DO NOW (front of notes) 1.What do genes code for? 2.What are
some examples of proteins?
Slide 2
Genetic Technology Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Gel
Electrophoresis Cloning
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Selective Breeding What is selective Breeding? Selective
breeding is when breeders choose plants and animals with the most
desired traits to produce the next generation Selective breeding
goes back thousands of years Nearly all domestic animals, including
dogs, horses, cats, farm animals and most crops, have been produced
by selective breeding Example: The great variety of modern dogs can
be explained by selective breeding of dogs over many years.
Slide 4
Selective Breeding This means How often the trait occurs in a
population (want to see more of desired traits) What Is the purpose
of Selective Breeding? 1.Humans use selective breeding to pass
desired traits on to the next generation of offspring. 2.To
increase the frequency of desired alleles in a population is the
goal of selective breeding and genetic technology as a whole.
Increase the frequency of desired alleles? What?!
Slide 5
Selective Breeding When two dissimilar individuals are crossed
(or mate) to bring out the best characteristics of both organisms
the new organism is called a hybrid When two closely related
individuals mate or are crossed this is called Inbreeding results
in offspring that are homozygous for most traits in order to
maintain desired traits (high milk yield, fast maturity, big cows
for more meatetc). Inbreeding
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Selective Breeding Advantages of selective breeding: Produces
animals with specific desirable traits that humans want Example:
Small schnauzers were bred to hunt rats Example: Milk cows produce
more milk Disadvantages of selective breeding: Decreased variation
Can bring out harmful recessive traits because of a higher chance
that two closely related individuals both may carry a harmful
recessive allele for the trait
Slide 7
Do Now 47 Complete questions: 1, 2, 3 (When you read underline
important sentences or words!!) These questions ARE regents
review!!
Slide 8
Do Now 47 Complete questions: 4,5,6,7 (When you read underline
important sentences or words!!) These questions ARE regents
review!!
Slide 9
Genetic Engineering playing with DNA Genetic Engineering a
faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a
specific allele in a population Involves cutting DNA from one
organism into small pieces (genes) and inserting one of those genes
into the DNA of the same or different species The new recombined
DNA is known as Recombinant DNA
Slide 10
Creating Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA Made by connecting or
recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms How? You need
to isolate or cut out the desired gene Ummmm How??? Restriction
enzymes cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (break-down)
Example: Where ever C C G G C C shows up a specific restriction
enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence!! Using Enzymes
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Restriction Enzyme Example Wherever A A T T shows up in DNA, a
specific restriction enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence
always!
Slide 12
So enzymes are used to cut the DNA into pieces what is used to
put the new recombined DNA together? Enzymes! Lets mix bacterial
DNA with the human insulin gene!! 1.Cut the insulin gene out of
human DNA using restriction enzymes 2.Cut the bacterial plasmid
(circular DNA in bacteria) using the SAME restriction enzymes
3.Insert human insulin gene into bacteria plasmid (DNA)
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4.Bacteria reproduce asexually which clones the plasmids and
the insulin gene that was inserted 5.Bacteria reproduce fast so
many bacteria containing the insulin gene are produced 6.Tons of
good insulin is made by every recombinant bacteria Insulin Plasmids
actually duplicate on their own so each bacteria has many plasmids
and all recombinant plasmids will make insulin
Slide 14
Benefits of recombinant DNA: 1.Fast and cheep production of
human hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone If person
has diabetes, and needs insulin, what if be better if he used
insulin from a cow or insulin from recombinant DNA using HIS
insulin gene? Why? Insulin Insulin from recombinant DNA using his
insulin gene! Would be less likely to be rejected by the
person
Slide 15
Benefits of recombinant DNA: 2.Recombinant DNA in agriculture
has allowed scientists to develop crops that are: Better tasting
Stay fresh longer Protected from disease and insects
Slide 16
Disadvantage of recombinant DNA: Some GM (genetically modified)
plants produce certain chemicals that kill insects. The few insects
that do not die will pass on their resistant DNA to their offspring
and make resistant bugs (super bugs)!! Pollen from a transgenic
variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stun or kill monarch
caterpillars (upset the ecosystem) Create new allergens in
crops
Slide 17
What is going on in this picture?
Slide 18
Do Now These questions ARE regents review!!
Slide 19
Do Now 100 Complete questions: #1-5 These questions ARE regents
review!!
Slide 20
Do Now 100 Complete questions: #6-9 These questions ARE regents
review!! Packet from Friday (Recombinant DNA)
Slide 21
Cloning Cloning has allowed scientists to extract DNA from a
donor and insert it into an egg cell that has had its DNA removed
The egg cell is then stimulated to divide like a normal embryo The
resulting offspring of this egg will be a CLONE of the donor
because it contains the same genetic material Dolly was the first
cloned mammal (1997)
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Do Now G Packet from Friday (cloning) Complete questions: #1-8
These questions ARE regents review!!
Slide 25
Gel Electrophoresis What is it? A tool or technique used to
separate DNA fragments based on __ SIZE
Slide 26
DNA is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes The gel that
is used has wells (pits) at one end where DNA is placed Gel is
filled with microscopic holes The gel is made positive at one end
and negative at the other. The electric current makes DNA move
towards the positive end (DNA has a negative charge) Smaller
fragments move faster and travel farther Large fragments get caught
and travel slow and not far Process of Gel Electrophoresis Mixture
of DNA molecules of different sizes Gel Longer molecules Shorter
molecules Power source
Slide 27
Rapid Fire - Gel Electrophoresis Recap DNA is cut into small
fragments using The gel used is filled with small DNA fragments are
placed at one end of gel and move towards the other end by an
Smaller pieces of DNA travel ____________ and large pieces stay
____________ The pattern of bands produced is a DNA fingerprint
which is different from other individuals Restriction Enzymes Holes
Electric Current Farther Closer
Slide 28
What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 1.Evidence in
criminal cases Who is guilty? Why? The OWNER! The DNA sample is the
same as the Owners DNA Suspect 2! The DNA sample matches the crime
scenes DNA!
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What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 2.Paternity (who
is the father) Mary had a child with Bob or John? Why? Mary had a
child with John. Johns DNA is more closely related than Bobs (more
fragments match)
Slide 30
What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 3.Evolutionary
Relationships (how closely related organisms are to each other)
Which 2 organisms are most closely related? Why? Organisms 2 and 4
because their DNA matches more closely than organism 1 or 3. More
DNA fragments (bands) match
Slide 31
Do Now: (Gel Electrophoresis questions) Complete questions:
#65-72 These questions ARE regents review!!