Do-Now:Thomas Jefferson wrote“Our citizens may be deceived for awhile, and have been deceived; but as long as the presses can be protected, we may trust them for light.”

Write a 2-paragraph response:• What did Jefferson mean in this quotation? • Would Thomas Jefferson have approved of the muck-rakers?

Agenda:Do nowTests go back Continued Intro to progressivism.Homework:Teddy Roosevelt WS

October 1, 2008

Objectives:To become familiar with progressivism and the beginnings of the progressive era.

The Progressive The Progressive EraEra

Reform shifts from the farm to the city,

Then climbs the ladder of government from

localstatenational level

Progressive MovementProgressive MovementSocial Darwinism and “Survival of Social Darwinism and “Survival of

the fittest” fall out of favorthe fittest” fall out of favor

The Progressive Era from 1890 to 1913 was a time The Progressive Era from 1890 to 1913 was a time when large numbers of people were working to improve when large numbers of people were working to improve society. society.

Many turned away from the idea of “Many turned away from the idea of “Social Social Darwinism.Darwinism.” ”

Fine for animals in the wild but Fine for animals in the wild but American Government should American Government should work for all the citizens, not just work for all the citizens, not just the fittest ones.the fittest ones.

Muckraker:A group of writers & journalists (middle class) who contributed to Progressivism; exposed political & social evils; inspired Americans to take action & join reform groups.

Key Writers or Key Writers or “Muckrakers”“Muckrakers”

Henry GeorgeHenry George – – Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty– Described an unjust real-estate system, proposed land Described an unjust real-estate system, proposed land

owner owner tax, rather than land tax, rather than land use use taxtax Uptown SinclairUptown Sinclair – – The JungleThe Jungle

– Exposed the meat packing industry, inspired Pure Food Exposed the meat packing industry, inspired Pure Food and Drug Actand Drug Act

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell – – The History of the Standard Oil Co.The History of the Standard Oil Co.– Revealed the abuses committed by the Standard Oil Revealed the abuses committed by the Standard Oil

TrustTrust Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens – – The Shame of the CitiesThe Shame of the Cities

– Uncovered gross political corruption in St. Louis and Uncovered gross political corruption in St. Louis and other citiesother cities

THINK & DISCUSS:THINK & DISCUSS:

How did the muckrakers pave the way How did the muckrakers pave the way for progressive reform?for progressive reform?

Some Key Leaders & Some Key Leaders & GroupsGroups

The Labor UnionsThe Labor Unions– Organization of workers formed to protect the interest of Organization of workers formed to protect the interest of

its membersits members The SocialistsThe Socialists

– Believed in public, or social control of property and Believed in public, or social control of property and income over private controlincome over private control

The National Consumer’s LeagueThe National Consumer’s League– Women’s group, united local consumers’ leagues, Women’s group, united local consumers’ leagues,

investigated and enforcedinvestigated and enforced Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley

– Worked for labor reformWorked for labor reform Mary Harris JonesMary Harris Jones

– Organized unions around the country to improve Organized unions around the country to improve working conditionsworking conditions

One Example of the One Example of the Work of ProgressivesWork of Progressives

ProblemProblem– In 1900, the average In 1900, the average

laborer worked 10 laborer worked 10 hours a day, 6 days a hours a day, 6 days a week for only $1.50 a week for only $1.50 a day.day. Women and children Women and children

were paid even less.were paid even less.

Progressives’ Progressives’ ResponseResponse– Florence Kelley: helped Florence Kelley: helped

organize National Child organize National Child Labor CommitteeLabor Committee

– NCLC helped 39 states NCLC helped 39 states pass child labor lawspass child labor laws

– Progressives lobbied for :Progressives lobbied for : Laws limiting hoursLaws limiting hours Higher wagesHigher wages Improvement in workplace Improvement in workplace

safetysafety

Create-a-ConversationCreate-a-Conversation

In pairs, meet and create a dialogueIn pairs, meet and create a dialogue In it you must discuss: In it you must discuss:

– A problem in societyA problem in society– why you are bothered by this problemwhy you are bothered by this problem– What you believe the government What you believe the government

should be doing about itshould be doing about it– How you intend to force progress, or How you intend to force progress, or

changechange Dialogues should be 10 lines or moreDialogues should be 10 lines or more

Problems of the 1890’sProblems of the 1890’s

Huge Gap between Huge Gap between rich and poorrich and poor

Tremendous Tremendous economic and economic and political power of political power of the richthe rich

Wealthy flaunted Wealthy flaunted their wealth before their wealth before a poorer publica poorer public

Problems of the 1890’sProblems of the 1890’s

Industrial workers :Industrial workers : living in inhumane filthliving in inhumane filth Hideously poorHideously poor dangerous work dangerous work

conditionsconditions Jacob Riis’ Jacob Riis’ How the How the

Other Half LivesOther Half Lives (1890) (1890) Little concern for Black Little concern for Black

AmericaAmerica

II. Progressive ReformersII. Progressive Reformers

A. Streams of ReformA. Streams of Reform The “Social Gospel” The “Social Gospel”

movementmovement

--Walter --Walter Rauschenbusch: Rauschenbusch: Christianity and the Christianity and the Social CrisisSocial Crisis (1907) (1907)

Settlement House Settlement House WorkersWorkers

--Jane Addams, Hull --Jane Addams, Hull House in Chicago (1889)House in Chicago (1889)

Americans of “Old Americans of “Old Wealth”Wealth”

A. Streams of Reform (cont.)A. Streams of Reform (cont.)

Young, socially-Young, socially-conscious lawyersconscious lawyers

Investigative Investigative JournalistsJournalists-- “Muckrakers”-- “Muckrakers”-- Lincoln Steffens, -- Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Ida Tarbell, and Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

Small businessmenSmall businessmen

B. Features of Progressive B. Features of Progressive ReformReform

Desire to remedy Desire to remedy problems through problems through government initiativegovernment initiative

Reliance on “experts”Reliance on “experts”-- Robert Lafollette’s -- Robert Lafollette’s “Wisconsin Idea”“Wisconsin Idea”

Wanted reform not Wanted reform not revolutionrevolution

Stressed the Stressed the importance of importance of efficiency in reformefficiency in reform--Frederick W. Taylor--Frederick W. Taylor

B. Features of Progressive B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.)Reform (cont.)

Want to bring order out Want to bring order out of chaosof chaos

--Creation of NCAA in --Creation of NCAA in 19101910

--Federal Budget --Federal Budget (1921)(1921)

Desire to make politics Desire to make politics more democraticmore democratic

Desire to make Desire to make businessmen more businessmen more responsible for responsible for problemsproblems

B. Features of Progressive B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.)Reform (cont.)

Desire to make society Desire to make society more moral and more more moral and more justjust

Desire to distribute Desire to distribute income more equitablyincome more equitably

Desire to broaden Desire to broaden opportunities for opportunities for individual individual advancementadvancement

Women were active in Women were active in progressivismprogressivism--Suffragettes like --Suffragettes like Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

B. Features of Progressive B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.)Reform (cont.)

Infiltrated both Infiltrated both political partiespolitical parties

-- Republican -- Republican “insurgents”“insurgents”

Middle-class reform Middle-class reform movementmovement

Operated on all Operated on all three levels of three levels of governmentgovernment

III. Sample Progressive III. Sample Progressive ReformsReforms

A. Political ReformsA. Political Reforms

Tried to put more power into the hands of Tried to put more power into the hands of the peoplethe people

Innovative changes in city governmentInnovative changes in city government--city managers and commission model--city managers and commission model

The Direct PrimaryThe Direct Primary Initiative, Referendum and RecallInitiative, Referendum and Recall The Secret BallotThe Secret Ballot Direct Election of Senators and the Vote Direct Election of Senators and the Vote

for Womenfor Women

B. Social ReformsB. Social Reforms

Child labor lawsChild labor laws Ten-hour work daysTen-hour work days

--The “Brandeis brief”--The “Brandeis brief”

----Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon (1908)(1908)

----Bunting v. Oregon Bunting v. Oregon (1917)(1917)

Prohibition initiativesProhibition initiatives Moral Purity Moral Purity

campaignscampaigns

--Mann Act (1910)--Mann Act (1910)

B. Social Reforms (cont.)B. Social Reforms (cont.) Minimum safety Minimum safety

standards on the jobstandards on the job Minimum standards for Minimum standards for

housing codeshousing codes ““City Beautification” City Beautification”

movementmovement Immigration RestrictionImmigration Restriction EugenicsEugenics

----Buck v. Bell Buck v. Bell (1927)(1927) Little Help for BlacksLittle Help for Blacks

--NAACP (1909)--NAACP (1909)-- “Birth of a Nation”-- “Birth of a Nation”

IV. Progressive IV. Progressive Amendments to the Amendments to the

ConstitutionConstitution Progressive reliance on Progressive reliance on the lawthe law

1616thth Amendment (1913) Amendment (1913)—federal income tax—federal income tax

1717thth Amendment (1913) Amendment (1913)—direct election of —direct election of senatorssenators

1818thth Amendment (1919) Amendment (1919)—prohibition—prohibition

1919thth Amendment (1920) Amendment (1920)—vote for women—vote for women

V. Presidential V. Presidential Progressivism: Theodore Progressivism: Theodore

RooseveltRoosevelt Great drive, energy and Great drive, energy and exciting personalityexciting personality

TR’s interests and early TR’s interests and early yearsyears

NYC police commissionerNYC police commissioner Spanish-American War Spanish-American War

experienceexperience

-- “Rough Riders”-- “Rough Riders” Political Rise from NY Political Rise from NY

Governor to Vice-Governor to Vice-PresidentPresident

A. First Term as President A. First Term as President (1901-1904)(1901-1904)

McKinley’s McKinley’s assassinationassassination

Offered energetic Offered energetic national leadershipnational leadership

Cast every issue in Cast every issue in moral and patriotic moral and patriotic termsterms--The “Bully Pulpit”--The “Bully Pulpit”

Master PoliticianMaster Politician Modest goals for his Modest goals for his

“accidental” presidency“accidental” presidency

B. “Trust-B. “Trust-Buster”?Buster”?

TR’s attitude toward TR’s attitude toward Big BusinessBig Business

Wants to regulate in Wants to regulate in order to get order to get businesses to act businesses to act rightright

The “Square Deal” The “Square Deal” (1902)(1902)

Making an example Making an example of the Northern of the Northern Securities Co.Securities Co.

The Elkins Act (1903) The Elkins Act (1903) and the Bureau of and the Bureau of CorporationsCorporations

C. Second Term as C. Second Term as President (1905-1909)President (1905-1909)

More vigorous More vigorous progressivismprogressivism

Hepburn Act (1906)Hepburn Act (1906) Federal Meat Federal Meat

Inspection Act (1906)Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug

Act (1906)Act (1906) Conservation PolicyConservation Policy

--Preservation vs. --Preservation vs. ConservationConservation

VI. “A Tough Act to Follow”: VI. “A Tough Act to Follow”: The Presidency of William The Presidency of William Howard TaftHoward Taft (1909-1913) (1909-1913)

The Election of The Election of 19081908

Taft’s political Taft’s political experienceexperience

Taft’s weightTaft’s weight Not a dynamic Not a dynamic

politicianpolitician Never completely Never completely

comfortable as comfortable as PresidentPresident

VI. Presidency of Taft VI. Presidency of Taft (cont.)(cont.)

Controversy over Controversy over the Tariffthe Tariff

More conservative More conservative than TR, but also than TR, but also more trust suitsmore trust suits

The “Ballinger-The “Ballinger-Pinchot” AffairPinchot” Affair

Growing tension Growing tension with Teddy with Teddy RooseveltRoosevelt

VII. The Election of 1912VII. The Election of 1912

Growing split within Growing split within the Republican Partythe Republican Party

Creation of the “Bull Creation of the “Bull Moose” PartyMoose” Party

Progressive Party Progressive Party Platform: “New Platform: “New Nationalism”Nationalism”

Democrats drafted Democrats drafted Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Results of the ElectionResults of the Election

VIII. Democratic Progressivism: VIII. Democratic Progressivism: The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

(1913-1921)(1913-1921) Wilson’s early life Wilson’s early life

and political careerand political career True progressive True progressive

and dynamic and dynamic speakerspeaker

Sympathetic to Sympathetic to small businessmensmall businessmen

Could be a Could be a stubborn, moral stubborn, moral crusader and crusader and ideologueideologue

A. “New Freedom”A. “New Freedom”

Wilson’s brand of Wilson’s brand of progressivismprogressivism

Wants to recreate the Wants to recreate the “golden age” of small “golden age” of small American businessesAmerican businesses

Wilson wants to open Wilson wants to open channels for free and channels for free and fair competitionfair competition

Historic Jeffersonian Historic Jeffersonian approach to federal approach to federal powerpower

B. Key Wilsonian LegislationB. Key Wilsonian Legislation

Underwood Tariff Underwood Tariff Act (1913)Act (1913)

Federal Reserve Federal Reserve Act (1913)Act (1913)

Clayton Anti-Trust Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)Act (1914)

Federal Trade Federal Trade Commission (1914)Commission (1914)

C. Congressional C. Congressional Progressivism After 1914Progressivism After 1914

Wilson was not a strong Wilson was not a strong progressive when it progressive when it came to social reformcame to social reform

Congress takes over the Congress takes over the progressive agendaprogressive agenda

Appointment of Brandeis Appointment of Brandeis to Supreme Courtto Supreme Court

Examples of Examples of congressional congressional progressive legislation progressive legislation after 1914after 1914--Federal Highways Act --Federal Highways Act (1916)(1916)

IX. The Waning of the IX. The Waning of the Progressive Movement Progressive Movement

Progressive movement peaks by 1917Progressive movement peaks by 1917 Success of the movement led to its declineSuccess of the movement led to its decline Advent of World War I also hurt Advent of World War I also hurt

progressive activismprogressive activism Progressives themselves began to weary Progressives themselves began to weary

of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a wholewhole

Ironically, voter participation has steadily Ironically, voter participation has steadily declined since the election of 1912declined since the election of 1912