Do Birds Drink?

Fig. 6-24 in Gill 2008

Evaporative Water Loss versus Body Mass

Evaporative Cooling

California Towhee

30o F 40o F

H20 (liquid) H20 (gas)+ Energy

Water Loss Quadruples

Obtaining Water 1: Direct Uptake

Obtaining Water 2: Fleshy Food

O2+ CO2 + H20

Obtaining Water 3: Metabolic Water

WATER LOSS (EXCRETION)

&$@%&Why?

PROTEIN UPTAKE

Protein Digestion: Proteases

Pepsin

TrypsinChymotrysin

I)

II)

NITROGENOUS WASTE

Urea

Uric Acid

(Birds)

(Mammals)

Nitrogenous WasteURIC ACID

(Birds)

UREA(Mammals)

• Simple Molecule• Less Expensive to Synthesize• Less Nitrogen per Molecule• Very Water Soluble

• Complex Molecule• Expensive to Synthesize

• More Nitrogen per Molecule• Low Water Solubility

Excretory System 1: Kidneys, Ureters

• Water Resorbed to Level Just Above Precipitation Level of Uric Acid

Excretory System 2: Cloaca

• Very Little Water needs to be Resorbed by Cloacato Precipitate Uric Acid (Avoiding an Energy Intensive Process)

Excretory System: Kidneys, Ureters, Cloaca (Bladder?)

Fig. 4-106 in Podulka et al. 2004

Rhea

Bird Droppings

(= Feces + Uric Acid)

Fig. 107 in Podulka et al. 2004

URINARY SYSTEM: SUMMARY

Avian Water Conservation: An Exception

Water Excretion up to 3.5 Times Body Mass

Final Thoughts . . .

1 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/ animals/images/primary/ruby-throat-hummingbird.jpg

2 http://www.solarexpert.com/photography/birds/Heron-fish.jpg

3 http://www.ladybuggiftstore.com/Merchant2/graphics/00000001/Bird-Feeders.jpg

5 http://www.worldstory.net/jivotni/vulture-pictures.jpg

4 http://stock.tobinphoto.com/photos/GCN-15566.jpg

6 http://wdfw.wa.gov/viewing/yakima/graphics/whthead_woodpecker_male.jpg

7 http://sdakotabirds.com/species_photos/photos/yellow_bellied_sapsucker_3.jpg

8 http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/winkler/botw/Banaquit.jpg

9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cinnamon_Teal. jpg/800px-Cinnamon_Teal.jpg

10 http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/MigratoryBirds/Featured_photo/Images/Bigpic/bchu1.jpg

11 http://www.cresli.org/cresli/images/birds/sooty.jpg

12 http://www.flycatcherinn.com/images/LocalFruit2a.jpg

13 http://picasaweb.google.com/vunsookiong/BirdsOfBorneoSandakanTrogons/photo#5165732083598199298

14 http://animal.discovery.com/guides/wild-birds/gallery/american_robin.jpg

15 http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/2007/Thrushes/AMRO_worm6.jpg

16 http://www.self-sufficient-life.com/chickenseatingsalad.jpg

17 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/images/Pine_Siskin_on_feeder_ 6Nov01_935ar.jpg

18 http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/35/82/22568235.jpg

19 http://www.jonbales.com/Florida/Everglades/Anhinga_Fish.jpg

20 http://www.charliesbirdblog.com/~charlie/ediblenest/ swift_07.jpg

21 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bird's_Nest_ soup.jpg/800px-Bird's_Nest_soup.jpg

22 http://www.dnr.sc.gov/news/Yr2006/july17/swift.JPG

23 http://blog.gracecello.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/ chimney-swift.jpg

24 http://biology.ucf.edu/~logiudice/zoo3713/Files/image066.gif

25 http://biology.ucf.edu/~logiudice/zoo3713/Files/image066.gif

26 http://www.jrcompton.com/photos/The_Birds/J/Aug-07-j/JR94052-big-throat.jpg

27 http://www.fermatainc.com/high_plains/cantxslide/images/lesser_ prairie_male.jpg

28 http://www.birdvet.co.uk/LoveBirdcrop.jpg

29 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mour-dove- nest-balc.jpg/800px-Mour-dove-nest-balc.jpg

30 http://njmg.typepad.com/owl/images/2007/09/10/gf_nest.jpg

31 http://www.thewildones.org/Gifs/flamingo.gif

32 http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2007/12/11/penguins_narrowweb__ 300x390,0.jpg

33 http://www.nexium.net/gUserFiles/GastricPepsinActivity_450.gif

34 http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/enzyme5.gif

35 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ ammonia.jpg

36 http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/105/unit6/ media/mechdigest2.small.gif

37 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/50473211/Walnuts_and_Walnut_Kernels.jpg

38 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/50080752/Disposable_Carbon_Steel_Surgical_ Blades.jpg

39 http://www.jphpk.gov.my/English/cf0102m.jpg

40 http://www.brooklynparrots.com/uploaded_images/sandlot_1-700855.jpg

41 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11728886/Lead_Shot_Lead_Pellet.jpg

42 http://www.jrcompton.com/photos/The_Birds/J/March-07/JR61052- dead-duck-fl.jpg

43 http://www.owlpellets.com/uploads/images/lb.jpg

44 http://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/2005/December/Great-Horned-Owl- tree.jpg

45 http://www.inkanatura.com/images/macawclayhor_large01.jpg

46 http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/8888.jpg

47 http://www.betacell.org/images/CMS/insulin-maturation_01_w500.jpg

48 http://theenergysecret.com/images%2Fproducts%2FDigestive%20 Enzymes_cap.JPG

49 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/843/45009846.JPG

50 http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/5/58/450px- Glycogen.png

51 http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453photos/cardio_photos/hepatic- artery-bile.jpg

52 http://www.deancoleman.com/img/soap3.jpg

53 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19261.jpg

54 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19261.jpg

55 http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2006/09/060920191637.jpg

56 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/ Th_Lymphokines.gif

57 http://depth-first.com/demo/20070502/uric_acid.png

58 http://spot.colorado.edu/~humphrey/fact%20sheets/flamingo_caribbean/ images/flamingo_head.gif

59 http://the.earth.li/~alex/halley/img/P8030027.JPG

60 http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-18290891.jpg?size=572&uid=%7 B9EE41277-ECFA-4237-ABB5-86CCF4615745%7D

61 http://www.enviro-explorers.com/kestrel_web_pages/common_starling.jpg

62 http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/nature/gorge/5petal/honey/symph/ symphoricarposmollisfrt.jpg

63 http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/image.cfm?id=4478&type=img &name=pce-tabs-structure.jpg

64 http://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2002/12/images/back.jpg

65 http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/Weber-GrHG-ratel.jpg

66 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/969/90068256.JPG

67 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/ Physiology/DigestiveSystem/ComponentsDigestive/fatabsorb_2.gif

68 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/insulin_secretion.jpg

69 http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/zoo432/garrisonbay/themesimages/ feedingprotectionimages/image034.jpg