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Do We Need New Social Capital Indicators in Cross National Surveys?
The Potential of "Old" and "New" SC Indicators.
Julia Häuberer
Workshop on Harmonisation of Social Survey Data for Cross-National Comparison,
Prague, October 19, 2010
2
Outline
1) Social Capital Theory
2) Commonly Used Measures and Their Problems
3) Measures of Structural Entities of SC and Their Potentials
3
1) Social Capital Theory
• (1) Civic perspective (Putnam) vs. (2) Network Perspective (Lin)
(1) relations between individuals networks of civic engagement, norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness
(2) structurally embedded resources in
networks are social capital
4
Vizualization of Putnams Concept
Networks of Civic
Engagement
Generalized Trust
Norms of Reciprocity
+ +
+
5
2) Commonly Used Measures and Their Problems
International surveys mainly research on Civic perspective
• Problem at individual level:– non-covariation of associational activity and norms
of reciprocity – mixed results regarding the relation between
networks of civic engagement and social trust
Concept correct? Can we combine cultural and structural aspects of SC?
6
Solution: Conceptualizing SC as Structural Entity Only
Network,
formal/informalResources
for
expressive action
Resources
for
instrumental action
Network Size
Range
Openness/
Structural Holes
Closure/Density
Access to Social Capital Accessed Social Capital
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
cf. Häuberer, J. 2011. Social Capital Theory. Towards a Methodological Foundation. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
7
3) Measures of Structural Entities of SC and Their Potentials
• Name Generator (Burt)
• Position Generator (Lin)
• Resource Generator (Van der Gaag, Snijders)1) Social Relationships among Czech Citizens
2) Eurobarometer 62.2
8
Czech Republic
• Survey: Social Relationships among Czech Citizens (2007/8)
• Telephone survey, CATI, Quota sample
• Test-retest study
• Test: 400 respondents (November 2007)
• Retest: 129 respondents (June 2008)
9
Resource Generator
How many of your (1) family members, (2) friends, (3) acquaintances will provide a specific resource?– Resources for expressive action
• Personal Support Social Capital
– Resources for instrumental action• Financial Skills• Prestige Related SC.
10
Reliability I – Pearson Correlations
Family Friends Acquaintances
Help with repairsr 0.530 0.549 0.562N 123 120 27
Shop for your 0.512 0.412 0.267N 121 122 27
Put in contact with good doctor
r 0.601 0.562 0.220N 110 110 24
Advice personal problems
r 0.611 0.530 0.019N 118 122 27
Put you upr 0.612 0.764 0.831N 119 113 26
Advice legal problems
r 0.618 0.538 0.888N 119 119 27
Help find a jobr 0.392 0.483 0.468N 111 109 27
PersonalSupport- time 1-
repairs ε1
1
1
shop foryou ε2
1
contact todoctor ε3
1
advicepersonalproblems
ε41
temp. putyou up ε5
1
advicelegal
problemsε6
1
help finda job ε7
1
PersonalSupport- time 2 -
repairs ε8
shop foryou ε9
contact todoctor ε10
advicepersonalproblems
ε11
temp. putyou up ε 12
advicelegal
problemsε13
help finda job ε14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Reliability IICFA
Family: .97Friends: .88
12
Validity I – Criterion Validity
Sex Age EducationLife
satisfaction
Personal Support (test) r -0.033 -0.248 0.138 0.051
N 343 343 343 339
Personal Support (retest) r -0.024 -0.399 0.166 0.102
N 115 115 115 112
Financial Skills r -0.185 0.013 0.104 0.120
N 129 129 129 126
Prestige r -0.269 -0.059 0.385 0.169
N 128 128 128 125
Validity II -Construct Validity
N = 129; ** p<0.01, *p<0.05
chi2 = 74.757; df = 51;
p = 0.017; GFI = 0.915;
AGFI = 0.870; RMR = 0.031
RMSEA = 0.060
PersonalSupport
repairs e1
.60** contact todoctor e2
.74**
shop foryou e3.78**
advicepersonalproblems
e4.60**
temp. putyou up e5
.61**
advicelegal
problemse6
help finda job e7
Political/Financial
Skills
earns morethan 100.000CZK/month
e12
knowsfinancials e8
.62**
works intown hall e9
.31*
Prestige related
SC
can employpeople e10.80**
appears inmedia e11
.50**
.56**
.62**
.55**
.72**
.71**
.45**
same as Van der Gaag and Snijder‘s study reveals
14
International Comparison
Eurobarometer 62.2 (2004)In the following situations would you be able to rely
on friends, work colleagues, neighbours or acquaintances to receive help or support?
Help with houshold tasks/ occasional care for household members/ personal care / help with paperwork/ discuss personal problems / borrow money, valuable goods/ help when harassed or assaulted
15
Frequencies – Accessed Resources (Percent)
All
Post-Communist Countries Other
0 13.6 11.1 15.1
1 16.3 17.4 15.6
2 18.5 20.5 17.2
3 18.5 20.3 17.4
4 9.6 10.3 9.2
5 7.2 6.7 7.5
6 5.3 4.8 5.6
7 4.2 3.8 4.5
8 6.8 5.1 7.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Eurobarometer 62.2
16
First Results – Influencing Factors on Accessed Resources
Independent variables stand. Beta
Gender .069***
Age -.111***
Yrs. Education .133***
Bonding SC (dich) .028***
Bridging SC (dich) .104***
Contact to Friends .145***
Contact to Colleagues .026***
Contact to Neighbours .083***
Postcommunist Country (Dummy)
-.027***Source: Eurobarometer 62.2
17
Conclusions
• RG applicable in different cultural settings– seems reliable, valid– empricial results support theoretical SC
concept
Shouldn’t we think of including the Resource Generator as standard item battery into international surveys?