 7.c) to

record drums/containers moving procedures

xiii. Noise and vibrations management plan and reduction programme (see BAT 22)xiv. Odour reduction programme (see BAT 16)xv. Own residues/waste management plan, integrated within the basic housekeeping techniques

(see BAT 12.f) and with internal/external benchmarking techniques (see BAT20.b).

xvi. a structured accident management planxvii. an incident diary

xviii. loading and unloading management system (see BAT9.b)xix. energy efficiency plan (see BAT 21.b)xx. water audits (see BAT 18.f)

xxi. decommissioning plan (see BAT 24.b)xxii. [Other]

Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of details) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) isgenerally related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of

environmental impacts it may have.

1.1.1.2Monitoring

2. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment, BAT is tomonitor emissions to:

a. air before releasing to the atmosphereb. water at the point of discharge at the boundary of the installation, including

indirect discharge

for the pollutants given in each BAT-AEL table of these conclusions, with at least the

frequency indicated in the same table and in accordance with EN standards. If EN

standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards

that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.[50, 55, 74]


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3. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment, BAT is tomonitor the process parameters and the additional environmental parameters given

below.[50]

Parameter Applicability Point of measurement Monitoring frequency

Water consumption daily

Energy consumption

Waste input

Waste processed

Waste rejected daily

Sludge generation daily

Waste generation

Waste water flow

Waste water toxicityNoise level

[other]

4. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatmentinstallations, BAT is to improve the knowledge of the waste input by performing waste

characterisation with at least the minimum frequency and in accordance with EN

standards given below. BAT is to record the outcome of the characterisation onto

advanced computerised process control system as described in BAT 7.

Waste(s) Sampling frequencyAnalysis and

characterisation

parameter

[waste]- [parameter]

5. BAT is to monitor periodically odour emissions to air in accordance with EN standards(e.g. by using dynamic olfactometry according to EN standards). When applyingcomplementary methods for which no EN standards are available (e.g.

measurement/estimation of odour exposure, estimation of odour impact), BAT is to useISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an

equivalent scientific quality.

ApplicabilityApplicability is restricted to cases where the results of BAT16 I and II show that odour emissions

are likely to cause a significant odour exposure to sensitive receptors.

6. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risks of

treating hazardous waste, BAT is to monitor in the emissions to air and to water eachhazardous substance found in the waste input characterisation/analysis above the

concentration level that lead the waste input to be categorised as hazardous.


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1.1.2 Waste treatment performance[BAT 91, 117, 118, 119, 130]

7. In order to prevent accidents and to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reducepollution emissions from waste treatment, BAT is to use all the techniques given below:

[BAT 2, 7, 12, 40, 53, 60, 62, 66, 72, 78]

Techniques Description Applicability

a Complete set ofoperational documents

A fully-fledged set of engineered project sheets is produced, kept

available and implemented to ensure the provision of full details ofallthe activities carried out on-site, including the following:

(i) a plan of the site clearly identifying the following areas:- the waste treatment plant- the inspection, unloading and sampling areas (see

BAT10)

(ii) detailed descriptions, flow charts and mass balances of thewaste treatment methods(iii) descriptions of the procedures in place for the waste

treatment process(iv) diagrams of the main plant items that have environmental

relevance, together with process flow diagrams (schematics)(v) details of the chemical reactions and their reaction

kinetics/energy balance

(vi) details of the advanced computerised process control system(see technique b): general philosophy and environmentalmonitoring information

(vii) details on the environmental protection measures in placeduring other than normal operating conditions such as momentary

stoppages, start-ups, and shutdowns(viii) an instruction manual, detailing alsothe roles and profiles of

staff

Generally

applicable

b Advanced computerisedprocess control system

An advanced computerised process control system includes all the

main parameters in order to keep a full control of the ongoingtreatment process. In addition to the automatic measurements, thesystem integrates all the recordings given in these BAT conclusions .(see BAT 1.xi). All the data are backed-up.

Generally

applicable

c Waste tracking system A tracking system includes the following elements:(i) carrying out data traceability through several operational

steps (e.g. pre-acceptance/acceptance/storage/treatment/dispatch).(ii) the application of a waste tracking system unique identifier

(label/code) to each container at the reception stage (see BAT 8).

The identifier includes the date of arrival on-site and theEuropean Waste List (EWL) code.

(iii) Records of deliveries, on-site treatment and dispatches aremade and kept up-to-date in real-time onto the advanced

computerised process control system. The treatment steps aredocumented by using the same flow charts and mass balancesgiven in BAT 7.a. Records are typically held for a minimum of

six months after the waste has been dispatched(iv) recording and referencing the information on waste

characteristics and the source of the waste stream, so that it isavailable at all times. A reference number is given to the wasteand is obtainable at any time to enable the operator to identify

where a specific waste is in the installation, the length of time it

has been there and the proposed or actual treatment route(v) The tracking system operates also as a waste inventory/stock

control system in real-time onto the advanced computerisedprocess control system. It includes: date of arrival on-site, waste

Generallyapplicable


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producer details, details on all previous holders, an uniqueidentifier, pre-acceptance and acceptance analysis results,package type and size, intended treatment/disposal route, an

accurate record of the nature and quantity of wastes held on-siteincluding all hazards details on where the waste is physicallylocated in relation to a site plan, at which point in the designateddisposal route the waste is currently positioned.

d

Leakage detection andrepair A procedure that, for the purpose of early detection, operates regularlyleak checks of vessels, tanks, spits, drainage, pipe workand triggers aprompt reaction by the maintenance team. Particular attention is paidto underground elements. See BAT 1.xii(b).

Applicable ininstallationswhere materialsthat may easilyleak and

generatefugitiveemissions andor soil

contaminationare stored.

e [other]

1.1.2.1Reception, handling and storage

8. In order to reduce the environmental risks in the waste treatment and to improve thewaste treatment performance, BAT is tohave a good knowledge of the waste input and asafe and sound waste input reception by using all the following techniques:

[BAT 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 43, 72, 87, 92, 95, 105]


a Pre-acceptanceprocedure

The waste input pre-acceptance procedure provides details of thefollowing steps that are performed by the operator:

(i) The following information is received and verified with theproducer;

the contact details of the waste producer an appropriate description of the waste input, including its

composition and hazardousness; information on the nature and variability of the waste input

generation process; the European Waste List (EWL) code for the waste input.

(ii) for each new waste treatment request, a potentially suitabletreatment method for each waste input batch is identified, taking intoaccount:

- the installation treatment capabilities and risks;- the desired output quality and intrinsic risk

(iii) representative waste input samples from its generation processare obtained and analysed;

(iv) tests on the waste input samples with respect to the plannedtreatment are conducted;

(v) the treatment of the waste input is assessed, by applying aclear and sound-based methodology, on the basis of thephysicochemical properties ofeach individual waste inputbatch andthe specifications for the output (treated waste).

(vi) [other]

Generallyapplicable

b

Sampling procedureand laboratoryfacility

A sampling procedure and laboratory facility includes:(i) The sampling procedure is based on a risk approach. Someelements to consider are the type of waste (e.g. hazardous or non-hazardous) and the knowledge of the customer (e.g. waste producer)

GenerallyapplicableThis may affectthe applicability


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(ii) registration of all waste materials(iii) the relevant physicochemical parameters are checked on (e.g.

by viscometry, infrared, chromatography and mass spectrometry as

appropriate)(iv) sampling procedures are customised for

bulk liquid bulk solids large and small containers / vessels. The number of samples

increases with the number of containers / vessels. laboratory smalls.

(v) details of the sampling of wastes in drums within designatedstorage, e.g. the time-scale after receipt

(vi) sample prior to acceptance(vii) the following information is determined and recorded:

the sampling regime for each load, together with a record ofthe justification for the selection of each option are recorded;

a suitable location for the sampling points; the capacity of the sampled vessel (for samples from drums,

an additional parameter would be the total number of drums);

the number of samples and degree of consolidation;

the operating conditions at the time of sampling.(viii) in the case of cold ambient temperatures, a temporary storagemay be needed in order to allow sampling after defrosting.

(ix) a laboratory to timely analyse all the samples at the requiredspeed.

(x) a robust quality assurance system and quality control methodsfor the laboratory. The laboratory analyses results are timelyrecorded onto the advanced computerised process control system.

Particularly for hazardous wastes, this often means that thelaboratory needs to be on-site

(xi) [other]

of some of theabove items inthis BAT (see

Section 4.1.1.5).

c Acceptanceprocedure

The waste input acceptance procedure provides details the followingsteps that are performed by the operators:

(i) the operator accepts the waste input only if a definedtreatment method and disposal/recovery route for the output of thetreatment is determined; the results of the laboratory analysis areused to fine-tune the main control parameters for the chosen

treatment route (e.g. by mean of bench-scale test) (see pre-acceptance technique a(v));

(ii) the operator follows clear and unambiguous criteria for therejection of wastes and the reporting of all non conformances;

(iii) the residual waste storage capacity of the installation is aninformation always kept up-to-date in the advanced computerisedprocess control system; a pre-booking system ensures that the

residual waste storage capacity is sufficient for the incoming

acceptable waste inputs;(iv) the operators fully document and deal with waste inputs

arriving at the site, by checking and recording that the followingcriteria are available, guaranteed and respected

the necessary storage given by the real-time inventory, treatment capacity, dispatch conditions, including the acceptance criteria required

by the receiver of the output;(v) determination that the waste input is not radioactive waste;(vi) the operators inspect the waste input also to check compliance

with the description received during the pre-acceptance procedure: visually when there are no safety concern when visual inspection is not feasible for safety and/or healthy

reasons, the control of the compliance of waste-input issupported by analytical equipments (e.g. viscometry, infrared,chromatography, mass spectrometry), laboratories and the

adequate human resources

Generallyapplicable


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d Reception system A reception system includes:(i) move waste to the storage area only after acceptance of the

waste

(ii) written procedures to manage non-accepted waste(iii) a dedicated quarantine waste storage area where the rejected

waste can temporarily be safely stored when the inspection oranalysis indicates that the wastes fail to meet the acceptance criteria(including, e.g. damaged, corroded or unlabelled drums). Such

storage and procedures are designed and managed to promote therapid management of the rejected waste (e.g. days or less)

(iv) a procedure dealing with rejected waste that includes allmeasures to:

inform competent authorities, safely store the delivery for any transition period reject the waste and send it back to the waste producer or to

any other authorised destination.

(v) [other]

Generallyapplicable

e [other]

9. In order to reduce the environmental risk of accidents and incidents from the handling ofwaste, BAT is to use all the following techniques:

[BAT 28, 40]


a Handling systemsand procedures

Handling systems and procedures ensure that wastesare transferred to the appropriate storage safely.

b Loading andunloading

management system

A management system for the loading and unloading ofwaste takes into consideration any risks that these

activities may incur. In is an integrated part of the EMS(see ), whose options include ticketing systems,

supervision by site staff, keys or colour-codedpoints/hoses or fittings of a specific size

c Waste originchecking

A qualified person attends the waste holder site to

check the laboratory smalls and the old original wasteto categorise them according to the waste treatmentprocedures and to package the waste into specificcontainers, which may include special protection from

mechanical damage (e.g. fillers adapted to thepackaged waste properties)

Applicable to the treatment of

waste from an unclear origin orundefined waste

d Fit-for-purposeequipments

Vessels, hoses, valves and connections are used whenthey are not damaged.

Generally applicable

e [other]

10.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risk ofthe storage of waste, BAT is to use all the following techniques:

[BAT 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34]


a Strategic location ofstorage areas

The storage areas are located:

away from watercourses and sensitive perimeters,and

to reduce the handling and movement of wastesacross the site

A dedicated area/store for sorting and repackaginglaboratory smalls or similar waste is equipped withall necessary measures related to the specific risk


18/55


of the wastes

b Safety storageconditions

Waste-input and output are stored in specific containers,in a building under slight negative pressur and controlledtemperature

Applicable to mercury-containing waste

c Storing ofcontainerised wastesunder cover

Containerised wastes are stored in covered areas that giveprotection from e.g. sunlight, too high/low temperature,precipitation. The covered areas have adequate

ventilation and access always available.

Applicable when containerisedwastes are stored at any stages,including pending the sampling

and emptying. Not applicable ifthe waste or the containers arenot affected by ambientconditions.

d Sorting andrepackaginglaboratory smalls

laboratory smalls or similar waste are sorted according to

their hazard classification, with due consideration for anypotential incompatibility problems and then repackaged.After that, they are moved to the appropriate storage area.

e Valve closures All connections between the vessels are capable of beingclosed via valves.

f Preventing overflows Prevention measures for sludge and liquids to achievelevels higher than a safe threshold. Preventing theemergence of foams that may affect such measures in

tanks for liquids, e.g. by regularly controlling the tanks,by sucking out the sludge for appropriate furthertreatment and using anti-foaming agents. Equipping tanksand vessels with level meters and alarms. These systemsneed to be sufficiently robust (able to work if sludge and

foam is present) and regularly maintained.

g Inert atmosphere Storing organic liquid waste with a low flashpoint undera nitrogen atmosphere allows keeping it inert.

h Bund for liquids Bunds for liquid waste storage are impermeable andresistant to the stored liquids. Separate bunds are used forincompatible liquids.

i Tank and pipe worklabelling

Tank and process pipe work labelling consists in:

i. clearly labelling all vessels with regard to theircontents and capacity, and applying an uniqueidentifier. Tanks have an appropriately labelledsystem depending on their use and contents

ii. labels differentiating between waste water andprocess water, combustible liquid and combustiblevapour and the direction of flow (i.e. in or

outflow)iii. keeping records for all tanks, detailing the unique

identifier; capacity; its construction, includingmaterials; maintenance schedules and inspectionresults; fittings; and the waste types which may be

stored/treated in the vessel, including flashpoint

limitsiv. keeping the labelling system synchronised with the

advanced computerised process control system of

BAT 7.b

j Minimisation ofstorage residencetime

Take measures (e.g. acceptance planning, identifying themaximum capacity limit for that waste, and ensuringstorage capacity is not exceeded) to avoid problems thatmay be generated from the storage/accumulation of waste

Not applicable when the waste isused as a reactant.

k [other]

1.1.2.2Compatibility to mix or blend

11.In order to reduce pollution emissions and to prevent incidents/accidents from the wastetreatment, BAT is to use all the following techniques:


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[BAT 13, 14, 29, 30, 72, 78, 79, 80]


a Segregation andcompatibilityprocedure

A segregation and compatibility procedure includes the followingfeatures:(i) keeping records of the testing, including any reaction

giving rise to safety parameters (increase in temperature,generation of gases or raising of pressure); a record of theoperating parameters (viscosity change and separation orprecipitation of solids) and any other relevant parameters, suchas generation of odours; the records are inserted into the

advanced computerised process control system of BAT 7.b;(ii) packing containers of waste into separate drums based on

their hazard classification. Waste which are incompatible (e.g.oxidisers and flammable liquids, metals-bearing waste andcomplexing agents, other chemical incompatibilities) are not

stored in the same drum;(iii) evidence of the mixing/blending environmental benefits

is proven and recorded onto the advanced computerised process

control system of BAT 7.b by considering the followingfeatures:

(i) The reduction of substances concentration in the waste isnot considered an environmental benefit;

(ii) the type of waste (e.g. hazardous, containingPOP/accumulative substances): waste with POP,accumulative substances, chromium (VI), [othersubstance] are usually not compatible with othermaterials or waste, unless a specific environmental

benefit is obtained by the mixing/blending operation.(iii)waste treatment to be applied,(iv)the emissions of the treatment process as well as(v) the subsequent steps that will be carried out to the output

Applicable above[threshold for eachconcerned waste]

b Procedure tomix/blend

Mixing/blending operations, such as:

(i) bulking of different batches that have to be unloaded;(ii) re-using the waste from one activity/treatment as a feedstock

for another

are carried out:(i) after a positive outcome of the segregation and compatibility

procedure;

(ii) by trained personnel under instruction and supervision of asuitable manager/chemist; additional care is taken whenopening of packaged waste is required;

(iii)under local exhaust ventilation (see BAT 13)c [other]

1.1.2.3Input pre-treatment and output finalisation

12.In order to reduce the amount of treated waste sent to disposal and increase the wasterecovery efficiency while achieving the output quality requested by the receiver, BAT is to

implement the European waste hierarchy by using the following techniques:[BAT 2, 4, 11, 15, 34, 122, 123, 50, 58, 59, 60, 86, 94, 103]


a Detailed material balance A detailed materials balance provides abreakdown of the material input (waste, rawmaterial, chemicals) and output (including waste



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21/55


BAT-AEPL

New plant Existing plantWaste stream Parameter Unit Monitoring frequency

Monthly average

Waste oil [65 %, dry basis]

[other wastestreams]

Recovery rate % Continuous measurement

1.1.3 Emissions to air

13.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions to airfrom waste treatment activities, BAT is to use all the following techniques:

[BAT 24, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 65, 72, 82, 88, 89, 98]


a Exhaust gas capture,collection and treatment

The suitably sized (e.g. for peak loads associated

with loading and unloading) exhaust gasextraction, capture and abatement systemconsists in:(i) covering the holding tanks, pre-treatment

areas, storage tanks, mixing/reaction tanksand the filter press areas

(ii) capturing nearest to the source and collectingthe exhaust gas from vessels and tanks in thehandling of liquid waste, e.g. by mean of

extraction or depression and connecting thehead space above the settlement tanks to theoverall site exhaust treatment units; vapour

return lines for loading and unloadingvehicles, routing all vents to abatementsystems

(iii)handling and treating solids and sludge wastein closed areas which are fitted nearest to the

source with extractive vent systems linked toabatement equipment;

(iv)equipping storage tanks and vessels withsuitable capture, collection and treatment

systems to treat the vent gases from specifictanks (e.g. thermal oxidiser/incinerator or anactivated carbon adsorption).

Applicable when emissions to

air (e.g. dust, toxic substances)or odour nuisance are generatedin the loading, unloading,handling, storing and processing

([process steps]) of waste andraw materials.

b Low pressure process Keep the process under low pressure, controlledtemperature, linked with air treatment

Applicable when treating

mercury-containing waste

c Enclosed buildingsconnected to abatement

Highly odorous materials are stored and handledin fully enclosed or suitably abated vesselsplacing them in enclosed buildings connected toabatement

Applicable to highly odorousmaterials

d Abatement systemoptimisation

Correctly operate, regularly clean and optimisethe removal efficiency of the abatement system

e Recycling of effluents Separated dust and contaminated carbon from airtreatment are returned to the process

Applicable when treatingmercury-containing waste

f enclosed conveyor systems Applicable to dusty solid wasteg [Other]

The BAT reference document on Emissions from Storage (EFS BREF) contains BAT conclusionsthat are of relevance for the storage and diffuse emissions of fuels and additives.


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14.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dust emissions to air fromwaste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 41, 93, 107, 128]

Technique Description Applicability

a Wet scrubberb ESPc Bag or fabric filter Generally applicabled [Other]

BAT-associated emission levelsThe BAT-associated emission levels for dust are presented in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: BAT-associated emission levels for dust

Waste stream Pollutant Unit Monitoringfrequency

BAT-AELMonthly average

MSW

Metallic wastes

(shredding,crushing)

Spent activatedcarbons

Ashes

Soils

[Other]

Dust mg/Nm3

Continuousmeasurement

[In previous BATC, the PM emission levels associated to the use of BAT (mg/Nm3): 5 20]

15.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce VOCs emissions to air fromwaste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 37, 93, 126]


a Condenserb Adsorption systemc Thermal oxidiserd activated carbon Applicable to extracted gas from tanks holding

waste contaminated with solvents

e [Other]

BAT-associated emission levelsThe BAT-associated emission levels for VOCs are presented in Table 1.4

Table 1.4: BAT-associated emission levels for VOCs

Waste stream Pollutant UnitMonitoring

frequency

BAT-AEL

Monthly average

Drums/tanks

(washing)

MSW

VOCs in

total Cmg/Nm3

Continuous

measurement


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Soils

sludge

Liquid wastes

[Other]

[In previous BATC, the VOCs emission levels associated to the use of BAT (mg/Nm3): 7 20, for low VOC loads,

the higher end of the range can be extended to 50]

16.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce odorous emissions, BAT isto set up and implement an odour management plan, as part of the EMS in BAT 1, that

includes all of the following elements:

I. a protocol for conducting odour monitoring;II. a protocol for response to identified odour events;

III. an odour prevention and elimination programme designed to identify the source(s), tomeasure odour emissions, to measure/estimate odour exposure (see BAT 5), to

characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement elimination and/or

reduction measures; it includes a table containing actions and timelines;

IV. a reporting programme to regularly inform management on the results of the odourmanagement plan;

V. a review programme to regularly update the odour management plan;VI. training of staff;

VII. a review of historical odour incidents and remedies and the dissemination of odourincident knowledge.

VIII. [other]Applicability

The applicability of BAT 16 III. is restricted to cases where the results of BAT16 I. and II. lead tothe assumption that odour emissions are likely to cause a significant odour exposure to sensitive

receptors.

17.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce odorous emissions fromwaste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in

addition to BAT 13.


a Minimisation of residence timesOdour emissions are prevented byminimising the residence time of odorouswaste in unloading, handling, storage andtreatment areas, in particular under

anaerobic conditions.

b Chemical treatment Use of chemicals to destroy or to reducethe formation of odorous compounds

Generally applicable.

c End-of-pipe treatmentThis potentially includes:

bio filtration;bioscrubbing;biotrickling;

moving bed trickling filter.


d [other]


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1.1.4 Emissions to water and water consumption

18.In order to reduce water consumption and, where practicable, to prevent the discharge ofpollutants to water from the waste treatment, BAT is to use all the techniques given below.

[BAT 20, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 74, 116]


a Waste watertreatment plantdesign

At the design stage, identifying the main expectedchemical constituents of the treated effluent andmake an informed assessment of the fate of thesechemicals in the environment results in adequatelevels of emissions. See pre-acceptance and

acceptance procedures in BAT 8.


b Segregation ofdifferent water

streams in the waterand drainagesystems

Design of an industrial site with optimised watermanagement, where each (potentially)

contaminated water stream (e.g. road water,run-offs, process water) is collected and treatedseparately, depending on the pollution content.

Design of an industrial site in order to avoidsending non-contaminated water to general waste

water treatment system and to reuse as much aspossible collected water internally forindustrial/sanitary purpose in substitution of other

raw water. The rainwater is collected in a specialbasin for checking, treatment if contaminated, and

further use

Applicable to new plants.Applicable to existing plants within

the constraints given by theconfiguration of the water circuits

c Segregate waterstreams with

hazardouscompounds

Identify, segregate and treat waste waters thatmay contain hazardous compounds (e.g.

adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX);cyanides; sulphides; aromatic compounds;benzene or hydrocarbons)

Applicable to new plants.Applicable to existing plants within

the constraints given by theconfiguration of the water circuits

d Maximise internalwater recycling

Increase the number and/or capacity of waterrecycling systems.

Water recycling may be limitedconsidering the waste treatment

process (see specific sections)

e Avoid the use ofpotable water

Avoid the use of potable water for processes andair-pollution abatement techniques


f Water audits Carry out regular water audits (see EMS in BAT1), with the aim of increasing the reliability of thecontrol and abatement performance, reducingwater consumption, and preventing water

contamination


g [other]

BAT-associated environmental performance levelsThe BAT-associated water consumption levels are presented in Table 1.5

Table 1.5: BAT-associated water consumption levels

BAT-AEPL


daily average[process/waste

steams]Fresh waterconsumption

m3/t Continuous measurement

19.In order to reduce emissions to water from waste treatment plants, BAT is to use one or acombination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 52, 53, 55, 56, 67, 75, 83, 116, 120]


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a Mechanicaltreatment

Filtration, sedimentation, oil separation Generally applicable

b Biological treatment Aerobic biological waste water treatment usingaeration, including the removal of suspendedsolids by, e.g. sedimentation, secondary flotation

c Physicochemicaltreatment Removal of COD, particulates by addingchemicals to cause the solids to settle, and metalsby increasing pH (precipitation, flocculation,coagulation, sedimentation, neutralisation). Someadditional treatment (e.g. metal hydroxideprecipitation, sulphide precipitation) may be

needed e.g. when operating spent activated carbonregeneration

d Adsorption Activated carbon Applicable to waste water that iscontaminated by hazardous substances

e Thermal treatment Evaporation Applicable to waste water that ishighly contaminated by hazardoussubstances

f [other]

BAT-associated emission levelsThe BAT-associated emission levels for direct and indirect discharge to water are presented in

Table 1.6

Table 1.6: BAT-associated emission levels to water from waste treatment

Pollutant UnitMonitoring

frequency

BAT-AEL

Monthly average

pH -

COD

TOC

TSS

Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V

Cd+Tl

Hg

HCT

AOX

mg/l

Continuousmeasurement

[In previous BATC, emission values associated with the use of BAT (ppm):COD 20 120

BOD 2 20Heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) 0.1 1Highly toxic heavy metals:

As


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materials. The waste supply availability isguaranteed, but alternative treatments or otherraw materials are also available to avoid any

unnecessary waiting treatment time.

b benchmarking ofmaterialsconsumption

carry out an internal benchmarking (e.g. on anannual basis) of raw materials consumption (seealso BAT 1.ix and 12.a)

Some applicability limitations derivefrom the presence of impurities in thewaste that substitutes the raw material.

c

[other]

BAT-associated environmental performance levelsThe BAT-associated raw materials and chemicals consumption levels are presented in Table 1.8

Table 1.7: BAT-associated raw materials and chemicals consumption levels

BAT-AEPL


Monthly average[Raw material]consumption

[immobilisation,other

process/wastesteams]

[chemical]consumption

kg/t

Continuous

measurement

1.1.6 Energy consumption

21.In order to use energy efficiently in the waste treatment, BAT is to use all the followingtechniques:

[BAT 20, 21]


a

Detailed energy balance A detailed energy balance provides a breakdownof the energy consumption and generation(including exporting) by the type of source (i.e.electricity, gas, liquid conventional fuels, solidconventional fuels and waste). This involves:

(v) reporting the energy consumptioninformation in terms of delivered energy

(vi) reporting the energy exported from theinstallation

(vii) providing energy flow information (forexample, Sankey diagrams or energybalances) showing how the energy is used

throughout the process.


bEnergy efficiency plan An energy efficiency plan entails defining and

calculating the specific energy consumption ofthe activity (or activities), setting keyperformance indicators on an annual basis (e.g.

MWh/tonne of waste processed) and plan theperiodic improvement targets and related actions.


c [other]

The BAT reference document on Energy Efficiency (ENE BREF) contains BAT conclusions that

are of relevance for the reduction of energy consumption and the efficient use of energy.

BAT-associated environmental performance levelsThe BAT-associated energy consumption levels are presented in Table 1.8


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Table 1.8: BAT-associated energy consumption levels

BAT-AEPL


Monthly averageElectrical energy

consumption[process/waste

steams]

Fuel consumption

MWh/t Continuous measurement

1.1.7 Noise and vibrations

22.In order to reduce noise and vibrations emissions from relevant sources from wastetreatment, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 18]


a Strategic planning of thelocation of equipment, unitsand buildings

Noise levels can be reduced by

increasing the distance between theemitter and the receiver and by usingbuildings as noise screens.

Applicable to new plants. In the case of

existing plants, the relocation ofequipment and production units may berestricted by the lack of space.

b Noise and vibrationsmanagement plan

A noise and vibrations management planincludes identification of noise andvibrations sources and affected areas,calculations and measurements of noiselevels, and a reduction programme with

the identification of most cost-effectivecombination of techniques, theirimplementation, and monitoring. See

EMS (BAT 1)


c Operational and managementtechniques in buildingscontaining noisy equipment

This includes:

improved inspection andmaintenance of equipment toprevent failures;

closing of doors and windows ofcovered areas;

equipment operation by experiencedstaff;

avoidance of noisy activities duringnight-time;

provisions for noise control duringmaintenance activities.

d Low-noise equipment This potentially includes: compressors with 85 dB(A); speed-controlled pumps; avoidance of punched disks.

e Noise-reducers Installation of noise-reducers onequipment and ducts.

f Vibration insulation Vibration insulation of machineries anddecoupled arrangement of noise sourcesand potentially resonant components.

g Enclosure of noisy equipment Enclosure of noisy equipment inseparate structures such as buildings orsoundproofed cabinets where internal-external lining is made of impact-absorbent material.

h Soundproofing of buildings This potentially includes: sound-absorbing materials in walls

and ceilings;

Applicability is restricted to cases wherethe results of BAT 22.b lead to theassumption that noise or vibrationsemissions are likely to cause a significant

nuisance to sensitive receptors


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sound-isolating doors; double-glazed windows.

i Noise abatement Noise propagation can be reduced byinserting obstacles between emitters and

receivers. Appropriate obstacles includeprotection walls, embankments, andbuildings.

Applicability is restricted to cases wherethe results of BAT 22.b lead to the

assumption that noise or vibrationsemissions are likely to cause a significantnuisance to sensitive receptors.

Applicable to new plants. In the case ofexisting plants, the insertion of obstaclesmay be restricted by the lack of space.

j [other]

1.1.8 Prevention of soil and groundwater contamination

23.In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination from the waste treatment, BAT isto use all the following techniques, in addition to BAT 9 and 10:

[BAT 24, 42, 47, 63, 64]


a Sealed surface A sealed surface (e.g. full concrete base)in the whole waste treatment area (e.g.reception facility, storage area, treatment

areas) that falls to internal site drainagesystems which lead to storage tanks or tointerceptors that can collect rainwater

and any spillage. Interceptors with anoverflow to sewer have automaticmonitoring systems, such as pH checks,which can shut down the overflow.

Applicable to new plants

b Adequate drainage andoverflow infrastructure

The drainage infrastructure of the areas

where waste is received, handled, stored,treated or dispatched contains all possiblecontaminated run-offs and the drainagesfrom incompatible wastes do not mix.

Overflow pipes of vessels for liquids aredirected to a contained drainage system(i.e. the relevant bund area or anothervessel). Also rainwater falling on the

processing areas is collected along withtanker washings, occasional spillages,drum washings, etc. and returned to theprocessing plant or collected in a

combined interceptor.


c Waterproof retention area Each storage tank for liquids is put in awaterproof retention area

d Aboveground vessels andpipe work

Aboveground vessels and pipe work are

used.


e Security basin Implement a security basin to collectaccidentally polluted water. Thedischarge from this storage is onlypossible after the conclusion of all the

treatment measures and a subsequentfinal inspection

f [other]

1.1.9 Decommissioning


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24.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risksduring the decommissioning of waste treatment plants, BAT is to use all the following

techniques:[BAT 19]

Technique Description Applicabilitya Design considerations for

decommissioning

Design considerations for end-of-life plant

decommissioning:(i) considering the environmental impact from

the eventual decommissioning of the installation atthe stage of designing a new plant, as forethought

makes decommissioning easier, cleaner andcheaper

(ii) decommissioning poses environmental risksfor the contamination of land (and groundwater)

and generates large quantities of solid waste;preventive techniques are process-specific butgeneral considerations may include:

- using aboveground structures- incorporating features that facilitate

dismantling- choosing surface finishes that are easily

decontaminated

- using an equipment configuration thatreduces trapped chemicals and facilitatesdrain-down or cleaning

- designing flexible, self-contained units thatenable phased closure

- using recyclable and/or biodegradablematerials where possible.


b

Decommissioning plan A decommissioning plan incorporates the followingfeatures:i. inclusion of some of the staff experienced in

running the former plant at all stages ofelaboration and implementation;

ii. provision of procedures and instructions for allstages of implementation;

iii. provision of a detailed training and supervisionprogramme for personnel;

iv. determination of the quantity of waste to berecovered and disposed of and of thecontamination levels contained therein;

v. provision of working areas which are:-

vi. emptying of the waste containers, tanks, pipe

works, vessels, drainage, drums, bund by:

- vii. carrying out of all dismantling and demolition

operations by:

- storing of contaminated equipment insuitable areas;

- accounting of waste streams;- decontaminating or renewing the waste

water collection systems in or around theplant;

- monitoring of in air, water and waste,including for an appropriate time after thefinalisation of the decommissioning orconversion;

viii. if needed, interim storage of waste on site in



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1.2 BAT conclusions for mechanical treatments

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the mechanical

treatment of waste, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.

1.2.1 BAT conclusions for sorting, sieving

1.2.1.1General environmental performance

25.In order to improve the general environmental performance and reduce the risk ofaccidents and incidents from the sorting of wastes, BAT is to implement the European

waste hierarchy by using an appropriate combination of the techniques given below:[BAT 24, 84, 124]


a Optimising recovery rate Operate sorting considering the potential recoveryof the waste components, e.g. sort out and recovermetallic parts before biological treatment

b Near Infrared spectroscopy(NIR)

Near Infrared spectroscopy helps the process ofsorting out different type of plastics

c Visual inspection Visual inspection of the incoming waste to sort outthe bulky metallic or non-metallic parts

d Separators for metals The use of magnetic ferrous and non-ferrous metalseparators.

Applicable to preparation

of solid waste fuels fromnon hazardous waste. Notapplicable when preparingsolid waste fuels from

source-separated wastestreams.

e Dedicated sorting locationOperate sorting in dedicated areas or buildings,according to the hazard classification of the waste

to be sorted, and with due consideration for anypotential incompatibility

f Filter cleaning Steam- or high-pressure water jet is used to rapidclean the filter holes of the sieving processes.

Applicable to liquid waste

g [Other]

1.2.2 BAT conclusions for crushing, shredding, or milling


26.In order to improve the general environmental performance and reduce the risk ofaccidents and incidents from crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use an

appropriate combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 33, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127]



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a

Prevent hazardouscomponents in waste-input

In complement of BAT 25, this includes:a. Confiscate and repatriate dangerous items (e.g.

gas cylinders, dirty drums, EoLVs with

dangerous parts, etc.) to the appropriate ownerleft by mistake in the waste stream

b. Reception and acceptance of drums and tanksonly with certificate of cleanliness

c. Produce and follow a detailed baled materialinspection procedure before fragmentising


b Inert atmosphere Perform crushing/shredding operations under fullencapsulation and under an inert atmosphere. Theinert atmosphere is captured and treated.

Generally applicable toplants processing wastecontaining flammable,hazardous or highly

volatile substance

c [Other]

1.2.2.2Mercury emissions to air

27.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce mercury emissions to airfrom crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the

techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Adsorptionb Condensation

Applicable where waste contaminated by mercuryis treated

c [Other]

BAT-associated emission levelsThe BAT-associated emission levels for mercury are presented in Table 1.9

Table 1.9: BAT-associated emission levels for mercury from crushing, shredding, milling of wastes


frequency

BAT-AEL

Daily average

Mercury-containingwaste

[Other]

Hg mg/Nm3Continuous

measurement

1.2.2.3Dioxins and furans emissions to air

28.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dioxins and furansemissions to air in the crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a

combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Thermal oxidiserThermal oxidation at 1100 C (850 C when burningexhaust gases with less than 1 % of halogenated organic

substances) with a two seconds residence time and anoxygen content > 3 %

Applicable where waste

contaminated by halogenatedorganic substances is treated

b [Other]


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BAT-associated emission levelsThe BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans are presented in Table 1.10

Table 1.10: BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans from the crushing, shredding and milling of

wastes


frequency

BAT-AEL

Average over the sampling period

EoLVWEEE

MSW

Drums/containers

[other]

Dioxins andfurans

ngI-TEQ/Nm3

PeriodicmonitoringTimes/year

1.2.2.4Emissions to water

29.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to water from thecrushing, shredding or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the

techniques given in BAT 18 and 19:

BAT-associated emission levelsSpecific BAT-associated emission levels for zinc emissions to water from crushing, shredding andmilling of wastes are presented in Table 1.11.

Table 1.11: BAT-associated emission levels for zinc from the crushing, shredding milling of wastes


frequency

BAT-AEL

Monthly average

EoLV

[Other]Zn mg/l

Continuous

measurement

1.2.2.5Vibrations

30.In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce vibrations emissions frommechanical treatment of waste, BAT is to use the technique given below, in addition to

BAT 22:


a Dampening adjustment Adjustment of mill and its dampeningmounts, taking into consideration thefoundation

Applicable to plants close to sensitive

receptors

b Resonance assessment Assessment of resonance during milloperation

Applicable to plants close to sensitivereceptors

c [Other]


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1.3 BAT conclusions forbiological treatments

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to biological treatment

of waste, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.


31.In order to prevent at source the generation of pollutants and to improve the generalperformance of the biological treatment of waste, BAT is to select and pre-treat the waste

input feedstock by using the techniques given below.[BAT 66]


a Selection of feedstockfor biological systems

Active parts of the feedstock can be easilyre-used or recycled after an early separation

from the rest (e.g. glass, metals)


b Admissible wasteadjustment

adjust the admissible waste types andseparation processes according to the type

of process carried out and the abatementtechnique applicable (e.g. depending on thecontent of non-biodegradable components)


c [other]

1.3.1.2Odour

32.In order to reduce emissions to air of odorous substances from the unloading, storage and

handling ofbiodegradable waste, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition toBAT 16 and 17.[BAT 65]


a Automated and rapidaction doors

(opening times of the doors being kept to aminimum)

Applicable in combination withtechnique c to odour-intensive wastes

b Closed feed bunkers housing closed feed bunkers constructedwith a vehicle sluice

Applicable in combination withtechnique c to highly odour-intensivewastes

c Exhaust air collectiondevice

An exhaust air collection device results in

an small vacuum effect in the hall orbunkers area


d Odour abatement Include the use of the air as combustion airin the engines or bio-filter


e [Other]

1.3.2 BAT conclusions specific to aerobic treatment


33.In order to improve the general environmental performance of aerobic biodegradation,BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below, in addition toBAT 7.


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[BAT 67, 69]


a Specific process parameterscontrol

Controlling the levels of biodegradation and theair supply by using a stabilised air circuit and byadapting the aeration to the actual biodegradation

activity allow to keep full control of the

biodegradation process and to avoid anaerobicconditions. Other parameters are used foradditional control of the process or of the outputquality


b enclosed bioreactors Fully enclosed bioreactors allow having a bettercontrol of the biodegradation processes

c Uniform and optimisedfeed

A uniform and optimised feed is ensured byoptimising the C:N ratio

d [Other]

1.3.2.2Emissions to air

34.In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air from aerobic biodegradation, BAT is to usethe techniques given below:

[BAT 68, 69, 70]


a Fine tune the processcontrol

A fine tuning of the process control parametersbased on the continuously learning of the

connection between the controlled variables ofbiological degradation and the measured(gaseous) emissions

b Bag filterc regenerative thermal

oxidiser

d [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels

The BAT-associated emission levels to air from aerobic biodegradation are presented in Table 1.15.

Table 1.12: BAT-associated emission levels for odour, NH3, N2O, Hg, CH4, dust, VOC from aerobicbiodegradation

BAT-AEL

Monthly averageType of waste Parameter UnitMonitoring

frequencyNew plant Existing plant

exhaust gasspecificvolume

Nm3/t [old values: 2500 8000] [old values: 2500 8000]

odour ouE/m3 [old values:


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1.3.2.3Water consumption and emissions to water

35.In order to reduce water consumption and prevent emissions to water of aerobicbiodegradation plants, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18.

[BAT 69]

Techniques Description Applicabilitya Water management

integrationA close integration between the process and thewater management by mean of the advanced

computerised process control system allow tokeep full control of the water consumption


b Waste water reuse The waste water and leachate is recycled as waterinput to the maximum extent allowed by theprocess (e.g. high concentrations of some toxic

compounds may cause negative effects).


c recycling process waters recycling process waters or muddy residueswithin the aerobic treatment process tocompletely avoid water emissions.


d [other]

BAT-associated environmental performance levelsSpecific BAT-associated water consumption levels from aerobic treatment are presented in Table

1.13.

Table 1.13: BAT-associated water consumption levels from aerobic treatment

BAT-AEPL


daily average

Sewage sludge

Biological wastefrom separated

collection

mechanically

pre-treated MSW

[Other]

Fresh waterconsumption

m3/t Continuous measurement

36.In order to prevent or reduce emissions to water from aerobic treatment plants, BAT is touse the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18 and 19.

[BAT 71]


a [tertiary techniques thatremove nitrogencompounds]

BAT-associated emission levels

The BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to water are presented in Table 1.15.

Table 1.14: BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to water from aerobic treatment


frequency

BAT-AEL

Monthly average


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P

N (1)

NH3

Nitrate

Nitrite

Cl

[Sewage sludge,biological wastefrom separated

collection,mechanically pre

treated MSW,other] [Other]

mg/l

Continuous

measurement

(1) Total Nitrogen

1.3.2.4Energy efficiency

37.In order to use energy efficiently in aerobic treatment, BAT is to use the techniques givenbelow.

[BAT 69]


a Building insulation thermally insulating the ceiling of the biologicaldegradation hall in aerobic processes

b Pre-treatment pre-treat the waste by anaerobic digestion Applicable to wet biodegradablewaste

c [Other]


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1.3.3 BAT conclusions specific to anaerobic digestion

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to

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