Slide 2 DNA Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair XP and CS BiS222
By Jooyoung Chang Class #01 / Stu. #20091259 Slide 3 Assembling a
Car An analogy Slide 4 Steps in building a CAR Blueprint Kept at
company headquarters Safe from damage Copy Copy machine Copy of the
blueprint for outside use Factory Copy sent to factory Workers and
robots make the car using instruction Slide 5 Steps in building a
PROTEIN Blueprint DNA kept in Nucleus Somewhat safe from damage
Copy RNA polymerase copy machine Copy DNA into RNA for use outside
Factory RNA sent to factory Ribosomes make and assemble proteins
Slide 6 Q: Most devastating effect? Mistake in the Blueprint!
Toyota (Jan. 2010) Massive recall foot pedal Mistake in
blueprint-level DNA Damage Has devastating effects DNA is the
starting point of protein production, thus cell function Slide 7
DNA Damage Example Tumor suppressor genes Gene that encodes
protein: p53 Recognizes damaged DNA And prevents mutant cell from
replicating If p53 is damaged Mutated cells grow uncontrollably And
become tumorous! Slide 8 Another Example RNA polymerase genes Copy
machine DNA to RNA step is JAMMED! Cell cannot function EX)
Cockaynes Syndrome, will be discussed in the flash video. JAMMED!
Slide 9 DNA is Fragile Ionizing radiation often breaks DNA strands
Reactive chemicals, many of which are from the cell itself, cause
structural alteration UV radiation causes chemical alterations Even
thermal energy from the cell can cause spontaneous alterations, or
lesions Slide 10 DNA Repair to the Rescue! The cell has a
remarkable ability to repair DNA These DNA repair mechanisms are
responsible for repairing thousands of DNA alterations per day!
Slide 11 Repair Mechanisms Base Excision Repair Multi-step process
that corrects non-bulky damage Mismatch Repair Corrects DNA
replication errors Double stranded breakage repair Repairs complete
cuts in the DNA strand Nucleotide excision repair (NER) Removes
bulky lesions in the cell Slide 12 Nucleotide Excision Repair NER
is perhaps the most flexible of the DNA repair pathways considering
the diversity of DNA lesions it acts upon. Pyrimidine dimers
Nucleotides with altered chemistry Thymine dimers Slide 13 Thymine
Dimer H H H3CH3C O O N NN H H CH 3 O O N Ultraviolet Radiation
Covalent Bonds DNA Backbone Thymine Slide 14 RNA RNA Polymerase CS
A CS B XPC Nucleotide Excision Repair TT= 5 3 1.
Transcription-Coupled Pathway 2. Global Genomic Pathway Slide 15
XPB XPD Nucleotide Excision Repair TT=5 5 3 3 Hydrogen bonds TFII H
Slide 16 XPB XPD XP G ERCC 1 XPF Nucleotide Excision Repair TT=5 5
3 3 Slide 17 XPB XP G ERCC 1 XPF TT= XPD Nucleotide Excision Repair
5 5 3 3 Slide 18 DNA Polymerase / Nucleotide Excision Repair 5 5 3
3 Ligase Slide 19 Is NER really important? If we want to see
whether car tires are important, Let someone ride a car without it.
Slide 20 Is NER really important? If we want to see whether NER is
important, Let see what goes wrong in a cell and the organism when
NER is dysfunctional! Two diseases Xeroderma Pigmentosum [XP]
Cockaynes Syndrome [CS] (Remember the copy machine?) Slide 21 What
goes wrong in XP? Patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum have mutated
XP genes and cannot make proper XP enzymes. NER doesnt function at
normal levels, DNA damage is not repaired well, many genes cannot
be used. XPB XPD XP G ERCC 1 XPF XP C Slide 22 Symptoms of XP Skin-
sunburns and freckles Cancer/Carcinoma- damaged tumor suppressor
genes (1000 fold risk) Eye abnormalities Neurological Disorders in
severe cases Slide 23 Treatments? Avoid sunlight and wear
protective coverings Dimericine -T4N5 Liposome Lotion (FDA Fast
Track Designation) Gene therapy using recombinant retroviruses
still under development XP affected Cell Proper XP genes VIRUS NER
restored! T4 N5 Slide 24 What goes wrong in CS? Cockaynes Syndrome
is caused by mutation CSA and CSB genes Only the transcription
coupled pathway is impaired so active genes cannot be transcribed.
Global pathway is unchanged normal risks of cancer Slide 25
Symptoms of CS Mutated CSA and CSB likely hinder transcription
mechanisms affecting damaged and undamaged DNA alike Dwarfism,
photosensitivity disorders, premature aging, and hearing loss No
cure, treatment focuses on relief Slide 26 Key points to take away
DNA is under constant threat of damage Cells repair DNA as its used
(transcribed) Cells repair DNA in the inactive state Malfunction in
repair mechanisms lead to life-threatening diseases Slide 27
REFERENCE Karp, Gerald. Cell Biology Pg 291 Pescarmona, Gianpiero.
DNA Breaks and Repair Microsoft Clip Art
