ĐỒ ÁN MÔN HỌC1

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

1/59

N MN HC

Sinh vin : Nguyn Hoi Nam. Page 1

N MN HC ti : Thitkphn xngsn xutVC (vinyl clorua) tHCl v C2H2 vi

xc tc HgCl2mang trn than hottnh pha hi nngsut91000 tn/nm.

M U

Cng ngh tng hp vt liu polyme ra i t kh lu v khng ngng

pht trin cho n ngy nay. Cng vi s pht trin l hng lotcc vt liu

polyme ra i v nhanh chng cho thy c nhng tnh nng u vit ca n.N thay th c nhiu vt liu t tin c vn s dng ng thi b sung

thm cho ngun vt liu cn s dng trong nhng mi trng khc nghit.

Chnh v nhng ctnh m vt liu polyme v ang c s dng mt

cch rng ri trong cng nghip v trong dn dng.

ngnh cng nghip v vt liu polyme tn ti v khng ngng pht

trin p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi th vn quan trng t

ra l ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho n phi lin tc pht trin c v cht

lng ln chng loi.

Vinyl clorua gi tt l VC c cng thc ho hc l CH2 = CH- Cl, l mt

trong nhng monome c pht hin t rt sm. Tuy nhin cho n tn nm

1912 ngi ta mi tm ra phng php iu ch. T n nay ngnh cng

nghip sn sut VC phat trin rt nhanh chng. Ngay ti thi im theo

thng k sn lng hng thng Nht ln ti 1500 tn. nhiu nc cng

nghip khc cng ngh sn xut VC cng lin tc pht trin.

VC l mt monome kh quan trng trong tng hp nhiu loi vt liu

polyme c nhiu tnh nng qu. Trong phi k n poly vinylclorua(PVC).

PVC l mt loi cht do c nhiu tnh cht tt nh : c n nh ho hc

cao, t b n mn v ph hu bi axt sulfuric (H2SO4), axt clohydric (HCl) v

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

2/59

N MN HC


mt s dung mi hu c khc, kh nng co gin v bn tng i ln, c

tnh cch in. Ngoi ra nha PVC cn c tnh khng thm nc, khng b ph

hy khi gp nc, nhng li l vt liu d nhum mu. Do cc tnh cht tt nh

vy nn PVC c s dng ch to cc loi ng dn cc cht ho hc, lmvt liu lt bn trong cc thit b ho hc lm vic trong mi trng n mn,

nhit thp thay th cc loi thp khng rv hp kim. Nha PVC cn

c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nh : cng nghip in (sn

xut cc loi dy bc), trong xy dng, trong ngnh sn xut da nhn to Do

mang nhiu c tnh tt nh vy nn nhu cu s dng nha PVC ca nhiu

ngnh cng nghip tng ln mt cch nhanh chng ko theo l s pht trin

v cng ngh tng hp PVC.

Cng ngh sn xut VC cng c nhiu pht trin. Hin nay c nhiu

phng php cng ngh sn xut VC t nhngngun nguyn liu khc nhau

hoc t mt ngun nguyn liu c th c nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. Vn

quan trng t ra l phi tm xem cng ngh no l ph hp nht m bo

xy dng c mt phn xng sn xut VC t c c v cht lng cngnh vs lng sn phm. C nh th mi thu c hiu qu kinh t cao nht.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

3/59

N MN HC


PHN I:TNG QUAN L THUYT

CHNG I:GII THIU V NGUYN LIU V SN PHM

I.AXETYLEN :

I.1.Tnh cht vt l :

nhit thng Axetylen l cht kh khng mu, dng tinh khit c mi

ete yu, cc hng s vt l c trng ca axetylen :- Nhit ngng t l - 83,8oC ( 0,102 MPa), nhit ti hn l 35,5oC

- p sut ti hn l 6,04 MPa

- Trng lng ring ( 00 C v 760 mmHg) l: 1,171 kg/m3

- Trng lng phn t : 26,02 kg/kmol

- Nhit dung ring 20pC : 0,402 kcal/kg.

- Nhit chy H : 13,378 Kcal/m3

Nhit chy ca Axetylen to ra kh ln, chnh v vy m ngi ta dng n

lm nhin liu ct, hn kim loi.

- Gii hn n ca C2H2xy ra trong gii hn nhit v p sut nht nh.

V d :

nhit 00 C v 1at : C2H2to vi khng kh mt hn hp n trong gii

hn t 2,53 78 % th tch C2H

2.

p sut 5 at th gii hn n thay i trong khong rng hn 2,53 100%

th tch C2H2 .

nguy him v chy n ca axetylen cng gia tng do s phn r n

thnh nhng cht n gin v km theo to nhiu nhit :

C2H2 2C + H2 ( H = -54,2 Kcal/mol )

S phn r ny xy ra khi khng c oxi nhng c nhng cht kch hot

tng ng (tiala, t chy do ma st). Khi p sut 0,2 Mpa, s phn r c

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

4/59

N MN HC


c im cc b v khng nguy him. p sut cao hn, s phn r c c tnh

n vi sng kch n c lan truyn vi vn tc ln hn 1000 m/s. S d n

ca axetylen s gim khi n c thm vo kh tr hoc hi tr, chng s tch

nhit ca s phn r u tin v ngn cn s phn ho n ca axetylen. Khi p sut chng nguy him cao nht ca hn hp ph thuc vo nng ca

axetylen. Tnh d n ca axetylen cng tng khi c mt cc kim loi c kh

nng to thnh axetilua (hoc cacbua) (v d : Cu2C2), chnh v th nhng kim

loi ny cn c ch khi la chn nguyn liu thit k.

phng trnh chy n, ngi ta thng gii hn p sut khi sn xut

axetylen v trong tng hp khc, hoc pha long axetylen bng kh tr ( v d

N2 ). Khi nn kh axetylen ngi ta dng my nn kh c bit, n c vn tc

dch chuyn thp, mc nn nh v nhit thay i sau mi bc nn kh

100 oC.

Ngoi ra Axetylen cn d dng to thnh hn hp n vi : Flo; Clo nht l

khi c tc dng ca nh sng. gim bt kh nng n ca C2H2 khi vn

chuyn ngi ta thng pha thm kh tr nh : Hydro, amoniac vo thng cha

C2H2.

Tnh cht quan trng khc ca axtylen l kh nng ho tan ca n ln hn

nhiu so vi nhng hydrocacbon khc. C th trong 1 th tch nc 20 0C c

th ho tan c 1 th tch axetylen, cn 600C ho tan c 0,37 th tch.

Axetylen c kh nng tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh: metanol,

axeton, imetylfornami ho tan ca axetylen c ngha rt quan trng

iu ch v tch n ra khi hn hp vi kh khc.

I.2. Tnh cht ho hoc :

Axetylen c cng thc phn t C2H2v c cng thc cu to l : CHCH

C2H2l hydro cacbon khng no c cha lin kt ba trong phn t do vy c kh

nng hot ng ho hc cao.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

5/59

N MN HC


Lin kt ba phn t C2H2c to thnh do lin kt v hai lin kt

chnh v vy m khi tham gia phn ng ho hc lin kt ba trong phn t C2H2

d b ph v to lin kt i hoc hp cht bo ho.

Cc phn ng c trng cho tnh cht ho hc ca axetylen:I.2.1. Phn ng th:

Khi tc dng C2H2vi kim loi kim, Cu, Ag,Ni, Hg, Co, Zn to thnh

axetylenit kim loi rt d n.

2CH CH Cu Cu C C Cu

I.2.2.Phn ng cng :

- Phn ng cng hydro vi xc tc kim loi(Ni, Pd) :

2 2 2CH CH H CH CH

CH2= CH2 + H2 CH3 - CH3

Axetylen tc dng vi hydro cho ta etylen. Phn ng tin hnh trn xc tc

Paladi trn CaCO3 1 at v 250 3000C.

01 ,250 3002 2 2

at CCH CH H CH CH

y l phn ng iu ch Etylen c s dng trc y mt s nc

thiu Etylen.

- Vi xc tc l Hg++ C2H2 s tc dng vi nc to thnh axetalyt

CHCH + H2O C

o10075

CH3CHO

Khi c oxyt Km v xyt st lm xc tc th C2H2s tc dng vi hi to

thnh axeton.

ZnO

CH CH + 3H2O CH3 C CH3 + CO2 + 2H2O3604500 C

O

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

6/59

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

7/59

N MN HC


CH CH + HCN 280 ;oC CuCl

CH2 CHCN

Cc sn phm ca cc phn ng trn u l nhng monome quan trng

trong tng hp cht do.

+ Axetylen c th tham gia phn ng vi cc axit hu c vi xc tc ph hp :

CH CH + ROOH xtot ; CH2 CH-OCOR

V d :

Axetylen tc dng vi axit axetic,snphm ca phn ng l VA mt

monome kh quan trng trong cng nghip tng hp cht do (poly

vinylaxetat).I.2.3.Phn ng trng hp :

Do trong phn t Axtylen c cha lin kt ba ( lin kt khng no ) .V

vy n c th tham gia phn ng trng hp. Tuy nhin vi xc tc v iu kin

phn ng khc nhau s cho nhng sn phm trng hp khc nhau .

- Vi xc tc l bt ng (Cu) :

2n CH CH0

200 300 ,C Cu (CH)2n

Kypren

Ngi ta s dng kypren ( (CH)2n) lm cht cch in.

- Mt khc khi thi axetylen qua dung dch bo ho Cu2Cl2:

2 CH CH0

280 ,C CuCl CH2 = CH - C CH

Vinyl axetylen

Vinyl axetylen l bn sn phm sn xut cao su tng hp clopren.

I.3. Sn xut Axetylen :

Axetylen c th c iu ch t nhiu phng php khc nhau vi

nguyn liu ban u khc nhau . Tuy nhin qu trnh sn xut axetylen trong

cng nghip ch yu l t hai ngun nguyn liu chnh l :

-T kh t nhin v kh du m.

-T than v vi.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

8/59

N MN HC


I.3.1. T kh t nhin v kh du m :

y l phng php ph bin i vi cc nc c ngun du m v kh t

nhin. Nguyn liu dng iu ch axetylen c th l hydro cacbon lng hoc

kh, hn hp kh hoc ring tng loi kh. Tuy nhin thnh phn nguyn liu lyu t quan trng nh hng ti hiu sut sn phm. Cc parafin cu to thng

khi nhit phn cho ta hiu sut axetylen cao nht.

Cc phn ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut axetylen t kh t nhin

v kh du m :

2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2C2H6 C2H2 + 2H2

2C3H8 3C2H2 + 5H2

C4H10 2C2H2 + 3H2

C 3 phng php phn hu hydro cacbon c axetylen:

- Cracking nhit

- Cracking in

- Cracking nhit oxy ho

Tu thuc vo nguyn liu ban u khc nhau m ngi ta c nhng cng

ngh, iu kin cng ngh t c hiu sut chuyn ho axetylen cao nht

V d : Bng phng php cracking nhit metan, butan v propan :

Bng 1 : Thnh phn sn phm kh ca qu trnh nhit phn

KhThnh phn kh ( % th tch )

Cracking metan Cracking propan Cracking butanC2H2 9,8 10,0 12,3

C2H4 0,3 3,8 17,6

CH4 15,7 15,0 26,4

H2 70,7 55,7 38,0

N2 3,5 5,2 1,4

Cc kh khc - 10,3 4,3

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

9/59

N MN HC


I.3.2. T cancicacbua :

Qu trnh sn xut axetylen bng phng php ny bao gm hai giai on :

- Giai on 1 : sn xut canxicacbua ( CaC2 ).Trong giai on ny ngi ta cho vi tc dng vi than (cc v antraxit )

trong l in nhit cao e thu c canxicacbua. Qu trnh thc hin theo

phn ng :

CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO

phn ng ny xy ra cn tiu tn mt nng lng rt ln v nhit ca

phn ng rt cao. Tuy nhin ch c 70-80% vi tham giai phn ng.

- Giai on 2 : cho canxicacbua thu c tc dng vi nc s thu c

axetylen.

CaC2 + 3H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

Qu trnh hp nc ca CaC2 trong cc thit b cn c gi l qu trnh ti

sinh axetylen. Theo nguyn tc ca s thot nhit, n chia ra lm hai loi:

+ Thit b ti sinh loi t: l loi thit b m nhit ca phn ng c gii

phng bng nc d un nng ln 50- 60OC. Trong c 1kg CaC2th cn

10 kg H2O, nh th Ca(OH)2thu c dng huyn ph trong nc, t c li

cho vic tn dng tip theo.

+ Thit b ti sinh loi kh: l loi thit b trong nhit phn ng c ly

ra do mt khi lng nc d nh s ho hi ca n. Ca(OH)2thu c dng

kh (vi ti) v n c s dng ch bin vt liu xy dng.

II. Axt clohydrit ( HCl ) :

II.1. Tnh cht vt l :

HCl dng nguyn cht l mt cht kh khng mu c mi hc.Tan mnh

trong nc, trong iu kin khng kh m s to hin tng khi. y l mt

kh kh bn vi nhit .

T trng d =1,35 g/cm3

Trng lng phn t : 35,5 kg/kmol

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

10/59

N MN HC


Nng ln nht ca dung dch HCl l : 35%

II.2. Tnh cht ho hc :

HCl l mt axt v c in hnh. Khi ho tan trong nc n in ly hon

ton:HCl + H2O H3O

++ Cl

-

- Tc dng vi kim v kim loi :

V d :

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2

- Tc dng vi mui :

V d :

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

-Ngoi ra axt clohydrit cn phn ng c vi nhiu hp cht hu c.

V d :

HCl + CH CH CH2 = CH - Cl

Vinyl clorua

HCl + CH2 = CH2 CH3 - CH2 - Cl

Clo etan

II.3. iu ch HCl :

- Trong phng th nghim :

T NaCl rn v dung dch H2SO4 c

NaCl + H2SO4 (c)0

200t C NaHSO4 + HCl

2NaCl + H2SO4 (c)0

200t C Na2SO4 + 2HCl

- Trong cng nghip :

Ngi ta tin hnh tng hp HCl t nguyn liu ban u l H2 v Cl2

H2 + Cl20

nh sng

t C 2HCl

III. Vinyl clorua (VC) :

III.1. Tnh cht vt l :

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

11/59

N MN HC


Vinyl clorua gi tt l VC, iu kin tiu chun n l cht kh khng

mu, c mi ete nh, rt d chy ( to vi khng kh hn hp chy n trong gii

hn 4 22% th tch ). y l cht kh kh c vi con ngi c bit khi ht

phi khng kh c nng VC ln.-Nhit si : -13,4oC

-Nhit nng chy : -153,8o C

- T trng d 204 : 0,9834

-Nhit ho hi : 85,7 Kcal/kg

-Nhit ti hn : 142o C

-Khi lng ring : 0,969 g/cm

3

VC rt t tan trong nc ( 25oC 100 gam nc ch ho tan c 0,11 gam

VC ). Ngc li n li tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh: axeton; etanol;

hydrocacbon thm

III.2. Tnh cht ho hc :

Vinyl clorua (VC) c cng thc phn t l C2H3Cl, cng thc cu to :

CH2 = CH- ClTrong phn t c cha lin kt i v mt nguyn t clo. Chnh v vy tnh cht

ho hc c bn ca n l :

- Tnh cht ca lin kt i (lin kt khng no).

- Tnh cht ca nguyn t clo linh ng.

a. Tnh cht ca hp cht khng no :

-Phn ng cng:Do trong phn t VC c cha nhm vinyl, v vy VC mang tnh cht ho

hc ca mt olefin l tham gia phn ng cng.

V d :

Cng halozen :

CH2- CHCl + Cl2 ClCH2- CH(Cl2)

Cng axt :CH2- CHCl + HCl CH3- CH(Cl)2

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

12/59

N MN HC


-Phn ng oxy ho :

Khi c clo, oxy:

CH2 = CHCl + O2

2Cl15050 ;o

ClCH2 - CHO

-Phn ng trng hp:

Do trong phn t c cha lin kt i, v vy VC c th tham gia phn ng :

+ Trng hp to polymer.

+ Tham gia phn ng ng trng hp vi cc monome khc nh: viny axetat

(C2H3COOCH3); vinylyden clorit (C2H2Cl2) To polyme

b.Tnh cht ca nguyn t Clo linh ng :

+ Phn ca VC vi kim lm tch ra phn t HCl khi phn t VC v cho taC2H2.

CH2 = CHCl + NaOH CH CH + NaCl + H2O

+ Tc dng vi alcolat hocphnolat to ete vinylic :

CH2 = CHCl + RONa CH2= CH2OR + NaCl

+ Tc dng vi kim loi :

CH2 = CHCl + Mg CH2 = CH - Mg- Cl

III.3. ng dng ca VC :

ng dng quan trng nht ca VC l lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh

trng hp v ng trng hp to ra cc polyme c c tnh tt s dng lm vt

liu trong cng nghip v dn dng.

III.3.1. Trng hp ca vinylclorua ( VC) to poly vinylclorua (PVC ) :

Phng trnh phn ng :

t , p, xtnCH 2 CH Cl CH2 CH

Cl n

Poly vinylclorua (PVC)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

13/59

N MN HC


Poly vinylclorua (PVC) l mt cht do mang nhiu tnh cht tt nh : c

n nh ho hc cao, t b n mn bi axit (H 2SO4, HCl, ), c kh nng

co gin, bn tng i ln, c tnh cch in, khng thm nc v khng b

ph hu khi gp nc nhng li d nhum.Do c nhiu c tnh tt nn PVCc s dng sn xut cc loi ng dn, bn cha cc cht ho hc. Lm vt

liu lt trong cc thit b ho hc lm vic nhit thp, trong mi trng n

mn thay th thp khng g v hp kim.

Trong cng nghip in nha PVC c s dng lm v bc cch in,

cc dng c cho v tuyn in. Trong xy dng nha PVC cn c s dng

ch to tm lp nh, lt sn tng cch m, cc dng c gia nh, ng dn

nc sinh hot v cc loi bao ti ng , o ma

III.3.2.ng trng hp vi cc monome khc :

VC cn c kh nng tham gia ng trng hp mt s monome khcnh :

vinyl axetat (VA), vinylyden clorit, acryl nitril to thnh cc polyme c gi tr

cao. Ngoi ra VC cn dng sn xut mt s loi si tng hp c tnh cht tt

nh si clorin v sn xut mt s loi sn chu n mn.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

14/59

N MN HC


CHNG II

CC CNG NGH SN XUT VINYL CLORUA

Cc qu trnh chnh trong cng nghip sn xut VC bao gm:

- Sn xut VC t EDC.

- Sn xut VC bng cc qu trnh lin hp.

- Cng HCl vo axetylen.

A. SN XUT VC T EDC :

Nguyn liu cho qu trnh iu ch VC y l diclo etan :

Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl

thuc sn phm l VC th ngi ta c th tin hnh qu trnh trong pha

lng hoc pha kh.

I. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA LNG :

I.1. Cch thc tin hnh :

C s ho hc ca qu trnh da trn phn ng:

2CH Cl 2 2 2CH Cl NaOH CH CHCl NaCl H O Trong phng php ny ngi ta s dng dung dch ru kim kh HCl

ca diclo etan. Qu trnh thc hin c trong pha ng th l nh ru

metanol ho tan c diclo etan v kim.

thc hin qu trnh ngi ta tin hnh trn nguyn liu u theo t l :

c 1 lt diclo etan cn 1,1 lt dung dch kim ( NaOH 42% ) v 0,26 lt metanol.

Nhit ca qu trnh phn ng l khong 60 70o

C, thi gian phn ngl 45 gi. Qu trnh c th xy ra nhng phn ng ph khi :

- Lng kim cho d dn n diclo etan b kim kh to thnh axetylen :

2CH

22 2 2CHCl NaOH CH CH NaCl H O

Thc cht l qu trnh bao gm hai giai on :

2CH Cl 2 2NaOH NaOH

CH Cl CH CHCl CH CH

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

15/59

N MN HC


EDC b kh to thnh VC sau v kim d nn VC tip tc b kh to

thnh axetylen.

- Khi trong qu trnh c d nc diclo etan s b thu phn to thnh etylen

glycol trong mi trng kim theo phn ng :

2CH 2 2OH

CHCl H O CH OH

2CH OH HCl

Qu trnh tin hnh trong thit b gin on, c v bc ngoi v c my

khuy. Ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh theo tun t : u tin cho dung dch

NaOH vo, sau cho ru metanol v cui cng rt t t diclo etan. Sn

phm thu c ca qu trnh c em ngng t sau em tinh luyn tch

sn phm ph sthu c VC sn phm. Hiu sut ca qu trnh ( hiu sut thusn phm VC ) tnh theo diclo etan l 75 85%.

I.2. u nhc im ca phng php :

y l qu trnh tin hnh n gin d tin hnh, phn ng tin hnh

nhit thp ( 60 70oC ). Tuy nhin qu trnh tin hnh trong thit b gin

on, yu cu cn nhiu thit b. Chnh v vy kh t ng ho cho qu trnh v

mt nhc im quan trng na l qu trnh hao tn nguyn liu.

khc phc nhc im trn ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh iu ch VC t

EDC trong pha kh.

II. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA KH :

II.1. C s ca phng php :

Qu trnh c tin hnh da trn phn ng phn hu nhit ca EDC :

2CH Cl298

2 270 /ot

H kJ molCH Cl CH CHCl HCl

Phn ng bt u xy ra nhit 300oC, p sut kh quyn nhng qu

trnh t c tc cao 400 500oC .

Qu trnh nhit phn l qu trnh phn ng xy ra theo c ch chui gc

gm 3 giai on : khi mo, pht trin mch v t mch.

(1) Khi mo

ClCH2 - CH2Cl ot ClCH2 - CH2

* + Cl*

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

16/59

N MN HC


(2). Pht trin mch:

Cl* + ClCH2 - CH2Cl ClCH2 - C*HCl + HCl

ClCH2 - C*HCl CH2 = CHCl + Cl

*

(3). t mch:Cl* + ClCH2

- C*HCl CH2 = CHCl + HCl

Qu trnh to nhiu sn phm ph l sn phm ca qu trnh polyclo ho,

sn phm ca qu trnh phn hu, qu trnh to cc V vy cn s dng cc

cht xc tc tin nh : clo, brom, iot, tetraclo cacbon hoc oxi to thun li

cho qu trnh phn ng chnh.

Cc qu trnh trong cng nghip c tin hnh 500 550oC, p sut 2,5

3Mpa, khng s dng xc tc. Mt s h xc tc ( than hot tnh, mui clo

kim loi ) c th c s dng gim nhit phn ng, tuy nhin thi

gian sng ca xc tc thp v kh khn v mt cng ngh lm cho qu trnh

cracking EDC c xc tc khng c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip .

II.2. S cng ngh sn xut VC t EDC :

Thuyt minh s dy chuyn :1: thit b phn ng 7: thp tch phn on nh

2: thp ti 8: thp tch phn on nng

3: thit b lc 9: thp thu hi EDC

4: thp tch HCl 10: thit b gia nhit bc hi

5: thp lm sch VC th 11: thit b ngng t

6: thp tinh ch VC 12: thit b lng tch

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

17/59

N MN HC


Hnh 1: S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut VC t EDC

Sd

ychuyncngng

hsnxut

vctedc

2

1

3

4

5

vc

naoh

6

n

aoh

7

8

9

Snphm

nh

Snphm

nng

EDC

edctunhon

10

11

12

11

11

11

11

11

1113

13

13

13

11

14

14

15

15

15

15

13

13

13

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

18/59

N MN HC


EDC nguyn liu v EDC hi lu c a qua thit b gia nhit v bc hi

ti nhit cn thit (khong 215oC) sau c a vo thit b phn ng

dng l ng. Qu trnh y c lm vic theonguyn tc tng t qu trnhsteam cracking. Ti vng i lu, nguyn liu c gia nhit ti nhit phn

ng, phn ng thc s xy ra trong vng bc x. Sn phm kh thu c u

ra ca thit b phn ng l ng c nhit 500oC c ti trnh cc phn

ng ph xy ra ni tip bng cch a qua thp ti tip xc vi dng sn phm

c lm lnh xung 50oC chy ngc chiu. Kh sn phm s c lm

lnh xung 200oC. Qu trnh lm lnh b xung tip theo s lm ngng t hu

ht nguyn liu EDC cha phn ng, mt phn s c dng lm cht ti nhit

trong thp ti. Phn cn li cng vi kh khng ngng s c a qua thp

chng ct tch sn phm ph HCl. Ti y HCl s c tch khi hn dng

kh khng ngng phn nh thp. Phn y ca thp tch HCl c a sang

thp chng ct lm sch VC th. Ti thp ny sn phm VC s nm trong phn

nh nh thp v tip tc c a sang thp tinh ch lm sch VC. Ti thp

tinh ch lm sch VC hm lng HCl c gim t 500 xung 10ppm v phn

sn phm ly ra t y thp c trung ho vi NaOH. Phn nh thp s c

cho hi lu tr li thp tch HCl

Phn y thp lm sch VC th c a qua h thng thu hi EDC v tun

hon li thit b phn ng gm 3 thp chng ct :

- Tch phn on nh lm nhim v tch phn sn phm nh (1 thp)

- Tch phn on nng : gm 2 thp. Thp th nht lm vic p sut kh

quyn. Ti thp ny phn ln EDC c tch ra. Thp th hai lm vic trong

chn khng s tch phn EDC cn li.

II.3. u nhcim ca phng php :

u im ca phng php ny l tn dng c phn EDC khng phn ng

v tun hon n tr li thit b phn ng. ng thi tn dng c phn HCl

sinh ra.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

19/59

N MN HC


Tuy nhin phng php ny li c nhc im l c hiu sut chuyn ho thp.

B. SN XUT VC BNG CC QU TRNH LIN HP :

I. Lin hp clo ho etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C2H2 :

Qu trnh da trn cc phn ng sau :

CH2 =CH2 + HCl ClCH2 -CH2Cl (1)

ClCH2 - CH2Cl CH2 = CHCl + HCl (2)

HCl t phn ng (2) c th c dng cho phn ng hydroclo ho axetylen.

CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl

Phn ng tng cng:

C2H2 + C2H4 + Cl2 2 CH2= CHClS qu trnh:

-Vi ngun nguyn liu u l hn hp ca axetylen v etylen vi t l mol 1:1

Hnh 2: S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho

etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C2H2 (axetylen v etylen dng hn hp).

-Vi ngun nguyn liu u l hn hp ca axetylen va etylen vi t l mol 1:1

Hnh 3: S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho

etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C2H2 (axetylen v etylen dng ring bit)

Tch VC

Hydroclo ho Clo ho Crackink

EDC

HClHn hp

axetylen vetylen vit l 1/1

Clo ho Cracking

Tch VC

Hydroclo

ED

Axetylen

Etylen

HCl

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

20/59

N MN HC


II. Lin hp clo ho, oxy clo ho etylen v cracking EDC :

- Qu trnh da trn cc phn ng :

C2H4 + Cl2 ClCH2 - CH2Cl

ClCH2 - CH2Cl 2CH2 = CHCl + HClC2H4 + 2HCl +1/2O2 ClCH2 - CH2Cl + H2O

Phn ng tng cng :

2C2H4 + Cl2 + 1/2O2 2CH2= CHCl + H2O

u im ca qu trnh: tiu tn t nng lng do tn dng c nhit ca phn

ng to nhit, s dng c HCl to thnh v khng dng C2H2do vy chi ph

r hn.

- S qu trnh :

Hnh 4:S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho, oxy

clo ho etylen v cracking EDC

C. SN XUT VC T AXETYLEN V HCl :

Nguyn liu iu ch VC theo phng php ny l C2H2 v HCl.

Qu trnh thc hin da trn phn ng :

CH CH + HCl CH2= CHCl

p sut thng v khng c xc tc phn ng trn khng xy ra. Khi

khng dng xc tc phi tin hnh phn ng iu kin p sut cao. Tuy nhin

p sut cao th li to ra nhiu sn phm ph nh : diclo etan; phn ng trng

hp ca VC to thnh V vy trnh to sn phm ph v gim khc

nghit ca phn ng ngi ta phi dng xc tc.

Clo ha

EDC

EDC

HCl

Oxiclo ho

Crackink

Tch VC

Clo

Etylen

Oxy VC

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

21/59

N MN HC


sn xut VC theophng php ny ngi ta c th tin hnh qu trnh

trong pha lng hay pha kh.

I. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA LNG :

I.1. C s ca phng php :Khi tin hnh qu trnh ny trong pha lng ngi ta tin hnh thi C 2H2 v

HCl qua dung dch xc tcc thnh phn : Cu2Cl223% khi lng, NH4Cl 16

%, c thm CaCl2 ho tan trong axt HCl 1215 % nhit 50 60oC. Cng

c th dng xc tc HgCl2trong axt HCl v duy tr nhit 90oC. Tuy nhin

xc tc ng c xu hng lm tng phn ng ph : trng hp axetylen thnh

vinyl axetylen.2CH CH CH C - CH = CH2

y l phn ng khng mong mun, v vy ngn nga phn ng ph

ngi ta phi dng HCl ho tan mui ng.

C nhiu quan im v vai tr ca xc tc mui ng v mui thu ngn.

Mt s quan im cho rng mui thu ngn, mui ng tc dng vi axetylen

to thnh hp cht trung gian. Hp cht trung gian ny b phn hu di tcng ca HCl hon nguyn xc tc v cho ta sn phm Vinyl clorua.

Qu trnh c m t :

CH CH + HgCl2 ClCH = CH-HgCl

ClCH = CH-HgCl + HCl CH2 = CHCl + HgCl2

Quan im khc li cho rng mui ng, mui thu ngn tc dng vi

axetylen to phc cht. Trong cc nguyn t cc bon c in tch dng c

kh nng tc dng vi anion clo v kt qu l kim loi b thay th bi proton

to sn phm l VC.

Qu trnh :

+HCl - H+

CH CH + HCl CH CH Cl CH2 = CHCl + Hg2+

Hg2+ Hg2+

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

22/59

N MN HC


I.2. u nhc im ca phng php :

u im ca phng phpny l qu trnh tin hnh iu kin nhit

thp, t tn nng lng chnh v vy m thit b phn ng ch to n gin hn.

tuy nhin n c nhc im l : hiu sut chuyn ho VC thp, trong qu trnhto ra nhiu sn phm ph chnh v vy m s gy kh khn cho vic phn tch

sn phm trong qu trnh tinh ch thu VC tinh khit. ng thi HCl dng

lng gy n mn thit b.

II. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA KH :

II.1. C s ca phng php :

Khc vi phng php trong pha lng, phng php ny xc tc s dngcho phn ng l xc tc rn v thng l HgCl2/C* (hoc grapht, silicat ).

Trong mui thu ngn HgCl2c mang trn cht mang l than hot tnh

(C*). Tuy nhin do mui thu ngn c nn ngi ta thng c xu hng thay

th mui thu ngn bng cc mui ca cc kim loi khc ( BaCl 2, CdCl2 ).

Qu trnh c m t bng phn ng:

2/ *

2

HgCl C

CH CH HCl CH CHCl

II.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu trnh:

a. nh hng ca xc tc: Khi nng HgCl2 trn than hot tnh tng th

hiu sut chuyn ho axetylen thnh VC tng:

Bng 2 : nh hng ca nng xc tc ti hiu sut chuyn ho

HgCl2/C* ( % ) Hiu sut chuyn ho ( % )5 69,6

10 86,7

20 92,3

40 95,4

60 96,8

Theo nh bng trn th ta s thy c chuyn ho tng khi nng

HgCl2tng. Qu trnh c chuyn ho tng nhanh khi nng HgCl2 tng t

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

23/59

N MN HC


5 n 10% v sau tng chm. Khi nng HgCl2 ln hn 20% th

chuyn ho vn tng chm nhng ng thi khi qu trnh to rt nhiu nhit

( nhit ca phn ng ). Lm cho xc tc b t nng cc b dn n HgCl2b

thng hoa, ng thi Axetylen trng hp bao ph trn b mt lm cho xc tcmt hot tnh nhanh chng. V vy trn thc t, trong cng nghip ngi ta

dng xc tc HgCl210% ngm trn than hot tnh.

b. nh hng ca nguyn liu :

Nguyn liu trc khi a vo phn ng c th cha nhng tp cht c hi

cho qu trnh nh:

- Lm ng c xc tc:Khi trong thnh phn ca nguyn liu c cha cc tp cht nh : H2S,

H3P Th nhng cht ny s tc dng vi xc tc lm gim hot tnh ca xc

tc

H2S + HgCl2 HgS + 2HCl

2H3P + 3HgCl2 Hg3P2 + 6HCl

loi b nhng tp cht gy ng c xc tc ny hi axetylen trc khii vo thit b phn ng c cho i qua thp cha dung dch K2Cr2O7( ti y

xy ra phn ng oxy ho kh nhm loi b H2S v H3P )

H2S + K2Cr2O7 K2SO4 + H2Cr2O3

H3P + K2Cr2O7 K3PO4 + H2Cr2O3

- Lm tng phn ng ph :

Nu trong thnh phn kh nguyn liu c cha clo s xy ra phn ng ca

Axtylen vi clo to sn phm ph l tetraclo etan.

CHCH + 2Cl2 (Cl)2CH- CH(Cl)2

Tetraclo etan

Do HgCl2cng chnh l xc tc cho phn ng ca axetylen vi nc, v

vy nu trong nguyn liu ban u c cha nhiu hi nc th s lm cho phn

ng ph ny xy ra. Kt qu sinh ra sn phm ph l axetan dehit.

2

2 3

HgClCH CH H O CH CHO

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

24/59

N MN HC


Chnh v nhng yu t nguyn liu trn s lm gim hiu sut chuyn ho

ca qu trnh ng thi sn phm thu c c cha nhiu sn phm ph, dn

n tn km trong vic phn tch thu c VC tinh khit. Yu cu t ra i

vi kh nguyn liu trc khi a vo thit b phn ng phi c qua cngon x l t nhng tiu chun cho php. C th i vi nguyn liu kh

HCl v C2H2 y phi t tiu chun :

- Kh C2H2phi c nng phn trm > 99%; H2O < 0,03%; khng c cht

gy ng c xc tc nh : H2S; H3P

- Kh HCl phi c nng > 99%; H2O < 0,03%; khng c oxy, clo

c. nh hng ca thnh phn nguyn liu : m bo cho C2H2phn ng ht phi cho d HCl. Trong thc t ngi

ta thng khng ch t s C2H2/HCl = 1/1,1 (mol). T s C2H2/HCl c nh

hng trc tip ti hiu sut chuyn ho th hin :

Bng 3 : nh hng ca thnh phn nguyn liu ti hiu sut chuyn ho

T l C2H2/HCl Hiu sut chuyn ho (%)

1/1,09 91,051/1,1 96,95

1/1,2 97,75

Qua bng trn ta thy khi HCl d cng nhiu th hiu sut chuyn ho

C2H2 thnh VC cng cao. Tuy nhin khi li xy ra nhng phn ng ph

khng mong mun.

V d : CH CH + 2HCl CH3 CHCl2

Chnh v vy m ngi ta ngi thng khng ch t l C2H2/HCl = 1/1,1 v

kh tun hon.

d. nh hng ca vn tc th tch :

Vn tc th tch cng nh hng nhiu ti hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu

trnh.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

25/59

N MN HC


Bng 4: nh hng ca vn tc th tch ti hiu sut chuyn ho

Vn tc th tch ( m3/m3xc tc gi ) Hiu sut chuyn ho ( % )

125 93,66

100 94,5575 96,06

50 97,40

25 97,46

Nh vy hiu sut chuyn ho s t l nghch vi vn tc th tch. Tc l

hiu sut chuyn ho s cng cao khi vn tc nguyn liu ( HCl v C 2H2 ) cng

thp. iu ny c th gii thch bi s mi quan h gia thi gian lu ca

nguyn liu v hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu trnh: khi thi gian tip xc ca

nguyn liu phn ng vi xc tc cng lu th phn ng cng xy ra trit .

Trong khi vn tc th tch li t l vi thi gian lu. Chnh v th c c

hiu sut chuyn ho cng cao th phi cho nguyn liu vo vi vn tc cng

nh. Tuy nhin khi a nguyn liu vo vi vn tc qu b th li nh hng

ti cng sut ca dy chuyn sn xut ( lm gim cng sut ). V vy m vickhng ch v iu chnh vn tc th tch mt gii hn thch hp c

chuyn ho cao ng thi li m bo cng sut ca dy chuyn l rt quan

trng.

e. nh hng ca nhit , p sut :

Nhit thch hpca phn ng duy tr 160 180OC. Khi xc tc gim

hot tnh th c th tng nhit ln n 200O

C. Tuy nhin cn phi ch nhai nhit quan trng l: 275OC HgCl2b phn hu v 300

oC n b thng

hoa lm xc tc b mt hot tnh ng thi gy ra hin tng hao ht xc tc.

Lm gim hiu sut chuyn ho. Chnh v vy m phi khng ch nhit ca

phn ng mt cch hp l s gp phn tng hiu qu lm vic ca dy chuyn.

p sut ca qu trnh thng l 0,3.106 pa.

II.3. Cng ngh sn xut VC trong pha kh :

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

26/59

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

27/59

N MN HC


H2SO4c. Kh axetylen cbm t di ln i qualp dung dch H2SO4c

c bm t trn xung, do c tnh ho nc ca H2SO4c nn kh C2H2s

c sy ti yu cu cn thit. Kh axetylen sau khi c sy i ra t nh

thp (2) c kt hp vi dng axetylen tun hon cng dng kh HCl i vothit b trn (4) . Trong qu trnh ny s dng lng HCl d 10%.

- Phn ng :

Hn hp kh t thit b trn (4) c a qua thit b gia nhit n 110OC.

Sau c a vo nh ca thit b phn ng ng chm (5). Ti thit b phn

ng (5) cc phn ng ca qu xy ra, ng thi nhit ca phn ng c tch

bi dng cht ti nhit i bn ngoi ng phn ng v qua thit b trao i nhitt bn ngoi.

- X l kh sn phm :

Hn hp kh i ra khi thit b phn ng c a qua h thng tch HCl

d gm hai thp (6) v (7). Ti thp (6) hn hp sn phm c ra bi nc.

Do axit HCl tan tt trong nc nn ti y phn ln HCl c tch ra y

thp di dng dung dch. Phn kh khng b hp th qua nh thp (6) ca qua thp (7), ti y phn HCl cn li s c loi b ht bi dung dch

NaOH. Phn kh khng b hp th t nh thp (7) c nn ti 0,7 Mpa v lm

lnh, phn ln s ngng t. Nc s c tch ra hon ton t thit b lng (8).

Phn kh nh khng ngng ti thit b lng (8) c thnh phn ch yu l

axetylen d c a qua h thng thu hi axetylen gm hai thp (10) v (11).

Thp (10) l thp hp th axetylen vi vai tr tch sn phm nh khng b hpth. Thp (11) l thp nh hp th axetylen tun hon li thit b phn ng.

Phn sn phm y ca thp chng ct nh c cha phn ln l VC c a

sang thp tinh ch VC. y l mt thp chng ct nhit thp 0,4 0,5

Mpa. Sn phm VC s thu c nh thp v phn sn phm nng ( sn phm

ph ) thu c y thp chng ct.

II.4. u nhc im ca phng php :

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

28/59

N MN HC


y l phng php c x dng kh ph bin tng hp VC trong

cng nghip bi n c hiu sut chuyn ho cao, axt HCl trong qu trnh tn

ti pha lm gim n mn thit b, lm gim chi ph trong vic ch to

thit b phn ng. Mt khc trong qu trnh ny lng sn phm ph sinh ra lnh, do s gim c chi ph cho cc qu trnh tinh ch sn phm, tng cht

lng sn phm thu c.

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

29/59

N MN HC


Hnh 5:S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut VC t C2H2 v HCl trong pha

kh.

s

dychuyncngnghsnxut

VCtaxetylen

Axetylen

h2so4

(75%)

1

HCl

2

h2so43

Du

5

4

Thitb

phnng

11

thpnhhpthaxetyle

01

7

thprakhbngnaOH

01

6

thprakhbngnc

01

stt

tnchitit

slng

ghich

12

thpchungctnh

01

10

thphpthaxetylen

01

3

thitblc

02

4

thitbtrn

01

5

thitbphnng

01

9

thpchungctnh

01

8

thitblng

01

1

thpsyaxetylen

01

2

thpsyaxetyle

01

naoh

Du

Nc

6hcl(10%)

nao

h

thi

7

Snphm

nng

8

12

11

9

10

Snphm

nh

vc

Nc

13

13

mynnkh

02

14

14

14

thngchasnphm

03

15

thitbunnng

03

16

16

16

thitblmlnh

04

17

17

bm

14

hungdn

ontnho

thitk

phmvitdng

thitkphnxung

snxutVC

trunghbkHNi

khoacnhohc

16

18

18

thitbgianhit

01

sdychuyn

cngngh

3

15

15

16

15

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

30/59

N MN HC


PHN II: TNH TON CNG NGH

Cc s liu ban u :

- Nng sut : 91000 tn/nm

- Thnh phn kh C2H2( nng th tch ) :

C2H2 : 99%

H2O : 0,03%

O2 : 0,02%

N2 : 0,95%- Thnh phn kh HCl ( nng th tch ) :

HCl : 97,3%

H2 : 0,15%

N2 : 2,48%

H2O : 0,07%

- Mc chuyn ho :Gi thit chuyn ho VC ca qu trnh l 99,05%

chuyn ho diclo etan l 0,5 %

Coi lng sn phm b mt mt trong cc qu trnh l khng ng k. ng

thi trong qu trnh sn xut lng VC thu c nh ca thit b chng ct

tch sn phm VC l 93% (hay hiu sut phn tch VC t 93%).

A. XC NH THI GIAN LM VIC CA PHN XNG.Gi thit qu trnh sn xut l lin tc v ch dng li bo dng, ti sinh

(thay th) xc tc nh k. Nh vy thi gian sn xut ca phn xng c

tnh nh sau :

Ttt = TltTng

Trong :

Ttt l thi gian lm vic ca phn xng ( gi/nm )

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

31/59

N MN HC


Tlt l thi gian ca mt nm ( gi/nm )

Tngl thi gian ngh ca mt nm ( gi/nm )

Thi gian ngh (Tng) l thi gian dy chuyn ngng hot ng v l do k

thut, bao gm : thi gian ngh thay i xc tc, thi gian bo dng sacha nh k v thi gian sa cha do hng hc t xut.

Gi thit thi gian ngh l 30 ngy

Nh vy thi gian lm vic ca phn xng l:

Ttt = 36530 = 335 (ngy/nm)

Mt ngy lm vic c chia lm 3 ca, mi ca lm vic l 8 ting. Vy thi

gian lm vic trong mt nm ca phn xng l :

T = 335 24 = 8040 (gi/nm)

B. CN BNG VT CHT.

I. TIU HAO NGUYN LIU CHO PHN NG CHNH:

1. Tiu hao nguyn liu Axetylen:

Nng sut ca dy chuyn l 91000 tn/nm. Vy nng sut tnh theo

kg/gi ca dy chuyn l :

91000 100011318,41( / )

8040kg h

Theo nh gi thit lng VC ra khi thp chng ct tch sn phm l 99 ,05%

so vi lng VC vo thp nn lng VC c to ra ti thit b phn ng l:

11426,97( / )11318,41 100

99,05kg h

Phng trnh ca phn ng to :C2H2 + HCl CH2= CHCl (1)

26 36,5 62,5

Theo phn ng (1) th lng axetylen tinh khit tiu hao (khi hiu sut chuyn

ho t 100%) l :

11426,97 264753,62( / )

62,5

kg h

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

32/59

N MN HC


Do hiu sut chuyn ho ca axetylen l 99,05% v vy lng axetylen tinh

khit tiu hao thc t l :

4753,62 1004799,2( / )

99,05kg h

Lng axetylen cn d l:

4799,2-4753,62= 45,6 (kg/h)

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca nguyn liu axetylen ( c thnh phn v th

tch: 99% C2H2; 0,03% H2O; 0,02% O2; 0,95% N2 ) l :

0,9926 + 0,0002 32 + 0,000318 + 0,009528 = 26,0178 (kg/kmol)

tinh khit ca axetylen nguyn liu l 99% th tch nn tiu hao nguyn

liu axetylen th l :

4799,2 100 26,01784851( / )

99 26kg h

Trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th nc chim 0,03% th tch, do

lng nc l :

4851 180,0003 1( / )

26,0178kg h

Lng O2trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th chim 0,02% th tch, do

lng O2 l :

4851 320,0002 1,19( / )

26,0178kg h

Lng N2trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th chim 0,96% th tch, do

lng N2 l :4851 28

0,0095 49,6( / )26,0178

kg h

2. Tiu hao nguyn liu HCl:

Theo phn ng (1) tiu hao HCl tinh khit l :

11426,97 36,56673,35( / )

62,5kg h

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

33/59

N MN HC


Mt khc nh ni phn trc, qu trnh lm vic t hiu qu cao ta

chn t l C2H2/HCl = 1/1,1. Nh vy lng tiu hao HCl tinh khit l :

4799,2 36,51,1 7411,1( / )

26kg h

Vy lng HCl cn d l :

7411,1-6673,35=737,75 (kg/h)

Trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th bao gm : 97,3% HCl; 0,15% H 2;

2,48% N2; 0,07% H2O. Hay ni cch khc tinh khit ca nguyn liu HCl

th l 97,3%.Khi lng mol trung bnh ca nguyn liu HCl l :

0,973 36,5 0,0015 2 0,0248 28 0,0007 18 36,22( / )kg kmol

Tiu hao nguyn liu HCl th l:

7411,1 10036,22 7559,26( / )

36,5 97,3kg h

Lng nc c cha trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 0,0718 2, 63( / )

36,5 97,3kg h

Lng N2c trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 2,4828 144,9( / )

36,5 97,3kg h

Lng H2c trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 0,152 0,62( / )

36,5 97,3

kg h

II. TIU HAO NGUYN LIU CHO PHN NG PH.

Trong tng hp hu c ni ring v tng hp ho hc ni chung ta thng

gp nhng phn ng ph khng mong mun. N khng nhng lmgim cht

lng ca sn phm, tiu tn nguyn liu, gy kh khn cho vic phn tch,

tinh ch sn phm m cn c th gy tc hi trc tip cho phn ng chnh ca

qu trnh. Tuy nhin vic loi b hon ton cc phn ng ph l rt kh khn,

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

34/59

N MN HC


thm ch khng th thc hin c. Gii php t ra l gim thiu n mc

thp nht cc phn ng ph .

Trong qu trnh sn xut VC ny c cc phn ng ph sau :

CH

CH + 2HCl CH3CH(Cl)2 (2)26 73 99

CH CH + H2O CH3CHO (3)

26 18 44

Ngoi ra cn nhiu phn ng ph khc nh: cc phn ng trng hp ca

axetylen, phn ng trng hp ca VC Tuy nhin trong qu trnh sn xut ny

ta coi lng sn phm to thnh ca cc phn ng l khng ng k so vi

hai phn ng ph trn. V vy trong qu trnh tnh ton ta khng tnh n lng

sn phm ca ca cc phn ng m ch tnh ton lng sn phm to thnh

ca hai phn ng (2) v (3).

Theo nh hai phn ng ph trn th sn phm ph to ra s l diclo etan v

axetal dehit. Ta s tin hnh tnh ton lng tiu hao nguyn liu cho hai phn

ng ph ny v lng sn phm ph to ra.

Do hiu sut chuyn ho 1,1 dicloetan tnh theo axetylen l 0,2% suy ra lng

axetylen tham gia vo phn ng (2) l :

4799,2 0,524( / )

100kg h

Lng HCl tham gia phn ng (2) l :

24 73

67,34( / )26 kg h

Lng sn phm 1,1 dicloetan :

24 9991,38( / )

26kg h

Xt phn ng (3) (phn ng ph ca axetylen vi nc to axetan dehit. Gi

thit kh nguyn liu axetylen th khi qua h thng sy kh loi b c

hon ton lng hi nc. Nh vy lng nc tham gia vo phn ng (3) l

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

35/59

N MN HC


nc do kh nguyn liu HCl th mang vo thit b phn ng. Do lng hi

nc l rt t so vi lng axetylen nn ta coi nh hi nc phn ng ht.

Theo phn ng (3) th lng axetylen tham gia phn ng l :

2,63 263,8( / )

18kg h = 1,81 kg/ gi)

Khi theo phn ng (3) lng axetandehit to thnh l :

2,63 446,43( / )

18kg h

= 3,06 (kg/ gi)

Lng axetylen cn d (trong hn hp kh sn phm u ra ca thit b phn

ng) l:

45,6-24-1,81=19,79(kg/h)

Lng HCl cn d (trong hn hp kh sn phm u ra ca thit b phn ng)

l:

737,75-67,34=670,41(kg/h)

III. CN BNG VT CHT.

1. Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng:

Tnh ton i vi lng vt cht i vo thit b :

- Lng O2 l : 1,19(kg/h)

- Lng N2 l : 49,6+144,9=194,5(kg/h)

- Lng H2 l : 0,62(kg/h)

Do O2, N2 v H2khng tham gia phn ng nn lng vo cng chnh l lng

ra khi thit b phn ng

Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng c th hin bng 5

Bng 5 :Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng chnh.

Cu t Lng vo (kg/gi) Lng ra (kg/gi)

C2H2 4799,2 19,79

HCl 7411,1 670,41

O2 1,19 1,19

N2

194,5 194,5

H2 0,62 0,62

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

36/59

N MN HC


H2O 2,63 0

VC 0 11426,97

CH3CHCl2 0 91,38

CH3CHO 0 6,43

Tng cng 12409,24 12411,29

2. Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl :

Hn hp kh sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng c a qua h thng tch

HCl d gm 2 thp : thp th nht dng nc ra, thp th hai dng dung

dch NaOH. Kh sn phm sau khi i qua h thng ny s khng cn HCl ng

thi trong qu trnh ny cng loi b c sn phm ph l axetaldehit do sn

phm ph ny tan trong nc. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ny khng c phn

ng ho hc no xy ra.

Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl :

Bng 6 : Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl.

Cu t Lng vo(kg/gi) Lng ra (kg/gi)

C2H2 19,79 19,79HCl 670,41 670,41

O2 1,19 1,19

N2 194,5 194,5

H2 0,62 0,62

VC 11426,97 11426,97

CH3CHCl2 91,38 91,38CH3CHO 6,43 6,43

Tng cng 12411,29 12411,29

3. Cn bng vt cht ti thp chng ct sn phm VC:

Hn hp i vo thp chng ct tch VC c thnh phn gm : VC v diclo

etan v cc sn phm ph khc. Tuy nhin nh theo phn trc trnh by

lng sn phm ph ca cc phn ng ph (tr hai phn ng (2) v (3)) khng

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

37/59

N MN HC


ng k so vi lng sn phm ph do hai phn ng (2) v (3) to thnh. V

vy ta s coi hn hp i vo thp chng ct VC gm VC v dicloetan. Hn hp

ny c a vo thp chng ct nhit thp s phn tch ring tng cu t.

C th VC s c tch ra nh thp v diclo etan c ly ra y thp.Cn bng vt cht thp tinh ch sn phm VC.

Do theo gi thit lng VC c phn tch ti y t 99 ,05% tng lng

VC. Nh vy thnh phn sn phm ti nh thp ch c VC. Thnh phn y

thp bao gm ton b lng diclo etan v 0,95% lng VC.

- Lng VC c tch ra ti nh thp theo tnh ton l:11318,41 (kg/gi)

- Thnh phn sn phm y ca thp bao gm :

+ Lng VC l: 11426,97-11318,41=108,41 (kg/gi)

+ Lng dicloetan l : 91,38 (kg/gi)

Bng 7 : Cn bng vt cht ti thp chng ct sn phm VC.

Cu t Lng vo (kg/gi) Lng ra (kg/gi)

VC 11426,97 11426,97

CH3CHCl2 91,38 91,38Tng cng 11518,35 11518,35

C. CN BNG NHIT LNG I VI THIT B PHN NG.

Hn hp kh khi i vo thit b c gia nhit ti nhit cn thit.

y ta chn nhit ti u vo thit b phn ng ca hn hp kh l 110OC.

- Nhit u ra ca hn hp sn phm : 160OC

- Cht lm mt (cht ti nhit) chn dy l du c :

- Nhit u vo l : 30oC

- Nhit u ra l : 100oC

- Nhit dung ring ca cht ti nhit du Cp = 0,43 kcal/kg.- Khi lng ring ca du = 900 kg/m3

Hn hp kh i vo thit b phn ng gm cc kh : C2H2, HCl, O2, N2, H2,

H2O

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

38/59

N MN HC


Hn hp kh i ra khi thit b phn ng gm cc kh: VC, C2H2d, HCl d,

O2, N2, H2, CH3CHO, CH3CHCl2

Nhit dung ring ca cc kh : tra s tay ho cng 1

Bng 8 : Nhit dung ring ca cc kh iu kin u vo v u ra cathit b phn ng.

Nhit ti u vo ( t = 25oC ) Nhit ti u ra ( t = 160oC )

Cu t Cp (kcal/kg.) Cu t Cp (kcal/kg.)

C2H2 0,41 C2H2 0,46

HCl 0,19 HCl 0,19

O2 0,24 O2 0,24

H2 3,5 H2 3,5

H2O 0,44 H2O 0,22

N2 0,25 N2 0,255

VC 0,22

CH3CHO 0,38

CH3CHCl2 0,24

1. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh mang vo:Nhit lng do hn hp kh mang vo thit b phn ng l :

Qhhvo = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6

Trong :

Q1: nhit lng do kh axetylen mang vo (kcal/h)

Q2 : nhit lng do kh HCl mang vo (kcal/h)

Q3: nhit lng do kh O2 mang vo (kcal/h)Q4: nhit lng do kh N2 mang vo (kcal/h)

Q5: nhit lng do hi nc mang vo (kcal/h)

Q6: nhit lng do H2 mang vo (kcal/h)

Nhit lng ca cc cu t c tnh ton theo cng thc :

Q = m Cp t (kcal/h)

Trong :m : l lu lng kh (kg/h)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

39/59

N MN HC


Cp : l nhit dung ring ca cu t (kcal/kg.)

t : l nhit ca cu t (oC)

Nh vy nhit lng ca cc cu t mang vo l :

Q1 = 4799,2

0,41

110 = 216443,92 (kcal/h)Q2 = 7411,1 0,19110 = 154891,99 (kcal/h)

Q3 = 1,19 0,24110 = 31,416 (kcal/h)

Q4 = 194,5 0,25110 = 5348,75 (kcal/h)

Q5 = 2,63 0,44110 = 127,29 (kcal/h)

Q6 = 0,623,5110 = 238,7 (kcal/h)

Tng nhit lng do hn hp kh nguyn liu mang vo l :

Qhhvo = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6

= 216443,92+154891,99+31,416+5348,75+127,29+238,7

= 377082,07(kcal/h)

2. Nhit lng do cc phn ng to ra:

a. Nhit lng lng do phn ng chnh to ra:

C2H2 + HCl CH2= CHCl + 23700 kcal/kmol

Vy nhit lng do phn ng chnh to ra l :

Q9 =11426,97

23700 4333107( / )62,5

kcal h

b. Nhit lng do phn ng ph to ra :

-Nhit lng do phn ng to thnh 1,1- diclo etan

C2H2 + 2HCl CH3CHCl2 + 40200 (kcal/kmol)

Nhit lng to ra l :

Q7 =91,38

40200 37105,8( / )99

kcal h

-Nhit lng do phn ng to thnh axetan dehit :

C2H2 + H2O CH3CHO + 36130 (kcal/kmol)

Nhit lng to ra l:

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

40/59

N MN HC


Q8 =6,43

36130 5279,9( / )44

kcal h

Tng nhit lng do cc phn ng ca qu trnh sinh ra l :

Qp = Q7 + Q8 + Q9

= 37105,8+5279,9+4333107

= 4375492,7(kcal/h)

3. Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang ra khi thit b :

Nhit lng do hn hp kh sn phm mang ra khi thit b phn ng :

Qhhra = Q1 + Q2+ Q3+ Q4 + Q5 + Q6+ Q7+ Q8

Trong :

Q1 :nhit lng do kh C2H2d mang ra (kcal/h)

Q2 :nhit lng do kh HCl d mang ra (kcal/h)

Q3 : nhit lng do kh O2 mang ra (kcal/h)

Q4 : nhit lng do kh N2 mang ra (kcal/h)

Q5 : nhit lng do kh H2 mang ra (kcal/h)

Q6 : nhit lng do kh VC mang ra (kcal/h)

Q7 : nhit lng do kh CH3CHO mang ra (kcal/h)

Q8 : nhit lng do kh CH3CHCl2 mang ra (kcal/h)

Tnh ton cc gi tr nhit lng :

Q1 = 19,790,46160 = 1456,544 (kcal/h)

Q2 = 670,410,19160 = 20380,46 (kcal/h)

Q3 = 1,190,24 160 = 45,7 (kcal/h)

Q4 = 194,50,255160 = 7935,6 (kcal/h)

Q5 = 0,623,5160 = 347,2 (kcal/h)

Q6 = 11426,970,22160 = 402229,34 (kcal/h)

Q7 = 6,430,38160 = 390,94 (kcal/h)

Q8 = 91,380,24160 = 3508,99 (kcal/h)

Tng nhit lng do hn hp kh sn phm mang ra l :

Qhhra = Q1 + Q2+ Q3+ Q4 + Q5 + Q6+ Q7+ Q8

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

41/59

N MN HC


= 1456,544 + 20380,46 + 45,7 + 7935,6 + 347,2 + 402229,34 +

+ 390,94 + 3508,99

= 436294,774 (kcal/h)

4. Tnh ton lng cht ti nhit du cn dng:

Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit lng i vi thit b phn ng :

Qhhvo + Qdv + Qp = Qdr + Qhhra + Qm

Trong :

Qdv : l nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang vo thit b phn ng (kcal/h)

Qdr : l nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang ra khi thit b phn ng (kcal/h)

Qm : nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh (kcal/h)

-Nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang vo thit b phn ng l :

Qdv = md Cpd tdv (kcal/h)

Trong :

md: l khi lng ca cht ti nhit du (kg/h)

tdv : nhit ca du ti u vo (chn l 30oC)

-Nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang ra:

Tnh ton tng t nh i vi u vo

Qdr = md Cpd tdr (kcal/h)

Nhit ura chn l 100oC

-Nhit lng mt mt (chn bng 5% tng lng nhit vo thit b phn ng)

Suy ra : Qm = 0,05 ( Qhhvo + Qdv + Qp) (kcal/h)

T phng trnh cn bng nhit lng i vi thit b phn ng thay s vo ta

c:

377082,07+ 4375492,7+ md 0,4330 = 436294,774 + md0,43 100 +

+ 0,05(377082,07+ 4375492,7+ md 0,43 30) (*)

Gii phng trnh (*) ta c :

md = 132660,64 (kg/h)

Nhit lng do du mang vo l :

Qdv = 132660,640,43 30 = 1711322,2 (kcal/h)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

42/59

N MN HC


Nhit lng do du mang ra l :

Qdr = 132660,640,43100 = 5704407,52 (kcal/h)

Nhit lng mt mt l :

Qm = 0,05

(377082,07+ 4375492,7+ 132660,64

0,43

30)= 323194,85 (kcal/h)

Bng 9: Cn bng nhit lng ti thit b phn ng chnh.

Lng nhit vo Lng nhit ra

Nhit lng Kcal/h Nhit lng Kcal/h

Qhhvo 377082,07 Qhhra 436294,774

Qdv 1711322,2 Qdr 5704407,52Qp 4375492,7 Qm 323194,85

Tng cng 6463896,97 Tng cng 6463897,144

D.TNH TON THIT B CHNH:

Nh gii thiu phn trc, cc phn ng trong qu trnh sn xut VC

u l nhng phn ng to nhit mnh v vy thit b phnng la chn y

l thit b loi ng chm. Trong xc tc c t bn trong ng v qu trnhphn ng xy ra bn trong ng. Cht ti nhit i bn ngoi ng s c nhim v

dn nhit ca phn ng ra bn ngoi. Nh vy vn t ra y l ta phi

tnh ton xem thit b phn ng y c ch to nh th no ph hp vi

qu trnh sn xut nht.

Vt liu ch to thit b chnh l thp khng g X18H10T. v thit b c

cu to hnh tr ng.1. Tnh th tch cp xc tc:

Gi thit iu kinlm vic ca thit b l ti 160oC v 1at. Nh vy th tch

cp xc tc c tnh :

Vxt = v ( m3)

Trong :

v : l lu lng hn hp kh quathit b phn ng (m3/s)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

43/59

N MN HC


: l thi gian lu ca hn hp kh trong thit b

i vi qu trnh ny ta chn thi gian lu l 1 (s) ( thch hp cho qu trnh

sn xut l va m bo v chuyn ho va m bo v nng sut).

Th tch hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng (hay vn tc th tch) c tnhtheo cng thc :

=

G (m3/h)

Trong :

G : l lng kh i qua thit b trong thi gian 1 gi (kg/h)

: l khi lng ring ca kh (kg/m3)

=PoT

PM

4,22

273 (kg/m3)

Vi :

M : l khi lng mol ca kh (kg/kmol)

T : l nhit tuyt i ca kh (oK)

P, Po : l p sut kh trong thit b phn ng v iu kin tiu chun.

Hn hp kh i trong thit b phn ng bao gm: C2H2, HCl, N2, O2, H2, H2O- Th tch kh C2H2i qua thit b phn ng :

22HCG = 4799,2 (kg/h)

22HCM = 26 (kg/kmol)

Nhit T = 273 + 160 = 433 (oK)

p sut P = 1 at

Suy ra:22HC

=14334,22

127326

= 0,7318 (kg/kmol)

Vn tc th tch ca C2H2i qua thit b phn ng l:

22HC =

34799,2 6558,07( / )0,7318

m h

- Vn tc th tch ca HCl i qua thit b phn ng:

HClG = 7411,1 (kg/h)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

44/59

N MN HC


HClM = 36,5 (kg/kmol)

HCl =

14334,22

12735,36

= 1,0273 (kg/m3)

Vn tc th tch ca HCl i qua thit b phn ng :

HCl =37411,1 7214,15( / )

1,0273m h

- Vn tc th tch ca N2i qua thit b phn ng :

2NG = 194,5 (kg/h)

2NM = 28 (kg/kmol)

2N = 14334,22

127328 = 0,7881 (kg/m

3)

Suy ra vn tc th tch ca N2qua thit b phn ng :

2N =

3194,5246,79( / )

0,7881m h

- Vn tc th tch ca O2i qua thit b phn ng:

2OG = 0,62 (kg/h)

2OM = 32 (kg/kmol)

2O =

14334,22

127332

= 0,9006 (kg/m3)

Suy ra vn tc th tch ca O2qua thit b phn ng :

2O =

31,19 1,32( / )0,9006

m h

- Vn tc th tch ca H2qua thit b phn ng :

2HG = 0,62 (kg/h)

2HM = 2 (kg/kmol)

2H =

14334,22

12732

= 0,0562 (kg/m3)

Vn tc th tch ca H2:

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

45/59

N MN HC


2H =

30,621,224( / )

0,5066m h

- Vn tc th tch ca H2O qua thit b phn ng :

OH

G2

= 2,63(kg/h)

OHM

2= 18 (kg/kmol)

OH2 =

14334,22

127318

= 0,5066 (kg/m3)

Suy ra vn tc th tch ca H2O qua thit b phn ng l :

OH2 =

32,635,191( / )

0,5066m h

Nh vy tng lu lng hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng l :

hh = 22HC + HCl + 2N + OH2 + 2H + 2O

= 6558,07 + 7214,15 + 246,79 + 5,191+ 1,224 + 1,32

= 14026,745 ( m3/h)

= 3,896 (m3/s)

Do y l hn hp kh cng iu kin nhit p sut v vy lu lng th

tch ca hn hp kh i qua lp xc tcv

l :

v = hh = 3,896 (m

3/s)

Th tch ca xc tc l :

Vxt = v = 3,8961 = 3,896 (m3)

2. Kch thc ca thit b phn ng:

Lu lng ca hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng nh tnh trn l :

v = 3,896 (m3/s)

Tng tit din ngang ca cc ng trong thitb phn ng l:

S =

v

(m2)

Trong :

v : l lu lng hn hp kh i qua thit b phn ng (m3/s)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

46/59

N MN HC


: l tc hi i trong thit b (m/s)

Chn tc hi i trong thit b phn ng l = 3 (m/s) suy ra tng din tch

ca cc ng trong thit b phn ng l :

S =

v

= 23,896 1,299( )3

m

Chiu cao lp xc tc

Hxt =S

Vxt = 3,896 3( )

1, 299m = 3 (m)

Chn chiu cao ng phn ng l H = 3,2 (m).

Chn ng c kch thc l d = 50 3,5 (mm)

Suy ra s ng trong thit b phn ng l:

n =2

2

d

S

= 21,299

6620,05

3,142

Theo s tay ho cng 2 48II ta quy chun tng s ng trong thit b phn

ng l: n = 721ng

Cc ng trong thit b phn ng y c b tr sp xp theohnh su cnh(hnh lc gic u). Trong s ng trn ng cho xuyn tm ca hnh su

cnh l 29 ng,tng s ng khng ktrong cc hnh vin phn l 631 ng. S

hnh su cnh l 14 hnh. Tng s ng trong tt c cc hnh vin phn l 48 ng.

Tnh ton ng knh thit b:

ng knh thit b c tnh theo cng thc :

D = t(b1) + 4 d.Trong :

d : l ng knh ngoi ca ng phn ng trong thit b phn ng ng chm

d = 50 + 3,52 = 57 (mm)

t : l bc ng

t = (1,21,5) d

Chn t = 1,3d = 1,3 57 = 74,1 (mm)

b : l s ng trn ng cho xuyn tm ca hnh sucnh

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

47/59

N MN HC


b = 25

ng knh ca thit b l:

D = 74,1(251) + 4 57 = 2006,4 (mm)

Quy chun theo s tay ho cng 2 trang 359 ta chn ng knh thit b l:D = 2000 (mm) = 2 (m)

Kch thc thit b phn ng :

ng knh D = 2 (m)

Chiu cao thn hnh tr H = 3,2 m

S ng trong thit b phn ng n = 721ng. Trong kch thc ng l :

ds = 503,5 (mm), chiu di ng l 3,2 (m), bc ng l t = 74,1 (mm).

Do p lc ca kh nguyn liu khi qua ng phn ng l kh mnh nn ta thit

k hai u ca cc ng phn ng tha ra 10 (cm) nhm mc ch nhi thm

m tr vo gi khng lp xc tc khng b y ra ngoi. ng thi hai

u ca ng phn ng c bt bi nhng tm li c mt li nh.

3. Tnh chiu dy thn thit b phn ng :

Thn thit b phn ng y l hnh tr, lm vic p sut kh quyn v vy

chiu dy ca n c tnh theo cng thc :

S = P

Pt

D

2+ C (m) 360II

Trong

Dt: ng knh trong ca thit b (m)

Dt = 2 (m)

P : p sut trong ca thit b. Do thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn nn

P = 1.105 N/m2

: l h s bn hn ca hnh tr theo phng dc, do hn gip mi nn h s

chn bng 0,95

C : l i lng b xung do n mn v dung sai v chiu dy (m)

C = C1 + C2 + C3 363II

Vi :

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

48/59

N MN HC


C1 : l s b xung n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn vt liu ca mi

trng v thi gian lm vic ca thit b. Do thit b y c ch to bng

thp khng g nn ta chn C1 = 1 (mm) ( tnh theo thi gian lm vic l t 10

20 nm).C2 : i lng b xung do hao mn. Do thit b phn ng y khng c

nhng ht rn chuyn ng, v vy c th b qua i lng C2

C3 : l i lng b xung dung sai chiu dy (ph thuc vo chiu dy tm

vt liu (chn C3 = 1 mm)

: ng sut ca thit b (N/m2)

Gik

: l ng sut cho php gii hn bn ko ca vt liu thp X8H10T,

gii hn bn ko xc nh theo cng thc :

k

=

k

n

k N/m2 355II

Trong :

k : l ng sut gii hn bn ko ca thp X18H10T

k = 550.10

6

N/m2

357II

: l h s hiu chnh theo s tay ho cng 355II ta c

= 1,0 do y l thit b loi II 356II

kn : l h s an ton theo gii hn bn ko, kn = 2,6

Khi : k

= 16,2

10550 6

= 211,5106 (N/m2)

Gi c l ng sut cho php gii hn bn chy ca vt liu thp X18H10T,

gii hn bn chy xc nh theo cng thc:

c =

c

c

n(N/m2) 356II

Trong :

c : l ng sut gii hn bn chy ca thp X18H10T

c = 220106 (N/m2)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

49/59

N MN HC


: h s hiu chnh tng t trn = 1

cn : l h s an ton theo gii hn bn chy, cn =1,5

Khi :

c

= 15,110220 6 = 146,7 106 (N/m2)

m bo v bn ta ly gi tr nh hn trong hai gi tr tnh c trn.

Nh vy gi tr ng sut = c

= 146,7 106 (N/m2)

Xt t s : hP

= 95,0107,146

5

6

10

= 1393,65 >> 50

Vy c th b qua i lng P mu s trong biu thc tnh chiu dy ca thn

thit b chnh.Suy ra chiu dy ca thn thit b chnh l :

S =

2

PDt + C = 3102

95,0107,1462

10126

5

= 2,710-3 (m)

Quy chun ly S = 6 (mm)

Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th bng nc theo cng thc :

=

)(2 CS

PCSt

DO

2,1c (N/m2)

Trong

Po : l p sut th tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc :

Po = Pth + P1 (N/m2)

Vi :

Pth: l p sut thy lc ( Pth = 1,5P)P1: l p sut thy tnh ca nc

P1 = H 1 g (N/m2)

Trong :

H: l chiu cao ct cht lng (H= 3 m)

1 : l khi lng ring ca cht lng ( 1 = 1000kg/m

3)

g : l gia tc trng trng (g = 9,81 m/s2)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

50/59

N MN HC


Suy ra : P1 = 1000 9,813 = 29,43103 (N/m2)

Po = 1,5105 + 29,43103

= 1,7943 105 (N/m2)

Thay vo ta c: =

95,0)002,0006,0(2

179430002,0006,02

= 47,31106 (N/m2)

2,1c =

2,1

10220 6 = 183,33 106 (N/m2)

Nhn thy: 2,1c

Nh vy gi tr chiu dy thn ca thit b phn ng l tho mn iu kin v an ton thit k (chp nhn c).

Vy chiu dy thn thit b phn ng l :

S = 6 mm

4. Tnh ton ng knh cc ng dn:

a. Tnh ng knh ng dn nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng:

ng knh ng dn nguyn liu c tnh theo cng thc :

d =785,0

V (m) 369I

Trong :

: l tc trung bnh ca kh (hi) i trong ng (m/s)

V : lu lng th tch (m3/s)

Nh tnh ton phn trc lu lng th tch ca kh nguyn liu i vo

thit b phn ng l: V = 3,896 (m3/s)

Chn vn tc trung bnh ca kh nguyn liu i vo thit b phn ng l :

= 20 (m/s).

ng knh ng dn nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng l:

d =3,896

0,498( )0,785 20

m

Quy chun ly d = 0,5 (m)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

51/59

N MN HC


b. Tnh ng knh ng dn sn phm :

Cng theo cng thc :

d =785,0

V (m)

: tc ca kh sn phm i trong ng (m/s)

Chn = 20 (m/s)

V : Lu lng ca kh nguyn liu ca hn hp kh ra (m3/s)

Nh ta tnh ton, hn hp kh ra c thnh phn gm cc kh : VC, EDC,

CH3CHO, C2H2d, HCl d, N2, O2, H2. Nhit ti u ra ca hn hp kh l

160oC v coi nh p sut ca hn hp kh ra l 1at. Ta s i tnh ton lu lng

ca hn hp kh ra.

- Tnh lu lng kh C2H2d:

Ta c lng kh C2H2d theo tnh ton trn l :22HC

G = 19,79 (kg/gi)

Khi lng ring ca kh C2H2d l :

22HC =

o

HC

PT

PTM o

4,2222 =

14334,22

127326

= 0,7318 (kg/m3)

-Lu lng th tch ca kh C2H2d l:

22HCV =

22

22

HC

HCG

=

319,7927,04( / )

0,7318m h

-Lu lng th tch ca kh HCl d :

HClG = 670,41 (kg/h)

HCl =

14334,22

12735,36

=1,0274 (kg/m3)

-Lu lng th tch kh HCl d l :

HClV =

3670,41652,53( / )

1,0274m h

-Lu lng th tch kh N2 l:

2NV = 246,79(m3/h)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

52/59

N MN HC


-Lu lng th tch kh O2 :

2OV = 1,32 (m3/h)

-Lu lng th tch kh H2 l:

2HV =1,224 (m3

/h)

- Lu lng th tch kh VC :

VCG = 11426,97 (kg/h)

VC =14334,22

12735,62

= 1,7592 (kg/m3)

-Lu lng th tch kh VC l:

VCV = 311426,97 6495,55( / )

1,7592m h

-Lu lng th tch kh EDC:

EDCG = 91,38 (kg/h)

EDC =14334,22

127399

= 2,7865 (kg/m3)

EDCV =391,38

32,79( / )2,7865 m h

-Lu lng th tch kh CH3CHO:

CHOCH3G = 6,43 (kg/h)

CHOCH3 =

14334,22

127344

= 1,2385 (kg/m3)

CHOCH3V =

6,435,19

1,2385

Vy lu lng hn hp kh sn phm l:

Vhh =22HC

V + HClV + 2NV + 2OV + 2HV + VCV + EDCV + CHOCH3V

= 27,04+ 652,53 + 246,79 + 1,32 + 1,224 + 6495,55 +

+ 32,79 + 5,19

= 7462,434 (m3/h)

= 2,07 (m3/s)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

53/59

N MN HC


ng knh ng dn kh sn phm:

d =785,0

V =2,07

0,363( )0,785 20

m

Quy chun ly d = 0,4 (m)c. Tnh ng knh ng dn cht ti nhit:

Ta c lng du cn dng l : md = 132660,64 (kg/h)

Khi lng ring ca du l 900 (kg/m3). Suy ra lu lng du qua thit b

phn ng l: Vd =3132660,64 147,4( / )

900m h

= 0,041 (m

3

/s)Du ti nhit c a vo thit b nh h thng bm (chy trong ng y ca

bm). Theo s tay ho cng 1 trang 369

Chn vn tc ca du l : = 1,5 (m/s)

ng knh ng dn cht ti nhit:

d =785,0

V =0,041

0,187( )0,785 1,5

m

Quy chun d = 0,2 (m)

5. Tnh y v np thit b:

y v np thp cng c ch to bng vt liu l thp khng g X18H10T.

y ta chn np v y l loi hnh elp c g.

Chiu dy ca y thp lm vic chi p sut trong c tnh theo cng thc:

S = Ch

D

Po

kk

PD

b

tt

28,3

(m)

Trong :

hb : l chiu cao phn li ca y, np

chn hb = 0,5 (m)

o : l h s bn ca mi hn hng tm

Chn o = 0,95

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

54/59

N MN HC


k : h s khng th nguyn, c xc nh theo:

k = 1 -t

D

d

y d l ng knh ln nht (hay kch thc ln nht ca l khng phihnh trn) ca l khng tng cng, d = 0,15. Np hn t hai pha bng tay, hn

t hai na tm. Vi k

= 211,5 106 N/m2 v c

= 220 106 N/m2.

Ta c k = 1-2

0,15= 0,925

V :o

k

P

k = 95,0925,010

105,2115

6

= 1858,56 >> 30

V vy i lng P mu s trong cng thc tnh chiu dy c th b qua.

Vy chiu dy ca y v np c tnh :

S = Ch

D

Po

kk

PD

b

tt

28,3

= C 5,022

95,0925,0105,2118,31026

5

= 0,00056 + C

Gi tr b xung chiu dy C trong trng hp ny ly bng 4 mm

Nh vy chiu dy ca y v np thit b chnh l : S = 4,5610-3 (m)

Quy chun ly S = 6 (mm)

Chiu cao ca g chn bng 0,04(m)

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

55/59

N MN HC


6. Tnh ton chn ca thit b phn ng:

- Khi lng ca thn hnh tr

Ta c khi lng thn hnh tr c tnh:

mt = HDD tn22

4

Trong :

tD : l ng knh trong ca thp (m)

tD = 2 m

nD : l ng knh ngoi ca thp (m)

nD = 2,012 m

H : l chiu cao thn hnh tr (m)

H = 3,2 m

: l khi lng ring ca vt liu ch to thp (kg/m3)

= 7,85103 (kg/m3)

Suy ra khi lng ca thn hnh tr l:

mt = 78502,32012,2422

= 949,36 (kg)

- Khi lng y v np thp

Nh tnh ton trn y thp v np thp cch to bng vt liu ging

nh vt liu ch to thn thp. y l loi hnh elip c g. Chiu dy ca y

v np thp l 6 mm. Tra s tay ho cng 3845 ta c khi lng ca y v

np thp l:

m + mn = 500+500 = 1000 (kg)

- Khi lng ng phn ng

Tnh ton tng t nh i vi thn thp ta c khi lng ca 1 ng l :

Mng = 78502,305,0057,04

22

= 14,77 (kg)Tng khi lng ca cc ng phn ng l:

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

56/59

N MN HC


M = 51714,77 = 7636,09(kg)

- Khi lng ca cc thit b khc b tr trn thp

Coi khi lng phn ny l 600 kg

- Khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng ca cht ti nhitKhi thp hot ng th khi lng tng ca thp s tng do thp c cha cht

ti nhit, changuyn liu phn ng v cht xc tc

Gi thit du ti nhit lp y phn th tch thit bi cn d trong thn thp, khi

khi lng cht ti nhit s l:

mtn = HdDt 22 5174

Trong :

tD : l ng knh trong ca thn thp (m)

tD = 2 (m)

d : l ng knh ngoi ca ng chm (m)

d = 0,057 (m)

: l khi lng ring ca du ti nhit (kg/m3)

= 900 (kg/m3)

Suy ra khi lng ca cht ti nhit l:

mtn = 9002,305,051724

22

= 6121,12 (kg)

Khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng xc tc ly gi tr l 500 (kg)

Suy ra khi lng ton thp l :mthp = 949,36 + 1000 + 7636,09+ 6121,12 + 500+ 600

= 15906,57 (kg)

Trng lng ton thp l:

Nthp = mthp g (N)

= 15906,57 9,81 = 156044 (N)

Chn h thng gi gm 4 chn, ti trng mi chn phi chu l:

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

57/59

N MN HC


Nthp/4 =4

156044 = 39011 (N)

Tra s tay ho cng 4375 ta c s liu ca chn l:

Bng 10: S liu chn thp phn ng sn xut VC

B mt

F10-4

(m2)

Ti trng cho php

trn b mt

q 10-6 (N/m2)

L B B1 B2 H h s l d

mm

6,0 0,84 300 240 260 370 950 650 18 110 34

7. Chn mt bch:- Bch ni thn thp : Chn loi bch lin bng thp. Tra s tay ho cng

4225 ta c s ph thuc ca thng s bch vo ng knh :

Bng 11: S liu bch ni thn thp

Dt

(mm)

D

(mm)

Db

(mm)

D1

(mm)

D0

(mm)

db

(mm)

Z

(ci)

h

(mm)

2000 2141 2090 2060 2015 M20 44 32

- Bch ni cc ng dn:Chn loi bch lin bng thp. Tra s tay ho cng

4095 ta c s ph thuc ca thng s ca bch vo ng knh ng dn.

Bng12: S liu bch ni cc ng dn

Dy

(mm)

Dt

(mm)

D1

(mm)

D

(mm)

db

(mm)

Z

(ci)

h

(mm)

150 225 202 260 M16 8 16

300 395 365 435 M20 12 22

400 495 465 535 M20 16 22

8. Chn bm:

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

58/59

N MN HC


Trong dy chuyn sn xut VC, phi s dng bm vn chuyn cht lng

vi p sut thp v lu lng trung bnh nn ta chn bm ly tm v c nhng

u im :

- Cung cp lin tc, p ng yu cu ca nhiu ngnh sn xut i hi lulng ca cht lng phi tht u.

- C s vng quay ln, c th chuyn ng trc tip t ng c in.

- C cu to n gin, chim din tch xy dng nh v khng i hi kt cu

nn mng vng chc mt cch c bit. Do lm gim gi thnh lp rp v

chi ph vn hnh.

- C th bm c cht lng bn, khng c van

- C nng sut ln v p sut tng i nh nn ph hp vi yu cu ca phn

ln cc qu trnh sn xut ho hc.

Cng sut ca bm ly tm :

N =

1000

gHQ TT

Trong :

TQ : l nng sut thc t ca bm (m3/s)

TH : l p sut thc t ton phn ca bm (m)

: l khi lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m3)

g : l gia tc trng trng (g = 9,81 m/s2)

: l hiu sut ton phn ca bm ( = 0,60,8)

Chn cng sut bm l 0,4kW bm cht lng

7/31/2019 N MN HC1

59/59

N MN HC

thitkphnxung

snxutVC

hungdn

ontnho

thitbphnng

trunghbkHNi

khoacnhohc

3

5

89 a

a

8

bchnithnthpviy

01

thp

9

ngdndulnhvo

01

thp

10

ngdndunngra

01

x18h10t

11

nhitink

01

3

ythp

01

x18h10t

stt

tnchitit

slng

vtliu

1

thnthp

01

x18h10t

2

npthp

01

x18h10t

4

ngdnnguynliu

01

x18h10t

6

ngphnng

241

x18h10t

5

ngdnsnphm

01

x18h10t

7

bchnithnthpvinp

01

thp

thitk

phmvitdng

ii

T

l1:2

scutothitbphn

ngchnh

snxutvc

1

2

7

6I

thpphnng

Tl1:10

mtc

ta-a

Tl1:10

iTl

1:1

m20

Ii

2141

2090

2060

11

4

12

chn

04

ct3

13

vngbnhit

01

thp

14

mnghngchttinhit

04

x18h10t

13

14

10 1

2

Bns2

Tl1:10

Documents

ĐỒ ÁN MÔN HỌC1