Do@c{mernta

rltF_l

e-:-....'.-a t

,N IHIS ISSUE

IION collection of rhe province of Csik

GABRIEL ADRI{NTI : Zur Geschtchte des Deutschen Rltterordens in Sieben5"rgen

ldszr,o MAKKAI : Transsylvanian Towns

i.StfLYt - L.PATAKY : Die Belohnung der Finder des Attila-Schatzes vor

N agvszentmiklos

L. }\4AKKAI : Responsabilltd scientifique ou jeu avec les mots ?

F.PoLosKEI:IstvSnf.isza'sPoiicytor,lardt}teRtimanranNationaiiriesonrheEve of World War I

GEORC:E BAILEY : Trouble over Transsylvania

M INC\NTY CITI ZLx* SI{IP iN RUIvIANIA

TESTIN4ONY C)F S()N/t[ tltr]IGARIANS ON 'IllE SIT'LIA'IION Cit' THEIR

Cotvl PATRIOTS IN TRANSSTLVANIA

*t

20lT.6l.l KALL6S : The book of ballads ( Rec' E M' F' )

H ECKEN AST -N OV{KI-VASTA GH- zoLTAI : Hisrory of Hun garians M etallurgy

in the Early Middle Ages (R':lens'A' BARTHA )

E. ANDIcs : Metternich und die Frage Ungams ( Recens. E. ARATo )

NDRE ARATO : L'histoire de I' Eurge orienale dans la premiere moitld

du XIX- slecle. ( Recens' Z'szASz)

GY.LdSzLd : From v€rtessz6l6s to Pusztaszer ( Recens' A' SARTitA )

SHERMAN D. SPECTOR : RLrmania at *re Paris Peace Conference ( Rec" ZS' L' NAGY)

58

't2

82

94

I00

LL+

133

*

L44

156

160

164

_ib i

169

t'|4

r01

-uoc lBurelur aql uo dcrlod u€IIBg slr es€q 01 lqgnos dqcreuolq eq}'dn ue{orq

onb sntnrs peqole.4\ dgn;erec aqt qlllN 'lce; peqsqdurocc€ '^tau B qlr'n sra'not{

lear8 eq+ 5o draurqceru crtreuroldlp oql peluoguoo ecuerllY eql Jo sorrolcra

uoar dllcrnb ".{.L 'Z16T lo urunlns aql s€ -{Fea se '{a]Irn; lsureSe suorlerodo

L.re3rpur potrsls sorr1unoc osaql 'ocaare pue oor8eua1uo141 'eue81ng oerq;ag

Suipnlcur 'peuuo;. se-fr ccu€rIIY u€I1eg eql 'ra,tearo:q- '7,16I u1 'onb sntols ,eqlurelur€ur ol sr leql 'e.rrdurg qsrrlrnf oq1 Jo srorluorJ aql ozrlrqels o] osapecap

Iere^es ro3. 'ueaq peq fcrlod-us{Ieg uer.re8unll-uerrlsnY eql Jo a'Lrlcefqo

urew erII 'S16I-Z16I Jo srel[ ue{Ieg aqr dq dpeurrd 'scr111od plro'4\ Jo

$luelo eqr dq pate,l.er88e roqlrnJ se,n dqcreuoru crlsrlenp oql Jo srsuc eq;'roqlro JJo asBa lou plp sesselc

Surin.r ueue3unll pu€ u€rrlsnY eql uoa,Aleq ursruo8elue lecrtrlod pue cruou

-oc6 'olrsuelur oJor.u pu€ ororn eureceq .t1qelr'taur tlaae'toq 'lueurure"r'o8 aq]

lsurege serlrleuorleu AeIS scelrSsny Jo uorleredo-oc eql 'soqoJlrod l€IrlslulurSursrtuord ro Surrey;o ,{q pue 's1ced elrcreoc Jo sueotu dq

- se1o6 pue sqcozJ

oql tuory IIe Jo ls.IrJ - Ioxluoc rraql rapun sorlrleuorl€u pu€ suorlsu ar{l uro$

t.roddns uru8 o1 pr€q perrl dlpoleedo.r sluetuurr,to8 uerrlsny eq6 'sulsnY

ur suorlrodord elqe4reurar .{*e1nc1}red perunss€ ."ri|;*Tj;'"i" lrJr,ifr'r",

aql Suouu luoulaaolu-urslqcs PaIIBc se.l{ lBqA se,ll uolluolltl qcnul 8ur1cer1ly.sell{rourru irETuBruotl puB {BAoIS 3o suorle.rrdse 1ecr1r1od Pue Ieuorl€u eql 01

ua.rrB se,t snledur ^{.au Y ',{e,ltpeeq ePew osl€ o'{'re8un11-€rrlsnY;o luapuad

-apur 'e1e1s ^€IS uraqlnos € Jo uorldecuoc eql '(s'relso3na) s'Le1g ureqlnos

aqt Suorue repdod IusII€Irl Jo BopI Sur8renre eql eplseg 'soIlIIouIqI Ieuolleu

3o d.rolsrq aql uI qcode .lteu € pauedo osIE op€cap srql 'uorl€luerro eluelug-s,r.{1or9y

dtCqltr{ ."luauoAoIu uecrlqnder eql Pus tusIrelIIIuI-IluB Jo acue.reedde

eqr 1e31 dreluauerl.red dreuolsnc aql ur llllspuBls e :o{Irls 1ecrr11od leraua8

e^rsseur € ueAa Surqel,repun .sse1c turqron. eql 3o ged eql uo uorl€urrurolap

luelrlrtrl e sB qcns .su8rs snor.re,L ,{.q po1€clpul{.1.ree1a sB.^tr slq} o,(..re8un11 u1

.asEorsur ()1 panurluoc (msqunp Pomral prei4.roJecueq) ,{.qcreuolq len0 u€rJ

^egun11-orlsnY eq1 ur oleuorleu pue Iercos qloq "srsuc aql's0I6I eql uI

rsxsQrgd 'd

,{q

t r€ni! p{roa $o a^a 1,{} uo saT}rleuo}}€N

u€ru€mou aql P.t€l!{'O} A?rlod s6EzsrJ u€'l|}sl

flicts of the Alliance. This conception was furthered by the national independ-ence struggles of the Balkan peoples changing into an all-out agressive im-perialist war in u'hich these peoples became tools in the hands of the greatpo\{:ers. In the Second Balkan War, the forrner al}ies wagcd r+'ar against eachother, or more precisely Serbia, Montenegro and Greece fought against Bul-garia. Rornania also joined forces ryith them. Thus a seat of world war tookshape in the Balkan region in 1912-1913. Preparations for a world war onthe part of the great powers also commenced. The disappointed Monarchymight rvell register the outcome of the Balkan Wars as a failure. The firstBalkan War had demolished the very basis of the Monarchy's former policv:the hope of stotus quo had to be given up; the only thing the Monarchy wasable to achieve

- in exchange - rvas the creation of an independant Albaniaat the London Peace Conference. For the l{onarchy, the Second Balkan warturned out a series of failures in foreign policy. The former conservative andnegotiation-minded diplomacy was replaced by a rvorld rr-ar-oriented policyin concert with Germany. First thcy reckoned only with a local war confinedto Serbia. From the turn of 1913 and l9l4 onward, however, both Tisza andBcrcJrtold had to realize, that Russia would not stand neutral in a possible\4rar.

From among the politicians of the ruling classes, Istv6n Tisza was thefirst to recognize the Monarchy being in rlanger. This recognition gave rise tohi-q extreme obstinacy with rvhich he literally drove his party to carry out thetransformation of the country's domestic politics. He had this end in mindlvhen he undertook to assume the function of Speaker of the House in May,1912, and that of Prime-Minister in June, 1913. For the same reason he sentthe sovereign

- rsith unflagging enthusiasm - his memoranda, containing

hi'q conceptions regarding the main lines of the Balkan policy. Tisza tended toconsider the legislative activities - or rather operation

- of the Parliamentand the Cabinet as the prirnary means - sort of miraculous power - leadingto success. After June, 1912, the national labour party governments, there-fore, first revised, then remodelled the governmental system of domestic pol-itics. l.hich had been built up after the Compromise of 1867, in the belief thatthey rrould thus be able to consolidate their rule in the long range. By extend-ing the scope of authority of the speaker of the House and by setting up theoopquard" of the House of Representatives, they eliminated even the possibilityof obstruction once for all. The reshaping of the conventional forms and rulesof domestic politics started v-ith the destruction of the customary weaponsof the opposition, Then several larvs and government decisions that hadregulated the socio-economic and political life after the Compromise, weresubjected to revision. Before the outbreak of Vorld Var I, the national labourparty government enacted - among others -- a ne\\' law of suffrage and anelv press-lalr, and pushed through an act investing the government with spe-

102

80r

.6t7,-tzz -d 'e 'oN 99-6_I_,"11"^"-s,

rulauglrgr (.1ueuru.ra,r'o8 rsrrJ s.€z'lr lgi-til^-{".,{:tlod eqr u!-uolrsenb ueluewou eqi) 'uDgp'I

-qrltrl9o4 'Ious,tuplxtoil 9,1i uiotil "'Xrl::l:2i.:!!i'-y

it'ytg :z :ggot'lsedcpng ('suemeur

-ou pue Eu€rrBbung) ''1iu9io'i9 '1i'frrai1a t*tgi"t"z:(:rd-laEnuew "(reFun11

ul uelqord

,(1r1euolreu oql Jo arotsrq "qr

po,i eireo_.rg)"(1er;29#\:rtitgigt i97tt91 rSVsnazTuau lxo:stotnttsnw

n sa Eszstoloatog ,rn"oj .ii;*, ;i."ariii.b 1-;$J""n rrp"o1ir"'"qt;-o- '{rolsrq yJ'alartatte.t

sgptgtl |Egs7tazur, 7 ,^ug*dy*."j:3':g9oi .-p__""-ir."siltroi-'0161.ur reglzssor'rurgl'{ rII uor}sano

u'ruaq*u aqr) 'rle'zel vrii. droi 'iii'I yi':'-!"bi"iii""iii* Y ':^:np 't' :ts6l 'tsadepns

'z 'IoA (potrrd crls.rlenp {j; ';i;'1" iii'i1onp y t"io"3 'c iss6r 'so3nJ'('salrlleuorlEu uBIu

-E.uou eqr spr'n ol ,rc^11otl-?.ezs1;, ug-usl lYl-?.";;;t;"; eciri<is) zor1pfpt1247od Tazslnzuau

uotuor unntsl ozslf Jgtd ,1otu'9*liuotil-'{:t::f;"y'ig ttl"o'n ";1"-"i-1"'H 51qu:1'reumr a:ou

Fur.arollo; aql ^q

qtlia ,1J"p t' p1"g "'i"-"qr 1lq-'lnittirur

Jo ralJBr'qr aql Pua lcclqns 0t{'

qloq Paorural"p ""o"1"-'i"ti"'"'"i5 jdaqoduellEot3"tq qlt'ti pue suaru€ruou eq'l qllt* srrotl

-eltoEau B3azsrl qlljvr 'IIB ;o- rsrll "p*eu'eiuoc-are """Ittot pl'i".nocsrp dltuacer esrql 'E'rlu'{rqJre

u-rrotr{un rBJ os ul o1r"t**d '";i"q"L'o1rto spr'naol dc11od i'ezsrl u9^1sr perpnls e^Brl r r

pu€ srnol€epue lsruorsuedxe s6EIssnU -rno$

rrreql eleredae tr} perrl 3t[ 'slq1

qlllN 'ureql qr+ oot*",ado-oc '"to1"*d" P1nq 01 'tlesseceu r1 rqEnoqr ezs1l

,dgelrru1 'dqc.reuoru clls11€nP aql Jo ernlnJ atll no lcedlnr lele! e eAutl plno''\

uolunrleqll€ql^Aeu{aqesneceqosecro3:SururotulorJluaqlluaaerdolS}JoJ}Jepem eq odqc.reuo141

"q*'tt '" 11"'* se'sue11eg oql q saldoad cr^€{S aq} uo

ecuanlJur s(Brssnll Jo uollEclJlsualur eql Jo "tt^t 1i'^ Sureg 'sralluo$ so'(rlunoc

eqr puo.(aq qr3uerts t,'.,"a'"c"id iti13 "qt ut €rqros pu€ sru€tuog osalels

rourur eql /t{€s oH 'luewqs{qelse cr}sll€np aqf Jo uorl€prlosuoo eq1 roJ luelrod

-rur .(re,r uorlsanb ;;;F";I;; "q' 1o''oi"es oq1 perePrsuos.ell "ra'r'r'od leer8

€ s€ ernlnJ ,.rq"r"oo6 eql Jo it'foa^"t,, eq1 ruorJ uorlsanb '(1r1uuor1eu eqt

peurdexe p€q €zsrl oesnoll oq1 Jo 're>1eedg pelcale s€na eq.ToJeq 3uo1

'Duorlezrred8etrq<t elqrcloJ aql

,(q ueqr sesrruordnroc 1€ parul€ suollerlotau dq peuerq8uel1s 't1a't11ceJJa aroltr

qcnur eq plnoc dcurn",do' oti"n8ung l€ql rqBnoqr - aceld lsllJ aq1 ur ezsrtr

pu€ _- ,{pe6 rnoq€.1 leuorleN eql 'ecro; uo poseq uoeq luelxo c3rel u 01 peq

_- 016I puB 906I ueo.^^leq -- €ro uorlrt€oc eqt Burrnp serlrlBuorleu oql spr€'l|ol

.{crlodaqteiql['r411€rtrttq*ot'oo'rd""oo"u^{osrqpelJlpourosl€crlpue'sros-saceperd plq Jo "toq*

*o"i slurod lereles m pereJJrp uorldecuoc sgezsrtr, 'uor1

-nlo,,ler crl€rcoluap Surrnleu oq1 JoJ-suorlecrldur dueur s1r Jo esn€ceq osIB 1nq

sn1adrurre8uo.r1s",^".3o,o,'3o""q,(1r.,""als€quorlsanbsrqlasnscaq"tluoloudqde.r8or.rolsrq uerre8unll Jo >{sel lu€lrodur ue sr selul€troll€u oql spre'$'o1

.{cqodsrqdpnlsol.l""d,",SIqlute,{IlcBdl.repcruedse$'€zsIIT.SeIlIIeuoIlauspr'naol ,{cr1od

-"t.J""; o9'"t1 i1"n*'"d 'srq1 urqlrr* pu€ -- sodlre4 rnoqeT

leuorleN oq1 sB,4& po""i*""^-erd eqr ur luecrsruBrs 'tgelncllred Suluocag

, '.{rn[ "t*;;;;;n "t1 1to"a;'^"1 "p'"r

ur fp'eurrd 'scrlqod crlseur

-op Jo sno{ssocuoc Israqll rarrrroJ "qf "fn8o"qn

ot peuueld sluauru'teAoB ezsrtr

pu€ sogrlnT aq;'surure8req pue rorrer dq saplpuorleu ;o surelqord eql elllas o]

palu€^t osp -teq;, l"t"*"po"3 eqr Yo d1*oq1ne ;o edocs aql popuolxa 'uoll

-ezrueFeo pue dquasse Jo mopaag aql pey€lrnc iecua;ap oq1 ol se suc'rl€pueu

-ruoeoJ lercedsBurleur,tqrnsrrelrg*p"o"iqSrrerrs u 1re,t 5o esea ur sre'l'rod lere

!

T

to induce them to give up their active part in the national movemints of

their kins within the MonarchY.

Besides checking the Russian influence and establishing co-operation

with the minor countri€s in the Balkanso Tisaa also aimed at ooreconcilingtt

the national minorities in Hungary. flis address in the House on 12 July' 1910

focussed attention on the necessity of settling the nationality problem in a

quite novel fashion. In his opinion, this was made possible bv the great vic-

tory of the National Labour Party on the June elections in 1910' Once the

Party was in power, he opined, there would be more chances to negotiate and

to appreciate the..orightful demandsto of the nationalities, at the same time?

it woUa be possible to keep a strong fist over the inciters ancl trouble'makers'

He though that concessions made from the position of absolute power would

be held in higher esteem by the nationalities since the National Labour Party

did not make them out of fear.z

After its victory on the elections in June, 1910, the National Labour

Party put an end to ihe negotiations started early in 1910 with the bourgeois

parties of, the nationalities, and broke its former promises. To tighten up the

iress administration, cabinet sessions ever more frequently withdrew the right

of postal carriage of nationality publications and foreign newspaPers'3 In the

fielil of tho preiso Tisza had, from the o*tset, sought to inerease the severity

of judicaturi. Besiile police measures, he continued the process of "Magyari-

z*tion'.' partly througl the educational systemr partly through the activities

of nationalist adult Jducational societies. At the same time? on the basis of

the E[ungarian nationalist hegemony, he also sought to come to an agreement

with the -higher

circles of the nationalities, first of all with big landowners and

high priests. Naturallyo his approaeh to the problen 1r'as pregnant with the

"olu"-q.."r."e that the radical democratic elements of the nationalities would

shrinf from any kind of negotiations based on sheer polt'er position'

As against the coalition, in his policy towards nationalities, Tisza pri-

marily concentrated on the Romanian question and paid less attention io the

croatian events. He though that - making best of the frontier debates be'

tween the Romanians ancl Russians _- it vrould be easier to settle the Problem

of Romanians living in Hungary than to come to peaceful terms with the

.southern Slavs, that livecl in the neighbourh-ood of Serbia' and were strongly

exposed to the Panslav agitation. Besidles, the settling of the virtually simpler

RJmur,iao problem was mucl:. more convenient for the Romanophile fcreign

policy ,f trr" Triple Alliance. Not infiequently did Tisza ask the common fnr-"*igrrki*iuter to help him with his actions in this riratter.4 As earlY as 19tr0,

j Pesti NapI6 (hencercrward: P' N')'"" l?ilXli, {}iationcl {rchives, Minutes of ther 61525srs^ Lei6lt6t' M;oi.'terrandcsi jegy

c"bi,,et;'';"Tt""c':';;;;;f*;a' o' t" Mi"'"iu"' jkv-') Novem-be^r 5'. 1910'

a Haus-, Hof-,";"s;;;ir.r"li". wi"" (hencef6rward: IJ H. St. A.) XXXX. 174. P. A.

lnternal. Kcr"esp. mit Zivilbehiiriien (tlngarn)'

104

I

901

'auralul 'v 'd 'trl 'Tx 'v'ls 'H 'H e'0i6I 'IZ raqolco 'N 'd a

'?I '{o1€rl ezs1l ('1 'X 'S 'U :pr€.troJecueq

- qtrrnq3 perrrroJeg eqt Jo se^Iqory lerxuef,) Ergtl?^eT ltuodzoy zgqfl1 lnlgurroJeg e

rru.dsrrrox 'eu.reruI 'etI 'v 'd 'Tx 'y 'is 'H 'Ir :ero*req'r n]:saz:HiTl6;it'clit}Htf-roJeaueq

- ac.I$O B.retsrurl{l eurnd oql;o sa,rrqcry) r'9119^el r3gs4guleretzs5ultrq 'T 'O e

oql qU^{ ,(1uo sr1p1 psq eH '1ueruear88 Jo uorlrpuoc e diled oql Jo uorlnlos-srP eql epBE plle o,{xreg

leuort€N ueru€wou aql Jo uorl€crJrlsnf eqr ezruto-cer ot pesnJer eH 'tsenber slqt 01 ree J€ep B peurnl drg,t.rep911-uenq1 6016I

eunf Jo suorlcele eqt reT€ porrad oql q '.reae,la'o11 s'srepBel dge6 IEuollBNuBruBruou aql qllr\r suorl€rxogeu qcns uo .{.r.rec o1 luorpedxe eroru 1r pelueop

eq lnq .uorleqrcuocol lnoqe turtur.rq 3e sldruelle sll uI lueulu.relroS eql qlrr*peer38 eq l€qt peur€idxa slBreq{ uBruBrrrou eql Jo rapsol 6nuer19.rg 'ieqlue.rqeyrelsrurur utra.rog rrourtuoc eqt o1 016I '0I reqmaldeg Jo rellal slq uI

r'sIeIrl(uor1e11cur) uorsrolqns uo e9.rn 01 xou s.{eu.ro11e eql porapro 6cr1sn[ Jo Jolsrurrl

cql elull eE€s oql lp (serllroqlnB lEclls€Isolcce pue IsuollBcnpa uslu"Iuou

qllilr al8reprsuoc dlrslnclued eq 01 woql pesl^pB pue e3en3ue1 uerreSunlleql Jo esn aql uo ssercoB pue sna€I oql llpr8lJ ool ecroJue 01 ldu srolcedsur

-Iocqcs eql polcnrlsul uoll8cnpe puB c.rnllnc Jo relsrurur oql 'ropro lepusplJuor

" uI .suorssecuoc urelJec Jo esnuord aqf peul€luteIu uello lueotrulelo3 uelreg-unH oql odlsnoeuullnEls e'lueureqco.rdde.r pcrfgod E Jo srolBlPeur se lcE 01

ureqt Surtrarrr oslserrd q8rq uerueuog eql or pepedde ezsrl ssuorlcala eq1 rege

rq81g 'sreu,r{opuel 8rq puu stserrd q8rq uerueurog Jo rrrnrpeur eqr q8no.rqr

luarueersB parlsep qcnur os eql ezrlBer 01 polusn^ ,{eqr reqr reuY 'sroqlo

puu nru€I{I 'sIpIoO 'pe1a :fr.re4 I€uorlBN uerueruog erll Jo rep€el ouo ueqlarour u.ltop urnl 01 poSEu€E luetuureao8 l.ig.t.rep911-uanqy eql Jo Surraa

-uollcalr eql 'suotlcele 016I oq1 uO 'ualsds cllsrlunp eql eleprlosuoo o1 slroJJr

s1r ur d1re4 rnoqeT IsuoIl€N eq1 Jo :(8reue eqr Jo lsow peclrosqe lueueaouIeuorleu uerueruog aqx 'snq;, '8uraq-ga.r'r lurreleru Jrer{l Jo ocrnos d.returrd aqlpepr,rord sluesaed pu€ sra{rorrd u€rueruog pue ueuu8ung Jo .re.r,r,od-:rnoqel

deaqc aql qcrqm uo selelse a8.re1 pauar.o sreqlo pue uelqleg uealsl 'l.ss9.rpu"1-lezsr; suorBer asoql uI 'su€ruerrrog "(q parlqequr ssol ro e.roru serrolrrralur polsorelu{ s€nr sess€lc 8ur1n.r uerretunll er{} Jo ued poo3 e ',t11ecrruouocg'plerJ lernllnc eql ur pue scrlqod cllsoluop str uI qtoq Ltuouolne psq osp 1trerleor3 r{llna esrworduoc eqt uo tcY B9BI eq} Jo enur,,r. dg 'ecuepuedapm

3o e+.r8ap q31q d1.r1u3 B p€q '1se.rluoc ur'erleo.r3 '..u?ffr: sll trq popeag '.{re8-unH Jo serrolrrrel polrqBqur-u€ruetlloll eql q ocroJ elnrq Jo EroJ eql PeEnssBsess€Ic gugnr uer.re8unll eq1 Jo Icqod dlrleuorleu eql esn€coq ',t1re4 rnoqEf

I€uorleN oql roJ s{sBl llncrJ#p lsoIII eq} Jo euo s€,{'r uorlsenb usruBurou eqlalttes o1 'emr1 sues eql lY s'scard aq1 pue lueruu.re,Lo8 'gurq eql Jo pooE aqluo palrode.r Il.rep8a.r puq 6lser€qang ur rotsrurrtr uerretunll ouo.r311 ue^lsl

Romanian Greek Catholic bishops and with Mihu, a big landowuer and slawyer by profession. On September 12, 1910, Mihu submitted Tisza a list ofdesiderata he had prepared on the basis of his talks o'with Romanian highpriests and leaders representing various shades of the political life". The me-morandum entitled ooProposals concerning those desires of Ronoaniane livingin Hungary which ar€, n€c€ssElry for creating the possibilities of a peacefulrelation and cooperationo' disclosed Romanian grievances and dem.ands ofecclesiastic, linguistico culturalo and political nature. In the first place, the doc-ument demanded that as regards the Rorianian Church and schools the rele-vant provisione of the 1868 Act on the nationalities should be observed, andthat all contrary regulations, decrees, as well as the toenoD.eous practice"should be cancelled. Furthermore, it demanded the govemyrent to permit theorganization and undisturbed activity of an independent Romanian politicalpartli to grant the universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot and eleetionin each, codmunity; as rvell as to set up 50 Romanian election districts. Italso claimed to employ Romanians in public administration and juilicialauthorities. Finally, as a condition of "peace'', iri the fielil of churc! and lan-guage, the document proposed the establishment of uew,Greek Orthbdox dio-ceses, the increased fiaancial support of the Romanian Churches, the fullobeervance of the right of instruction in the mother tongue at elementaryschools, and the setting up of further three Romanian-languagb secondaryschools (gymnasia).e

Howevero the Romanian high priests and big lanowners in Transylvaniadid not have adequate mass support. Nor did the Hungarian governmentaccept Mihu's proposals as basis for negotiations. Excluded from the parlia-ment, representatives of the Romanian nationality party then started an evensharper attack on both the Khuen-Hdderviry government and the bargain-ing Romanian high priests. Under such circumstances, an agreement or corn-promise wa$ "- as it had been from the very beginning

- quite hopeless. TheKing of Romania thus explained the situation to Ugron: it ie not to be expect-ed that the Romanian political party should be completely absorbed by theHungari.m parties.lo Negotiations were often broken off, then started overagain, still the possibility of an agreement faded. awalr owing tc the ev€r morereactionary domeetic politics of Flurigarian governments.

It might seera somewhat curious that the National Labour Party withits activeo anti-democratic and nationalist domestic poiicy, which came intofuli display after Ju4e 4, LgLl, started irargaining with the Romanian Nati.onalParty in Feaennber L912. It is the more surprising because Tisaa took par{: ixthese negotiationso though it was himself who had etrongly demanded tkeindependear Romanian Nationality Pdrty to be dissolvecl in 1910, So far Tisza

o R. E. K. L. Tieza-ir. 14.100. L. M. E. 1912. xXY.226.

106

t0r

lu'r.alord ro crloqlso uernou srunour€ eq1 u€q1 ^repe

&qtJq qcnur B .'ffSi?"tilTfr ,tfttr$tug^lsl palo^ lueruu.reao€ aql .6€ 'oN .A16I (fcuuualneq-pro1 flunoc eqt;o s.reded 1eJlueprJ-no3 'ee^ttlcrv a1"ls pe3ezs eql) .1o1rr1 sFurlBzrq Isgdslg.{ .ryllg^eT rue11y :pe8ezg ,n

8uo1 tou se,t,r nuarl?rfi reSsrur![-3l!r!Jd 's0I5I @q? u! uercrlcel .usruuutrou ?sa-p.{aerqs aqx pue E€reqq eqx Jo rep"el eqJ,'{eq.rn[ dn qcvq or 6c.ro; Iq Butua,r-retur wo.r; errreruog Eugtua.re.rd Jo ErrB eql ql!,+r reproq u"ruBruotl oq! SuoIB

Pezilqou ueae Brssnu 's?lBls uB{Isfl rouilIl aqr Jo slsanbuoc ptrB sstroxcrA aqllB peqsmolss eBA 'oo1 'emernog recu"qly oIdFJ, eqf Jo ,(ge le.rces y

'aruBrtrou qrF[ ecu€rfiB eql tmuodaap 5o ,(u,r,r. eql u-r

elc€xsqo eqt et€unu{e ol po1rl srepeel do1 uerrleny eqr ql]Ar euq ur Icemoldrpusul.rag eqt'ZT6TJo uruntn€ eqt uI .&etung ur su?m?urog Jo ualqo.rd aqr dqolqEuorlsanb epuur ueaq 'lestno oql uorJ pcq 're,re.noq '-z(1ee.r1 sTrll Jo enle^

Ieer eq; 'sruuuoll qlFrr. acu"rlle 5o ,(1eer1 aqr Jo ,(1rpue,r aql papuelxe reqlrnJIeql 'ecuerry eIdFI bqr Eur,*euel ol uorlrppe q .o.roge.reql 'suorlrsod 1so1rleqr Eurupter 5o su€eitr luelrodwr lsoru s sB Bru"urog uodn pe1oo1 daqr'eurt eqx ry 'dcrlod uSreroy u1 etlrse.rd s..r(uew.re3 .t(1rled pue fqc.reuotr{ eqrgo dlr.roqtne eql pemwreprm ,(lqr.repgsuoc e1.rn; erll lsurete po^erqce set"terourur parIIB oql seeseJcns eql pus erBtrfi uB{IEg eql Jo {Berqxno eqI

rr'..Eegl.ul e8entuq uerueruoll eql pus seqcrnqS orrq erp Jo rropeerJ eqlEurpren8egas dq ecrrd due te suameuroll cltsewop 11a go drFqpqoe eqt mBturaur

Itrra xI leql sessa.rdxe pue 'ua.rqla.rq pere8uupuo s1r se8elnocue (tmleeu eqr)tslqErr lelueuspunJ eqr Jo uortelora e qcns lsure8e 8ur1se1o.r6 qr{crnq3 pue,fulunoc eqr Jo s.{aBI eql ,(q palue.rrar* uorteururouep pue uor?qe.r;o uopeerJ eqllsuretB pue 'eruu,rldsu€rI m uorleu u"meurog eql Jo Smaq cruqte eqt lsup9e1[n8ur snorsqrBq lsorrr B ss qcrnqS crloqrBS {eer3 rrBrueruou crlseulop aqtuo {call" eql sreprsuoc turleew aq;,, :eEessed tur,nogo; eqt Sutmetuoc uoll-nlosor e peldope .,(ged eqt ;o Surleaw-ss€u B '?,T6I'SZ trfrf oO .eledocsrde

6Iqf Jo uopezlue3ro eql lnoqe scue,rer.rS apBrtr 'ool tr(lred I€uorlErr uDruBrrrouaql 'seqcrnq3 uern€ruog eql ,seprseg 'ees Eoropgpfeg eqr ;o Iluoqtne aqtrepun pacald ore.^a seqsrred e8en8uel-uemsruog Fre^es 'qcrnq3 uerusrnog eqlJo ecuenl;ur eql uessatr ot ropro ur pezruB8ro ueeq peq eledocsrda urr.retunllorJoqle3 {eer3 " leql pexrets ere.ir suor1€lxo8eu eseql eroJecl 8uo1 tou so^a lr''r(1eme;i 'eull eql tE Bruerrrog Jo uorluntls relncltr€d eqr ,(q se IIe,$ se olueur

?reti pus ,(qc.ruuolq eqr Jo ,(cgod u8reroy eqt 'spuerl pcrlqod leuorleu.relut dqpetdruord reuoos qcnur ssrt r1 ldcgod cpseurop s.ezsrlJo uorlBcrJrpow aql qurltrpetBle.r dpraul.rd forr sB-r',r etueqc eFqJ, alueuu.re,r.ot-sc-eqnT eq1 q8norql laoparuec ueeq per{ uorldacuoc qcTqa osuorssecuoc pu€ sesmrorduoc yo puFI IIB1cofae 01 uorlaurlcur tuo.rls srq yo elrds uI 'tueruel eq ot ezsrl pecnpur p€q se^Ir'-our ro sasnsc leqrra :s1tlt sr (ueql

'enssr uteu oq;'slseFd q31q cqoqre3 {eerCuaruBuroll pue nq5{ raui{dopu€I 8rq eqr qll,* snql odpu6 dlqeuolreg uurueurogeq3 Jo drusrepeel eql eprsxno suelcrlqod qll,ra dle^rsnlcxe s11er uo perrrec psq

to take good notice of the changes taking place in the Balkans. He fully un-derstood the implications of the concentration of Russian troops, and starteda series of hardly visible diplomatic manoeuvres. He ryas quick to realize thatRomania would not be able to strenghten its positions in the Balkans with,out Russia, thus he tried to make up for what he had failed to do for a longtime, i.e. to establish friendly relations with Russia. At the same time, he tookGermanyos advice, as well, and in late November 1912, he visited Prince Fiir-stenbergo the Monarchyos new noinister in Bucharest. With reference to theRussian mobilization he expressed that he deemed it necessary to restore theharmonious relations between l{ungary and ll.omania. To achieve this end,the entire public opinion of the Romanian Kingdom might be won, provided.the Hungarian government would be considerate with the Romaniau popu-lation of Hungary.l2 On the following day, - November 27

-, in his letter to

Tisza, foreign minister Berchtold asked the Hungarian government to eonveneand take over th€ fretitions of the presidium of the club of Romanian repre-sentatives.l3 Being fully aware of Tisza's standpoint, Berchtold found it ap-propriate to motivate his request at length. First of all, he called Tisza's atten-tion to the fact that Russia was to drive in a wedge between the Monarchy andRomania, and that this might have fatal implications in respect of the foreignpolicy of the Double Alliance. t'IJnder such circumstances" - wrote Berchtold

-'6you will certainly understand that I would like to miss no opportunity towithhold our south-eastern neighbour that virtually tends to slip out of ourhand. Now quite unexpectedly, an opportunity presents itself, and. that onthe part of the Romanian liberals rvho mostly feel drawn to the dangerousaetivities of our enemies.o' The same day, Berchtold sent Wickenburg, a de-partment head of the foreign ministry, to Budapest. "With regard to the greatinfluence of your personalityo' - 1v1e1s the foreign minister to Tisza -

6'and

to the compatibility of your views in this particular matter with those of theresponsible quarters of our foreign policy, I lvould like to ask you to express

your opinion to Luk6cs to the effect that we might preserve our relations withRomania from further deterioration lest this valuable base of the Tripie Al-liance should be lost."14

On November 29, L9L2, Wickenburg called on Tisza and Luk6cs. The t'rvo

Hungarian politicians shorved remarkable open-mindedness to Britianu's initia-tive, strongly emphasizing their wish to come to an understanding with theRomanians. However, they refrained from the "nice gestures" for the timebeing. On November 30, Wickenburg prepared a detailed account of his talks.On the same clay, Tisza. too, mentioned the discussions in his letter to Berch-

r2 H. H. Sr. A. Interna. 1912-13. LXIX. Fiirstenberg's letter of Novenber 26, l9I2 toBerchtold.

13 Ibid,r4 Ibid.

l0E

80r

'PIQI ar

ueru'ruou eqx qr{,ir srrorlerlo3au roerrp uo .(.rrec o1 pasn}er d1rc1.r1s ftrrs aq .r#{i{jrt#Hl'luecrgruirs s-l uoll'onb ueruEr''oE eq1 r'ql perl.rurpu ezsi6,, €.rnqunl"ln or auip"-o"ay 'icegla'o1ul 1nd aq .{pleq plnoc 1I 1eql os q.reu aqf paddels.raao qcrq,u. leraqrl oor .reJ sd 1ce a'Een8i-e1asrurorduo3-lsod eql.paqrrasep pu€ osu€ruEurog yo suollu.rrdse 1sr1u5pa.r.r: o{r or suerreEunllpu€ sueru€urou-u3a^r13q uorsuel oql Jo ussaeJ ureur eql ?lnqrrllB 01 p3pual eH .rtrroJo:r a^.rlerl-slururpB ue 3:o .tlrssacau sqg Ja euueld e3uraTtos ox peXu€-^A eq srqa 1(q esnBceq ;(lureur os p;p oq'rel.l lno peu.rnl rr sc 'ra.oa^i-ol{ 'elq€lJlrgnf se uorr'rlsrunupe ,(1unoc xeureEe slulgld.oo;-eqipaspel*lou1ae 6ogrln-l 's!ql 03 SuJp.roaay 'se,ri.rluuorleu upJuuruou eq3 go slaa<Isord pue e1e1slen?ce aqx 01 se su*r31trllod uer,reSnn11 qloq Jo suorurclo 3q1 Jo 1uno3c8 pelrulep a e,ru8 oaroru-raqlrnJ 'srnque{crlfi .plolqcrag ar z16I.0€ reqrue^oN Jo exou s.8.rnque1cr1tr

.Iatj;;

:srot€rpow go suos.rad pefndsrp oql 01 ss uorurdo sonuurlp.rg uo palroder ,(peerpSrequexsrng otrelsrurm u8re.ro; or{1 01 ? roqrrrscafl io emrne.r8alet srq uI's{aena {riL1 lsorrrls pe}sul sJo}erpour ar{1 Jo suos.rad eql lnoqe 6selrlunoc o.ra.1

eql ul scrlrlod cllsemop Jo srels€Ill pu€ sass€Ic 8uqn.r ueru"Illou puB usIJB8unHoql Jo srapeol lBnlc€ aql 6nuEllPrg pue Bzsrl uaenaleq uorssncslp eql

. ar..ilfieqlru'r1J pu€ lueruure,,r.o8 uer.re8unH eql rroo,{,(}aq suortelor lcerrp rlsqq€lse ot elqes-uadsrpur 'uolleluarueldur earrca;ge ue Jo lcadse eql tuo.r.1 .11 meap oq ppona'ro,, 'uorlce uorterlrcuocer slql ur elerperu ol elqelrns nqrtr{ punoJ eq Jeq1eq,t,urrq {se pue rall€E slql w nuertpJg rrrroJiur o} relsrurur eqt patsanbe.r oe.rour

-raqlrnJ oa11 'suerueurog oqt qtlt Surpuslsropun poo9 pue 3ur1se1 B ol euroc olezsrl prre sag{nT reSsrrurur-eurrrd 3o qsra,r. oql pereq}rnJ pu€ rsedepng m s{IBls.t.rnqualcrl[ 01 peneJe.r oq qcrq,^a uI .Z16I .6 .requeceg uo olsa.reqcng urrotsrurru sodqcreuolq aql 'Brequolsrlg 01 euuel8elal B tues plolqcreg

9r..'slueruruoc eslpJ .ro3 ue,tlgeq ,{etu uorsecco ou leq1 os srurq dq uaqel eq o1 lqtno sdals 1er1p-r eq} osseu

-rpeer srr.oqs aq qcrrlna .ro3 .alqe.reprsep eran^ IftEqIH 3o uorldecer eql l.red .rnouo JL, :scgrinT relsrurru-eurrrd preg .dge4 IBuort€N u€ru€mog eq1 Jo dno.r8srqr ,tq ue{B} oq lsnru

- scg{nT paur€lurerrr

- e^rleltrul eqr lng .lueuaqred

uer.re8unll aql q Surledrcrlred dnor8 s.d1.re6 Fuort€N u€ruuluog eq1 EorJur€r;er dlalrur;ep puu dlaleldruoc tou plp scg{nT s.re.,lear.oq osuorlurlo8eu

Jo esrnoc eql uI 'ql1l!,r ule8.req o1 suos.red elqBxrns lsour sa sdoqsrq xopgqlro{eere u€ruertrog eql uodn {ool <r1 pepuel scg{nT epq,ra. 6nqr1q reu,$opuelpue "ral,r,r,e1 oql r{Urttr suorlerlo8eu lrels ol pe}u€rra .u1e8e .easr; .1roda,r so8.rnq-ue:Icu[ ruo.rg s.reedde tr se

- uor]nlos eterrdorddc u€ purJ ()1 perrt deqr leqr

d1re4 lerrorle1,I ueruemog eqt qlr.rt lou serra, ll 6reaenaoq .ewrl eql lysr66.uorlnlos eler.rdordde

rr€ roJ de,r,r e suodo araql s€ uoos sB esnec srql elJe.s dlpero,r.ep lsou IFnd I ptrBoserlqeuorleu sprenaol dcqod rno Jo urelqo.rd IBrcnJc € s€ sepecep JoJ sueruaruoupue suer.reSunH eql ueenaSsq palsrxa a^eq l€ql secuereJJrp Jo uorlBrrrur{e eqlreprsuoc I lBql noI ernss€ 01 tuB,rd dpo 1

.ereq lueql e1e1n1rdece.r ot sselpeeueq plno.,la' lI snqt 'sq1ex .rno uo no^d peuoder :(prugac seq 8.rnque1cll6.o, :FIol

the Romanian prime-minister had uot explicitely rejecteil the Tisza-orientedMihu's involvement in the negotiationso buto from the aspect of the desirableresult, he had considered this solution unfeasible. "Though Brdtianu doeg

npt regard Mr. Mihu unsuitable as mediator" - rrrr61s the ministe" - 6'yet,

in his view, Mr. Mihu could not have much influence on the party since hedoes not belong to the partyos political committee. Mr. Mihatji - who is notso much of an extremist as he otherwise seerns to be for party political rgasons,in fact, there are much rnore radical elements among the Romanians - ismore suitable than Mr. Mihu if only hecause he is the head of the Partyi andthus could be able to conclude agreements, mandatory for all Romanians andaceeptable even for the most extremist elements.o'l8

In his letter of Decenaber 6, Lglz, Fiirstenberg gave the foreign ministerfurther details of his talks with Brdtianu. Frour this it appears that the leaderof the Romanian liberals helil Mihalji the most suitable negotiator even fromthe viewpoint of the interests of the Hungarian ruling classes: "Mr. Mihaljifully adheres to the contemporary political law of Hungary" - wrote theminister -

661foqs he has to be ranked among the moderate members. Still,not to decrease his influence on his men on the extremist flank, he is occasion-ally compelled to touch an implacable tone. A similar proeess can be observedin the parliament, too. Political leaders must - at least formally - makeallowance for the most radical and thus most troublesome members of theirparty."1e

Sirrultaneously, Tisza tried to cdnvince the Romanian minister Alexan-der Constantinescu, staying in Budapest at the time, of'Mihu's suitability.As proved by hie private letter to Berchtoldo during this discussion, Tisza con-vinced himself of Britianu's firmness. Notably, Constantinescu made it clearthat Bucharest looked upon Mihu only ae "a fat too insignificant lawyer in a

small to.wnt'o and wished to involve more weighty personalities in the negotia-tions. At the same time, reassuringTitza, Constantinescu also stated that theleaders of the Romanian Nationality Party had received instructions fromBucharest to the effect that they would conclude agreement on the basis ofoothe present legal statusoo. Under such circumstances Tisza finally acceptedBrltianu's proposal. In concert with Luk6cs, Tisza thus wrote to Berchtoldon December 6, l9L2z ooDespite our misgivings we are ready to contact theirconfidential man, whom they find suitable, we only ask them to instruct theirman to near us in a ProPer way."zo

Tisza, then, - who had formerly demanded the elimination of all partiesand political bodies organized on nationality basis -o in Deeember 1912,

expected tbe central delegates of the Romanian Nationality Party to the con'

lt Ibid.re lbial.20 rbial.

lr0

3II

.?16I '0G qcruill ('N 'X :prB,t roJeoueq - e;noH eq1 Jo IIBIO) gIdBN rz9qgle"".5?.0]::

-op pue ugrerog'€uos?or pclrqod eru€s eql .ro3 1fteq11q1 Polculuoc eq leql o're.aa

-,*oq 'elqeqo.rd,(1qtrq s! tI za'rurq qll*r suorlslro8eu lr€ls ox ory P1no'l^ aq 1sq:l'dge6 I1geuo1retr1 u€ru€tuog oql ic luaprsard eqr 'rfteqr1q pasr pB azsr3, '6161

'BI reqrueceo uo 1sql oreaa,l,roq oloe; e 8r lI aalc4c s.IlFqil'itr Jo reJJo uolle;loteu

eqt to.I -

,(lerurol -

11e,$ lou 3I plp dqi1 'suerueruog eqr qllria peXr"lc eq 03

suoltulto8au eqt Jo Z16I requeceg ,(1lee ur ,(ressecas petueep peq 1I stlollrpuoc

eqf -dn

e,re8 tuernu""ooa "qf ,(q,ralsreded soq?opg guef fi .rod tpr.raleur lueur

-ncop qolr erszslJl ro j|ulcr"sleEls aq1 w .Ieqlle punoJ-aq uec ecuePr^e oN

,...'.rededs,ta'eu srq ur dqcreuofi eq1 sprsrraol

dpua.rrnc sraoqs sq epnlple oql rno.r; pue 6e,r.11eprur s.nuerlgrg tnorJ PerreJur

"q ,tr* rlcTq,rr. pue ouopgur1 uerlreuroU eql 'e'r "ro1ce;

lsql q Euqle're'rd eq

03 uraes qclq,rr suolllsodsrp poo8 asoqr.Jo esneceq '(po 31 'elqrssod s? uoos FB

relt€E slql Jo ersc o{el ol s€ pur{ os eq ol" -

penurluoc eq - ..no;l lse qcnu

&a,r 10, l.rr"""rot ,(cgod u8reroJ peleler eqr pue uorleenb ugrugrrrou eqr tu1

-orn"oo" lsenber (s.p1orqcleg) tlq Jo Surpuelsrepun pua uoddns eql roJ scg{nT

ol elou lueuetpal,*ou{cs uB elorrra Plolqcreg 'Z16T 'L requraceg uO'Sururet.req o1

seempser pe.rroqs eq'suotlea'.reser 3uo.r1s qrpn qtnoqlp '1gts :eurt l€cllTlod srq;o

Iuoureq eql e{orq procsrp rtrBlrec e 'sluauloaolu cI BIS uroqlnos eql lsurete,(cqod eal€ueJep sul Jo qnser s sp .ra,rerroq 'U 16I req|[eceo ,(Fee u1 'srualqord

uealt eqr tur,rlos Jo sIIIroJ pe1e8ar.re,r reqxBl pue sestuoldrnoc yo esnoqelols

B s3rtf, qclqlt,| reqlBJ urtao srq puB rorues Issglpuy 3o e3elrreq pcrlrlod eql Pa

-p.rics1p osIB aH'l9BI Jo esnuo.rduo3 eql reUE eseqd ls1,u eqr Jo crlsrrolc"rsqc

,(cp1od ondrufta aplalp .srossecaperd srq '*euar ol Peurrcm lou se'la Bzsr;'.(rre6 leuorleN uerrrerrrog oqr Jo

..suolerloteu uorler1cuocsrrt roJ srsuq eql epraold '[eu ruals/('s crlsgBnp eqljL

""o"o"1o!.eru peguuqcun eqt .e.r'sn1e1s p8e1 pnlce eqr dpo leqt asnuord

e.ncseurluBxsrros sBra serlred {lpeuolleu eql Sulu.racuoc suolldaeuoc raru

-roJ slq Jo uortscrjFpou eqr 01 9u-rppY 'dc11od 'utrero; Jo plalJ erll q uollelosr

raq$nJ s.r(qc.reuolq pqr Jo dlrlrqrsuodsar eql elsl lou pFoc eq 'reJ[ ua{FA

tsrrJ aql Jo {serqlno aql rexJ" uot}enlli eqr uI 'lq8uee1s ur tu.rane8 Brqras

ao51""q" lq ttr^ s.rqt ea?Iqc€ ol r(e,r'r dpo eqr rr ora srq u1 'e'qtcafqo ..(cr1od

-"S1n-3 r(1uo s.ezsll se,n. uorlrsod sodqc.reuolg eql uIBIuIBIII o1 qSnoqt l;i4unoc

uuedorng urelsBe-qlnos qcBe 1su1c3e sluo{} uedo o1 pIoJJ€ lou plnoc xt osueqlcg

eql uo eousnlfirr str rtretuteur 01 Paqsrrlr &e3un11-€rrlsnY 3r :petpal'*ou{ce

dn"ql aq .slsanber peteade: s.plolqcre8 uodg 'e,usuoXur orour Brugurou q$r[

""1*g1" "qr 8u.qeu Jo lserelul eql.q osIB PuB

o:lcgod uBrIIBg rarlraa s.;(qore

-uol{ aql Jo ornlpJ eql ss qcns 'suosee'r pcltSod qcns roJ dlureu lrnodpuel*

""*"o5 srqdypom ox pecroJ se,rd Bzsr1 ouolldecuoc s1q or tu.rleqpe dllcpp 'uem

Eroqqnls E 8e.ui!f,ou{'Il"Pl/4. 'suorlrPuoo ur€?'roc uo qtnoql -

a[q8] ecuereJ

mestic, as had prompted him to alter his former standpoint concerning theRomanian Nationality Party.

The second phase of his so-called Romanian-negotiations started withhie message to Mihalji. whiie his talks with Mihu in autumn 1910 were going ondue to his personal deeire for an agreement, and thus hail - mostly

- beenrestricted to peripheral issueso the discussion started. in December l9L2 formedpart of the international relations between Romania and the Monarchy, audthe range of subjects under discuseion extended considerably.

Upon Tisza's requesto the Romanian National Party started. elaboratingits demands. On January 12, 1913, the party sent a commission of three

- Mi-halji, Maniu and Braniete - to carry on negotiations.2s On behalf of the Rona-nian National Party, the elected commission handed over a list of demands,containing 1l items, to Tisza on January 21, 1913. Most important among theirdemands were as followe: "fn accordance with the principle of the freedomof teaching, right should be grantedn an institutional possibility should begiven to the Romanian people to have access to vernacular education atall levele of public education both in state- or communal and in eccle-siastical schools.To carry into effect the freedom of religion and the equalityof denominations, to be ackaowledged and warranted is the autonomyof the Greek Orthodox Romanian Church both in the ecclesiastic and edu-cational and in the internal adrninistrative and foundation fields . . . To beplaced at the disposal of the Romanian Church is a support proportionalto amounts allocated to other denominations for both ecclesiastical and edu-cational purposes . . . Romanian eommunities placed under the authority ofthe Hajdridorog see should be placed again under the authority of the Gyula-fehdrvir and Fogaras Greek Catholic Romanian dioceses. The freedom of pressis to be warrantedo and the politicai persecutions of Romanian prints shouldbe stopped." As can be seen, the memorandum included questions affectingthe basic democratic rights in addition to religiouso ecclesiastical and education-al issues. Besides the freedom of press, it also demanded the freedom of apsem-

bly and organization, as well as the organization freedom of the RomanianNational Party. The institutional introduction of the Romanian-language pub-Iic adminiiltration in areas with massive Romanian populationo and the em-ployment of Romanians in public administration were part of the docu-mentb.2a

.On February 6, 1913, Tisza replied to each item of the Romanian NationalParty's list of democratic and national demands. Considerin! the government'santi-democratic and nationalist policy, we are not surprised that the govern-ment rejected most of the demands. How could have Tisza -_ after all - pro-mised the Romanians to obeerve e.g. the democratic suffrage, the right of

x n. E. K. L. Tisza ir. 45.,1 lbid.

r12

8II

:3; :H#:ig :l .$ :$:$;;

ernlrcJ aqt orowreqlrn'.eceel3 pII€ €IIIuIIIoU ezq€Ilneu of P-lt 'epe81ng le'ro

urar .erqreg el€losl or siloJJe sig 'tuoulluoc eql uo pueq leddn aqt te8 pFond'

ocurrlly eldrr; eqt qcrq,i ' ur uorlellelsuoc ueedorng 'llau € ser$' pefisep {1rsow

rr.r;"*Lqrlg"tuoa utrero; qlFet pol€Ia'r '{1eso1c eq 01 penurluoc sell{Buoll€u

"p""*^o, ifpa u.n"*rg'€T6r ul x€na plro^ e ;o 'e8uep

Surpuedwl uB olnt pe

-urnt uorsuar us{I€g eq} uaql['€16I Jo urunlnB aq1 q 'secuelstnncrrc petueqc

ropun q3noqrle osuollello8eu ournsar o1 e^p€Il'IuI eql {ool leq1 luauure'r'ot

Bzsrl eql sB,t\ lI 'ssaupopur{u'uor1,€}Fcuocer slr Jo ecuepraa requnJ a'trg o1 qcnu

reqloq.ra8uol ou pip ion*,,"noo8 scg{nT eq1 'pelsr1 secue'tar'r8 eql qulfisz'PIaIJ IecllsBrsalcce

eql q socueaer.r8 u€{{r€tuog lle pJocer o} pauorssrururoa sen ' Bqros3 crrarod

lrorlecnpe pue ornllnc ;o drlsrurtu oql Jo llelalcas-rspun 'se1on 3o e3ueqc

-xe eql Jo ernpeJ "q* 1o "'n'1""d'"""1

'pu€q srq uI suollello3eu eqt ploq ol

preq perrl nrrrl '9161 irno"q"g rery€ ssoccns ;o edoq Supug eqt etrdse6

9666'uorlc€

earsrcep slqt q Bzsrtr, ug.llsl luno3 pe{ceq a^Bq plnona u€ruselels uu1le8

-oo11 "18o1,

ou pue ir""a uer.regunll ou osn lo; elqerdecce uorlnlos e Jo eePr

aqt ol JIesErq peluolsnccB e^"q plnoc lqgrsero; pue drqsuerusel"ls su{ qlrr$

€zsrl ue^e l€ql sI lasJ oq[" :s]uemncop s6€zsrl pelpueq oqa'l (uny Jeszgf 'rO

rosse;ord uecorqe6 "q, or a",*el 9o'"*o11o3l eql op€E nruetr{I'zE'6I't?' r(u141 uo

osuorteltoteu eqlJo ernIrBJ eql uO'scg{nT pue €zsrlJo uo-lluelle eql edecse 1ou

p1noc srqf 'd1re6 IBuor]€N u€ru€urog "qi 5o spueuop Surseercur eql lsure8e

prlels urroJrun B {oo1 '."'*1" Suqnr uerle8un11 eq1 Jo sdnol8 snoue't 6amr1

e'€s eql lY "suorssacuoc reqFnJ reJJo 01 'ftled I€uorlBN u€rusuroll eql ssard

ot oortr.od aq1 q re8uol ou sena nu€rlgJg osecuelsuncrrc aseql rapull'uoll€nlls

snoues ororu re^e ua acBJ 01 p€q snqt ',(qcruuolt aql 5o 't(cqod uEraroJ eq;

.retr[ u€{l€fl eqr rct1e onb snt?fs uia'orr[lreao aqr 'tq peuassol sue{Ieg eql

o1 l3.1."rd sr1 e.rolsar o1 t"'og palcedxe - Jlesurq nuerlgrg pue

- eru€.uou

.uo tI6I 5o 8on"d. 3q1 Eo.r; 're'roarolq 'pesee o8u11e11o3eu uels ol "o"IlTIp"la*oia .{lsnorae.r<I peq qcrqntr 'erueruog pue €rssnll uaen'qeq uorsuex Z16I

reqEe^oN erll -- alrqrtau€aw eql q -- ecurs ssel eql llY 'roqrle 'ssaccns o1

peol tou p1oo".4"1 1"oort"d osesSruertl.qcns reUY'selou;o etueqcxe InJsoc

-cnsulr us qlFra uaql palr€ls suolle1lo8eu uBruErrroE pe|lBc-os s'Bzsl.l

'spu€urep slr Jo elcrrc eql puelxe o1 Surrno.leepue '(gu6 leuotl€N

u€ru'ruou "qr ,$rgr*, rooiloo" '{c11od cnuouoce s.}uourureao3 eqr pue uoll'rl

-sruErrp€ cqqnd ox aarl€Ier suorssecuoc ul€llec 5o lcedso.rd eql Jo +no Sutploq

slqpu€'?Inl€ul€clls€IselcceJosIrlroJelJososlulo.rdulegecslqelulleIII€seq1 tv arusrr€luarne11.red sioa8"noq oql uo slluq 3uq1nd dq olueuulaao8 aqr

qllnd ecueProcca ur ole pemre 3q suopeo$ qcns Jo 8-ulgegnc eqt dlasloerd se't'r lr

-rees ueeq s'q ,r - il .r""a 3o *op""i; eql ro Eurleam clqnd puu dlqruassu

x

of his consorvative-faehioned bargaining with Russia neceesarily involved a

revaluation of the eituation of nationalities living in Hungary and Croatia,i.e. Southern Slava, Romanianeo Slovakianso and Carpathian Ukrainiane.Both Berchtold and Tiszir recognized that the planned active foreign policy'would remain illusory as long as the kin peoples, living withi" the Monarchy5of the said countries were tending out of the Monarchyo and the leaders ofthein political parties were defying the Hungarian governm€nt. As the leadelof, the Monarchy's foreigl polipy, Berchtold, thergforeo wrote a letter to Tisza onSeptember 2, 1913, asking for detailed information on any significant'event ornomentum of domestic politics which might have an effect on the externalsituation.t fn Lis reply of Septennber 6 1913, fisza recognized this request as

justifiable, and gave a detailed aocount of his conception with particular viewto Croatia. The Ilungarian prime-minister wrote as followe: "I lay emphasison my bein$ on intimate torms with your Excellency along the entire line ofpolitical life: ag regards the situation in Croatia, Ireadily place all informationavailable at your fisposal ae requested.."28

Indeedn the leaders of foreign policy and the nationality affaire main-dairr€d a regular exchange of information not only on the southern Slavic butdlso on the Romanian and Ukraiirian questions. Preserved in, archives, docu'qqents, which have not yet been adequately explored anil publishedo ckiarlyshow that thegc two statesmen mutually satisfied each other'e requests.

Naturallyo Tisza did not deem the framework in which the nationalityproblems were manifest, suitable from the arpect of domestic politics either.He felt uneasy about the increasing popularity of the demodratic uatioaalprograms of the bourgeoia partioE of the minorities. Vith his rich politicalexperioncee, he had to realise the decreasing influence of aristocrats, highpriests, and other dualism-syrnpathizen. On the eve of Vorlil War I, he saw

that the terrorigt acts and measlnree of Hungarian goverrments wore no longercapable of aerppressiag the intensfiyAg anti-dualieticn democratic endeavours

of the nationdities, fn accordance with its Balkan-politice the Monarchy,therefore, promised further concegeionto firet of all, to the Romanians livingin Hungary and aleo to Croatia. Commissiont were given to record the griev-ances of Slovakiane,too. fnhis speechof January 1, l9l4rTisza said:"Importantariong the future taskg is to concentrate energies: to develop military force.

But perhaps even more important than that is to concentrate ori that parti€-ular internal work whieh aime at a possible elimination of points of disagree-

ment in our fatherland,'20 With hie policy of concessionso he sought to recruita new and broader.than-ever Btratum of politiciane that would have been

devotedly attached to the cause of dualiem. But owing precisely to his con-

,? R. E. K. L Balogh Jen.6-iz, 2.,t rbid.n Az Ajeig, JanuarY 2, 19L4.

t14

9rl

'0t 'r!'guef qSoIBg 'T 'l['['lI re

..plolqcrag 01 €16I '9 eaquetdeg Jo rellel s'BzsrJ, 'rt-"z8rJ, 'T'X 'E'lI oe

ol pelu€.it'r ,(eqr 'qqr- qlllil' 'e{TI "qlj:t

oo8ulpuetsreP^un l€nlnul Eur'rreso'

6o6l€reqT[,, s€ poueo 't(reuorlnlo'ror'reiunoc "qt fo dqdel8orlolsTrl eql '(q p"lJ

.qenbIal€IsB.^tr.sseupeputu-uolssecuocJoplo^eplouse^AqclqA.serlrleuorleus?r€.i o1 Iclod .."ut'i:l"pop "qr

Sopi*""pott secroJ lsure3u reatod ur sess*lc

guqn.r eqr deal o, iggr ur poarecuoc r!A'€[ l€uopnlllsuoc Jo suor]€punoJ aql

e1€p{os6oc 01 :pua ottr€s eql eaelqc€ 01 P3luB'l\ azsr; osuor1e1loBeu slq r{llla'

.l"clluepr oslB erenarsuolle^llow eqJl 'sellllBuorl€u eql 3o ssard eql puE $rep€ol

eqr qtoc{ ;o ,ro1"1o*o" *1"5 p""t"aat ue$o os u s€ -- -trqelnrq Jo urroJ

eql pelunss€ €erllroqlnB o^llerlsluldrp€ IBcoIJo sesnqE-aql r€qx suorSar qcns ur

dlesrce.rd serta 1I puy 'peleprsuoc ars-- qrtolot pue '3u11eeu pue '{lqmasse 5o

EopserJ eqt Jo ,o"*gJt.."' :'nt1 **""d

"qi "ttol uoruuroa eql pu€ e8e'rgns aql Jo

rnroJer -

s€eJB drl*ootlto oql ol osp pepualxe sernssaur 'bqod cllseurop srq Jr

oluecr;ruErsur og 01 uteos soll-qeuorl€u 'p'""no* dcgod srq pua eu11 pcrrllod

crlsaulop crlarcoulap-p"t 1t1"ttg srg uaenaleq secuereJ3rP eql 're^e'iaog

,r'rueuear't on "o3'"oo1re"eda"d

pel'lrlceJ gur'req^s11 ro3 awr3ar-fe'rnB eql

n"r*rd oslt -,fu9^t"P9H'uenq; '""t]l 01. €16I '2' rsntny Jo rellel s${ uI

os.6'ecu€1suro""t" '!q, ol enp ueeq {1uo s€q uorlexsler 9urnsue oqilun^oJ3

"q, l"i'""^"a "qr ao1*ii. flpi .1ce; u1 'a.ren .,tretunH qxl'rd 6'ta'e1 e1e1s'relur uo

pes€q 6ecuerqe o" 3o'*"o3'tt"pgt pelcarlp slroJJe II€ l€ql ocueprae pocnP

-ord puc ossard eqr uI oorierr8r pe{ceqc deqg,'sqrlgrsoq .ql 11e etrdsap anrl

peaord dllerluesse qclq'$ lceJ a'? -:*-ojl

eq - 'n"(lrsseceu

elnlosc[€ uE se^a ]€r.t

-"ssutrEo3pfogeq&r"lueulrue'ro5FuollnlllsuocroJuollrpuocluelrodmrue

- 016I o1 rorrd -_'i1*o*"'d pecpcc'd .*srlnlosqs Jo EroJ oql poroprsuoc aq

oe1teo.r3 ur uollenrls 1""fn"a "qr oo gurSle1ue plolqereg 01 srallat trBrluoprJ

-uoc srq Jo euo o1 'r"*j uyreqlre rorrel urnepuoc 1ou plp "q 't*Il-"*T-o-t ::i^tl'

'plerJ slql tr' "1q*'o"dsrpur se suorssecuoc uodn qool ol papuel PzsrI l|qria s!

tsql'sBu€Ir"qr"; notr"Jser rleql Yo sclrlod eql ol 6rele1 ro- reloos 'uaql 3u11gp

snqt oq3noql ,tl8uqlptrun 'slueuaao* ir;poo'leu eq? uelq8uerSs o1 'e'r oen;

aql or 1an; Furppe'"'!11 q"o* '{ra'r ueeq "i"q

ppto'o euil slqg, 'ruels'f,s iecuqod

-orcos puB "^1*""rt'ot*pe srl pus rnsrlenp eqr pesoddo '(pado qciqA slueur

-aaorn drlleuolreu "qi ,l sercuepuel .esoql

al€ulul{e lou plnoo oq lorro1 leeqs

Jo srrEein dq reqr p""rra"""" ezsl; .usgeuorl€u ,(q p"ptnlpogq 'sesselc 3ur1nr

uer.re8unll "q, "q';ft 'secuareJJlP euros ore'{r eraql o'tlsnoraqg 'ursq€reqll Jo

seoBrl eql ue,re Surleulwge 1€ PoIurB scp{od crl€ettrop crlsru)uleprlus sF[ 01

pasoddor(lecrseqs€,t{.suotssecuocqlIAAIIe,[oAJa$qose4trquuolteueglspJE^Aol,{c11od elq 's0T6r "1,

o, t"o'1""tqo pcrllod s6€rst& uou reoddlrfJr::1":

^rn"-IEo!3BIIoqlu!gelouepualclx€IcoulepeqnJosstrdllBluase.Idereqt.fg:eeoduerdluoq3aoqr..reA.o ur.rt o1':e,rrtcefqo "q "o"tq"€.ol

elcl8 ""* 1l3to

lnoql&rtr'sessalc

Sqpl eql Jo uorrrsoddo le{€uor1eu aql f,q p"til*uott 1oE eq o'(ctlod uolssec

I

camouflage a program in Tisza's 'oGreat Hungarian" conception which' in

facto had aimed at a forcible assinilation of the nationalities, their aspirations

for independence, "od *"ot"d to impetle tbis objective historical process by

means of a certain virtual liberalism. The National Labour Part/r along with

Tiszars policy towards nationalities was, in fact, to serve the purposes of war

p""p"""'aioos aad the coneolidation of a unified Elungarian state"

On the 2?th and 28th October 1913,Tisza continued his negotiations, with

the RomanianNationalParty, or more preciselywithBraniste,Mihalji and Maniu'

three leading members of til" party. With th" nationality politicians' requests

increasedo the range of probl'ens to be digcuesed extended correspondingly.

'While in the autumn of t'9tOtis"a and Romanian big lantlowner Mihu had dis'

cuseed only some conceegions concerning Romanian schools and the Romanian

churcho throwing the dissolution of the Romanian National Party into the

otherscale,tturingtheLuk6cs-regime,Tiezahadhistalkedirectlywiththeleadere of the Romanian National PafiJt and the bargaining was focussed

oneducational,cultural,anilpoliticalquestionewhichnecessarilylerlthentofiscuss the policy of o'Magyarizatiou" pursued by t'he {":g-tt-t"" governments'

By the autimn or tgta, f,Lth siiles had already recorded their respective con'

ditions for agreement in the form of lengthly memoranda' -

It .ppJt". from Tiszaos confidential notes' as well as from his speeches

he delivered in parliament, or from his statements he made in the press, that

he was desirous to come to a compromiseo and also that there emerged immesse

obstacles in the way of uoy "o*f"omise.

what were originally but ecclesiastic'

al, educational and cultural grievances grew into important debates concerning

domestic policy measures "Jd r"golutions. The Romanian National Party de'

manded, among others, that the Romanians should be permittetl to use their

mothertongueincourtsoffirstinstancesandalsointhefie]clofpublicad.ministration. As a condition for agreenent they lequeste'd 50 election districte

to be organized in areas. of Romanian majority' To modify the given system

of executive power, aad to appoint Romanians as country'olord-Lieutenantso'

and under-s"-cr"t"rir. of ,t.Jin ministries y*-" rlr: listed among the request.

However, Tisza promised them to remedy their grievances in the ecclesiastic'

alandeducationalfieltlsonly.Inhisnotesonthediscussionsheldonthe2Tthand 28th october lgl3,Tieza wrote the following: ..we wish to refrain from any

;;;;;;-."iruo,., good reason - would dissolve Romanian ecclesiastical

schobls or would binder tlh"m io their development'"32 He also held out the

prospect of u "".ririon

of the lg0? public education acto and of a more liberal use

of the vernacular language in sqho-ols of Romanian maiority' Nor cliil he reject

;;;;;;;;oo or inJ R;-uni* language and literature in regions where- the

maiority of populalion wae Romanian. ..In eecondary schools of regions where

3r R. E. K. L' Tisza-ir' l8'

116

-

r--

'P!{I n:$:ff::

-uoc lernryra pue leuorl€cnpe prcs eql 'esrruorduoc € 01 lroser o3 peu[c

-o, l1al d11ea.r "",r"o

ol^ n"ttl ;o'g"d "qr uo suorlrpuoc ereaes teql"nJ eren^'

sIEl 01 SotppY '""1"tioq ro#"""tt 'tue epeu leslno eql uorJ p'q seTl

-red Eqrelro8eu eql 3o ,ioroapoels a,rllcedser eql rlee.^alaq secuereJ#cl

q6o.'1ueurutreao3 Plxuec eql

Jo sarlouarq snorrsl ur Sarledrcrlred elea'r sJeqruflu elenbepe ur suerrr€urog Jr

elqurrsep qcnm dra,r eq plnorta 1I 'soll{Iq€ s1q or Slqurrns eceld due ot dn de'*

;;;;*;"iqun a133m1s 01 elq€ eq fiFtr .JII IB]cqJo 'o^crlqnd aql q earlc' u'ru

-ssl€ls u€ru€uroll d're'n" u"qao-duoruleq 1uc1r5od ue'rr8 dlpnlrra E Jo uorlcunJ B

eq 111,ra slq3, .'{leuolrort*'ot p-ernsue eq louu€c sueru€uroll Jo ecuenUul e{1"

- "zsrr eloria * 6.3.irf,nur"noB 5o plorJ eq1"t,' 't*t::l-Tj:::-"t eqt paxcefe'

,{.1errur;ep rsour €zsr& ntu"uu"e'ioa "q*

o' sY oo' ' ' su€ru€rtrou eq1 Jo etelue'rpe

*ql cl d;1pow '{p'eirec IIIlil ernllnc ;o peelds eql qcrqn ' al€ls lerrollrsuerl B

dluo sr ore,te,toq ',tqg, '*"qr- qll'r,r pexilu Eu1'11 suewreS -ueae

ro suege8urtg

ueql aEe4gn, ."q ooiriodoil o"rllr*ou eql jo eSeluec.rad re'lto1 dlqe'reprsuoc

e ouorlelndod uerueuog oq1 Jo [e^al Isrn{na prBriqcsq erolu egl o1 Suru'tlo

:sua1re.ildse upo*t*og erp Jo xroqs IlgJ :li'"n"od*"r nl,l^'slTnser aql 'p'(o1 sr

ernpecord eql l€ql p";$";i .uo1lenlrs uaalt eqr uo.r; rllprnleu seIuoc slql

.raaer+qrrtr d3rlo[uru rrt'rrt*og 8u1u1aq'rtleoo 5o ;'""t1d 'tuew u1 'ro ;(1rro[eu

uerrr€flou ,o ,t"n*Jt-n ""o"lt" sz\uet-ro ol edocs a reJJo o1 qsrlra 1

odle'rluoc

eql uo 'su€ilreurou !o ro"*FreP,eql <,1 suorleter le'trod Sqxsrxe r(11ernleu

eql e?ueqc p[,.o,s i"*^ :ryc1d plcsp*.1:i:::Y:.::' urorJ urerJar or

qelia I 6e1crr1s1p *;;"t" Sqztue?''o rrl" :uorlslnuroJ peurJar € uI lsenber eql

pelcater PuB le^el 1ernl1n1 eql 01 psrreJar ezsr; eslcr'r1srp u^ollcele d1'rpuolreu

Jo uorx€zrcetro eqt Jio leadser "-I *.]1;;rtxqilde eqr 5o e8un8uel eqt e8ueqc ol

lu€na torr p1p aq *oi 'oo1"1*uel1 '{lo1e3{qo Jo ecpceld e uodn lsrsur lou prp

aq osuorlecqdde or.r,,"*"iaaos eq? ot *y ,.'""1t*1t1,1j:lf,jts ue*egun11'uou

oq3 p6B *"rrruooron-*t o""^'"q 8*'potr*npun lce4p e Suunsua snql oe8ent

-rrET s€Itrcnure,r rtaq3 rr' '"'rt*d

io *ro"1" Tn*"a, "tn::::T'uon rraql xceluoc

olpu€'uor3a.lrt1o"*r"tdl€qlqsraqrunueSlelurBur'r5e1doad'(1qeuo11euaqlJoa'en'uel "o, no"*'I;;; ;t p"'""i*" ""e

eldoad erll ql:'ta Surpep serPoq e^Il

-?xlsrullrp? pot '1"oo" aql Jo sr?qwem aql 18q1" usql erotu Jo {u1'q1 xou plnoc

eq(uor1e.r1sfiIrluP€"qq*JpuBeau€xsu,r."lJ;o,1"oo"3oa8en8ue1aqlspre8eley 'ecueleul ls'q; ;o-'1'oo" pus uolterlsrurtup" cgqnd 5o e8un8uel eql 'slcpx

-srp uolsaal" ,irSnotol'nl;o oo"noi:::t eq1 Eulureeuoc spu*rEap leuorlsu eq1

pesnJer eq 'pu"q ""q'o "q'o9 ""'t-".1^*-"re1Tl rBlttc€urea puB anBuol reqlom urrdo

rleql Jo etpel'r'roul pnno;ord " "+"fil o'in*"*""d aq '{em epdnd uer'reEun11

.uoueq1l€qlo*F'''_"qer,o#-..e.trillBlexflpu"agentuelrleqlJouollcnllsureqtocnporlultrIBTtsot\'sessBl[uI?AquulreFunllusqSreqlosellTleuopeu

tIl

,a

cessions \r-ould have been "grantedo' only if the Romanian Natiooal Fartyhad made an obligatory promise to regard the compromise as a final settlingof the nationality problem. Tisza thus concluded his note to Vienna: "Allthese far-reaching measures woultl be subject to the condition that theyshould really attain their object, v'bich is to fully reassure the so far dissatis-

fied Romanians and to induce them to put an end to their nationalist move-

ment. Therefore, in case of coming to an agreement' the Romanian NationalParty ought to declare that they would accept the offered solutions as beingfully satisfactory and a final settling of the nationality problem; that theywould take a firm stand on it, omitting all further points of their program andconcentrating activities on the fullest possible implementation of the articlesof the agreement, so as to obtain the fruits of reconciliation for the domestic

Romaniaus,"36However, the memorandum the Romanians prepared and handed over

to Tisza in December 1913, contained further demands as compared to theprevious ones. Although this memorandum started out from the RomanianNational Party's willingness to bring the vital national interests of the Roma-

nian people into harmony w-ith the integrity, territorial and political, of thestate, the scope of actual demands included in it was considerably extendedThis memorandum demanded that the instruction of Romanian students shouldgo on in Romanian; the government should modify Article XXVII, 190?,

and acknowledge the right of the tr*'o Romanian denominations to maintainschools even where ecclesiastical schools had already been shut. Moreover,the Romanian Churches sbould be invested with the right of inspecting eccle-

siastical elementary schools, and the state-school inspectors should be select-

ed from those cherishing kindly feelings toward Romanian-language instruc-tion. State school-inspectors should control schools in common with the

Churches and act uniformly in disciplinary procedures. It was also deroanded

that priests might also be employed temporarily as teachers, and their Churches

might also establish Romanian-language secondary and vocational schools.

To achieve this, the government \yas exPected to give financial aid to theChurches. The mandatory instruction of the Romanian language and literatureand the right of denominations and societies to set up boarding schools inRomanian-inhabited regions were also stipulated in the m.emorandum. Theinstruction of Romanian pupils in religion should uniformly by performed byRomanians. Due respect must be paiil to the traditions of the Romanianpeople, and this must be given proper emphasis in the plans of tuition as well.The document repeated aleo the necessity. of taking out Romanian parishes

of the Hajdriilorog diocese, and drvelt upon the grievances of the R.omarrian

Churches. Their further demands included freedom of press, unhindered import

36 Ibial.

6II

ere.* i{rBr eqr Jo rcefqns "q,

ro,o osozlt;iT'?*"&.40t^ Su"o*i'i;"itr fil ilff"tJli]ttT; oq 'slql o1 Sulnroccy 'tI6I drBnuBf fslt 3q1 uo frenuul Pr€Z eqr Jo rellel 8.BZB!I ol PerIoaJ

'u-eqezs,$e6 io doqsrqqcra 'nuelta1q ur1podo.r1elry - '61 uerl 'rr'BzsrJ, 'T 'X 'E 'E ee

.rs ."Tr# xffi:,| 4l$.8:$;

,(gerruepgaoc 1r .VT6T 'Z ,(renrqag uo o..slu€uelnerrl'proToo d.rlunoc eql

ol refncfic B eloJna osle eq 'lueueerte uB J:o eseccns eql eloruo.rd o5

6s.6'treuusw uedo ue u1 tulodpuels ,(ru r€elc epertr e^sq I tuluur8pqdre,r eql ruo.r; ozke.rluoc eql uo

- tururet.req Jo lros euros olu,l ralua o1 uorl

-uelur r(u ueeq reaeu seq 1I ecurs setueqc luecr;ru8rs puB Iscrp€r tlured lra'r,

I laql esruo.rd eql qt:rta weql eltluq lourrec I lncloo -

ezsr;. elorn -

..aceed luerr oqna esoqr dlaq ol peururalep ,(1tuo.rrs ure ;' 'Jo esn lseq eq1

e{Bu plnoc 'oo1 osdoqsrq eq} qcIqn eurl uret rqElu sreqrueru eallrrnruoc eq}oegq.ra.ueeru eql uI .sfep 91 ot 0I q suolterloEau turunser uo pee.r8e (eroJeraql

.IeqI...re8uep o1 uedo sseccns eqf du1 pl+oqs uonnlosal elq€rno^BJun ue lsalenssr uB ecroJ 01 ornluea lou plp rqg.r:ur pcplod .radeep Jo srequaru ln;eceedaroul eql lsql ew.-ol sluees 1Ir, 'lI ldecce lou ffra 'sr(ep luece.r ur tulleeru sl1

pleq qcTqrr. .eellrurroc dged eqf lnq 6luemae.rte ue ol uorlEurlcur easq -

Bzsrl"

penurluoc -

srolBrtoten uBruBurou aql :suolte1lo8eu reurroJ srq uodn lle,^ap eq

sdoqslq eql ot VT1T't1rftenuel'Jo rellel Eq uI '66slueuelnelT-ProTr, ,{1unoc aql01 pue luauureao3 aql ot pr(o1 ,(cedocsrde uelueuo5 eql 01 esrnocer p€q

ezsrl 3esruorduoc € Jo sseccns oqf Jo lselelul eqf uI 'uolslcep s1r peuodlsod

,(ged eqr 'lsareqcng pue BuuerA wo.r; Surruoc secr^pe Jo llnser € sY

ss66'esec i(ue ur pelue,rerd eq pFoqs t.re,te,tloq

'{Baiq Jo uortprslcep FrcrJJo uY 's{een ' 5o eldnoc € ur Paurnsar eq ppo'r'r. deqr

lsql luauelrls eql qtlrtt suoll€1lo8eu;3o fnd relleq peq no:( 'uorurdo .{.u uro,

_ '?T6I'91 ,(runuef uo "zsr;

ol ururoz3 Parume.r8elal - .sesriareqlo alqrssod 1ou

sI 3I JIor'dgu4 IBuoIIBN uerueutog eql Jo srep€el aql 01 ecraps arues eql e're8

nuertprg orapeal [€req11 uerueruog 'ew1r up8 ol uorsrcep eql pu€ suollell

-o?eu aql qtoq puedsns ot BzsrI peqse rlsereqcns ff ,tqcreuolry eql Jo rolsrurur.u1u.rez3 osecueleuncrlc eseqlrePull'qesodord soezsrlldacce lou prp r[1r.roleu s1r

oecuo 1e lno peurnt .tI se sre^e$.oH .fI6I .{..renue1' uI PelqltlassP oelllEluloc

Ieuon"u u"rueurog eq; 'tI6I d.renueg ur PUB €16I reqrueaog ur sarutl I€reaespessncsrp e.re,ra. serlred Eupertogeu o^41 eql Jo slllroJleld ruegrearp eq;

rs'rrorlecnpg go r(r1srur1q eql q pu€ rolrelul eql Jo,(.r1srur1q eqr q pelurodde eq pFoqs elpls Jo serr€xerces-ropun uBrtteruoll leqlpu" lueulure,ro8 uer.re8unH eql ur etedlclUed ppoqs oqo;Uod lnoqll^r ralsl-urru uBruBuIoU e l€qt peurelc sen. 1I tlleurg 'pelelntrdecer ole.^/r secIJJo pue

seIlIJoIIlnB I€coI ro e1e1s 'ledlcrunul uI ecllou uBIu€IuoU Jo uolssrulled eqf pue

srrollelsu€rt ,fuofe8gqo lnoqt1,4{ suorlecqdde e8entuel-uelusulog Smurecuoc

pueruep reurroJ eq; 'q1.roJ os pue 'suorlcele .{leluemeqred ;o uopeal;'uo1l-Elcoss€ pue Eultaeur yo fqt1.r eql Jo eslcrecxe aer; 'slcnpo.rd sseld uBIIIBIUoU Jo

call your attention to the fact that on the initiative of the l{ungarian Cultural

Association of Transylvania, the countryts cultural associations are discussi:ng

the question of negotiations now in progress with the Romanians, a1fl - 1a1q'

rally - it w-ould be of primary importance that the stand. these associations are

to t;ke in favour of the Hungarian national idea should not involve any hostile

feeling towarde the countryos non'Hungarian speaking citizen or towards the

goveriment,s endeavours to pay due attention to these citizenso justifiable

i"ro"od. . . . I strongly recommend this cause to your attention because it is

an important public interest to counterbalance the campaign of the opposition

"i*"i at misleading and agitating the Hungarian public opinion.'oao

Romanian high priestso howevet, especially in this period - when the

governmentos general anti-democratic policy particularly seriously affected

ihe nationalities - did not have any considerable influence on the party

decision. At the same timeo as a consequence of the Bucharest peace favouring

Monarchic revisionist tendencies after the Seeond Balkan War, the anti-

agreement movement w'as strengthening in Romania, while the Hungarian

oiposition found even Tisza's concession in the ecclesiastical and cultural

"if"l. far too much advanced. His letter to the county "Lord-Lieutenants"remained ineffective. Uniler such circumstances, by the time of the Party's

February session the possibility of an agreement had become even more ir'realistic. In his letter

-of February 12, lgl4, Tisza wrote to Mihalji: "Consider^

ing your latest statem€nts, regrettably enougho there is not too much hope

oi."hi"o.i,,g our objective riow; but I was glad to see that you, too' admit

there is a cooside"able progress and approach, and that you would like to

preserve the results .o i", achieved for the future. I also make every effort

to this effect. It is in this way that I should like to handle this question and

the relations to the Romanians in general, and I ask you to act so that your

conduct will not throw obstacles on the way of this.effort."al

Then Francis Joseph II _- through the mediation of Istv6n BuriSn '-

asked Tisza to take into account the interests of the Mouarchyo in spitc of the

failure of the negotiations, and to make further efforts to win over the' Roma'

nians living iI1 th" Monarchy. According to Buri6nos letter, Francis Joseph IIexplessed hi, hop" o.that the Romanians will not be deprived of the benefits

primiseil to them,if forlack of understandin$ on the part of their leaders, the'n"gotiations carried on with them do not lead to the desirable agreement for

the time being.o'42

Thus the resolution of February 17, L9L4 of the .executive committee

of the Romanian National Party of Hungary and Transylvan'ia, reiectin.:

ao Sz6kesfeh6rviri dilami Leveltrir. F6isp6ni bizalmas iratok' (The sz6kesfeh6rv6r

State Archives. Confidenti'afi;;;'ui th" "onoty

l-ord-Lieutenancy') 1914' No' I'11 R. E. K. L. Ti-*za^ji. 19.42 .fi. E. K" t. Tisza-i;' ?'i"

120

E

rzT

'tI 'rFgnef q8olsg .T.)tr .0 .lI zr'9t 'II-BzsrI J

.x .f,.f, er

pue 6 s.rrry ro 000 zs .oN srapro n", .;i;lT#,i"%flTffi;T;,i"""il"JxTJ.#_ll?93 utt '.,0

.,T;f',rf ffJ;{"T .N.};

leql lY !?6.'suezrllc lroIIeJ uBruErrroU rlaql Jo rnor^eqaq peml[retep puB InJqtIBJ op,{o1 eqr urn}er dgngtsn.rt lsnru su'rretunll eqr x'rlx pu' (uorleu "1nqr

yoocuolsrxe aql uo aprcop 1r,r,|, duoueteq plrorr^ .ro3l e13tn.r1s llerssnu eql leqr IeeJxsnru ueru€ruog d.re,rg .re.reeu slnos tur.rq IIIA,, _ VI6T,Vy.raqurerdeg uo'q3o1eg 9ue1 oecrlsnf

3o .relsrurq eql 01 €zsfr elorrra - ..retuep oof-o,

eql Jo 3u11ee; eqt opaepulo, .u.ro;te1d uarssng-Ilue u€ Jo slseq aqt-uo r(1ureulueuae.rte elqrssod e .ro3 pedoq 'eErl rpql ie 'ezsr; .slBrrl .r(lqeuorreu Jo slcr-uoc eql .roy dlseuure pesrwo.rd osIB pue .e3e.ry;ns yo suorlelnteJ ureuec Jo uorlec-rJrpotll eql osear#o elBls ur uerueurou esn aql go ,(lqrqrssod .reqle.r .ro lcedso.rdeql tno pleq eq 'pI6I pue g16I Jo urnt eqt 1e pleq uorurdo srq o1 d.re.rluo3 .lcBuorlecnpe c11qnd eql Jo wroJe.r eqr ,(pee.qe pesrmo.rd eq ,rroN er.pl6l

.g6 raquet-dag perep luetuoc relrrurs Jo sreltel ur seqcrnrl3 usrueurog ojr{t oqt Jo speeqeql 01 uorluelur srq pscunouus lnq r,t1.red

IBuorl€N uerusurot[ aql Jo sr"-peal eqr lsrrJ urroJur tou plp ezsr;6uorlrsoddo d.relueueqred eqr ,(q tusrcltlrcreruroJ eql o1 p.re8e.r qtl6, .I relil plroA Jo {eerqlno eqt rege suoseer Ic;1odu8rero; yo a.rnsserd eql repun l.1uo suorlelloteu perunsetr 6Jeaer4.oq .ezsr;

. er...sueruerrrog dq perlqequr suortel urslooqcs ArEluertrelo elEls ur rrEruBrrrou Jo uorxcn"rsu' aql peqr.rcserd !s100qcs,{.re1uame1e leunruuroc puu elsls ur uerueruog ur uorlcn.rlsur stror8qe.r perrinr.rea:s8urppnq looqcs Suru.reaog suorleln€er eql pele8rlru islooqcs lecrls'rsalccee3en8uel-uer.re8un11-uou ur'rrrrBru or rers'e lI epeu eH .lc' uorrscnpe eql Jo suorluln8e'r eql Jo erros perJrporu Bzsrr (lueueqred Er opsur eq sasnuo.rd slqo1 turprocca 'VI6T 3o Sur.rds eql q esnuorduoc eql Jo ernII€J aqt regy

nu.etentuel ueruurrrogaqr qll- { pelceuuoc secue,rer.rt eql Jo ged r(peuer 01 puB (unrseuudt) looqcs d.repuoces u€ruerrrog n.eu e rlsg{erse o1 od.reles

.r""q"r"1 uerueuog eqt esrer01 PasFuo.rd pue 6slueuu.re,rot-uorlrlBoc eql 0l Jo 13.q1 llurew .slueruureaogrerruoJ aql Jo dcqod dlqeuorleu aql pazlcltFc aH .pewnser eq pFo,l , tced eroJ suorlerFde.rd leqr pecunouuB osle eq 'qsraa. s.qdesof srcuerd go ecuuns.rndu1 'ern1l ernes eql ly .sueruemog eql qll,rra suorlerlo8eu srq Jo ernIrBJ eqt Eo pe-1roda.r ezsr; 6xueruellrBd oql Jo rrorsses eql Fur.rnp ,VI6T,0Z [rcnrqed uO

s s peurJep eI o..^ q c rq^' s eL#enb e s u o " "ql JI'j r:::T;:Hff illt"llt, r* :H:: 'eq ,(po 1ou 'sueru€uou aql pue elels uer.re8unll

"qr go z(cr1od lueuu.reaog

eql ueealeq secuereJJrp eql ourel lroqs "

roJ ueao o.re,l,o e8pr.rq o1 elq€lrnsunsr uorlnlos lpulJ, eqr Surp.ru8e.r lesodo.rd s.rolsrurur-erur.rd uer.retunll eql .uo1}'nloser srql 01 Surproccy 'dltursr.rd.rns eruoc lou plp .slesodo.rd s6€zsrr

time,'however, the Romanian diplomacy had already unambiguously oriented

towards the Entente. This fact in itself was sufficient to thwart Tisza's plans'

Up to this date, Tiszaos ncgotiations have been subject of a most contro'

versial -chapter

in the history of that period. Political struggles and debates

of the "oIrt"*po"uries

survived the generation of the turn of the century'

Resumed again and again betrveen l9l0 and 1914, the negotiations of tl?is

established representative of social conservativism with the Romanian feudal

ecclesiastical cireles and with the leaders of the Romanian National Party gave

much food for thinking not only to the politicians and historians of the counter-

revolutionary period, but have raised several problems for the historians'

Hungarian and for"igo, in our days as well. The difference does not always lie

in the respective viewpoints of the Marxist and bourgeois historians: the real

divergence of views arises rather from an incomplete knowledge of facts as

well as from a deficient elaboration of the history of this period. Under such

circumstances much guesswork and subjective judgement of open questions

have been disclosed. A satisfactory settling of the problems is aggravated by the

defective co-operation of Marxist historians in the countries concerned and also

by the lack of complex investigations. What remains a primary aild common

,"u"*r"h task for soviet, Romanian, Austrian, German, and Hungarian histo-

rians is a painstaking inquiry into the eircumstances rvhich largely influenced'

Tisza's negotiations with the Romanian National Party, such as the pre-war

foreign poiioy of Romanian liberals, relations between the Romanian National

Putty uod BrXai"nu, Francis Ferdinand's policy towards nationalities, Ger-

many's Romanian policy etc. Relying upon factual material in documents

avaiiable in Hungary and in archives in Yienna, I have made an attempt to

reconstruct the course of negotiations, their motivations, the role they played

in and the reception they were given by the Hungarian domestic politics.

Tisza kept all the time quiet about the motivation of his policy towards nation-

alities, and denied that foreign policy considerationso and, by implication, the

foreign poliey leadership of the Monarchy and Germany would have ever urged

him ln -co,,"i.,iliog

alr agreement with the Romanian National Party. Without

having been asked, he always asserted that he was not acting under Germany's

pr"r..rl"". His political followers tendetl to declare him a man of genious, mainly

oo th" pretence that it was he who came to recognize the inevitable necessity

of .gr"""ro*ot in order to maintain the dualism and to preserve the integrity of

IIrrJg"rV. Tf,e above-mentioned soutces? howevero bear witness against these

statements. In this context we have already quoted the Vienna and Berlin

appraisal of the Balkan wars, Francis Joseph's message sent through Istv6ngo"iall in February 1913, as well as Czernin's telegramme. Czernin gave dailv

r€ports to Tisza on his talks with Britianu, and the prime'ministero too, in'

formed the Monarchy's minister in Bucharest about the progress of the nego-

tiations. Gersan emperor William trI' visiting Francis Ferdinand too, od March

r22

877

'Plcll os

.

o r, . suro :,I,i{o r'1, jff i* o,.i""".F."5 ::

or..'dre8un11-Brrlsny ol ecuetrodur .{.rem-rrd Jo sen[ acuererlpesql puy 'sueru€uroI[ Jo uorlerlrcuocer eql uo pepuadap sre.l'rod l€rlua3 oql01 ecueraqp€ s.Brueruog ' ' 'Surssa.rd pue .dressea+u dceruoldrp ueru€urog pu€uei.reBunll-ortsny 'ueurre3 oqr dq ploq ss^! uollsenb trBru€uroU oqt Jo Surluaseqt ou,ltop,u.oqs

leuorleurelur ssaladoi{ req}er pue Sururoc aql 01 pre8a.r qr17a'uorlsenb usru€uroU oqx pollles seq ,{.re8un11 lrlun sraAod lprlue3 oqt Jo ?}prg

aql uo Bruculog ezrlrqour ol eIqE eq lou plnoA eq t€ql Itarxue i{t1*r 1} ,nesaroJ:oeruemog go turq oseireq3 ecurs oluelrodur elom aq1 senr. uollsanb ueru€urogeql tuaqt tuorne pue 'a311 atels strr un uado apra aro,r " spunona lere^eg 'd"re8ung

-€rrlsny lsure8e era^t sppo ar[],, -

nru€tr{l penur}uoc -

o,oJe,re.rl'oq 'd11ecr1qo4' ' '1: roJ suorlz;cda:i: lecrlricud an:irn oi dqcruuog +q1 pu€ .duew;ag gtcqro; e"trte.radruJ u sp€ur re-\{. pl.ro,r{ 5o qceordde eq;, :rallel pelrc-e^oqe siri ilr11 rnd nrueru sy "dcrlod utiaroy srq yo 1"rerl arueceq 1nq 'sseursnq 1ecr1r1od rt1-saurop rooqs e .ra3uol ou sai{ szsrfi roJ uollsenb uerueuro]I aq1 ouaqS oeur;l ar1? atr;

'acu€rlle aql <>1 .{r1edo1 s.eruuuroll per.renb ssru{t lera-tes p€q oq -

al:q.lruealxoql q -

q8nol 'plotqc.rag .{q perclacce 1I p€q pue 'dcqod-ue{I€g paluarro-uer.re81ng eql po1€FurroJ aq uaq^a sr teqr o.{cqod u8re.ro; ssecneqly aldrr;, oqrgo luedrcrlred a,rrxce u€ aruoceq p€q eq 'eceeg :lsarerlcnfl eql pup rBA rre{Isgpuoces eql reUB 'uaq,lr emrl € 1e d1re4 luuorle111 u€rueruog aql cr1 suorsseeuoc

1sa1ea.r8 sql epetu eq '.ret,r'a.ato11 '.{re3un11 ui se}l{euortpu Trerusurog aql'o1 suorssecuoa luecrJru8rs luenbe.r; srq os[B pue 'sp.re,uol ocuerolol lensnuns6ezsrl sureldxa leq} ocuoprcuroc srql ,{lesrce;rd sen, 1I 'dueura3 Jo ssoqlqtlia

- IIE e^oqe -

pue ecueqly eldg; aqr Jo suorldecuoc aq1 qlr.{a aurtr ursnqt ara,r scr111od cllsouop Jo rrorlBzrlrq€ts eql .rog suuld s.Bzsr; 'dreEun11 ursueru€urog Jo uorlerlrcuocs.r aql -- ecu€qly e1dr.r; eqr Jo srepecl eql 01 Surp.roc-cB

- s€ni EruBEog Surzrlerlneu reqler ro reao Euruur,r,r. roJ uorlrpcoc y 'ilo,ra, sB

re,rdod leert se e1e1s sor(qcreuol{ eql yo lcedsu eqt urorJ rualqo.rd IEuorX"u eq} joecuelrodurr Sursee.rcur eq1 pezru€ocer eq 6eur1 ewes eql 11y 'suos€er p-cfrqodcFsornop dle.reru .rog .{resseaeu ..1ueureor8e' eql punoJ _- u,r,roryr,--uea{ sBrI

sB -

ezsrJ lBqt snor^qo l.11ern1eu sr 1I 6r('pu€urpreg sIcuErS. -euorql eqt olrreq eqt yo pao.rdde pue luesuoc eql q1l/a prre 'I salr€q3 Sury *erueuog eqtpue II qdesol' srcuerd Sury-.roradruf, Jo e^rlelllq pEB tsenbal eqt te petrelsere,$ ealtrruruoS lerrorSeN rrerueuroll eq1 3o sere3alap eqt qlptr suorlelloteus6ezsrl ugAlsl luno0r, :aaoclB pelels rr9eq a^€q lBqr[ perurfJrroc osl€ nFrBHlurn'; Jaszgf 'rO rossaJord uece.rqeg eql oX '?,E61og1r(etrg 5o reue{ s}q uI

Bl*'oo1 'e.rn1ng: eql uI 1I elpueq p,rl 6s1ueruels1s srq o1 tugp.roccepup 'lI pepupq seq ezsrl se r(e,r,r. eruas eqt w palpueq eq p1noqs I"ru8un11 qsu€ru€uroll go uorlsanb ?q1 x"qx,, -_ ples eq

- ..Iresseceu sr rI gB aaoqy ,,'f'l,e?

-ung ur susrueruog eql Jio uorlentls eql Jo rror?ueur plaeds opeur 'VI6I 316

Tisna, then, prior to 'World War I, recognized the importance of thenationality question from the aspect of politics, foreign and domestic. Hesought to find ways to ease up the accumulated tensions. Howevet, he, tooo

suspected there were unsurmountable obstacles in the way of solution. Withhis concessions Tisza was always in a phase lag behind the actual demands ofthe Romanian National Party. Referring to his latest coneessionso Tisza bitter-ly wrote to Romanian BishopYazul Hosszri on October 11, 1914: ooHad I grantedthem all this during the winter, the agreement would have certainly been

concluded. At the time I could not go further with a view to the general atmos-

phere, now I dare to run this risk, but they must be aware that it is only nowthat I can do ito and if they will not give a warm reception to this initiativeothey will thwart the possibility of my policy towards the Romanians forgood.tt51

With Romaniaos entry into war, all the remaining illusions of an agree'

ment soon faded away.

.r [dd.

I?A