DOC HOLLEY’S

A.P. ART HISTORY:

SCULPTURE

N: Venus of Willendorf D: 22,000 B.C.E. and 21,000 B.C.E P/S: naturalism, prehistoric A: Unknown Pa: Unknown L: Site of Creation is unknown, found in Austria M/T: limestone, subtractive sculptural form, carved

from natural materials F: may have been a fetish figure, a talisman or charm

for fertility of humans, animals, plants C: shows a keen observation of naturalism in form,

but with an imaginative DT: relatively small, portable size, emphasis on

female reproductive parts, and rudimentary arms, with no facial features and cap-like hair

I: Earliest known sculpture

N: Feline headed human D: 30,000-28,000BCE P/S: naturalism, prehistoric A: Unknown Pa: Unknown L: Site of Creation is unknown; found in Germany M/T: Mammoth ivory, subtractive sculptural form,

carved from natural materials F: possibly Shaman - spirit guide, composite form

may show an imagined type or the use of costume or mask for play or ritual purposes

C: shows imaginative combination of 2 species DT: relatively small, portable size I: Earliest known sculpture

N: Stonehenge D: 2,000 BC, the first stone circle; P/S: Neolithic period A: unknown Pa: unknown L: Wiltshire, England M/T: dolerite; stones from the Prescelly Mountains;

hauled + set up; stone lintels along its top surface; attach stone on top

F: unknown; perhaps decoration; much speculation – connected to many legends

C: old burial site; alignment with the stars DT: Astronomical Alignment; several circles; trilithons

(paired uprights with a lintel) I: connected with the Druids; King Arthur Legend

N: Bison Of Tuc D'Audoubert D: c. 14,000 year old P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Pa: unknown L: Le Tuc d'Audoubert cave, Ariege, France M/T: Modeled in clay from the cave itself; flattened

relief used in head; F: unknown C: in a chamber reached only after an often

uncomfortable and difficult journey DT: Strict profile- 2 ft long; male bison followed by a

female I: unknown

N: Standard of Ur D: 2600 – 2400 BC P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Pa: unknown L: From Ur, southern Iraq M/T: wooden frame for the mosaic of shell, red

limestone and lapis lazuli ; bitumen acting as glue F: not yet understood; theories: carried on a pole as a

standard; it formed the soundbox of a musical instrument;

C: found at Royal Cemetery at Ur DT: representations of a Sumerian army; and other

goods brought in procession to a banquet; seated figures

I: main panels are known as ‘War’ and ‘Peace’

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg

N: The Ziggurat of Ur D: 2100 B.C P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Pa: King Shulgi; dedicated to the moon god Nanna

(or Sin) L: From Ur, southern Iraq; Sumerian M/T: mud-brick, at the core, and baked bricks, at the

sides and the ceilings F: temple; god offering place C: part of a temple complex; place on earth where

the moon god Nanna, the patron deity of Ur, had chosen to dwell

DT: massive stepped pyramid I: housed the worshipped god Nanna and offerings

were made to him here

N: Cave Paintings at Lascaux D: about 15,000 BC P/S: prehistoric A: Early ancestors of Lascaux Pa: unknown L: ancient caves in the south of France, near Lascaux M/T: clay, wall(cave), natural ingredients to add color F: To represent and capture the big game(hunting) C: Altamira caves lacked the soot deposits which have

been found in other similar caves. It suggests that the people at Altamira had slightly more advanced lighting technology

DT: prehistoric, flat I: Used to capture the kill of the animals around the

hunter (big game)

N: Cave Paintings at Altamira D: about 16,000-9,000 BC P/S: prehistoric A: Magdalenian people Pa: unknown L: Northern Spain , caves at Altamira M/T: clay, wall(cave), natural ingredients to add

color F: depict a event/ embellish C: The paints used for the drawing of the bison

were derived from natural earth pigments like ochre and zinc oxide. The paintings at Altamira has as many as three colors used in the body of a single animal (bison)

DT: prehistoric, flat I: The paintings at Altamira primarily focus on

bison, because bison was the primary hunt/food they got.

N: Persepolis (Palace of Darius) D: early fifth century BC P/S: Old Persia A: Various workers the Persian workers Pa: King Darius I the Great L: south of the Apadana M/T: Limestone/Achaemenid art F:serve as a resting place for King Darius,

however, he passed away before it was finished. C: contained finest examples of Achaemenid art. DT: embellished with intricate details, proportional I: believed the reasons behind the construction of

Persepolis were the need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for their empire, and to celebrate special events

N: Stepped Pyramid of Zoser D: 2675 BCE P/S: Old Kingdom, Dynasty III/ Egyptian A: Imhotep Pa: Pharaoh Zoser L: Saqqara necropolis, Egypt M/T: limestone blocks F: temple for worship & offering place for Pharaoh

Zoser C: The stepped pyramid is midway between the

earlier mastaba tombs and the forms at Giza. Its composed of a series of mastabas, each smaller, and stacked on top of each other

DT: rigid, proportional, circular/curved edges I: The symbolism of the step pyramid form, (did not

survive), is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown

N: Book of the Dead D: earliest known versions date from the 16th century

BC during the 18th Dynasty (ca. 1580 BC–1350 BC) P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Egyptians Pa: unknown L: ancient Egypt M/T: papyrus F: to assist the deceased in the afterlife & comprised

a collection of hymns, spells and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife

C: ancient Egyptian funerary text DT: prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces

being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later, often the work of several different scribes and artists

I: called Spells of Coming Forth By Day

N: Pyramids of Giza D: concluded around 2560 BC P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Egyptains Pa: fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu L: Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza,

Egypt M/T: built by moving huge stones from a quarry and

dragging and lifting them into place F: tomb for Pharaoh Khufu and his wife C: believed the pyramid was built as a tomb and

constructed over a 20-year period DT: oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the

Giza Necropolis I: the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient

World, and the only one to remain largely intact, tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years

N: Sphynx D: built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom in the

reign of the pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558–2532 BC) P/S: prehistoric A: unknown Egyptians Pa: pharaoh Khafra L: Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt;

located by the Pyramids of Giza M/T: limestone, subtractive method F: ornamental use C: a statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical

creature with a lion's body and a human head) DT: largest monolith statue in the world, oldest known

monumental sculpture I: origins in sculpted figures of lionesses with female

human heads

Venus of Willendorf Feline headed human

Comparison & Contrast:

N: Venus of Willendorf D: 22,000-21,000 BCE P/S: prehistoric M/T: limestone;

subtractive Similarity #1:

anatomically/proportionally incorrect

Difference #1: no facial expression

Difference #2: emphasis on female reproductive parts

Difference #3: found with hunters/men as good luck charm (context)

Difference #4: stance – in the round, softer features

N: Feline headed human D: 30,000-28,000 BCE P/S: prehistoric M/T: mammoth ivory;

subtractive Similarity #1:

anatomically/proportionally incorrect

Difference #1: facial expression is animal - not human

Difference #2: emphasis on the feline head

Difference #3: found in graves (context)

Difference #4: stance – stiff, rigid, frontal