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Aim: How do we manipulate DNA?
1. Genetic Engineering=technology used to manipulate organism’s
DNA by inserting DNA of another organism
1. Genetic EngineeringUsed to increase or decrease expression of
specific genesgenome=the total DNA present in the
nucleus of each cellMillions in human genome—have tools to
isolate and manipulate one specific gene
2. Restriction Enzymes=proteins that recognize and bind to specific
DNA sequences and cut that piece out
3. Gel ElectrophoresisSeparates DNA fragments for analysisPulled with electric charge—DNA is negative moves to positive end)
3. Gel ElectrophoresisMove and separate according to size of
fragmentsSmaller fragments—move faster and fartherLarger fragments—move slower and stay
closerMakes a unique pattern
Allows for identification and comparison
http://www.dnatube.com/video/957/Movement-of-proteins-in-SDS-polyacrylamide-gel
4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Makes millions of copies of a specific region
of a DNA fragmentDone by heating DNA to separate the strands
and is copiedEach copy is copied—a few dozen
cycles=millions of copies
5. Biotechnology=using genetic engineering to find solutions
to problemsProduces organisms with genes from another
organismTransgenic
6. Transgenic plantsEngineered to be more resistant to viruses
and pestsPests and viruses can kill all crops
Make them resistant so they can survive
Some scientists working on peanuts and soybeans that don’t cause allergic reactions
7. Selective Breeding=the process of selecting certain desirable
traits to pass on to future generations in certain plants and animals
8. Hybridization=Mixing of different organisms to bring
together the best traitsStronger than parents, have competitive edgeExample—crossing tomato that is resistant to
specific disease with one that grows fastOffspring disease resistant and grows fast
9. Inbreeding=continued breeding of individuals with
similar characteristicsPure breed dogs maintained this way—keeps
their unique traits Disadvantage—harmful recessive traits
passed on, increased chance of homozygous recessive for disease