Chapter 5 Activity Booklet - MacKillop College · Web viewChapter 5 Activity Booklet Introduction to Psychology LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT What is lifespan development?

Unit 1 Psychology

Chapter 5 Activity Booklet

Introduction to Psychology

MacKillop CollegeMacKillop College

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

What is lifespan development?

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A change must be relatively __________________________ for it to be considered a developmental change

State whether the following would be considered a developmental change or not

– An eight month old infant who cries whenever her mother leaves the room

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– A six year old boy who has learned to play chess

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– A 50 year old person who cannot remember anything while anaesthetized during surgery

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– A 10 year old girl who now feels confident about sleeping away from home without becoming homesick

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– A 70 year old woman who learns how to send an email

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– A 28 year old male who believes he is ready to move out of his family home and live independently away from his parents

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Why is it important to study lifespan development?

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LIFESPAN STAGES

STAGE IN THE LIFESPAN APPROXIMATE AGE DESCRIPTION

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TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTLabel the 4 types of development on the diagram below and write a brief description of

each.

What three types of development make up psychological development?

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STAGES OF THE LIFESPAN

Draw a timeline of your life plotting some developmental changes you have experienced.

Use four different colours to identify the area of development it corresponds to.

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HOW DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS

What is meant by the view that ‘developmental changes occur simultaneously in different areas’? Explain with reference to an example different from that used in the text.

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In what way do continuous and discontinuous views of development differ?__________________________________________________________________________________

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Give an example, other than one used in the text, which illustrates the ‘sequential nature of development’.__________________________________________________________________________________

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Construct a table such as that below. In the left column write a list of developmental changes you have experienced that could be described as quantitative. In the right column write a list of developmental changes you have experienced that could be described as qualitative. Your first entries in each column could be the examples given in the text.

QUALITATIVE CHANGES QUANTITATIVE CHANGES

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INTERACTION OF HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SHAPING PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Define heredity and environment as used in psychology.___________________________________________________________________________

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Briefly explain, with reference to an example, how hereditary and environmental factors can influence psychological development.___________________________________________________________________________

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What is the main focus of contemporary psychologists interested in the role that heredity and environment play in shaping psychological development?___________________________________________________________________________

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Which do you believe has the greater influence on psychological development — heredity or environment? Give a reason for your answer. To what extent is your answer dependent on the type of psychological characteristic?___________________________________________________________________________

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NATURE VS NURTURE

NATURE BOTH NURTURE

Are the following characteristics and activities influenced by nature or nurture? Or are they a combination of both? Write each of the following in the diagram above.

A toddler who begins to walk A toddler who throws a tantrum because mum won’t let him have a chocolate frog Learning to serve a tennis ball Writing a letter to a friend Calculating your SAC result as a percentage Eye colour Crying when chopping onions Having an aggressive personality Deciding to continue your studies at the end of VCE Being good at yoga Inviting a new student at school to join your group at lunch Hair colour Laughing at a joke The language you speak at home Winning the marathon at the Olympics Blood type

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1. Why did the teacher say that Bart would never go to College?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What factors led to Bart believing he would be a failure?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Why did the principal believe that Lisa was gifted?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. How was it suggested that Lisa’s “gift” be nurtured?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Why did Marge want to spend the $200 on Lisa?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. “The path you follow now could be the one you have for the rest of your life” – what does this mean?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. Other than a saxophone, what factors could help nurture Lisa’s gift?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. What do you believe is the biggest influence on a person’s intelligence?

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1. What is meant by the “Simpson’s Genes”?______________________________________________________________________________________

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2. Is there any way Lisa can alter her genes? Why?______________________________________________________________________________________

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3. In what ways are Homer and Bart alike?______________________________________________________________________________________

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4. Why does Lisa believe that she will end up being overweight, lazy, married to Ralph and have lots of children?

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5. How does Lisa realize that her genes to not necessarily define who she is and what she’ll become?______________________________________________________________________________________

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6. What other factors can contribute to Lisa’s life path?______________________________________________________________________________________

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ROLE OF MATURATION IN DEVELOPMENT

SENSITIVE PERIODS IN DEVELOPMENT (1)

1. What is maturation?

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2. Give two examples of two different psychological abilities which are influenced by maturation in their development. Describe why maturation is necessary in each of your examplesExample 1___________________________________________________________________

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Example 2___________________________________________________________________

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3. What is meant by the term principle of readiness in relation to maturation

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4. Explain with reference to the principle of readiness why some students may have difficulty understanding an algebra formula in year 7 but may understand the same formula in year 10

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5. What advice about maturation would you give to Stan who is shown in figure 4.15? Will experience help the child to walk earlier? Why?

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6. Explain what is meant by the phrase ‘sensitive period of development’ with reference to an example

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BOX 4.5 CASE STUDY

NATURE NURTURE

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1. Why do sensitive periods of development occur?

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2. What does ‘critical period of development’ refer to?

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3. How are critical periods of development different to sensitive periods?

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4. Provide an example of a critical period of development___________________________________________________________________________

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RESEARCH METHODS FOR STUDYING DEVELOPMENT (1)

RESEARCH METHOD

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLE

ADVANTAGE

LIMITATION

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ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH ON SELF-RECOGNITION AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES

Read the summary of the experiment on the development of self-recognition and associated emotional responses in box 5.6. Analyse the research and its results and conclusions by answering the following questions.1 Write a possible aim for the experiment.2 Identify the IV(s) and DV(s) of the experiment.3 Suggest a reason to explain why infants of different ages were used as participants.4 Which infants were in the experimental group and which infants were in the control group?5 What do the results suggest about self-recognition and emotions?6 Could these conclusions be generalised to(a) the population(b) all infants? Explain your answer.7 One of the emotions the infants were expected to show was fear. What ethical considerations might this raise?

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ATTACHMENT

Explain the meaning of attachment.

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When do attachments form?

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What is the relationship between attachment and emotional development?

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Describe the Strange Situation?

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List five behaviours that could be used as indicators of attachment within and outside the Strange Situation.

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Name and describe four attachment types.

SECURE ATTACHMENT

AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

RESISTANT ATTACHMENT

Fill out the table to summarise factors influencing the development of attachment.

DESCRIPTION GENETICS

TEMPERAMENT

EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE

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Fill in the following table regarding whether or not mothers are considered the best caregivers

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

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ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH – HARLOW, DODSWORTH & HARLOW (1965)

Construct a flow chart which identifies the key features and stages in the Harlow, Dodsworth and Harlow (1965) experiment involving infant rhesus monkeys. An example of a flow chart is figure 5.31.

Answer the following questions.1 What are the IV and the DV in this experiment?2 What do the findings of the experiment suggest about the development and importance of infant–caregiver attachment among humans?3 Outline one advantage of the research design. For example, why did Harlow choose to use the experimental method for this study rather than some other method?4 What is one advantage and one disadvantage of using animals in psychological research?5 Would Harlow’s experiments be approved by ethics committees today? Explain with reference to relevant ethical standards and practices.6 Can the findings of animal research studies on attachment be applied to humans? Give reasons for your answer

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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT – KEY PRINCIPLES OF PIAGET’S THEORYWhat does cognitive development involve?

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Explain the meaning of adaptation.

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What role does adaptation play in cognitive development?

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What does assimilation involve?

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List three recent examples where you have been in a situation requiring you to assimilate new information.

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What does accommodation involve?

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Describe a situation when you were required to accommodate new information and thereby changed your view of the world or people.

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Explain the difference between assimilation and accommodation.

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Explain what Piaget meant by the term schema.

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What role do schemata play in cognitive development?

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Explain the roles of assimilation and accommodation in:(a) adaptation

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(b) schemata formation.

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Piaget’s four-stage theory of cognitive development

Why can Cognitive development not be directly observed?

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List four characteristics of Piaget’s Four-stage theory of Cognitive Development

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Sensorimotor stage (_____________ to __________ years)

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Object permanence: Define

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Use the image below to explain how Psychologist’s test if an infant has accomplished object permanence

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Goal directed behaviour: explain and provide an example

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Pre-operational stage (_____________ to __________ years)

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Egocentrism: define

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Use the image below to explain how Psychologist’s test if an infant demonstrated egocentrism as a ‘kind of thinking’

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Centration: define

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Draw an image of a test used by Psychologists’ to determine if infants have accomplished centration

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Reversibility: explain and provide an example ________________________________________________________________

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Concrete operational stage (_____________ to __________ years)

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Conservation: define ________________________________________________________________

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Conservation of volume: Use the image below to explain how Psychologist’s test if an infant has accomplished conservation of volume

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Conservation of mass: Use the image below to explain how Psychologist’s test if an infant has accomplished conservation of mass

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Classification: explain and provide an example

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Formal operational stage (__________ years)

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Abstract thinking: Explain and provide an example ________________________________________________________________

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Logical thinking: define

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Use the image below to explain how Psychologist’s test if an infant has accomplished conservation of mass

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Idealistic thinking: Explain and provide an example

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Describe four criticisms of Piaget’s theory

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ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Identify and explain the two components of psychosocial development?

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Provide four characteristics of Erikson’s theory.

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Stage 1 ( )

Explain Trust Explain Mistrust

Describe an incident in your own life or in the life of someone you know well that demonstrates this stage.

Explain how this example validates you or he/she being in that stage (ie. Link example to the definition)

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Stage 2 ( )

Explain Autonomy Explain Shame or Doubt



Stage 3 ( )

Explain Initiative Explain Guilt



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Stage 4 ( )

Explain Industry Explain Inferiority



Stage 5 ( )

Explain Identity Explain Identity Confusion



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Stage 6 ( )

Explain Initmacy Explain Isolation



Stage 7 ( )

Explain Generativity Explain Stagnation



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Stage 8 ( )

Explain Integrity Explain Despair



State three criticisms of Erikson’s theory

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MATCHING ACTIVITYMatch each stage with the correct definition

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to One) 2. Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame (one to two or three) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (three to five or six) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (five or six to eleven or twelve) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (middle adulthood) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (later adulthood)

_______ If the previous seven psychosocial crises have been successfully resolved, mature adults develop a sense of integrity. They see their lives as successful and worthwhile. They are proud of their work, their families, and they reap the benefits of a fulfilling life. The unsuccessful resolution is despair: a negative appraisal of one’s life and the realization that it is too late to start over.

_______ Warmth, affection, and consistency of care lead to a positive, secure attachment with the primary caregiver (usually the mother). Inadequate care results in fear and mistrust. Since this first relationship is the prototype for all others, those with a primarily negative resolution to this stage may struggle with forming close relationships for the rest of their lives. Extremely inadequate care may result in significant developmental problems.

_______ The successful young adult, for the first time, can experience true intimacy, the sort of intimacy that makes possible good marriage or a genuine and enduring friendship. The unsuccessful outcome is isolation and despair. Prior achievement of a consistent sense of self (identity) is crucial to a successful resolution of this stage.

_______ Corresponding to the elementary school years, this stage is crucial in the development of competence or self-confidence. Success in meeting the demands of school and society lead to a sense of “industry” or self-confidence. Repeated failures lead to feelings of inferiority and an unwillingness to try new tasks. _______ Generativity, the ability to give of oneself, in the sense of marriage and parenthood as well as work, is the positive outcome of this stage. Self-absorption, the inability to give of oneself, is the negative outcome.

_______ Curiosity, physical exploration, and high energy (not to mention the endless stream of questions typical of this age!) are typical of preschoolers. Parental responses to these behaviors lead to a sense of initiative and inquisitiveness or a sense of guilt and lack of initiative.

_______ The critical issue for the adolescent is the development of a consistent identity or sense of self. The positive outcome involves the ability to answer the questions: “Who am I? What will I become? In contemporary society, this stage often extends well into young adulthood as a person typically experiments with many behaviors, roles, and identities before achieving a lasting and satisfying one.

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_______ If a child is permitted and encouraged to do things for himself/herself (with some adult guidance), a sense of independence or autonomy develops. Self-doubt and dependence characterize the negative outcome for this stage.Identify the psychosocial crisis most likely to be unresolved in each of the following examples. Explain the person’s feelings and behaviour in terms of Erikson’s theory:A new employee who is reluctant to do a task on their own for fear of making a mistake

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A 28-year-old woman who constantly gives others compliments seeking to get compliments in return

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A 38-year-old who has had three broken engagements in the past 10 years

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A lawyer who decides to take up politics and runs for a state government seat in parliament because she is passionate about ‘making a difference’ to the environment

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An adolescent boy who is reluctant to develop friendships with females after his girlfriend cheated on him

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A person who wishes they could relive their working life so they could do it better

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A 10-year-old who misbehaves in class and avoids doing any schoolwork

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An adolescent girl who always waits to be asked to join in social activities

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Chapter 5 Activity Booklet - MacKillop College · Web viewChapter 5 Activity Booklet Introduction to Psychology LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT What is lifespan development?