Do Now: What are the most common problems that students deal with regarding grammar and usage?

SENTENCE FRAGMENTSRUN-ON SENTENCESSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTPRONOUN VERB AGREEMENTPROUNOUN ANTECENDENT AGREEMENTPROBLEMS WITH CASEPROBLEMS INVOLVING MODIFIERSCOMMON PROBLEMS IN USAGEPICKING PROPER PREPOSITIONS

SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

and

RUN-ON SENTENCES

A sentence fragment is a a broken chunk of a a sentence that is need of fixing.

It cannot stand by itself it is missing a part.

Sentence – is a word groups that contains a SUBJECT – VERB – and EXPRESSES A COMPLETE

THOUGHT

Types of Sentences:Declarative (.)

The umpire called a strikeImperative (“. “with implied subject ‘you’ ”)

Get that umbrella for meExclamatory (!)

What a wonderful day we had yesterday!Interrogative

Who is your favorite teacher?

A word or word group that may be capitalized or punctuated, but does not contain all the elements of a sentence. It could be missing a:SubjectVerbFail to express a complete thought.

A phrase: A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and does not contain bot a verb and its subject.Verb Phrase – has been cancelled (no subject)Prepositional Phrase – Before the party (no

subject or verb)Infinitive Phrase – to buy bread (no subject or verb)

*Note: A group of words that contain both a subject and a verb is called a clause:

independent – The field trip has been cancelled (sentence)

Subordinate – before the party started (fragment)

1. Prepositional Phrase: phrase that includes a preposition, the object of the preposition and any modifiers of that object.

1. Example: with the red roof2. Adjective Phrase: A prepositional phrase

that modifies a noun or a pronoun.1. Tells what kind(s) or which one(s).

3. Adverb Phrase: a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective or other adverb.

1. Tells how, when, where, why or to what extent (how long or how far)

1. Participle: a verb form that can be used as an adjective. (end in “-ing” or “- “d” or “ed”.)2. Participle phrase: consists of a particle and any modifiers or compliments the participle phrase has. The phrase is an adjective.

Example: Speaking eloquently, Julie enthralled the audience.3. Gerund: a gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun.4. Gerund phrase is a gerund and any modifiers or compliments the gerund has. The entire phrase is a NOUN

Example: Studying regularly leads to better grades.5. Absolute phrase – word group consisting of particle or participle phrase that is used as an adverb to modify an independent clause. Modifies the entire clause by telling who, when or why.

Example: The costumes having been made, the actors dressed for rehearsal.

Phrases are fragments…..

1. An infinitive is a verb from that can be used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Most infinitives begin with “To”

2. The infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and any modifiers or compliments the infinitive has.

1. The entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective or adverb.

2. Examples:2. To finish early is her plan.3. Reginald wants to go to the beach with us on

Saturday.

1. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it.

1. Example: Sheila devotes Saturday morning to her favorite hobby, shopping.

2. An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and any modifiers the appositive has,

1. Example: Remember the celebrations held on Monday, January 1, 2001, the first day of the twenty first century?

In our preparation of the the purple potion.

Muttering over the cauldron.To harvest mandrakes nocturnally

Or lurk beneath the balustrade.When the troll bounced off the banister.

Fragment: In our preparation of the the purple potion.Problem: A phrase:

A phrase: A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and does not contain bot a verb and its subject.Solution:Add Simple Subject and Verb

We prepared the purple potionMake it an imperative sentence with an implied subject

Prepare the purple potion.Attach an independent clause:

We miscalculated the proportions in preparation of the purple potion.

Fragment: Muttering over the cauldron.Problem: This is either a participle phrase or a gerund phrase

a. Gerund: a gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun.

b. gerund phrase is a gerund and any modifiers or compliments the gerund has. The entire phrase is a NOUN

c. Participle: a verb form that can be used as an adjective. (end in “-ing” or “- “d” or “ed”.)

d. Participle phrase: consists of a particle and any modifiers or compliments the participle phrase has. The phrase is an adjective.

Solution: The fragment needs a subject and verb.The witch is muttering over the couldron.

FRAGMENT: To harvest mandrakes nocturnallyProblem: Infinitive Phrase

a. Infinitive: is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Most begin with “to”

b. Infinitive Phrase: consists of an infinitie and any modifiers or compliments the infinitive has. The entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.Solution:1. Add simple subject and complete verb:

We will harvest mandrakes nocturnally2. Add a predicate:

To harvest mandrakes nocturnally is a task that a junior wizard must undertake.3. Attach it to an independent clause:

To harvest mandrake noctunrally, you must wait for a moonless night.

Fragment: Or lurk beneath the balustrade.Problem: COMPOUND PREDICATE

No Subject or Additional PredicateSOLUTIONS:

Imperative Statement: Lurk beneath the balustrade.

Simple Subject: Orcs lurk beneath the balustrade.

Compound Predicate: Orcs slink around the cellarage or lurk beneath the balustrade.

Fragment: When the troll bounced off the banister.

Problem subordinate clause – a subordinate clause does not

express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself.

Solution – 1. combine clause with an independent clause2. Remove the subordinating conjunction, i.e.

“when”

Sentence: The troll bounced off the banister.When the troll bounced off the banister, he

bowled over the professor of herbology.

JK Rowling, a British novelist, whose fame as an innovator in the field of fantasy may come to equal that of Tolkien.

The new vacation resort, featuring tropical gardens and man-made lagoons, and overlooks a magnificent white sand beach.

The run-on sentence operates under several alias:a.The comma faultb.The comma slicec.The fused sentenceExamples of run-on sentences:

a. The wizards tasted the potion, they found the mixture tasty.

b. The troll is very hungry I think he is going to pounce.WHAT IS WRONG WITH THESE SENTENCES?

They are two sentences in one.HOW TO WE FIX THE PROBLEM.Four Basic ways:1.Period at the end of first independent clause. Begin the second independent clause with a capital letter.2.Connect the two independent clauses with a comma preceding an coordinating conjunction.3.Insert a semi-colon between the two independent clauses4.Use a subordinating conjunction to indicate that one of the independent clauses is dependent on the other and connect them with a comma.

1. SENTENCE – word group that contains a subject a verb and expresses a complete thought.2. SUBJECT AND THE PREDICATE – a sentence consists of two basic parts:

1. Subject – tells whom or what the sentence is about2. Predicate – tells something about the subject.

3. COMPLEMENT – word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb.1. Direct object – noun, pronoun or word group that tells who or what

receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action.Example: Toads cause warts.

2. Indirect object – is a noun pronoun or word group that precedes a direct object and tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of the verb is done.Example: Trainer fed the bears fish.

3. Objective Complement – is a word of word group that helps complete the meaning of a transitive verb by identifying or modifying the direct object.Example: The members elected Carlotta secretary.

4. Subjective Complement – word of word groups in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject. It completes the meaning of a linking verb.

a. predicate normative – word or word group that is in the predicate and identifies the subject.Example: South Dakotas crops are corn and wheat.

b. predicate adjective – an adjective that is in the predicate and modifies the subject.Example: The ocean is calm.

Simple subject – main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about.

The Complete Subject – consists of a single subject and any words or word groups used to modify the simple subject.

Examples:Simple: The coach of our hockey team used to

play professional hockey.

Complete: The coach of our hockey team used to play professional hockey.

Simple Predicate (verb): the main word of word group that tells something about the subject.Complete Predicate: the verb and all the words used to modify the verb and complete its meaning.

Examples:Simple: The puppy chased its tail frantically.

Complete: The puppy chased its tail frantically.

Compound Subject – two or more subjects joined by a conjunction that share the same verb.Compound Verb – two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same subject.***Share the same subject or verb and therefore consist of only one INDEPENDENT CLAUSE*******

Clause: groups of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence. (Independent or Subordinate)1.Independent Clause: expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence.2.A subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself in a sentence.

a. adjective clause – subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. Usually begin with relative pronouns.

b. noun clause – subordinate clause used as a noun. Usually begin with words like who, what, why, where, which, when….

c. adverb clause – is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Introduced by subordinating conjunction.

A. Simple Sentence: One independent clause and no subordinate clauses

B. Compound Sentence: Two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses

A. May be joined by:A. 1. comma, B. 2. comma and a coordinating conjunctionC. 3. a semicolon, D. 4 semicolon and a conjunctive adverb or a transitional

expression

C. Complex Sentence: One independent clause and one subordinate clause

D. Compound-complex – Two or more independent clauses and at lease one subordinate clause.

Simple Sentence: Kendra and I have taken the SAT but have not received our scores. (compound subject and compound verb – NO COMMA: ONE INDEPENDENT SENTENCE)Compound Sentence: Kendra and I have taken the SAT, but we have not received our scores. (compound subject and compound verb - Note: compound sentences that contain one or more independent clauses may be joined by a comma, comma and a coordinating conjunction, or by a semicolon, or by a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression.

Semi-colon:between independent clauses not joined by a

coordinating conjunction.between independent clauses joined by a

conjunctive adverb or a transitional expressionBefore a coordinating conjunction to join

independent clauses that contain commasBetween items in a series if the items contain

commas

Colons:Use a colon to mean “note what follows”

A. before a list of itemsB. before a long, formal statement or quotationC. between independent clauses when the second

clause explains or restates an idea of the firstD. Conventional situations

Time – Hour and MinuteBook - Title and SubtitleAfter the salutation of a business letter.

Commas:1. Separate items is a series2. Separate two or more adjectives preceding a

noun3. Before a coordinating conjunction when it

joins independent clauses4. Set off nonessential subordinate clauses and

non-essential participle phrases5. After introductory elements such as:

A. mild exclamationsB. introductory particle or participle phrasesC. two or more introductory prepositional phrases or

after on long prepositional phrase.D. introductory adverb phrase.