DO NOW: In YOUR OWN WORDS, briefly define 4 of the following: conformitydeindividuation group polarization group think social facilitation mere exposure

DO NOW:DO NOW:

Abnormal Abnormal PsychologyPsychology

AP PsychologyAP PsychologyMs. DesgrosellierMs. Desgrosellier

4.5.20104.5.2010

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERSDISORDERSObjective: SWBAT identify the Objective: SWBAT identify the criteria for judging whether criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically behavior is psychologically disordered.disordered.

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERSDISORDERSPsychological disorders: Psychological disorders: deviant, deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns.behavior patterns.

What is considered “deviant” varies What is considered “deviant” varies culture to culture.culture to culture.

They must cause the person distress.They must cause the person distress.

Disfuction: Disfuction: when normal behavior is when normal behavior is interrupted, or when it impairs your interrupted, or when it impairs your life.life.

Understanding Understanding Psychological Psychological

DisordersDisordersObjective: Objective: SWBAT contrast the SWBAT contrast the medical model of psychological medical model of psychological disorders with the disorders with the biopsychosocial approach to biopsychosocial approach to disordered behavior.disordered behavior.


DisordersDisordersMedical model: Medical model: the concept that the concept that diseases have physical causes that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured.most cases, cured.

When applied to psychological When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy symptoms and cured through therapy which may include treatment in a which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.psychiatric hospital.


DisordersDisordersBiopsychosocial approach: Biopsychosocial approach: all all behavior, whether normal or behavior, whether normal or disordered, comes from the disordered, comes from the interaction of nature (genetics interaction of nature (genetics and physiology), and nurture and physiology), and nurture (past and present experiences).(past and present experiences).

Classifying Classifying Psychological Psychological

DisordersDisordersObjective: Objective: SWBAT describe the SWBAT describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV.goals and content of the DSM-IV.


DisordersDisordersDSM-IV: DSM-IV: the American Psychiatric the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition), a Disorders (fourth edition), a widely used system for classifying widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.psychological disorders.

Disorders are assessed on five Disorders are assessed on five axes:axes:

Is a clinical syndrome present?Is a clinical syndrome present?


DisordersDisordersDisorders are assessed on five Disorders are assessed on five axes:axes:

Is a personality disorder or mental Is a personality disorder or mental retardation present?retardation present?Is a general medical condition, Is a general medical condition, suck as diabetes, hypertension, or suck as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present?arthritis, also present?


DisordersDisordersDisorders are assessed on five Disorders are assessed on five axes:axes:

Are psychosocial or Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also school or housing issues, also present?present?What is the global assessment of What is the global assessment of this person’s functioning? this person’s functioning?

Rates of Rates of Psychological Psychological

DisordersDisordersObjective: Objective: SWBAT discuss the SWBAT discuss the prevalence of psychological prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological poverty and serious psychological disorders.disorders.


DisordersDisordersResearch indicates that about 1 Research indicates that about 1 in 6 people has, or has had, a in 6 people has, or has had, a psychological disorder, usually in psychological disorder, usually in early adulthood.early adulthood.


DisordersDisordersPoverty is a predictor of mental Poverty is a predictor of mental illness.illness.

Conditions and experiences Conditions and experiences associated with poverty associated with poverty contribute to the development of contribute to the development of mental disorders, but some mental disorders, but some mental disorders, such as mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty.into poverty.

ANXIETY DISORDERSANXIETY DISORDERS

Objective: Objective: SWBAT define anxiety SWBAT define anxiety disorders, and explain how these disorders, and explain how these conditions differ from normal conditions differ from normal feelings of stress, tension, or feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.uneasiness.

ANXIETY DISORDERSANXIETY DISORDERS

anxiety disorders: anxiety disorders: psychological disorders psychological disorders characterized by distressing, characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder and Panic

DisorderDisorderObjective: Objective: SWBAT contrast the SWBAT contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.disorder and panic disorder.


DisorderDisordergeneralized anxiety disorder: generalized anxiety disorder: an anxiety disorder in which a an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.autonomic nervous system arousal.

It is often accompanied by It is often accompanied by depression, and may lead to depression, and may lead to physical problems, like ulcers and physical problems, like ulcers and high blood pressure.high blood pressure.


DisorderDisorderpanic disorder: panic disorder: an anxiety an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person dread in which a person experiences terror and experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening choking, or other frightening sensations.sensations.


DisorderDisorderagoraphobia: agoraphobia: fear or avoidance fear or avoidance of situations in which escape of situations in which escape might be difficult or help might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes.unavailable when panic strikes.

PhobiasPhobias

Objective: Objective: SWBAT explain how a SWBAT explain how a phobia differs from the fears we phobia differs from the fears we all experience.all experience.

PhobiasPhobias

phobia: phobia: an anxiety disorder an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.object or situation.

Common examples:Common examples:acrophobia – fear of heightsacrophobia – fear of heightsarachnophobia – fear of spidersarachnophobia – fear of spidersglossophobia – fear of public glossophobia – fear of public speakingspeaking

PhobiasPhobias

Not-so-common examples:Not-so-common examples:geniophobia – fear of chinsgeniophobia – fear of chins

Linonophobia – fear of stringsLinonophobia – fear of strings

Obsessive-Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderCompulsive DisorderObjective: Objective: SWBAT describe the SWBAT describe the symptoms of obsessive-symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderCompulsive Disorderobsessive-compulsive disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): (OCD): an anxiety disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).(compulsions).

They begin to interfere with everyday They begin to interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.living and cause the person distress.

e.g. checking to see if the back door is e.g. checking to see if the back door is locked is normal; checking it 10 times locked is normal; checking it 10 times is not.is not.

Post-Traumatic Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderStress Disorder

Objective: Objective: SWBAT describe the SWBAT describe the symptoms of post-traumatic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency.survivor resiliency.

Post-Traumatic Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderStress Disorder

post-traumatic stress disorder post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): (PTSD): an anxiety disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.traumatic experience.

Common amongst ex-military Common amongst ex-military personnel, as well as victims of personnel, as well as victims of severe accidents and trauma.severe accidents and trauma.

Explaining Anxiety Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

Objective: Objective: SWBAT discuss the SWBAT discuss the contributions of the learning and contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our biological perspectives to our understanding understanding


Learning perspective: Learning perspective: conditioning and observational conditioning and observational learning.learning.

Biological perspective: Biological perspective: natural selection: natural selection: we tend to fear we tend to fear things that would have harmed our things that would have harmed our ancestors.ancestors.genes: genes: some people are some people are predisposed to particular fears and predisposed to particular fears and high anxiety.high anxiety.


brain: brain: people with OCD show people with OCD show elevated activity in the parts of elevated activity in the parts of their brains that control the their brains that control the compulsive action.compulsive action.

Fear circuits can form within the Fear circuits can form within the amygdala; some antidepressant amygdala; some antidepressant drugs dampen this fear-circuit drugs dampen this fear-circuit activity and its associated OCD activity and its associated OCD behavior.behavior.

DISSOCIATIVE AND DISSOCIATIVE AND PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DISORDERSDISORDERS

Objective: Objective: SWBAT describe the SWBAT describe the symptoms of dissociative symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder.dissociative identity disorder.


dissociative disorders: dissociative disorders: disorders in which conscious disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.memories, thoughts, and feelings.


dissociative identity disorder dissociative identity disorder (DID): (DID): a rare dissociative a rare dissociative disorder in which a person disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.alternating personalities.

AKA multiple personality disorderAKA multiple personality disorder


Studies have shown that different Studies have shown that different personalities can also have distinct personalities can also have distinct brain and body states.brain and body states.

Psychoanalysts and learning theories Psychoanalysts and learning theories view this as a way to deal with view this as a way to deal with anxiety.anxiety.

Others view it as PTSD (but what Others view it as PTSD (but what about people who go through about people who go through traumatic experiences but do not traumatic experiences but do not develop DID?).develop DID?).

Personality Personality DisordersDisorders

Objective: Objective: SWBAT contrast the SWBAT contrast the three clusters of personality three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial associated with antisocial personality disorder.personality disorder.


personality disorders: personality disorders: psychological disorders psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.impair social functioning.

Cluster 1: Cluster 1: expresses anxiety, such expresses anxiety, such as fearful sensitivity to rejection as fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder.avoidant personality disorder.


Cluster 2: Cluster 2: expresses eccentric expresses eccentric behaviors, such as the emotionless behaviors, such as the emotionless disengagement of the schizoid disengagement of the schizoid personality disorder.personality disorder.

Cluster 3: Cluster 3: exhibits dramatic or exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors.impulsive behaviors.

histrionic PD: histrionic PD: shallow, attention-shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes through getting emotions and goes through great lengths to get others’ praise great lengths to get others’ praise and reassurance.and reassurance.


Cluster 3: Cluster 3: exhibits dramatic or exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors.impulsive behaviors.

narcissistic PD: narcissistic PD: exaggerate exaggerate their own importance and accept their own importance and accept criticism poorly.criticism poorly.borderline PD: borderline PD: unstable identity, unstable identity, relationships, and emotions.relationships, and emotions.


Anti-social PD: Anti-social PD: a personality a personality disorder in which the person disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family.toward friends and family.

May be aggressive and ruthless or May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.a clever con artist.Formally known as a psychopath Formally known as a psychopath or sociopathor sociopath

DO NOW:DO NOW:

Briefly describe the following Briefly describe the following psychological disorders IN psychological disorders IN YOUR OWN WORDS and give YOUR OWN WORDS and give one example:one example:

anxiety disorderanxiety disorder

dissociative disorderdissociative disorder

personality disorderpersonality disorder


Anti-Social PD:Anti-Social PD:Brain scans of some Brain scans of some murderers with ASPD have murderers with ASPD have shown reduced activity in shown reduced activity in the frontal lobes.the frontal lobes.Genetic predispositions may Genetic predispositions may interact with environmental interact with environmental influences to produce ASPD. influences to produce ASPD.

MOOD DISORDERSMOOD DISORDERS

Objective: Objective: SWBAT define mood SWBAT define mood disorders, and contrast major disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.disorder.

MOOD DISORDERSMOOD DISORDERS

mood disorder: mood disorder: psychological psychological disorders characterized by disorders characterized by emotional extremes.emotional extremes.

Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder

major depressive disorder: major depressive disorder: a a mood disorder in which a person mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most interest or pleasure in most activities.activities.

Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder

dysthymic disorder: idysthymic disorder: in n between temporary blue moods between temporary blue moods and MDD, a down-in-the-dumps and MDD, a down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, mood that fills most of the day, nearly every day, for 2 years or nearly every day, for 2 years or more.more.

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

mania: mania: a mood disorder marked by a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.state.

bipolar disorder: bipolar disorder: a mood disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.overexcited state of mania.

Formally called manic-depressive Formally called manic-depressive disorder.disorder.

The Biological The Biological PerspectivePerspective

Objective: Objective: SWBAT summarize SWBAT summarize the contributions of the biological the contributions of the biological perspective to the study of perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.between suicide and depression.


The bio perspective focuses on The bio perspective focuses on genetic influences and genetic influences and abnormalities in brain structure abnormalities in brain structure and function.and function.

Depression is linked to a lack of Depression is linked to a lack of norepinephrine and serotonin.norepinephrine and serotonin.


There is a genetic predisposition There is a genetic predisposition for depression in some families.for depression in some families.

Activity in the left frontal lobes is Activity in the left frontal lobes is slowed.slowed.


Stress related damage to the Stress related damage to the hippocampus increases the risk of hippocampus increases the risk of depression.depression.

The risk of suicide is greatest The risk of suicide is greatest when energy returns as when energy returns as depression begins to lift.depression begins to lift.

The Social-The Social-Cognitive Cognitive

PerspectivePerspectiveObjective: Objective: SWBAT summarize SWBAT summarize the contributions of the social-the contributions of the social-cognitive perspective to the study cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.events in the cycle of depression.

The Social-The Social-Cognitive Cognitive

PerspectivePerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective stresses the power of self-stresses the power of self-defeating beliefs and negative defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles that view bad explanatory styles that view bad events as stable, global, and events as stable, global, and internally caused.internally caused.

These characteristics may These characteristics may coincide with depression, but not coincide with depression, but not cause it.cause it.

SCHIZOPHRENIASCHIZOPHRENIA

Objective: Objective: SWBAT describe the SWBAT describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusions and differentiate delusions and hallucinations. hallucinations.


Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia: a group of a group of severe disorders characterized by severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and and inappropriate emotions and actions.actions.

delusions: delusions: false beliefs, often of false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.accompany psychotic disorders.


hallucinations: hallucinations: sensory experiences sensory experiences without sensory stimulation; without sensory stimulation; perceived things that are not in fact perceived things that are not in fact there.there.

• Usually auditory and often in the form Usually auditory and often in the form of voices giving insults or commands.of voices giving insults or commands.

• Less commonly, people see, feel, Less commonly, people see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not taste, or smell things that are not there.there.


• Motor behavior may be Motor behavior may be inappropriate.inappropriate.

• e.g. senseless compulsive acts or e.g. senseless compulsive acts or catatonia (remaining motionless catatonia (remaining motionless for hours on end and then for hours on end and then becoming agitated).becoming agitated).

Subtypes of Subtypes of SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

• Objective: Objective: SWBAT distinguish SWBAT distinguish the five subtypes of the five subtypes of schizophrenia, and contrast schizophrenia, and contrast chronic and acute schizophrenia.chronic and acute schizophrenia.


• positive symptoms: positive symptoms: hallucinations, talking in hallucinations, talking in disorganized and deluded ways, disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibiting inappropriate and exhibiting inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage.laughter, tears, or rage.

• negative symptoms: negative symptoms: toneless toneless voices, expressionless faces, or voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies.mute and rigid bodies.


• paranoid: paranoid: preoccupation with preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or with themes of persecution or grandiosity.grandiosity.

• disorganized: disorganized: disorganized disorganized speech or behavior, OR flat or speech or behavior, OR flat or inappropriate emotion.inappropriate emotion.


• catatonic: catatonic: immobility (or excessive, immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another’s speech or repeating of another’s speech or movement.movement.

• undifferentiated: undifferentiated: many and varied many and varied symptoms.symptoms.

• residual: residual: withdrawal, after withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.disappeared.

Brain Brain AbnormalitiesAbnormalities

• Objective: Objective: SWBAT outline some SWBAT outline some abnormal brain chemistry, abnormal brain chemistry, functions, and structures functions, and structures associated with schizophrenia, associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.and schizophrenia.


• People with schizophrenia have People with schizophrenia have increases receptors for the NT increases receptors for the NT dopamine, which may increase dopamine, which may increase positive symptoms.positive symptoms.

• There may be a link between There may be a link between negative symptoms and negative symptoms and glutamate activity.glutamate activity.


• Brain abnormalities include Brain abnormalities include enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex.decreases in the cortex.

• Brain scans show abnormal Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala.thalamus, and amygdala.

Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

• Objective: Objective: SWBAT discuss the SWBAT discuss the evidence for a genetic evidence for a genetic contribution to the development contribution to the development of schizophrenia.of schizophrenia.


• The odds of developing The odds of developing schizophrenia are approximately schizophrenia are approximately 1 in 100 in the general 1 in 100 in the general population.population.

• 1 in 10 if a family member has it.1 in 10 if a family member has it.


• 1 in 2 if an identical twin has the 1 in 2 if an identical twin has the disorder.disorder.

• Adoption studies have shown that Adoption studies have shown that an adopted child’s chances of an adopted child’s chances of developing the disorder are developing the disorder are greater if the biological parents greater if the biological parents have it, but not if the adopted have it, but not if the adopted parents have it.parents have it.

Documents

DO NOW: In YOUR OWN WORDS, briefly define 4 of the following: conformitydeindividuation group polarization group think social facilitation mere exposure