Do NowDo Now““In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow country-men, and not in In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow country-men, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not attack you. You can have no conflict without being will not attack you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I have the most heaven to destroy the Government, while I have the most solemn one to “preserve, protect, and defend it.” solemn one to “preserve, protect, and defend it.” – – Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.

1. Who is Lincoln talking to (who are the “dissatisfied fellow 1. Who is Lincoln talking to (who are the “dissatisfied fellow country-men”)?country-men”)?

2. In the quote, what does Lincoln say is his duty?2. In the quote, what does Lincoln say is his duty?

3. Do you think Lincoln favors a stronger federal government 3. Do you think Lincoln favors a stronger federal government or more states’ rights? Answer using evidence from the quote. or more states’ rights? Answer using evidence from the quote.

The Civil WarThe Civil War

1861-18651861-1865

The Civil War 1861-1862The Civil War 1861-1862

1861—Lincoln becomes 1861—Lincoln becomes presidentpresident

Primary goalPrimary goal to preserve to preserve the Unionthe Union– April 15April 15S.C. attacks Fort S.C. attacks Fort

SumterSumter– Lincoln calls for 75,000 Lincoln calls for 75,000

troops to end rebelliontroops to end rebellion– This is the beginning of the This is the beginning of the

Civil WarCivil War

Civil War 1861-1862Civil War 1861-1862Lincoln suspends the Lincoln suspends the writ of writ of habeas corpushabeas corpus (allows him to (allows him to arrest traitors without cause) arrest traitors without cause) to keep Maryland in the to keep Maryland in the UnionUnion

Why can he do this?Why can he do this?

“The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” – Article I, Section 9 of US Constitution

Civil War 1861-1862Civil War 1861-186211 Southern states form the Confederate 11 Southern states form the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy)States of America (the Confederacy)

Civil War 1861-1862Civil War 1861-1862The South won most of the war’s The South won most of the war’s early battlesearly battles

They were trying to get foreign They were trying to get foreign help (either Great Britain or help (either Great Britain or France)France)

The war was unpopular in the The war was unpopular in the NorthNorth

September 1862September 1862 Battle of Battle of AntietamAntietam– Enables Lincoln to issue the Enables Lincoln to issue the

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation ProclamationFrees all slaves in the southern Frees all slaves in the southern states (places still in rebellion)states (places still in rebellion)not not all slaves, not any slaves in all slaves, not any slaves in northern/border statesnorthern/border states

Abolitionists are unhappy, but the Abolitionists are unhappy, but the real reason for the proclamation is to real reason for the proclamation is to give purpose to the wargive purpose to the war

The war is now also about abolitionThe war is now also about abolition—ending slavery as the North —ending slavery as the North conquers the Southconquers the South

G.B. and France now will not help G.B. and France now will not help the South fight against a nation the South fight against a nation committed to abolitioncommitted to abolition

The Emancipation Proclamation is The Emancipation Proclamation is an important turning point of the Civil an important turning point of the Civil WarWar

““If I could save the Union If I could save the Union without freeing without freeing anyany slave slave I would do it, and if I I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing could save it by freeing allall the slaves I would do the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it it; and if I could save it by freeing some and by freeing some and leaving others alone I leaving others alone I would also do that.”would also do that.”

Excerpt of the Emancipation Proclamation:

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, in which the people are in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to stop such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

1. How does Lincoln use the abolition of slavery as a war measure to win the war?

2. Do you think the war was now more about preserving the Union, or more about ending slavery?

Civil War 1863Civil War 1863Two battles change the course of Two battles change the course of the warthe war

1. Vicksburg (Mississippi)1. Vicksburg (Mississippi)– North captures town, entire North captures town, entire

Miss. R., splits the Miss. R., splits the Confederacy into two Confederacy into two

2. Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)2. Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)– North stops a 2North stops a 2ndnd invasion by invasion by

the Souththe South– 50,000 casualties total50,000 casualties total

In November 1863, Lincoln In November 1863, Lincoln issues the Gettysburg issues the Gettysburg AddressAddress

--It defines the purpose of the --It defines the purpose of the Civil WarCivil War

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great We are met on a great battle-field of that war. battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might liveresting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live . It is . It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.

The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.not perish from the earth.

Civil War 1864-1865Civil War 1864-1865The Union promoted Ulysses Grant to The Union promoted Ulysses Grant to the head of the Army – he is willing to the head of the Army – he is willing to accept many casualties to win accept many casualties to win (100,000s die in the last year of the (100,000s die in the last year of the war)war)

Grant and Lee (head of Southern Grant and Lee (head of Southern army) deadlock in Virginiaarmy) deadlock in Virginia

Sherman (North) leads Union across Sherman (North) leads Union across the Souththe South– Captures Atlanta, which leads to Captures Atlanta, which leads to

Lincoln’s re-election in 1864Lincoln’s re-election in 1864– Sherman destroys Georgia and Sherman destroys Georgia and

South Carolina (“March to the South Carolina (“March to the Sea”)Sea”)

Ulysses GrantUlysses Grant

William ShermanWilliam Sherman

Civil War 1864-1865Civil War 1864-1865By April 1865, the Northern By April 1865, the Northern Army has worn out the Army has worn out the Southern ArmySouthern Army

April 9, 1865April 9, 1865 the South the South surrenders to end the warsurrenders to end the war

April 15April 15 Lincoln is Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes assassinated by John Wilkes BoothBooth– VP Andrew Johnson VP Andrew Johnson

becomes the new President becomes the new President Johnson was the only Johnson was the only Southern senator to stay loyal Southern senator to stay loyal to the Unionto the Union

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

Impact of the Civil WarImpact of the Civil War4 million slaves are freed 4 million slaves are freed

600,000 dead 600,000 dead

The United States stays togetherThe United States stays together

The federal government establishes its The federal government establishes its supremacy over the statessupremacy over the states

Sparks industrialization in the NorthSparks industrialization in the North

““All persons born or naturalized in the United All persons born or naturalized in the United States…, are citizens of the United States and of the States…, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge (limit) the enforce any law which shall abridge (limit) the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”protection of the laws.”

1. This quote is from which of the previous amendments?1. This quote is from which of the previous amendments?

2. Can you think of any other groups who have benefitted 2. Can you think of any other groups who have benefitted from this amendment in recent U.S. history? from this amendment in recent U.S. history?

3. How might this amendment benefit regular citizens? 3. How might this amendment benefit regular citizens?

Reconstruction 1865-1877Reconstruction 1865-1877What was What was ReconstructionReconstruction??

1865 to 18771865 to 1877 when when the United States the United States attempted to rebuild attempted to rebuild the southern statesthe southern states

Former slaves Former slaves ((freedmenfreedmen) were ) were given rights that they given rights that they previously did not previously did not havehave

Different Views on ReconstructionDifferent Views on ReconstructionLincoln & Lincoln & Johnson wanted Johnson wanted to reunite the to reunite the country country peacefully and peacefully and not punish the not punish the SouthSouth

Congress Congress (Radical (Radical Republicans) Republicans) wanted to punish wanted to punish the Souththe South

Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of JohnsonCongress impeached Congress impeached President Johnson President Johnson because they disagreed because they disagreed over Reconstruction. over Reconstruction.

He was acquitted (found He was acquitted (found not guilty) by one vote in not guilty) by one vote in the Senate trialthe Senate trial

Andrew Johnson (1868) Andrew Johnson (1868) and Bill Clinton (1998) and Bill Clinton (1998) are the only 2 presidents are the only 2 presidents to be impeached. to be impeached. Neither was removed Neither was removed from office.from office.

Reconstruction AmendmentsReconstruction AmendmentsThe 13The 13thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth amendments were amendments were intended to protect the intended to protect the rights of the freed slavesrights of the freed slaves

1313thth Amendment (1865) Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery

15th Amendment (1870)

Right to vote for all men regardless of race

1414thth Amendment (1868) Amendment (1868)

Guarantees 3 things:Guarantees 3 things:

Citizenship for former Citizenship for former slaves (overturns Dred slaves (overturns Dred Scott case)Scott case)

Due process for all Due process for all citizenscitizens

Equal protection of the Equal protection of the law law

Do NowDo Now

1. What were the major goals of 1. What were the major goals of Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

2. What were the different views on 2. What were the different views on Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

3. How was Andrew Johnson’s 3. How was Andrew Johnson’s impeachment related to the different views impeachment related to the different views on Reconstruction?on Reconstruction?

Radical ReconstructionLasts from 1868-1877

Congress controls the direction of Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Military rule in the south

Protects Freedmen’s rights

States had to ratify the 14th amendment to rejoin the Union

Freedmen voted mainly for the Republican Party (Party of Lincoln)

Attempts to Limit ReconstructionCarpetbaggers (northerners who came South to benefit from Reconstruction) and

Scalawags (southerners who aided the Republicans) were hated by most white Southerners

SharecroppingSharecroppingMany freedmen became Many freedmen became sharecropperssharecroppers

SharecroppingSharecropping farmers rented land in farmers rented land in exchange for a % of exchange for a % of their croptheir crop

Many freedmen were Many freedmen were forced into permanent forced into permanent poverty since they could poverty since they could not pay off their debtsnot pay off their debts

Attempts to Limit ReconstructionThe Black Codes were passed by all the southern states

They often limited what jobs freedmen could do, and they limited the rights of freedmen

These would eventually lead to the Jim Crow (segregation) laws passed in the South

The Ku Klux Klan was formed to intimidate blacks in the South

Their main goal was to limit voting by blacks, who supported the Republican Party

End of ReconstructionEnd of ReconstructionBy the mid-1870s, the By the mid-1870s, the country was tired of country was tired of ReconstructionReconstruction

White supremacists White supremacists eventually took over all eventually took over all the Southern statesthe Southern states

The main issue of the The main issue of the 1876 election was 1876 election was Reconstruction—should it Reconstruction—should it continue or end?continue or end?

Several states had a Several states had a disputed electoral vote disputed electoral vote countcount

The Democrats and The Democrats and Republicans Republicans compromised to decide compromised to decide the electionthe election

The Compromise of The Compromise of 18771877 Hayes Hayes (Republican) became (Republican) became president, and he president, and he supported the end of supported the end of ReconstructionReconstruction

Results of ReconstructionResults of Reconstruction

Do you think that the United States succeeded Do you think that the United States succeeded in accomplishing its goals during in accomplishing its goals during Reconstruction? Why or why not?Reconstruction? Why or why not?

Address all goals of ReconstructionAddress all goals of Reconstruction::

1. Reunite the country1. Reunite the country

2. Rebuild the Southern economy2. Rebuild the Southern economy

3. Protect the rights of African-Americans3. Protect the rights of African-Americans

Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws

The southern states were taken over by white The southern states were taken over by white Democrats by the end of ReconstructionDemocrats by the end of Reconstruction

They began to create a system of They began to create a system of SegregationSegregation– Policy of separate facilities for whites and blacks Policy of separate facilities for whites and blacks – Separate schools, railroad cars, bathrooms, Separate schools, railroad cars, bathrooms,

restaurants, etcrestaurants, etc

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow LawsThe southern states The southern states established several ways established several ways to exclude African-to exclude African-Americans from votingAmericans from voting

Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause

Excluded from voting if Excluded from voting if your grandfather could your grandfather could not vote in 1867not vote in 1867

Poll TaxPoll Tax

a tax in order to votea tax in order to vote

Was usually a few Was usually a few dollars, but was often dollars, but was often more than African-more than African-Americans could affordAmericans could afford

Literacy TestLiteracy Test

This often disqualified This often disqualified African-Americans from African-Americans from voting because many voting because many were illiteratewere illiterate

Impact of SegregationImpact of SegregationPlessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (1896)

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court rules that “separate but rules that “separate but equal” segregation is equal” segregation is legal legal

Separate facilities for Separate facilities for whites and blackswhites and blacks

Impact of SegregationImpact of Segregation

““Solid South” – Solid South” – Democratic party ruled Democratic party ruled until 1960suntil 1960s

Most African-Americans Most African-Americans could not vote until could not vote until 1960s1960s

Legalized discrimination Legalized discrimination in the South for nearly in the South for nearly 100 years100 years