DO NOW ANSWERS

• When you switch from low to high power, the field of view decreases which causes the brightness to decrease.

• How can you fix this?• Adjust the diaphragm• The cell is the basic unit of life BUT WHAT

DOES THAT MEAN?• It means that it builds ALL living things and it is

capable of performing ALL life processes

Tuesday 1/13/15

• AIM: How did scientists discover cells?

• DO NOW: List as many cells as possible.

• Homework: read 152-153. reading check pg 153

How did we discover the cell?

The microscope

The Invention of the Microscope - YouTube

Who discovered the first microscope

1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen Ground up glass and used it

to magnify

Robert Hooke discovered cell

1605-1703

1605 Robert Hooke

• Looked at cork plant• Noticed it was

separated into tiny compartments which resembled jail cell

One of the first users discovered protozoa

Anton von Leeuwenhoek Ground up glass

1676 Anton von Leewenhoek

• Discovered living things in pond water

• Small single celled organisms

• Ameba and paramecium

Matheis Schleiden 1838

• ALL plants are made up of cells not just the cork plant

1839 Theodor Schwann

• Looked at animal tissue and saw that animals also were made up of cells

Francisco Redi• Living things come

from other living things

• Maggots come from flies which lay eggs on decaying meat

1855 Rudolf virchow

• Cells come from preexisting cells

The cell theory

• An explanation or theory about living things• All living organisms are composed of one or

more cells• The cell is the basic unit of structure and

organization of all living organisms• Cells come from preexisting cells

Assessment

• Explain how the microscope helped in the development of the cell theory

• List in order the scientists that helped develop the microscope

• AIM: What are the different types of cells in the world?

• DO NOW: Create a timeline of events that led up to the development of the cell theory

• HW: Textbook read pages 151-153. Answer the reading check question on page 151 and 153. DO NOT FORGET TO WRITE OUT THE QUESTION AND THE ANSWER

• In your own words, explain the definition of a cell

• Basic unit of life

• Builds all living things

• Capable of performing all life functions

• Can exist alone as a single celled organism or combine to create multi-cellular organisms

The Cell

The cell: the basic unit of life

Prokaryote Eukaryote

• AIM: how does the type of cell determine the classification of an organism?

• DO NOW: observe the two cells below. List all of the similarities and differences of the cells.

Picture A

Picture B

Prokaryotes:

• Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus) Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus)

Prokaryotes were first group of organic Prokaryotes were first group of organic organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA

Prokaryote cells lack membrane bound nuclei, Prokaryote cells lack membrane bound nuclei, and organelles and reproduce asexuallyand organelles and reproduce asexually

• ALL PROKARYOTES ARE SINGLE CELLEDALL PROKARYOTES ARE SINGLE CELLED

Asexual reproduction of Prokaryotes

• Budding:Budding: small small identical bud grows identical bud grows and pinches offand pinches off

• Binary fission:Binary fission: cell cell splits in twosplits in two

• Both produce Both produce genetically identical genetically identical cellscells

• AIM: How are living things placed into Kingdoms?

• DO NOW: Explain the difference in the genetic arrangement of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

• HOMEWORK:Textbook Read pages 156-157. Answer questions 1,3,4 on page 161

• AIM: How can we determine the difference between organisms within different Kingdoms?

• DO NOW:THE CELL 5. Read pages 77-80. AS YOU READ, UNDERLINE THE MAIN POINT OF EACH PARAGRAPH. Answer questions1-4 pg 80.

• HOMEWORK: Textbook Read pages 156-157. What does the cytoskeleton do? How does DNA direct activity in the cytoplasm? What organelles participate in protein production?

Cell types• Prokaryote

– Kingdom EuBacteria– Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Eukaryote– Kingdom Protista– Kingdom Fungi– Kingdom Plant– Kingdom Animal

Plasmid

• Bacterial plasmids are used in genetic engineering

• A human gene can be inserted into a bacterial plasmid in order to make the human protein

• Ex: Insulin

Plasmid Isolation - Extraction of plasmid from a bacterial cell

(Amrita University) - YouTube

Eukaryotic cells

• Means “True Nucleus”Means “True Nucleus”• Plant, Animal, Protists, FungiPlant, Animal, Protists, Fungi• All contain membrane bound organellesAll contain membrane bound organelles• OrganelleOrganelle: tiny organ: tiny organ

– Functioning parts of the cellFunctioning parts of the cell

• All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra cellular matrixcellular matrix

• There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and animal cellsanimal cells

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Organization of the nucleus

Cell size

Membrane bound organelles

• AIM: What are some properties of organisms in each KINGDOM?

• DO NOW: Explain why the Monera Kingdom has been eliminated and what are the two new Kingdoms that took its place?

• HOMEWORK: HANDOUT The cell. Read pages 82-85. Give a brief description of the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

KingdomEubacteriaALL single celled bacteria heterotrophic, autotrophic, and chemotrophicProkaryote orEukaryoteNormal every day bacteria

Example of Eubacteria: E.Coli

Streptococcus

• Eubacteria that causes strept throat

• AIM: How can we determine the difference between organisms within different Kingdoms?

• DO NOW:THE CELL 5. Read pages 77-80. AS YOU READ, UNDERLINE THE MAIN POINT OF EACH PARAGRAPH. Answer questions1-4 pg 80.

• HOMEWORK: Textbook Read pages 156-157. What does the cytoskeleton do? How does DNA direct activity in the cytoplasm? What organelles participate in protein production?

How do Eubacteria obtain food?

Feeding Behavior

• Heterotrophs absorb organic materials down in both living and dead organisms.

• Autotrophs can make their own food by photosynthesis.

• Chemotrophs get their food by breaking down inorganic matter.

Cyanobacteria

• Photosynthetic• Eubacteria• Used to be called

blue-green algae

• AIM:How can we determine the different characteristics of eukaryotes in different Kingdoms

• DO NOW: Explain the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph

• HOMEWORK: Read the rest of The Cell handout and answer the questions page 90 1-5

Is the Dead Sea Dying? - Video - TIME.com

Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic bacteria that live in EXTREME environments

• Halophiles

• Thermophiles

• Methanogens

Halophiles

• Can survive in extreme salty environments such as the dead sea

Thermophiles

• Archaebacteria that live in extremely HOT environments

Methanogens

• Make methane gas

Assessment

• Explain the similarities and differences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

• AIM:How can we determine the different characteristics of eukaryotes iin different Kingdoms

• DO NOW: 1- Explain the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph

• 2- you have 5 full minutes to study for the quiz

• HOMEWORK: Handout A closer look at the human cell. Read the first page and answer questions 1-3,6-8 and 10 ONLY!!!!!!!

DO NOW ANSWER

• Autotroph: Make their own food

• Heterotroph: obtain food from other sources

Eukaryote

• Multi or Single celled organisms– Protista

• Parmecium• Ameba

– Fungi• Yeast• Mushrooms

– Animal– Plant

How are all eukaryotic organisms similar?

True nucleus

Membrane bound organelles

Kingdom Protista characteristics• Eukaryotes• Heterotrophic and Autotrophic• Unicellular • Mostly aquatic • Mostly asexual• Things like: slime molds and algae, paramecium,

ameba, euglena

Friday

• AIM: What are some of the characteristics of the different Eukaryotic organisms?

• DO NOW: 1- Review your prokaryotic notes• 2- Explain why plasmids are important.• 3-Explain how prokaryotes reproduce• Homework: Create flashcards for each

organelle of the prokaryote• Pili, flagella, capsule,cell wall, cell membrane,

nucleoid,ribosome and plasmid

Kingdom Protista: Paramecium• Oral groove: ingest

nutrients• Gullet: back of the throat

and digestive system• Cilia: movement• Contractile vacuole: able

to contract and expel excess water

• Food vacuole: responsible for digestion

Paramecium Feeding!! - YouTube

Amoeba in motion - YouTube

Kingdom Protista: Ameba

Psudopods: movement Phagocytosis

phagocytose 1 - YouTube

Paramecium vacuole - YouTube

• AIM: How are all eukaryotes similar?

• DO NOW: 1- What do yeast, wheat grass, human beings and paramecium ALL have in common?

• What do ALL living things have in common?

• Homework: Quiz on Firday. Textbook page 161 questions 4 and 5

DoNoW answer• Since they are all examples of eukaryotes,

they all have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

• What do ALL living things have in common?

• They are all made up of cells

• 2 types of cells in the world:– Prokaryote– Eukaryote

How can we determine the difference between an Archaebacteria and a

Eubacteria?Archaebacteria live in extreme

environments

Eubacteria live in normal environments

For your flash cards

• Capsule: is the outermost part of the prokaryotic cell.

• Release a slime that helps in movement and infection

Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryote• Heterotrophic• Saprobes or saprophytic• eat dead or decaying matter• Unicellular and Multicellular• Mostly terrestrial• Asexual and sexual• Mushrooms,molds, yeasts,

puffballs

Kingdom Fungi Unicellular yeast

• Single celled • Mostly asexual

reproduction through budding

• Some by binary fission

• Used in baking and alcohol fermentation

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Mushroom

• Heterotrophic saprobes

• Decomposer or Decomposer or recyclerrecycler

Breaks down dead and Breaks down dead and decaying matter to decaying matter to release back into the release back into the environmentenvironment

Characteristics of Plantae Kingdom

• Eukaryote Multicellular • Autotrophic • Mostly Terrestrial • Asexual and Sexual • Nonmotile Things like: mosses, ferns, conifers,

and flowering plants

Autotrophic Photosynthetic

• Autotroph: self feeder• Make their own food

through Photosynthesis

• AIM: How do Plants and animal cells differ?

• DO NOW: Explain the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote

• Homework: Text page 161 questions 1 and 2

Prokaryotes

• Kingdom Eubacteria

• Kingdom Archaebacteria

• All prokaryotes are single celled

Eukaryotes

• All have a true nucleus

• All have membrane bound organelles

Kingdom Animalia• largest of the kingdoms

in terms of its species diversity.

Eukaryote Multicellular• heterotrophs = other

feeder• multicellular • In most animals, these

cells are organized into tissues that make up different organs and organ systems.

Assessment

List the similarities and differences of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Plant Cell:list all of the parts of the plant cell

• AIM:how do organelles help the cell function?• DO NOW: 1- Take out your cell handouts • 2-Define the term organ and the term organelle • 3-In your own words explain how the cell

organelles are similar to the bodies organs.• HOMEWORK: A closer look at the human cell

handout, questions 1-10 should ALL be completed by tomorrow!!!!

• QUIZ FRIDAY!

Kingdom Animalia organization

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• System

• organism

Review for Quiz

• 1-: You should be able to fill in the info on each Kingdom in the Table on the side board.

• Lets do it!!!!

• Any Volunteers to fill in cell types for alll 6 Kingdoms?

• Paramecium have an oral groove which takes food in

• The gullet digests food to form a food vacuole

• Food vacuole stores food until it is digested

Ameba

• Uses psuedopods to perform phagocytosis

Contractile vacuole

• Help single celled aquatic organisms pump out excess water so that they do not drown

• All protista have contractile vacuole

Kingdom fungi

• YOU MUST UNDERSTAND THAT THEY ARE SAPROBES– Recycle dead and decaying matter

For the Prokaryote cell

• Must know each part and function

The Cell

• The parts of a cell are called?

• Organelles.

• Organelles means “little organs”

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

• Plant cell Animal cell

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/

cell_structure.htm

• AIM: Why are orgranelles tiny organs of the cell?

• DO NOW: Handout 41 15-24. Label the plant and animal cell.

• Homework: Textbook Read pages 39-40 Cell Organization. For each organelle that you read about, list and give its function.

Use your colored pencils to identify the following organelles

• Nucleus: Pink

• Centriole: Orange

• Mitochondria: Purple

• Cytoplasm: Yellow

• Vacuole: White

• Endoplasmic Reticulum: Blue

• Golgi Bodies: Red

• Lysosome:Brown

• Chloroplast: green

DO NOW ANSWER

• In the nucleus are chromosomes

• Chromosomes are made up of DNA

• Genes are a part of DNA

• Genes hold the code for all of your physical characteristics

• The double nuclear membrane protects the genetic material (chromosomes)

Tuesday 1/7/14

• AIM: How do organelles work together to make the cell a functioning unit?

• DO NOW: 1- what is an organelle?

• 2- how are multicellular organisms organized?

• Homework:text read pages 159-161. answer question 4 on page 161

Activity• Use the diagram below to identify each cell

part

Plant Cell

Central

Thursday 1/9/14

• AIM: How do the organelles work together to make the cell a functioning unit?

• DO NOW: Create a Venn diagram showing the organelles in animal cells, plant cells and both animal and plant cells

• HOMEWORK: textbook page 161 question 5.

• ALL Questions 1-5 due tomorrow

Monday 1/13/14

• AIM: How do the organelles help the cell function?

• DO NOW: 1- where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

• 2- what is the function of DNA?

• HOMEWORK:Handout

Nucleus

• The Brain of the cell Contains the Chromosomes

• Found in the center of the cell• Nucleolus: RNA synthesis

The nucleus

• “ the brain” of the cell

• Controls all of the cell activities

• Because chromosomes contain genes

• Genes help build proteins

• Proteins cause chemical reactions

• Chemical Reactions control ALL life processes

Nuclear Membrane or Nuclear Envelope

• Separates Chromosomes from the rest of the cell.

• Double membrane • Nuclear pores

Chromosomes

• Made of DNA and proteins

• Carry genes: instructions for building the body

The Cell Membrane

• Surrounds the cell: creating a barrier• Allows materials to move in and out• Maintain homeostasis• http://www.susanahalpine.com/

favicon.ico

Cytoplasm

• Jelly like material• Supports the Organelles.• Many chemical reactions happen here.• Has many molecules and ions

dissolved in it

Mitochondria

• Site of cellular respiration (production of ATP)cellular energy

• Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

• Double membrane

• Outer membrane is smooth

• Inner membrane is folded into cristae

• Cristae: increase surface area for cellular respiration

• More active a cell is, the more mitochondria it will have

Where does the energy for a cell originally come from?

GLUCOSE

• Which cell would have the most mitochondria and why?

• Heart muscle cell• Stomach cell• Skin cell• Gall bladder cell• The more energy a cell needs the more

mitochondria it will have

Chloroplast

• Plant cell only• Contain Chlorophyll• Double membrane• Site of Photosynthesis ( the exact opposite

of cellular respiration)

Why do the mitochondria and chloroplast have two membrane?

Because they were once prokaryotes

The Endosymbiont Theory

• Created by Lynn Margulus

• States that eukaryotes evolved from a symbiotic relationship between two small prokaryotes that were ingested by a larger prokaryote

Wednesday 1/15/14

• AIM: How can we determine the difference between a plant and animal cell?

• DO NOW: 1-Explain why the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane

• HOMEWORK:Handout

Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis (use information from DNA to make proteins)

• Very tiny

• Can float free in the cell or be bound to the Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Transports materials around the cell• Network of passageways• Can be smooth(no ribosomes) or rough

(ribosomes

• Smooth ER: makes carbohydrates and lipids

• Rough ER: holds ribosomes and makes proteins

Golgi Bodygolgi apparatus

• Packages materials for export out of the cell

Receive

Modify

Package

The post Office of the cell

Makes vesicles to ship out molecules all over the cell

Vesicle• Membrane surrounding some type of

molecule

• Used to transport stuff from the GA to the rest of the cell

• Can fuse with the

Cell membrane to

Release contents

THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

• The nuclear envelopeThe nuclear envelope• Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum• Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus• All connected through All connected through

their membranestheir membranes

THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

• How does the Golgi apparatus ship mature molecules to other parts of the cell?

• ANSWER: Vesicle

Vacuole

• Space within the cell that can be used to store food, water or waste products.

• Vacuoles are the storage compartments of the cell.

The cytoskeleton

• Network of protein Network of protein fibersfibers

• Provide structure, Provide structure, support, transportsupport, transport

• Made up of Made up of Microfilaments, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubulesmicrotubules

• Plant cells: Plant cells: microfilaments onlymicrofilaments only

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments:Microfilaments: muscle contraction, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic movement, psudopodiacytoplasmic movement, psudopodia

• Intermediate filaments:Intermediate filaments: Function to Function to support cell frameworksupport cell framework

• Mictrotubules:Mictrotubules: Function to assist in Function to assist in movement within the cellmovement within the cell– Create centrosome and centriolesCreate centrosome and centrioles– Cilia and flagellaCilia and flagella

Thursday 1/16/14

• AIM: How are plant cells different from animal cells?

• DO NOW: List the organelles that form the endomembrane system.

• EXPLAIN WHY the endomembrane system is important to cell communication

• HOMEWORK: MIDTERM EXAM WEDNESDAY JANUARY 22 and THURSDAY JANUARY 23

Centrosome structure

Normally located outside of the nucleus

When the cell is getting ready to divide, they move to opposite ends or poles

Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

• Centrioles are anchor point for spindle fibers

• Spindle fibers appear during cell division

Lysosomes

• Contains enzymes that digest foreign particles and old cell parts

• digestive enzymes surrounded by a membrane

lysosome

• Break down old and damaged cell parts

• Break down food particles into their molecular components

Friday 1/6/12

• AIM: How do plant and animal cells differ?

• DO NOW: Explain the difference between a vesicle, vacuole and lysosome

• Homework: Textbook page 171 question 13

Parts of the Plant Cell

•Plants have organelles in them that Animal cells don’t have.

Plant Cell only Central Vacuole

• Space within the cell that can be used to store food, water or waste products.

• Vacuoles are the storage compartments of the cell.

Central Vacuole

•Plant Cells Only

•Storage space for sap,food, water or waste products.

Vacuole

Cell Wall

• Rigid structure that encloses, supports and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria.

Cell Wall

• Protective outer layer on plant cells• Adds support• Cell walls in plants are made of cellulose.

Chloroplast

• Contain Chlorophyll• Site of Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

• Have 2 membranes just like the mitochondria• Structures found only in the plant cell.• Site of photosynthesis.• Photo = Light, Synthesis = To make.• So Photosynthesis is to make something

(glucose) using Light!

Write down a part of the cell we learned that you think is most important and describe why you think it is most important. • Ask a neighbor what they thought was

most important and why.

• Pick ONE.

• Why did you decide to pick that one?

Animal Cell

Parts of the Animal cell

• Part # 1 – The Nucleus.

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

• It contains the chromosomes which are made of DNA.

Part #2 – The Nuclear Membrane

•The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the nucleus and keeps the Chromosomes separate from the cytoplasm.

Part #2 – The Nuclear Membrane

Part #3 – Chromosomes

•Structure found in the nucleus that contains hereditary material.

Part #3 – Chromosomes

Part #4 – Centrioles

•Cylindrical structures only found in animal cells that aid in replication (cell division).

Part #5 - Mitochondria

• Breaks down food and releases energy.

• Often called the powerhouse of the cell.

Part #6 - Cytoplasm

• Gel-like liquid that all of the other organelles float around in.

• Most of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell happen in the cytoplasm.

Part #7 – Cell Membrane

•Protective outer covering of all cells that regulates what goes in and out of the cell.

Part #9 – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Network of folded membranes that act as a transport system for materials in the cell.

• Can be Rough or Smooth.• Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it.• Smooth ER – No ribosomes attached to it.

Part #10 - Ribosomes

• This organelle is used to make proteins within the cell.

• Ribosomes are like the factories of the cell where small structures (amino acids) are put together to form larger structures (proteins).

Parts of the Plant Cell

•Plants have organelles in them that Animal cells don’t have.

Part #1 - Ribosomes

• This organelle is used to make proteins within the cell.

• Ribosomes are like the factories of the cell where small structures (amino acids) are put together to form larger structures (proteins).

Part #2 – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Network of folded membranes that act as a transport system for materials in the cell.

• Can be Rough or Smooth.• Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it.• Smooth ER – No ribosomes attached to it.

Part #4 - Nucleus

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

• It contains the chromosomes that are made of DNA.

Part #2 – The Nuclear Membrane

• The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the nucleus and keeps the Chromosomes separate from the cytoplasm.

Part #6 – Chromosomes

• Structure found in the nucleus that contains hereditary material.

Nuclear membrane and Chromosomes

Part #7 – Cell Membrane

• Protective outer covering of all cells that regulates what goes in and out of the cell.

Part #8 - Cytoplasm

• Gel-like liquid that all of the other organelles float around in.

• Most of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell happen in the cytoplasm.

Part #9 - Mitochondria

• Breaks down food and releases energy.

• Often called the powerhouse of the cell.

Part #10 – Chloroplasts

• Structures found only in the plant cell.• Site of photosynthesis.• Photo = Light, Synthesis = To make.• So Photosynthesis is to make something

(glucose) using Light!

Just like complex organisms, cells are able to survive by coordinating various activities. Complex organisms have a variety of systems, and cells have a variety of organelles that work to help the cell survive. Describe the role of two organelles. In your answer be sure to include:

• The names of two organelles and the function of each.

• An explanation of how the organelle does it’s job.• The name of the organelle and the name of a part

of the human body that has a similar function.