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Do Now
• What is matter?
• What are elements?
• What is the periodic table used for?
Do Now
• What is a compound?
• Give an example
• Name 3 elements found in our body.
• What are the 3 parts of an atom and where are they located?
Do Now• What are carbohydrates used in our bodies
for?
• Name some examples of foods containing carbohydrates.
• What are lipids used in our bodies for?
• Name examples of foods that contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.
Objectives• To understand why we need protein in our
diet.
• To explain the function of nucleic acids in our bodies.
• To understand how water provides a medium for chemical reactions in our body.
Chapter Objectives
• To list the different molecules found in living things.
• To explain what bonds are used for.
• To determine the different functions of the 4 macromolecules as well as water in the body.
• To understand why our bodies undergo chemical reactions.
• To list and describe the different macromolecules found in our bodies.
“How Cells Function”
Chapter 2
Elements and Matter• What is matter?
• Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Living and non living
• All living and non-living things can be broken down into different elements.
• Elements: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by physical or chemical means. Consists of atoms of only 1 types
Periodic Table Activity
• Get a red, blue, and green colored pencil
• Make a key at the bottom of the paper with the 3 colors.
• For the following elements shade in the chemical symbol RED, the atomic number BLUE, and the atomic mass GREEN• Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen,
Calcium, Phosphorus
• Each element has it’s own set of properties.• Ex: Oxygen
• Colorless• Odorless• gas
Elements in the bodyList in notebook:
• Oxygen – 65%
• Carbon – 18%
• Hydrogen – 10%
• Nitrogen – 3 %
• Calcium – 2 %
• Phosphorus – 1%
• 19 others
• Can be found as a pure element or as a compound.
• Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements joined together by chemical bonds.• Ex: H2O (has both elements hydrogen
and oxygen in it)
Atoms
• Elements are made up of atoms
• Atom: smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter
• Contain 3 parts• Protons: positively charged, contain mass
• Neutrons: no charge, contain mass
• Electrons: negatively charged, insignificant mass
+
-
Chemical Reactions
• Why do we need chemical reactions?
• Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms are broken or formed to make different molecules in the body.
• Broken bonds release energy• Formed bonds store energy
ACTIVITY
Baking soda + Vinegar
2 Chemical Reactions
1. HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3
2. H2CO3 H2O + CO2
OR Mentos in Soda!
=
LOTS OF BUBBLES (carbon dioxide)
LETS WATCH!
Macromolecules
• Macro= BIG/LARGE
• 4 different macromolecules all doing a different job in our body….
1. Carbohydrates
• Give us energy!
• Simple sugars made up of C, H, + O
• Types of Carbs:• Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose,
galactose• Ex: cookies, candy
• Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber)• Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables
2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
• Store energy, insulation, protection
• Made up of C,H,O
• Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
• Fats are hydroPHOBIC- do not dissolve/mix in water.
• Types of Lipids:• Saturated: solid fat, BAD FOR YOU, comes
from animals• Ex: lard, butter, fat on steak or chicken
• Unsaturated: liquid, better for you, comes from vegetables• Ex: vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil
Protein
• Growth, repair, enzymes, transport
• Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes sulfur
• Structure is repeating amino acids• Body makes some, we must EAT to get others. • Order of amino acids tells the protein what job it has.
Nucleic Acids• Holds genetic information in the form of
DNA or RNA
• Made up of C,O,H,N,P
• Subunits of nucleic acids
are called nucleotides
DNA vs. RNA
• Types:• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the
blueprints for our cells)
• RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the blueprints and make protein)
Water• Chemical reactions take place in water!
• 2/3 of every cell is water
• Known as the “universal solvent” because it dissolves things. • Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc.
• Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen = H20
• Is polar due to H+ and O- charge
• Water makes up 70% of your body mass
• Cannot dissolve lipids (fats), our membranes are made up of lipids