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Prof (Col) Rajive Kohli, Ph.D.21 August 2014 from 12.45 to 2.15 p.m.
9910744340 [email protected]
UGC-Academic Staff College7th 4-week Orientation Programme
For Academic Administratorsfrom 06 August to 04 September 2014
DEFINATION“a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life” (Oxford dictionary)
“a catastrophic, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made cause, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area” (Disaster Management Act 2005)
A Disaster is an event or series of events, which gives rise to casualties and damage or loss of properties, infrastructure, environment, essential services or means of livelihood on such a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to cope with.
DISASTER dimensions– Disruption to normal pattern of life, usually
severe and may also be sudden, unexpected
and widespread
– Human effects like loss of life, injury, hardship
and adverse effect on health
– Effect on social infrastructure such as
destruction of or damage to government
systems, buildings, communications and
essential services
– Community needs such shelter, food,clothing, medical assistance and social care.
Impact of Disasters
• Direct effects include deaths, injuries and physical damage.
• Secondary disaster impacts such as releasing fire or hazardous material that is triggered by disasters.
• Indirect impacts include the ripple effect resulting from the flow of goods, services, unemployment etc.
GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER
LOSS OF LIFE.
INJURY.
DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY.
DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PRODUCTION.
DISRUPTION OF LIFESTYLE.
LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD.
DISRUPTION TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES.
DAMAGE TO NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE.
DISRUPTION TO GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS.
NATIONAL ECONOMIC LOSS.
SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTER EFFECT.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION
DISASTER MANAGEMENTThe body of policy and administration decisions and
operational activities that pertain to various stages
of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seek, by systematic
observation and analysis of disasters, to improve
measures relating to prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, emergency response and recovery.
Encompass all aspects of planning for and
responding to disasters, including both pre and post
disaster activities.
... Contd.
a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for:
(i) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;
(ii) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences;
(iii) Capacity-building;
(iv) Preparedness to deal with any disaster;
(v) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;
(vi) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief;
(vii) Rehabilitation and reconstruction;
(Disaster Management Act, 2005)
The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a continuum.
These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.
The basic disaster management cycle consists of six main activities.
• Prevention
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Response
• Rehabilitation
• Reconstruction
Six elements that defines the complete approach to
Disaster Management.
TYPES OF DISASTER
Natural Disasters
Meteorological
Topographical
Environmental
Man-made Disasters
Technological
Industrial accidents
Security related
Disasters occur in varied forms
•Some are predictable in advance•Some are annual or seasonal•Some are sudden and unpredictable
Floods Days and weeksEarthquakes Seconds/minutesCyclones DaysDroughts Months
NATURAL DISASTER
• A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural calamity affects humans and/or the built environment.
• Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flood and cyclones are natural hazards
MAN MADE DISASTER
• Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters.
• they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property.
Distinction between Hazard and Disaster :
“A hazard is a natural event while the disasteris its consequence. A hazard is a perceivednatural event which threatens both life andproperty….a disaster is a realization of thishazard…”
– John Whittow, Disaster. 1980
Water and Climate related disasters• Floods and Drainage Management
• Cyclones
• Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• Hailstorm
• Cloud Burst
• Heat Wave and Cold Wave
• Snow Avalanches
• Droughts
• Sea Erosion
• Thunder & Lightning
Geologically related disasters
• Landslides and Mudflows
• Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts.
• Mine Fires
Earthquake
Biologically related disasters
• Biological Disasters and Epidemics
• Pest Attacks
• Cattle Epidemics
• Food Poisoning
Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear related disasters
• Chemical and Industrial Disasters
• Nuclear Disasters
Accident related disasters• Forest Fires
• Urban Fires
• Mine Flooding
• Oil Spill
• Major Building Collapse
• Serial Bomb Blasts
• Festival related disasters
• Electrical Disasters & Fires
• Air, Road and Rail Accidents.
• Boat Capsizing.
• Village Fire
WHY? And WHAT about
Man made Disasters?
Manmade Disasters
• Urban fires • Village fire • Mine fires• Air, road and rail accidents• Boat capsizing • Electrical disasters • Chemical and industrial
disasters• Nuclear disasters• Mine flooding• Oil spill• Major building collapse• Serial bomb blasts• Festival related disasters
civil strife
communal violence
internal conflict,
“complex emergencies”
rapid or slow onset types
COMPLEX DISASTERSurbanisation chaotic growth
policy disasters
war and civil strife
Social violence
THESE ARE THE TIMES WHEN EVERYONE HAS TO HELP OUT
Disaster Preparedness Framework
RehearsalsPublic
Education
and Training
Response
Mechanisms
Warning
Systems
Resource
Base
Information
System
Institutional
Framework
PlanningVulnerability
Assessment
COMPONENTS OF PREPAREDNESS
Role Players in Disasters
• People : Individuals, House -Holds,
Volunteers
• Gram Panchayat : Sarpanch, Panchayati
Secretary, Panchayat Members
• Village Elders : Caste/Community/Religious
Leaders, Teachers, Doctors, Engineers,
Retired Army & Police Personnel
• Govt. Deptl. Officers : Agriculture, Medical,
Engineers (Housing, Roads & Buildings,
Irrigation) Revenue Department, Public
Health, Police, Defence, NGOs
Earthquakes
57%
Cyclones 8%
Floods 12%
drought
70%
Landslides 3%
Hazard Vulnerability in India
One million houses get damaged annually, in addition to human, economic, social, and other losses
Zone Magnitude
Zone V Very High Risk
Quakes of
Magnitude 8 and
greater
Zone IV High Risk
Quakes upto
Magnitude 7.9
Zone III Moderate Risk
Quakes upto
Magnitude 6.9
Zone II Seismic
Disturbances upto
Magnitude 4.9
Source: IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 (BIS)
SEISMIC ZONING MAP
Major Disasters in India
1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy
2001 Gujarat earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
2008 Mumbai attacks
2013Uttrakhand floods
..........
Floods
July 2005
Tsunami
Dec 2004
Super
Cyclone
Oct 1999
Flood, Assam
& Bihar 2004
MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA (1980-2011)
Earthquake
Uttarkashi, Oct 1991
Earthquake Chamoli,
April 1999
Earthquake,
Bhuj Jan 2001
Avalanche
, Feb
2005
Earthquake,
Latur Sept 1993
Tsunami
Dec 2004
Bhopal Gas
Disaster, Dec 1982
Earthquake,
Oct 2005
Kosi Floods,
Aug, 2008
Cyclone Aila,
West Bengal,
2009
From 15 to 18 June 2013,
Indian state
of Uttrakhand and
adjoining area received
heavy rainfall, which was
about 375 percent more
than the benchmark
rainfall during a normal
monsoon.
16th and 17th June,2013The Day of Destruction happened in history of
UTTRAKHAND
FLOODING IN UTTRAKHAND…
HUMAN LOSS According to the official records 400 houses were destroyed and 265
were damaged
4,200 villages effected
6,000 people were dead,10,000 injured and 1,00,000 stranded
ECONOMIC LOSS 20,000 crores loss
Major roads, telephone towers
destroyed due, communication lost
Tourism loss
RESCUE AND RELIEF OPERATION
The Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan
Border Police (ITBP), Border Security Force,
National Disaster Response
Force (NDRF), Public Works Department and
local administrations worked together for
quick rescue operations.
Several thousand soldiers were deployed for
the rescue missions.
Activists of political and social organizations
are also involved in the rescue and
management of relief centres.
Helicopters were used to rescue people, but
due to the rough terrain, heavy fog and
rainfall, maneuvering them was a challenge.
Even the Corporates joined hand to help the people..
WORKING TOGETHER WE CAN REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITIES
Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management
1. Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC
2. Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department
3. Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department
4. Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
5. Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
6. Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and Forests
7. Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour
8. Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways
9. Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation
10. Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs
11. Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy
12. Mine Disasters : Department of Mines
Disaster Nodal Ministry
Natural Disasters Management
(other than Drought)
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Drought Relief Ministry of Agriculture
Air Accidents Ministry of Civil
Aviation
Railway Accidents Ministry of Railways
Chemical Disasters Ministry of Environment
& Forests
Biological Disasters Ministry of Health
Nuclear Disasters Department of Atomic
Energy
National Level
NATIONAL LANDMARKS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution• Eleventh Schedule and Twelfth Schedule• High Powered Committee (HPC) set up in Aug 99• Transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs in June
2002.• Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Finance
Commissions• Tenth and Eleventh Five Year Plans• Disaster Management Act 2005• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)• National Policy on Disaster Management
SALIENT FEATURES DM ACTDM STRUCTURE
• NDMA set up as the Apex Body with Hon’ble PM as Chairperson.
• National Executive Committee (NEC) - Executive Committee of NDMA.
At the Centre
• Central Ministries will Continue with Nodal Responsibilities.
State Level
• SDMA at State Level, headed by Chief Minister.
• State Executive Committee (SEC), headed by Chief Secretary, will
coordinate and monitor implementation of National Policy, National Plan and State Plan.
SALIENT FEATURES DM ACT (contd)
District Level
• DDMA headed by District Magistrate.
• Chairperson of Zila Parishad as Co-Chairperson – interface between Govt. and Public.
SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM).
APPROACH
• Paradigm Shift from Response Centric to a Holistic and Integrated Approach.
• Backed by – Institutional Framework and Legal Authority.
• Supported by Financial Mechanism, Creation of new Funds, i.e., Response Fund and MitigationFund at National, State and District levels.
10 NDRF Bns
A Specialist Response Force with :
-High skill training
-State of the art equipments
A Multi Disciplinary, multi skilled and high
tech Force
-for all types of disasters capable of insertion by Air, Sea & Land
All NDRF Bns to be equipped and trained for
all natural disasters including NBC.
Dedicated exclusively for Disaster Response52
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE (NDRF)
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY OF NDRF BNS
Area of Responsibility will
be relocated once NDRF
Bns at Patna and Guntur
get operational
Composition of NDRF Bns
Each Bn have 1149 personnel
Each Bn have 18 specialist teams of 44
Members to handle natural & NBC disasters.
Each team have Engineers, Paramedics,
Technician, Electrician, Communication
personnel & Dog squad.
Organized, equipped and trained for all type of disasters.
54
Role of education and schools• Promoting and enabling Disaster Risk Reduction
• focus on disaster risk education in primary and secondary schools
• to raise awareness and provide understanding of disaster management for children, teachers and communities.
• structural changes to improve safety in building schools to protect children and their access to education, but also minimise long term costs.
• students of all ages can actively study and participate in school safety measures
Role of education and schools• Students can work with teachers and other adults in the
community towards minimising risk before, during and after disaster events.
• Methods of participatory vulnerability assessment, capacity assessment and hazard mapping have been be used with broader communities, schools and other institutions.
• Government can effectively reach out to communities and protect them by focusing on schools in DRR initiatives to achieve greater resilience to disasters.
Relevance of
Community Based Disaster Management
• If readiness (and capacity) is insufficient
• If vulnerabilities are too great
• If the scale of hazard is too big
• Then, the risk is too high, emergencies
may not be managed locally, the communities
may not cope,
DISASTER WILL OCCUR
Ultimate sufferer
First responder
In-depth knowledge about the area
External/professional help takes time to reach
FINALLY
Evidence shows that top-down disaster risk
management and response programs fail to
address specific local needs of vulnerable
communities, ignore the potential of local
resources and capacities, and may in some cases
even increase people’s vulnerability.
The Myths about Disasters
• It Can’t Happen to Us.
• The Nature’s forces are so Deadly the Victims will Die anyway.
• There is Nothing We Can Do.
Disasters: Negative and Positive Aspects
Aspects Negative Aspects Positive aspects
D
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S
A
S
T
E
R
Damage
Interruption
Severe
Antagonistic
Scourge
Traumatic
Emergency
Risk
Development
Innovation
Sharing
Awareness
Self sufficiency
Transformation
Education
Resilience
