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Do now:What does it mean to reform?
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Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
The Catholic Church was the only church in Medieval Europe
The Bible was only to be read by Priests or Bishops
Church Services were only in Latin.
If you went on a Crusade or a Pilgrimage you could earn time out of Purgatory
You could buy a special letter from the Pope called an Indulgence which was like a get out of jail for free card but for Purgatory
If you died with a dirty Soul you would go to either Purgatory or straight to hell.
You had to go to Church and get the Priest to clean your Soul.
If you died with a clean Soul you would go to heaven.
• In the 1500s reformers called on Church to return to simple faith of early Christianity– Felt corruption was present in Church
• Clergy sold indulgences- (a pardon or release from sins to reduce time in Purgatory) for money given to the clergy/Church.
– (supposed to reduce the punishment a sinner suffered after death)
The sale of indulgences shown in A Question to a Mintmaker, woodcut by Jörg Breu the Elder of Augsburg, ca. 1530.
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Martin Luther was a monk and all monks lives were revolved around community work, prayer, rest, and work in the monastery.
Luther argues that faith alone saves the human sinner
*You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned.
*The Church is wrong to sell indulgencies which buy time out of Purgatory.
*Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin.
*Its wrong to make an image of God.The Church is too rich.
• Martin Luther writes 95 Theses in 1517 & nailed to door of Wittenberg castle church in German state of Saxony– List of questions to
church– Criticized indulgences– Taken to printing press &
copies spread all around
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)
I got
95
Complaints!
•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.
•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.
In 1520, Pope Leo X issued Diet of Worms (vawrmz).
Order Luther to give up his beliefs
Luther burned the order and was excommunicated- took away membership in the Church.
• In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried Luther, issued the Edict of Worms & declared Luther an outlaw & heretic- person who holds beliefs outside of Church
Pope Leo X He was the Pope during the height of the corruption
Diet of Worms
• Luther gets saved by Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony who protects him in castle.
• Luther’s teachings:1. Ppl can win salvation only by faith in God’s
forgiveness. • Faith & ‘good deeds’ were needed for salvation
2. All Church teachings based on words of the Bible• The Pope & Church traditions were false authorities
3. All people of faith are equal• Ppl did not need priests to interpret Bible for them
• While in castle he translated Bible from Latin into German
• Begins a separate Christian religion- Lutheranism
Impact on German Politics- Some German princes saw Luther’s teachings as reason to claim Church property & get independence from Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
– German protesting princes= Protestants• Becomes name for all Christians who belong to non-Catholic
churches
– Charles V goes to war w/ German Lutheran princes– 1555 Peace of Augsburg- formally accepts division in
Christianity. Each prince gets to decide religion of his state
“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with
. CalvinismJohn Calvin takes over as Protestant leader in Switzerland. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”
Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland
Calvin believed in:
Salvation through Predestination
At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell
Foreknowledge
God knows everything that will happen in your life
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling, dancing, etc..
Calvin:• Believed doing God’s work on earth• Used missionaries to spread faith• Believed ideal government was a theocracy-
gov’t controlled by relig leader• 1541 takes leadership of Geneva, Switzerland
– John Knox spreads Calvinist ideas to Scotland in 1559
• Becomes Presbyterianism
PuritanHugeunots
Presbyterian
Other divisions… inspired by…
1st comes loveThen comes marriage
Then comes King Henry VIII whining about…
I want a divorce! A lot of them!
Baby Henry
Young Henry
Henry VIIIDissent over divorceWives of Henry
1st -Catherine of Aragon2nd-Anne Boleyn3rd-Jane Seymour4th-Anne of Cleves5th-Catherine Howard6th-Catherine Parr
The Anglican Church forms when Henry VIII of England divorces his first wife, isexcommunicated by the Pope, and decides to break off from the Catholic church and form a new Church of England•Here’s how he did it…
At first…
The pope awarded him with the title “defender of the catholic faith” for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther!
But by 1527, he was at odds with the catholic church.
Catherine of Aragon
Henry given permission from Pope to marry his brother’s widow
Catherine failed to produce a male heir, only had one surviving child – Mary I
Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage
Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted, and appointed Sir Thomas More as English Cardinal
Gets Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, to rule marriage “null & void.” Anne becomes queen. 3 months later have daughter, Elizabeth (becomes Queen Elizabeth I)
Thomas Cramner
• Appointed archbishop by Henry.• He annulled the marriage.
Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope
ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England
He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn
Reformation in England:– 1534 Parliament finalizes
England’s break w Pope & Catholic Church w/ Act of Supremacy- the king is “supreme head on earth on Church of England”
The Act of Annantes
1532Stopped all payment
to the Catholic Church
The Act of Appeals
1533Ended Rome’s
Religious hold on England
The Act of Supremacy
1534Made Henry VIII the head of the Church
of England
ExecutionsAny subject who
wouldn’t denounce the Catholic Church
ANNE BOLEYN
Only had 1 surviving child – a daughter, Elizabeth I
Henry upset at not having a son, accused Anne of incest and adultery
Anne was brought to the Tower of London and executed
Legend had it she had a sixth finger and a large mole or goiter on her neck
Anne’s sister Mary had been one of Henry’s earlier mistresses
Just prior to her execution, Anne’s marriage to Henry was dissolved and considered invalid
JANE SEYMOUR
First came to the court in the service of Queen Catherine, later she waited on Anne Boleyn as she rose to Queen
Henry felt she was his first “true wife”
She died 2 weeks after giving birth to Henry’s only legitimate son – Edward
Only one of the 6 wives buried with him.
Third time’s the charm???
ANNE OF CLEVES
Henry was single for 2 years after Jane died
Henry wanted a marriage for political reasons, to form an Alliance between English Protestants and German Protestants
Hired a painter to find him a potential ally and paint the women who could make it possible – He chose Anne of Cleves
She was so unattractive however, Henry divorced her
A marriage of politics…
Yuck!
The painting Henry saw
The real anne
Never lie to the king…Hans Holbein the Younger was
beheaded for the misleading painting
CATHRYN HOWARD (cousin of Anne Boleyn)
Married her only 16 days after his divorce to Anne – he was 49, she was 19
They were ill-matched, he was gaining a lot of weight, and had an ulcerated leg – she was his “rose without a thorn”
Executed because he believed she had relations with another man before their marriage, which continued after their marriage
Robbing the cradle…
“A rose without a thorn”
CATHERINE PARR
Widowed twice before marrying Henry
Became a stabilizing mother figure in home – to Mary, Elizabeth and Edward
She outlived Henry – who died January 28, 1547
She married Jane Seymour’s (wife #3) brother, Thomas after Henry’s death
Religion with Henry:
SameMostly catholic
doctrineForbid clergy to
marryContinued
confession
DifferentEnglish biblesHenry head instead
of popeReligious decisions in
the hands of the monarch and Parliament
No monks, no statues
Edward VI takes the throne:
• Only 9 years old!• Edward Seymour (Edward VI's uncle) the
Protectorship of the realm he genuinely cared for both the boy and the realm, but used the Protectorship, as well as Edward's religious radicalism, to further his Protestant interests
• Decides that clergy can wed• Protestant refugees fled to England
Edward vi: The Book of Common Prayer,
Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, was instituted in 1549 as a handbook to the new style of worship that skated controversial issues in an effort to pacify Catholics
Died of tuberculosis as a teenager (16)
Bloody
Daughter of Henry & Catherine of Aragon Married Prince Phillip of Spain Takes throne 1553 'Bloody Mary' was the Mary of the last four years of
her life. A staunch Catholic Queen in a religiously divided country she had 283 heretics burned at the stake (including Archbishop of Canterbury) in effort to bring England back to Catholicism
Backfires- English turn to Protestantism
Why would she want to return to catholicism?
Elizabeth: Imprisoned in the towerMary saw her as a threat so put her in the tower! She
was deathly afraid of the Tower, probably thinking of her mother's fate in that place, Who Was her Mother? and when she was told she would be entering through Traitor's Gate, she refused to move. She had been secreted to the Tower in the dark so as not to raise the sympathy of supporters. That night was cold and rainy, and the Princess Elizabeth sat, soaking wet, on the stairs from the river to the gate. After her governess finally persuaded Elizabeth to enter, she did so and became yet another famous prisoner of the Tower of London.
• Her first order of business was to eliminate religious unrest.
• Took stronger Protestant stance
Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth I takes throne in 1558. Establishes the Church of England aka Anglican Church– Elizabeth I is head of church & only legal church in
Eng• Priests can marry• Sermons in English
Confused???Keeping up with the Tudors…
w/ photos
Catholic Reformation- feel pressure to revitalize
1. Ignatius of Loyola (from Spain)• Under Pope’s guidance, started
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)– Focused on 3 things:
» Founded schools in classics & theology
» Convert ppl to Catholicism» Stop spread of
Protestantism• Jesuit missionaries like Francis
Xavier brought relig to India & Japan; Matteo Ricci brought relig to China
2. Pope Paul III & the Council of Trent (reform commission- council made up of bishops & cardinals)
• Church interpretation of Bible is final
• Christians need faith & good works for salvation
• Bible & Church are equally powerful authorities
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith but selling indulgences was banned
Division of Christianity
Impact
• As church authority declined, it led to the development of nation-states whose leaders had more power for their countries through warfare, exploration & expansion
1) Which European countries became mostly Protestant and which remained mostly Roman Catholic?
2) Judging from the way the religions were distributed, where would you expect religious conflicts to take place? Explain.
Exit ticket:1) List a:
– social, – political, – economic – & religious
cause of the Reformation 2) Complete map activity p. 497 World History
HW Standards based assessment p. 503
Causes of the Reformation
Social Political Economic Religious
• Humanism & secularism caused ppl to ? church
• Monarchs challenged the Church’s power
• Princes & Kings jealous of Church’s $$$
• Some Church leaders were corrupt
• Printing press helped spread lit & ideas critical of church
• Pope viewed as a foreign ruler/ challenged his authority
• Merchants unhappy about paying taxes to the Church
• Ppl angry about sale of “indulgences”
