dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

1

;Dkfbg÷;+sng

OGb| k|;fb cof{ndxfd'gLZj/ cfrfo{

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

2

k|sfzs M g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g

k|sfzg k|lt M %,))) k|lt

k|sfzg ldlt M @)&$

;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf

d'b|0f M u+uf hd'gf k|];

gofFahf/, sf7df8f}+ -)!—$#*^(#$_

kqfrf/ 7]ufgf M g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g cgfdgu/, ;xof]u dfu{ 3/ g+= !&! kf]i6 aS; g++= M %$@$ sf7df8f}+ Email: huron.nepal@gmail.com

Web: www.huronnepal.org

FB Page Huron Nepal

kmf]g g+= M )!–$@^(($*

km\ofS; M (&&–)!–$@@(($(

d'No M ¿= @))÷–

k|sfzg ;Nnfxsf/Ho"x¿ M– – k|f= slkn >]i7 – k"j{ cWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – >L r/0f k|;fO{ – k"j{ cWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – >L gbg s'df/ zdf{ – pkfWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – >L z+e" s'df/ nfdf – pkfWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb 9sfn – s]=;=÷k|lzIf0f ljefu k|d'v – 8f= s]=kL= ;'j]bL – dxf;lrj, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – >L lbg]z lqkf7L – ;+ljwfgljb\ – >L lr/~hLjL e§/fO{ – s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – clwjQmf sNof0f kf]v|]n – g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g – >L s}nfzsdf/ l;jfsf]6L – clws[t, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

3

g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ePsf] / o;n] g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg xfdL ;a}sf aLr 5n{Ë} 5 . ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfkl5 o;n] g]kfndf ePsf ;a} /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿df cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf b]vfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . d"ntM o; ;+u7gn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ljsf;df cfkm"nfO{ cu|kª\lQmdf /fVb} cfPsf] xfd|f] cg'ej 5 . o;df ;+u7gsf ;a} lhNnf zfvf, ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿sf ;fy} cfhLjg, ;lqmo, ;fwf/0f ;b:onufot z'elrGtsx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] xfdL o; k':ts k|sfzgsf cj;/df :d/0f ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL @$ eGbf a9L cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, dxf;lGw, k|f]6f]snnufotdf x:tfIf/ u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf cfkm"nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog / kfngf x'g] /fi6««x¿sf] kª\lQmdf pEofPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / o;sf lgsfox?n] cjnDag ug]{ l;4fGtx? / nfu' ug]{ of]hgf, sfd sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L lng' h?/L x'G5 . o; cy{df klg cfd g]kfnLn] dfgj clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t 1fg lng' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ;r]t g]kfnLn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;fdfGo kl/efiff, dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmd, g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf ;lGwx¿, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt h:tf ljifosf] 1fg lng' cfjZos 5 . xfdLn] log} ljifonfO{ Wofg lbFb} of] dfgj clwsf/ lzIff gfds k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf 5f}+ .

of] k':ts dfgj clwsf/df rf;f] /fVg], o'jf ljBfyL{nufot ;a}sf nflu nfebfoL x'g]5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . cGTodf k':ts k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] ;Dkfbg l6dsf cu|h Pj+ ;fyLx¿k|lt cfef/L 5' .

OGb| k|;fb cof{ncWoIf

g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g

cWoIfsf] sndaf6===

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

4

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

5

dfgj clwsf/sf] kl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ff dfgj clwsf/sf] cf}lrTo Pj+ clgjfo{tfnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{dfGo kl/efiff ug{ sl7g 5 . dfgj clwsf/ k|fs[lts sfg'gsf l;4fGtx¿df ;d]t cfwfl/t 5 . dfgj clwsf/ k|fs[lts, df}lns, sfg'gL Pj+ g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] cy{ d"ne"t ¿kdf dfgjLo d"No / dfGotf (Human Dignity) ;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . csf]{ zAbdf ædfgjnfO{ dfgjLo dof{bfdf afFRgsf nflu rflxg] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf]Æ . o; cjwf/0ffdf ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;+/rgfleq dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ dfgjnfO{ dfgj eP/ afFRg rflxg] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf] ;dli6ut ¿k xf] .

dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff g}ltstf tyf dof{bf;+Fu 3lgi6 ;DaGw /fVb5 . ;d'bfosf ;a} d"No / dfGotfx¿ sfg'gdf jl0f{t x'Fb}gg\ . o; cfwf/df dfgj clwsf/sf] kl/efiff / g}lts cflwsf/nfO{ sfg'gåf/f ;+/If0f gx'g klg ;S5 . sfg'gL clwsf/ ;xh} olsg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ g}lts clwsf/sf] s'/f km/s ljifo xf] .

;fdfGotof klZrdL cjwf/0ffcg';f/ dfgj clwsf/x¿ JolQms]lGb|t Pj+ ;j{Jofks x'g\ . JolQmsf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ s]Gb|df lnOPsf] 5 . o;} cjwf/0ffcg';f/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ k|yd k':tfsf] dfgj clwsf/ (First Generation of Human Rights) elgG5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{ bf];|f] k':tfsf] dfgj clwsf/ (Second Generation of Human Rights) elgG5 . ljsf; / jftfj/0f;DaGwL clwsf/x¿nfO{ t];|f] k':tfsf] dfgj clwsf/ (THIRD GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS) sf] ;ª\1f lbOPsf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/M ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro / P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd

kl/R5]b !

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

6

dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf h]hlt cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'Fb} cfP klg dfgj g} dfgj clwsf/sf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] / dfgj ePsf] gftfn] dflg;nfO{ :jtM k|fKt x'g] cGt/lglxt Pj+ g};lu{s clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ x'g\ .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/ -wf/f !–@!_ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ -wf/f @@–@*_ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;du| bz{gsf] cfwf/ jf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 .

xfn}sf jif{x¿df cfP/ t];|f] k':tfsf dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs (Collective) jf kf/:kl/s (Solidarity) clwsf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] a8fkqn] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf dfgj clwsf/sf] rl/q k|s[ltnfO{ klxnf]k6s :jLsf/ u/]kl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf tyf cljefHotfsf af/] ax; k||f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf d"ne"t l;4fGtx¿, ljZjJofkstf, ;dfgtf tyf ce]befj, cGt/lge{/tf / cljefHotf x'g\ .

P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd, dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGt tyf Jojxf/sf] P]ltxfl;s rrf{ ubf{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg kIfsf] rrf{ ug'{kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s pTklQsf] s'/f ubf{ klZrdL cg'ej, g}lts, bfz{lgs tyf /fhgLlts l;4fGtx¿;Fu ljsf;nfO{ hf]8\g] ul/Psf] 5 . tfklg k"jL{o cjwf/0ff;Fu dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k[ys\ /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsFb}g . jf:tjdf ;g\ !($% kl5 dfq tLj|t/ ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf lng yflnPsf] xf] . o;df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] dxTjk"0f{ tyf cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

s, Dofgfsf6f{ (Magna Carta) !@!% M /fhgLlts bz{gdf lu|s bz{gn] gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf JolQmsf] e"ldsfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP . kmntM …dflg;sf clwsf/x¿Ú ;DaGwdf klZrdsf] P]ltxfl;s sfne/L g} ax; eof] . Kn]6f] / ;f]qm]6;sf] sfndf klg of] ljjfb k|fs[lts sfg'g / cfbz{jfb;Fu hf]l8g k'Uof] . /fHosf] pTklQkl5 cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;4 ug{ zf;sx¿n] hgtfsf clwsf/nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ckx/0f ug]{ k|oTg u/] . kl5sf ztfAbLx¿df ePsf /fhfsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ /

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

7

hgtfsf clwsf/x¿aLrsf] åGån] df}lns Pj+ gful/s clwsf/sf] ljsf;tkm{ 8f]¥ofof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu a]nfotdf oL clwsf/x¿ ;j{k|yd ;g\ !@!% df DofUgfsf6f{ (Magna Carta) Pj+ sfg'gsf] plrt k|of]usf] sdg nsf] l;4fGt / aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6af6 ;+/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

hgtfsf clwsf/x¿sf] /Iff clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h xf] DofUgfsf6f{ . ;g\ !@!% ;Dd a]nfotsf ;a} sfg'gx¿ clnlvt lyP . DofUgfsf6f{ g} a]nfotsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] lnlvt sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . ;g\ !@!% df /fhfåf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] ;f] DofUgfsf6f{df k|bQ dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfx¿ lgDg lyP .

sfg'g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ dfq x'g'kg]{ . ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg lgoldt ¿kdf af]nfpg'kg]{ . ;+;b\sf] :jLs[ltljgf /fhfn] s'g} klg s/ nufpg gkfpg] . sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / :jtGq GofoJoj:yf x'g'kg]{ . sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] cflb .

DofUgfsf6f{n] lbPsf clwsf/x¿ a]nfotL zf;sx¿n] k6sk6s ckx/0f ug]{ r]i6f ub}{ cfPsfn] a]nfotsf] Oltxf;df nfdf] ;do;Dd /fhf / ;+;b\sf aLrdf ;ª\3if{ rln/Xof] .

v= clwsf/kq, !^@* (Petition of Rights, 1628) M of] clwsf/kq (Petition of Rights, 1628) a]nfotdf hf/L ePsf] xf] . o;sf nflu la|l6; GofofwLz P8j8{ sf]s (Edward Coke) sf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo 5 . sf]sn] cfkm" GofofwLz x'Fbf JolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lqmo of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . To;a]nf /fhfaf6 u}/sfg'gL lsl;dn] hgtfsf df}lns xs, clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ a9\b} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf sf]ssf] ;lqmotfdf ;g\ !^@* df ;+;b\af6 of] clwsf/kq hf/L eof] . o; clwsf/kqn] d'VotM /fhfn] ;+;b\sf] ;xdlta]u/ s/ jf C0f p7fpg gkfpg], dgf]dfgL lsl;dn] lu/km\tf/ jf aGbL agfpg gkfOg], zflGtsf] ;dodf ;}lgs sfg'gsf] k|of]u ug{ gkfOg], gful/ssf] 3/x¿df ;}lgssf] k|of]u u}/sfg'gL x'g] h:tf Joj:yf u/L JolQmsf df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;+/If0f u¥of] . o; clwsf/kqn] a]nfotL /fhfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf a]nfotL ;+;b\df x:tfGt/0f ug]{ klxnf] sbd lyof] .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

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u= aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f P]g, !^$) / !^$( M Habeas Corpus Act a]nfotL Oltxf;df JolQmsf df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !^$) / !^$( sf aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f P]gx¿ (habeas corpus act 1640 and 1649) sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . of] Ps ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg l/6 xf] . ;+;b\af6 ;g\ !^$) df hf/L ul/Psf] ;f] aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f P]gsf] sf/0f a}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f ul/Psf gful/sx¿n] cbfntL pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] eP . ;f] P]gdf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sfg'gljk/Lt y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] k|:6 Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .

3= lan ckm /fO6 (Bill of Right) & !^*( M ;g\ !^** sf] uf}/jdo qmflGtn] a]nfotL /fhf / ;+;b\aLrsf] sl/a Ps ;o jif{ nfdf] åGånfO{ /QmljxLg tl/sfn] ;dfKt u¥of] . To;kl5 /fhfsf] clwsf/ tf]Sg] Pp6f b:tfj]h agfOof], h;nfO{ Bill of Rights elgG5 . of] /fhf / hgk|ltlglwaLrsf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tf lyof] . Bill of Rights df /fhfsf clwsf/sf] ;§f hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] 3f]if0ffkqdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf, ;+;b\af6 kfl/t sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+;b\sf] :jLs[ltljgf s/ p7fpg gkfpg], s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ qm"/ / lgb{otfk"0f{ oftgf lbg gx'g], JolQmnfO{ ;DklQ;DaGwL :jtGqtf x'g] cflb s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsfn] o;nfO{ bf];|f] DofUgfsf6f{ klg elgG5 .

ª= cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff, !&&^M (American Declaration of Independence) o'/f]kdf km}lnPsf] cfGbf]ng / ;'wf/af6 cd]l/sf klg cnu /xg ;s]g . cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdn] /fHosf] df}lns xs / hgtfsf] df}lns xsnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd u¥of] . a]nfotsf] pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq ePkl5 cd]l/sLx¿n] df}lns xs Pj+ :jtGqtfaf/] ;f]Rg yfn] . of] cd]l/sL 3f]if0ffkqdf :ki6 ¿kdf elgPsf] 5, æxfdLn] cfTd;ft\ ug'{k5{ ;a} dflg; ;dfg ¿kdf hGd]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;[li6af6 g} lglZrt cg'Nnª\3gLo clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;df hLjg :jtGqtf / cfgGbsf] vf]hLh:tf clwsf/ kb{5g\Æ . ;fy}, ;f] 3f]if0ffdf elgPsf] 5, æ;/sf/n] hgtfsf df}lns xsflwsf/sf] ckx/0f u5{ eg] To:tf] ;/sf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/ klg hgtfdf lglxt /xG5Æ . hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, sfg'gsf cufl8 ;dfgtf, ;DklQ;DaGwL :jtGqtf, ljrf/ tyf cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, u}/sfg'gL y'gflj?4sf] clwsf/ cflb clwsf/x¿ ;f] 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v lyP . cd]l/sL 3f]if0ff dfgj clwsf/ cljefHo, cx/0fLo tyf g};lu{s clwsf/ ePsf] s'/f :yflkt ug{ Ps sf];]9'Ëf ;flat eof] .

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r= dfgj clwsf/sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkq, !&*(M ljZjdf b]vfk/]sf] dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] hgr]tgfsf] nx/sf] kmn:j¿k ;g\ !&&( sf] k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGt ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . JolQmnfO{ klg /fHonfO{ h:t} :jtGqtf / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !&*( df hf/L ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkqdf cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf cGt/lglxt dd{ tyf efjgfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ul/Psf] lyof] . o; 3f]if0ffkqdf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts b'j} lsl;dsf clwsf/x¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;g !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf k|bQ clwsf/x¿sf] k|f¿k o; 3f]if0ffkqdf ul/Psf] lyof] eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

5= !*!% sf] leogf ;Dd]ng (Vienna Congress of 1815) M g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{ jf6/ n' o'4df k/flht ePkl5 o'/f]ksf] Oltxf;df k'gM zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt lau|g k'Uof] . o'/f]kdf :yfoL ¿kdf o'4sf] cGTo u/L Jofks hgxTof /f]sL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf s]xL lgodx¿ k|ltkfbg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;]K6]Da/ !*!$ b]lv h'g !*!% ;Dd cl:6«ofsf] leogfdf o'/f]k]nL /fHox¿sf] ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf cl:6«of, k|mfG;, la|6]g, kf]r'{un, kl;{of, :k]g, l:j8]g Pj+ ?;sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . o'/f]kdf ljBdfg bf; k|yf tyf bf; Jofkf/nfO{ /f]Sg] p2]Zo lnPsf] pQm ;Dd]ngn] bf; k|yf tyf bf; Jofkf/nfO{ lgif]lwt ug]{ k|oTg u¥of] . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] !*!% b]lv !**% sf cjlwdf bf; k|yfsf] pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwdf w]/} ;lGwx¿ ;DkGg ePsf eP klg pNn]Vo ;kmntf ePsf] b]lvFb}g . tyflk pQm ;Dd]ng bf;tfh:tf] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] bdgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o hut\nfO{ 3r3Rofpg ;kmn eof] .

h= aln{g ;Dd]ng, !**% (Berlin Confrence) M ;g\ !**% df clk|msfdf bf; k|yf /f]Sg] ;DaGwdf hd{gsf] aln{gdf Pp6f ;Dd]ng eof] . !^ /fi6««x¿n] efu lnPsf] ;f] ;Dd]ngsf] d"n p2]Zo g} clk|msL dxfb]zdf JofKt bf; k|yf /f]Sg' lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuL /fi6««x¿n] cf–cfkm\gf Onfsfleq bf; k|yf Pj+ bf; Jofkf/nfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ Pp6f ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .

em= a|;]N; ;Dd]ng (Brussels Coference) !*() M To;} u/L bf;tf / bf; Jofkf/nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !*() df a]lNhodsf] a|;]N;df Pp6f ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] kmn:j¿k !* /fi6««x¿n] bf;tf lj/f]wL sfg'gdf klg ;xdlt hgfP . ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuL

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/fi6««x¿n] cf–cfkm\gf Onfsfleq tyf v'nf ;d'b|df ul/Psf] bf; Jofkf/nfO{ h'g;'s} ¿kdf ul/Psf] eP klg cj}wflgs dfGg] / ;f] ;DaGwdf s8f sf/afxL ug]{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/] .

`= x]u ;Dd]ngx¿ !*(( / !()& (Hague Confrences, 1899 and 1907)pBf]u / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf lbgfg'lbg eO/x]sf] pGgltsf] sf/0fn] Psflt/ /fi6««x¿aLr Pscfk;df lge{/tfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf eO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw klg lj:tf/ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] lyof] eg] csf{lt/ o'4sf] ;Defjgf klg TolQs} k|an xF'b} uPsf] lyof] . ;Defljt o'4sf] vt/faf6 o'/f]k]nLx¿nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg To:tf] o'4af6 hgwgdf kg]{ Ifltaf6 dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg x'g glbg] p2]Zosf ;fy g]b/NofG8sf] x]udf ;g\ !*(( / !()& df ;Dd]ngx¿ ePsf lyP . lgMz:qLs/0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgh:tf p2]Zo lnP/ oL ;Dd]ngx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/P . lgMz:qLs/0fsf] If]qdf ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;s] klg cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ eg] oL ;Dd]ngx¿n] k|of; u/] .

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ljZjzflGtsf] :yfkgf tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf] nflu Pp6f k|efjzfnL cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwdf x]u ;Dd]ngx¿df ;d]t ljz]if k|oTgx¿ ul/Psf lyP . t/ xftxltof/sf] xf]8afhL, /fi6««x¿aLrsf] zlQm;ª\3if{nufotsf ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ ;g\ !(!$–!* df k|yd ljZjo'4sf] eofjx 36gf ljZj ;d'bfon] ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] . o; ljZjo'4df c;ª\Vo wghgsf] Iflt eof] .

ljZjzflGt / dfgj clwsf/sf d"ne"t dfGotfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg] p2]Zon] ljZjdf Pp6f ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf cfjZos ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . ;g\ !(!( df ;DkGg k]l/; zflGt ;Dd]ngn] cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf ljåfgx¿ ldn]/ / x6{åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf (Hirst Miller Draft) :jLsf/ u¥of] / @* clk|n !(!( df Covenant of League kfl/t ul/of] . To; ;dodf ;DkGg zflGt;lGwx¿dWo] dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] e;]{lnh ;lGw nfu" ePkl5 !) hgj/L !(@) df /fi6«« ;+3 (League of Nations) ljlwjt\ :yflkt eof] .

/fi6««;+3nfO{ o'4sf] afns klg elgGYof], h;sf] d"n p2]Zo dfgj clwsf/, dfgjLo lxt tyf ljZjzflGt;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] . o;sf] ljwfg (Covenant) Pp6f ax'kIfLo ;lGw lyof] . ;du|+df x]g]{ xf] eg] /fi6«« ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/x¿ cGt/f{li6«o k[i7e"ldsfdf yk ljsl;t eP . oBlk dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL s'/f /fi6«« ;+3sf] ljwfg (Covenant) df k|ToIf Pj+ JoQm ¿kdf pNn]v lyPgg\ . t/ ;f] ;+u7g cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f / o'4df xf/]sf If]qsf pklgj]zx¿df a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ;lqmo eof] .

k|yd ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg To:tf zflGt ;lGwx¿ ;DkGg ePsf lyP . tL zflGt ;lGwx¿nfO{ tLg k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] –

/fi6««;+3 (League of Nations) / ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] :yfkgf

(United Nations Organization)

kl/R5]b @

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!_ zlQmzfnL /fi6««x¿ tyf lu|;, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, kf]NofG8 cflb /fi6««x¿aLrsf] zflGt ;lGw, @_ a'Nu]l/of, cl:6«of, xË]/L / 6sL{aLrsf] zflGt ;lGw #_ dflyNnf] l;n]lhof (Upper Silesia) / d]d]n If]q (Memel Territory) ;DaGwL zflGt ;lGwx¿ . oL zflGt ;lGwx¿df hLjg :jtGqtfsf] /Iff, efiff, hflt, wd{sf] e]befjljgf wd{ cjnDagsf] :jtGqtf, sfg'gsf cufl8 ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, ;a} kIf /fi6««x¿sf gful/sx¿sf] /fhgLlts tyf gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, wfld{s ;ª\3;+:yf ;d]t vf]Ng kfpg] clwsf/, ;/sf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds lzIff lbnfpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ pNn]v 5g\ .

pklgj]zsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfsf] kmn:j¿k /fi6««;+3sf] Mandate System l;h{gf eof] . ;f] mandate cGtu{tsf e"efudf zfl;t hgtfx¿sf] wd{ Pj+ cGt:s/0fsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ k|Tofe"lt lbOof] . To:t}, To; If]qdf bf;tf Pj+ bf; Jofkf/nfO{ k"0f{tM pGd"ng ug]{ sfg'gL cfZjf;g k|bfg ul/of] . To;kl5 ;g\ !(!( Pj+ ;g\ !(@& df /fi6««;+3sf] tTjfjwfgdf bf; Pj+ bf; Jofkf/ pGd"ng cleofgsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . o; cGtu{t bf;tfsf ;a} ¿kx¿nfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt /fi6««x¿åf/f k|lt1f ul/of] .

/fi6««;+3sf] ljwfg (Covenant) df g} nf]Ug]dflg;, :jf:gLdflg; tyf afnaflnsfsf] nflu >dsf] Gofof]lrt tyf dfgjLo cj:yfx¿ “fair and human conditions of labour for men, women and children" sf] nIo :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . k|yd ljZjo'4sf] jLeT; 36gfn] ;fdflhs Gofoljgf ljZjzflGt ;Dej gePsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/lbof] . kmn:j¿k dfgj clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o zflGtsf] kl/sNkgf lnP/ ul7t /fi6«« ;+3n] !(!( sf] e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] efu !# df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljwfgsf] Joj:yf u/L cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Fu7g (International Labour Organization) gfds cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (International Labour Organization) /fi6«« ;+3sf] cleGg cË / /fi6««;+3 cGtu{tsf] Ps :jfoQ ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf :yflkt 5 .

/fi6««;+3sf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] st{Jok|lt pbf;Lgtf b]vfPsf] / /fi6««;+3 zlQm;DkGg gePsf] sf/0fn] ;g\ !(#(–!($% df bf];|f] ljZjo'4 eof] . cTofw'lgs xftxltof/sf] xf]8afhL rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] pQm jLeT;sf/L 36gfdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf d"No–dfGotf tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] Jofks pNnª\3g eof] . o'4 ;dfKt u/L ljZjzflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;Ifd cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf

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dx;'; eO{ ljleGg k|of;x¿ x'g yfn] . kmntM @& h'g !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3 (United Nations Organizations) sf] a8fkq hf/L eof] / !($^ df /fi6««;+3sf] lj36g eof] .

bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 dfgj clwsf/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4k"j{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifo d"ntM /fli6«o l;dfgfdf ;Lldt lyof] . To:tf clwsf/x¿ >lds Pj+ cNk;ª\Vossf] clwsf/h:tf lglZrt ;Ldfleq ;ª\s'lrt lyP . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] qf;bLn] dfgj clwsf/sf] cfw'lgs dfGotfsf] ljsf; u¥of] . cd]l/sL /fi6««klt ?hj]N6sf] ;g\ !($! sf rf/ :jtGqtfx¿ -jfs\ :jtGqtf, cf:yfsf] :jtGqtf, 8/af6 :jtGqtf / cefjaf6 :jtGqtf_ sf] 3f]if0ffn] oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;j{JofkL ¿kdf nfu" x'g] :t/df :yflkt u¥of] . ;fy} låtLo ljZjo'4sf] ;dod} gofF / k|ultzLn cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . ;g !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 ljZje/sf dflg;x¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] bfo/fdf cfP . o;y{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] a8fkqnfO{ ljZje/sf dflg;x¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ k|yd cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . a8fkqdf lglxt Joj:yfx¿n] ;a} gful/ssf ;j{JofkL clwsf/df hf]8 lbG5g\ . låtLo ljZjo'4kl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL rl/q :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3kl5 dfgj clwsf/ ;g\k|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ng @^ h"g !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] a8fkq x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . of] @$ cS6f]a/ !($% b]lv nfu" eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] a8fkqsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ o;sf] p2]Zo cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ b]lvG5 . o'4sf] ljeLlifsfaf6 efjL ;GtltnfO{ arfpg] egL k|:tfjgfsf] k|f/Ded} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . a8fkqn] dfgj clwsf/sf] cfw'lgs sfg'g / Jojxf/sf] cfwf/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . a8fkqsf] wf/f ! df ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf p2]Zox¿dWo] hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{df e]befj g/fvL ;a}sf lgldQ df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;flxt / ljsf; ug{df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ Ps p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . of] p2]Zosf] k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ lhDdf ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf k|d'v cËx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] dxf;ef tyf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb d'Vo x'g\ . a8fkqsf plNnlvt clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ klxnf] b[li6df lgs} ;fwf/0f h:tf b]lvg ;S5g\ t/ oyfy{df oL Joj:yfx¿n] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf lj:t[t cfwf/ :yflkt ul/lbPsf 5g\ .

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dfgj clwsf/;“u ;DalGwt d'Vo ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo c·x¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3n] dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{sf ^ j6f cËx¿ – dxf;ef, ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb\, ;lrjfno, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ / cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnodfkm{t u5{ .

s= dxf;ef (General Assembly) ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf cGo cËx¿sf t'ngfdf dxf;ef a9L k|ltlglwd"ns 5 . of] ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] d'Vo k|ltlglwd"ns lgsfo xf] . o;df ;a} ;b:o /fi6««x¿sf] ;xeflutf x'G5 / k|To]s ;b:onfO{ Ps dtsf] clwsf/ 5 . t/, of] ljZj ;+;b\ eg] xf]Og . o;n] l+jleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|:tfj Pj+ l;kmfl/;x¿ u/]sf] 5 h;n] ljZjJofkL k|efj kfb{5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . ;g\ !($* df ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq u|x0f u/]kl5 dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} 3f]if0ff jf dxf;lGwx¿ u|x0f ul/;s]sf] 5 .

dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ljifox¿ cfkm\gf] t];|f] ;ldlt (Third Commeetee) df k7fpg] u5{ . dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ ug{sf nflu dxf;efdf ljleGg ^ j6f ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . tL lgDg 5g\–

!= k|yd ;ldlt -ljz]if /fhgLlts ;ldlt_ M o;n] /fhgLlts, cGt/f{li6«o, ;'/Iff tyf lgMz:qLs/0f;DaGwL dfldnfx¿ x]g]{ .

@= bf];|f] ;ldlt M cfly{s rl/qsf ljifox¿ x]g]{ .#= t];|f] ;ldlt M ;fdflhs, dfgjtfjfbL tyf ;f+:s[lts dfldnfx¿ x]g]{ .$= rf}yf] ;ldlt M Decolonisation ;DaGwL ljifox¿ x]g]{ .%= kfFrf}+ ;ldlt M k|zf;lgs tyf ah]6 ;DaGwL s'/fx¿ x]g]{ . o:tf ah]6 /

k|zf;sLo ljifox¿ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;/f]sf/af6 p7]sf] x'g'kg]{ .^= 5}6f}+ ;ldlt M sfg'gL k|Zgx¿ x]g]{ .

oL ;xfos cËx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf If]qsf ljifodf jflif{s Pj+ ljz]if k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L dxf;ef;dIf k]; u5{g\ . dxf;efn] To:tf k|ltj]bgx¿pk/ 5nkmn ub{5 . o;/L dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t u/]/ dxf;lGw, k|lt1fkq jf k|f]6f]snx¿ u|x0f u/]/ jf tT;DaGwdf k|:tfj kfl/t u/]/ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gdf gofF cfofd yKb} uPsf] 5 .

v= dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qm M–(UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) ;g\ !((# df leogfdf ;DkGg dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ngdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifopk/ lj:t[t 5nkmn eO{ dfgj

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clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo s]Gb|df cltl/Qm ;'ljwfx¿ yk x'g'kg]{ / dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ dfu ul/of] .

To;}sf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo pRr cfo'[Qmsf] kb :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 @) l8;]Da/ !((# df u|x0f ul/Psf] k|:tfj g+= $*÷!$! adf]lhd pRr cfo'Qmsf] kb l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] . pRr cfo'Qmn] dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo s]Gb| tyf cGo pko'Qm lgsfox¿sf] dfWodaf6 k/fdz{bft[ ;]jf Pj+ cGo ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg], gful/s, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkef]usf] k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ dfgj clwsf/x¿k|ltsf] cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a} ;/f]sf/;Fusf] jftf{df ;+nUg x'g] h:tf sfo{ u5{g\ .

u= ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ (Security Council) a8fkqsf] wf/f @$ cg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg' xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] a8fkqcGtu{t ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL s'g} If]qflwsf/ geP tfklg cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL o;sf] If]qflwsf/af6} dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjtfjfbL dfldnfx¿df klg o;sf] e"ldsf uf}0f gePsf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & n] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ k|ToIf clwsf/ geP klg cGt/f{li6«o zflGt sfod /fVg ank"j{s sf/afxL rnfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

3= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ (Economic and Social Council) ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] a8fkqsf] wf/f %% -u_ df cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf] ;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg tyf ltgsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} wf/f ^@ n] o; kl/ifb\nfO{ ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfx¿sf] cfwf/ Pj+ clej[l4sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . kl/ifb\n] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]; ug]{ dxf;lGwx¿sf] d:of}bf ug{ tyf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL s'/fx¿df cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ cfXjfg ug{ ;S5 .

To:t}, wf/f ^$ cg';f/ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfox¿ (Specilized Agencies) af6 lgoldt ¿kdf k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug{ / pko'Qm sf/afxL ug{ ;S5 . kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf l;kmfl/;x¿ / cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/leqsf ljifox¿pk/ dxf;efn] u/]sf l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjog u/fpg lnPsf sbdaf/] ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf ;b:ox¿ / ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfox¿af6 k|ltj]bg

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k|fKt ug]{ / k|ltj]bgx¿ pk/sf] k|ltlqmof dxf;efnfO{ cjut u/fpg] u5{ . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qx¿df / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cfof]ux¿ tyf c:yfoL ;ldltx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ 5 .

ª= dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u (Commission on Human Rights) cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\af6 ;g\ !($^ df dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($^ kl5 of] cfof]usf] a}7s x/]s jif{ a:b} cfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg ljifodf sfd sf/afxL ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf] of] cfof]u g} dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ k|d'v lgsfo xf] .

o;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L l;kmfl/;x¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o lnlvtx¿sf] d:of}bf ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . ;fy} o;n] ;fwf/0f;ef jf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\af6 lhDdf lbOPsf ljz]if sfdx¿ klg u5{ . To:tf sfdx¿df dfgj clwsf/sf cf/f]lkt pNnª\3gx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf To:tf pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf lbOPsf ;+k|]if0f (Commucanation) x¿pk/ ljrf/ ug{] sfo{;d]t k5{ . dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf If]qflwsf/ ePsf ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf cGo lgsfox¿;Fu lgs6td ;Dks{df /xL To:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]]u k'¥ofpg'sf cltl/Qm o;n] ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dGjo ug{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . xfn cfP/ o; cfof]unfO{ dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\n] lj:yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

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;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] a8fkqn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf nflu u/]sf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ !) l8;]Da/ !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t u¥of] . of] 3f]if0ffkq dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL klxnf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h xf] . o; 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf ;a} ;b:o /fi6««x¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf kfngf ug'{kb{5 . ;b:o gx'g]nfO{ klg pNnª\3g ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . nfdf] cjlw;Dd ;a} /fi6««x¿n] o; 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ ;j{;Ddltaf6 kfngf u/sf sf/0f o;n] ljZjJofkL ¿k wf/0f u/]sf] 5 . To;sf] k"/f kf7 o; k|sf/ 5 –

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq !($* dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !) l8;]Da/ !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f kfl/t k|:tfj g+= @!& s -#_ af6 u|x0f / 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] . o; 3f]if0ffkqdf wf/f ! b]lv #) ;Ddsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnn] !$ d], !((! df cg'df]bg u¥of] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf ljljw sfg'gx¿n] o;nfO{ 3/]n's/0f u/]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjgf dfgj kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿df cGt/lglxt k|lti7f tyf ;Ddfg /

cljlR5Gg clwsf/x¿sf] dfGotf g} ljZjdf :jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf] cfwf/ ePsf]n],

dfgj clwsf/k|lt cjx]ngf / cgfb/sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k dfgj hfltsf] cGt:s/0ffO{ g} cfxt ug]{ aa{/tfk"0f{ sfdx¿ ePsf / dfgj hfltn] cf:yf / jfs\ :jtGqtfsf] tyf eo / cefjaf6 d'lQmsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ljZjsf] l;h{gf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pRrtd cfsfª\Iffsf] ¿kdf 3f]lift ePsf]n],

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq !($*(Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948)

kl/R5]b #

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18

cTofrf/ / bdgsf] lj?4 clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf ljb|f]x ug{ dflg;nfO{ afWo gu/fpgsf nflu sfg'gsf] zf;gåf/f dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cTofjZos ePsf]n],

/fi6««x¿sf aLr d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw ljsf; k|j4{g ug{ cTofjZos ePsf]n], ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf hgtfx¿n] a8fkqdf df}lns dfgj clwsf/x¿df

JolQmsf] k|lti7f tyf d"Nodf / dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf ;dfg clwsf/x¿df cfkm\gf] ljZjf; k'gM k'li6 u/]sf] / Jofkst/ :jtGqtfdf ;fdflhs k|ult / cem /fd|f] hLjg:t/ k|j4{g ug{ pgLx¿ b[9 ePsf]n],

;b:o /fi6««x¿n] ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3;Fusf] ;xof]udf dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg / kfngfsf] k|j4{g xfl;n ug{ k|lt1f u/]sf]n],

of] k|lt1f k"0f{ k|flKtsf] nflu oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;femf af]w ;jf]{Qd dxTjsf] s'/f ePsf]n]

dxf;efn] o; dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ ;a} hgtfx¿ / ;a} /fi6««x¿n] xfl;n ug]{ Ps ;femf dfkb08sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ub{5 / o; p2]Zosf nflu k|To]s JolQm / ;dfhsf k|To]s cËun] o; 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ lg/Gt/ Wofgdf /fvL lzIf0f / lzIffsf dfWodaf6 oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿k|ltsf] ;Ddfg k|j4{g ug{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ultzLn pkfox¿sf dfWodaf6 ;b:o /fi6««x¿ :jod\sf hgtfaLr / pgLx¿sf If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf Onfsfsf hgtfaLr oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] ljZjJofkL tyf k|efjsf/L dfGotf / kfngf ;'lglZrt ug{ k|oTg ug]{5 .

wf/f ! ;a} JolQmx¿ hGdhft :jtGq / k|lti7f tyf clwsf/df ;dfg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ljj]s / cGt:s/0fn] o'Qm ePsf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] eft[Tjsf] efjgf lnP/ Pscsf{k|lt Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ .

wf/f @ hflt, j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fhg}lts jf cGo ljrf/wf/f, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, hGd jf cGo s'g} x}l;oth:tf s'g} klg cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befjljgf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ o; 3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

;fy} s'g} klg JolQm /x]sf d'n's jf Onfsf :jtGq, Gofo, :jzf;g/lxt jf ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] cGo s'g} klg ;Ldfsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] h] eP tfklg

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o:tf] d'n's jf Onfsfsf] /fhgLlts, If]qflwsf/ut jf cGt/f{li6«o x}l;otsf cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

wf/f # k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] :jtGqtf / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .wf/f $ s;}nfO{ afFwf jf bf; agfO{ /flvg] 5}g . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] bf;Tj

/ bf; Jofkf/nfO{ lgif]w ul/g]5 .wf/f % s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s oftgf lbOg] jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf

ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g] 5}g .wf/f ^ sfg'gsf] b[li6df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;j{q JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg]

clwsf/ x'g]5 .wf/f & ;a} JolQmx¿ sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg / s'g} klg e]befjljgf sfg'gsf]

;dfg ;+/If0fsf xsbf/ 5g\ . ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{ o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] pNnª\3g u/L ul/Psf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befjlj?4 jf To:tf] e]befjsf] b'?T;fxglj?4 ;dfg ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

wf/f * k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gåf/f k|¢bQ df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3g ug]{ sfo{x¿lj?4 ;Ifd /fli6«o Gofoflws/0fx¿af6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

wf/f ( s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L ¿kn] lu/km\tf/ ul/g], gh/aGbdf /flvg] jf b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g .

wf/f !) s'g} klg JolQmpk/ nufOPsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] / lghsf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTjsf] lg¿k0f ubf{ :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofoflws/0faf6 lgikIf / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO u/L kfpg] k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] xs To:tf] JolQmnfO{ x'g]5 .

wf/f !! -!_ b08gLo s;'/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos ;a} k|Tofe"ltx¿ k|fKt ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdf sfg'gadf]lhd bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if ePsf] cg'dfg u/L kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

-@_ s'g} sfo{ ubf{ jf gubf{sf] avt /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cGtu{t b08gLo s;'/ gdflgg] To:tf sfo{sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ b08gLo s;'/sf] bf]ifL 7x/fOg] 5}g, g t ;f] b08gLo s;'/ ubf{sf] avt nfu" /x]sf] ;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo g} ul/g]5 .

wf/f !@ s'g} klg JolQmsf] uf]kgLotf, kl/jf/, 3/ jf kqfrf/df :j]R5frf/L jf u}/sfg'gL x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g, g t lghsf] k|lti7f tyf Vofltdf

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u}/sfg'gL cfqmd0f g} ul/g]5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ To:tf] x:tIf]k jf cfqmd0flj?4 sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

wf/f !# -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|To]s /fi6««sf] l;dfgfleq cfjthfjt ug]{ tyf cfkm\gf] cfjf; /f]Hg kfpg] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

-@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]znufot s'g} klg b]z 5f]8\g kfpg] / cfkm\gf] b]z kms{g kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

wf/f !$ -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ u}x|sfg'gL lje]b, 8/, qf;, b'Jo{jxf/ jf oftgf (Persecution) af6 plDsg pGo d'n'sdf z/0f vf]Hg] / lng] clwsf/ 5 .

-@_ u}/–/fhgLlts ck/fwx¿ jf ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf p2]Zo / l;4fGtx¿ lj?4sf sfo{x¿af6 jf:tljs ¿kdf pTkGg d'2fx¿df of] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .

wf/f !% -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9Ën] lghsf] /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt

ul/g] 5}g, g t /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 g} jl~rt ul/g]5 .wf/f !^ -!_ pd]/ k'u]sf k'?if tyf dlxnfnfO{ hflt, /fli6«otf jf wd{sf]

sf/0fn] nufOg] s'g} klg ;Ldfljgf ljjfx u/L kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ljjfx ubf{sf avt, a}jflxs ;DaGw /xFbfsf avt / ljjfx ljR5]bsf avt ;dfg clwsf/x¿ k|fKt x'g]5 .

-@_ OR5's j/jw"sf] :jtGq tyf k"0f{ d~h'/Lljgf ljjfx ;DkGg ul/g] 5}g . -#_ kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] k|fs[lts tyf df}lns ;d"x PsfO xf] / kl/jf/n]

;dfh tyf /fi6««af6 ;+/If0f kfpg]5 .wf/f !& -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ PSn} jf c¿;Fu ldn]/ ;DklQ /fVg] clwsf/

x'g]5 . -@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9Ën] lghsf] ;DklQaf6 jl~rt

ul/g] 5}g .wf/f !* k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, ;b\ljj]s tyf wd{sf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/

x'g]5 . o; clwsf/df cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] wd{ jf cf:yf kl/jt{g ug]{ :jtGqtf / JolQmut ¿kdf jf c¿;Fu ldn]/ tyf ;fj{hlgs jf lghL ¿kdf k"hfcfhf, lgod, cEof; tyf lzIf0fdf cfkm\gf] wd{ jf cf:yf k|s6 ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5 .

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wf/f !( k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . o; clwsf/dfljgf x:tIf]k cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf, l;dfgfsf] aGb]hljgf s'g} klg dfWoddfkm{t ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿ k|fKt ug]{, vf]Hg] tyf k|;f/ ug]{ :jtGqtf;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5 .

wf/f @) -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zflGtk"j{s ;ef ug]{ ;+u7gsf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 .

-@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg ;+u7gdf nfUg afWo u/fpg ;lsg] 5}g .

wf/f @! -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf jf :jtGq ¿kn] 5flgPsf k|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;/sf/df efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

-@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

-#_ hgtfsf] OR5f g} ;/sf/sf] clVtof/Lsf] cfwf/ x'g]5 . of] OR5f ljZjJofkL / ;dfg dtflwsf/åf/f x'g] cfjlws / lgikIf lgjf{rgx¿åf/f cleJoQm /flvg]5 / To:tf] lgjf{rg uf]Ko dtbfg jf To:t} :jtGq dtbfg k|lqmofx¿af6 ;DkGg x'g]5 .

wf/f @@ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;dfhsf] Ps ;b:osf] x}l;otn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] / /fli6«o k|oTg / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]udfkm{t / k|To]s /fi6««sf] ;+u7g / ;|f]tx¿cg'¿k lghsf] k|lti7fsf] nflu / lghsf] JolQmTjsf] :jtGq ljsf;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] k|flKtsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

wf/f @# -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfdsf] /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq 5gf]6sf], sfdsf] pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfx¿sf] / a]/f]huf/Llj?4sf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ 5 .

-@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg e]befjljgf ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf] clwsf/ 5 .

-#_ sfd ug]{ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] nflu dfgjLo k|lti7f cg's"nsf] l:yltsf] ljBdfgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfd pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfx¿sf] clwsf/ 5 / To:tf] clwsf/nfO{ cfjZos ePdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf cGo ;fwgaf6 kl/k"/0f ul/g]5 .

-$_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] lxtsf] /Iffsf] nflu 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug]{ / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

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wf/f @$ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfo{306fsf] / tnaL cfjlws labfsf] d'gfl;j ;Ldf;lxtsf] cf/fd / lj>fdsf] clwsf/ 5 .

wf/f @% -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo / sNof0fsf] nflu vfBfGg, sk8f, cfjf; / cf}ifwf]krf/sf] ;'ljwf / cfjZos ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿nufot kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ tyf a]/f]huf/L, la/fdL, czQmtf, ljwjf, a'9];sfn jf cfkm\gf] sfa'aflx/sf kl/l:yltx¿df hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfosf cefjdf ;'/Iff kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

-@_ cfdf / lzz'x¿nfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/ / ;xfotf kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . ljjfx eO{ jf geO{ hGd]sf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿n] ;dfg ;fdflhs ;+/If0f kfpg]5g\ .

wf/f @^ -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lzIffsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . sDtLdf k|f/lDes / df}lns txdf lzIff lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g]5 . k|f/lDes lzIff clgjfo{ x'g]5 . k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff ;a}sf nflu ;fdfGotM k|fKo / kxF'rof]Uo agfOg]5 / pRr lzIff Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] kx'Frof]Uo x'g]5 .

-@_ dfgjLo JolQmTjsf] k"0f{ ljsf; / dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfx¿k|ltsf] ;Ddfg ;'b[9 ug]{ tkm{ lzIff lgb]{lzt x'g]5 . lzIffn] ;a} /fi6«« tyf hftLo, ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s ;d"xx¿aLr ;dembf/L, ;xgzLntf / ldqtf k|j4{g ug]{ tyf zflGt sfod ug]{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg]5 .

-#_ dftflktfnfO{ cfkm\gf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lbOg] lzIffsf] lsl;d 5gf]6 ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

wf/f @& -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf :jtGq ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g], snf pkof]u ug]{ / j}1flgs k|ult / ;f]sf] pkof]usf] kmfObf pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

-@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" n]vs ePsf] s'g} klg j}1flgs, ;flxlTos jf snfTds pTkfbgaf6 pTkGg x'g] g}lts / ef}lts lxtx¿sf] ;+/If0faf6 kmfObf kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

wf/f @* k|To]s JolQmnfO{ 3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yfsf] clwsf/ 5 .

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23

wf/f @( -!_ k|To]s JolQmsf] ;d'bfo, h;df dfq} lghsf] JolQmTjsf] :jtGq / k"0f{ ljsf; ;Dej 5, k|ltsf] st{Jo 5 .

-@_ cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] / :jtGqtfx¿sf] pkof]u ubf{, k|To]s JolQm cGo JolQmsf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] plrt dfGotf / ;Ddfg xfl;n ug]{ tyf k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf g}ltstf, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yf / hgsNof0f xfl;n ug]{ Ps dfq p2]Zosf nflu sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|ltaGwx¿sf] dfq clwgdf /xg]5 .

-#_ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf p2]Zo / l;4fGtx¿sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} klg cj:yfdf oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

wf/f #) o; 3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt s'g} klg clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ gi6 ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] jf s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ s'g} klg /fi6««, ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ u/L o; 3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt s'g} klg s'/fsf] JofVof ul/g] 5}g .

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24

k[i7e"ld ljZjel/ ljleGg :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o txdf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ª\3if{n] cfw'lgs dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ eof] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;+lxtfs/0f / ;+:yfut ug]{ sfd ljlwjt ¿kdf ;g\ !($% df eof] . To;} lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] :yfkgf;Fu;Fu} o;sf] a8fkq hf/L eof] . o; a8fkqn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿sf lgldQ ljgfe]befj ;dfg ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g, kfngf / pkef]u geP;DDf ljZjdf zflGt / k|ult gx'g] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . a8fkqsf] wf/f ! df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod ug'{ xf] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; / nf]slxtsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u / ;dy{g h'6fpg' o;sf] csf]{ p2]Zo xf] . To:t} ljgfe]befj ;a} /fi6««sf ;a} hgtfdfly df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/x¿k|lt ;Ddfg hufpg' o;sf] csf]{ p2]Zo xf] . ;f]xLcg';f/ wf/f %% df ;dfg clwsf/ / hgtfx¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{sf] e]befjljgf ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg / kfngfsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] .

o;} cfwf/df ;j{k|yd !) l8;]Da/ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ul/of] . o;} 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ JofVof / lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf clxn];Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf o;sf lgsfox¿cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;of}+ 3f]if0ffkq, dxf;lGw, cg'aGw / P]lR5s k|n]vx¿ kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ xfdL dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h eg]/ klg lrGb5f}+ . 3f]if0ffkqx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / kfngf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:ox¿ sf'ggL ¿kdf afWo gx'g] ePsf]n] xfdL o;nfO{ ;lGw;Demf}tfsf] sf]6Ldf /fVb}gf}+ . o;y{ cg'aGw, dxf;lGw / P]lR5s k|n]vx¿nfO{ dfq xfdL dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw;Demf}tf eg]/ a'em\b5f}+ . t/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq o;sf] ckjfb xf] h;nfO{ xfdL ;lGw;Demf}tfs} sf]6Ldf /fVb5f}+ . oxfF g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf tyf g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" ePsf ltg} a8fkq, dxf;lGw,

g]kfn /fHokIf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw;Demf}tfx¿

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

25

cg'aGw / P]lR5s ;lGwkqx¿sf af/] ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L k|:t't 5g\ . cfh;Dd ljsl;t ePsf oL ;lGw;Demf}tfx¿ vf;u/L JolQmsf lghL clwsf/;Fu dfq ;DalGwt 5g\ . t;y{ oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ xfdL s'g} vf; ju{ jf ;d'bfosf juL{o jf ;fd'bflos jf ;fd"lxs clwsf/ eGg ;Sb}gf}+ . o;sf] cy{ xf] – oL clwsf/x¿sf] bfaL, kfngf / pkef]usf lgldQ ;DalGwt JolQm g} cl3 ;g'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/, clxn] ljZjdf dfgj clwsf/nfO{ JolQmsf lghL clwsf/df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL ltgnfO{ ;fd'bflos jf ;fd"lxs clwsf/df kl/efiff, JofVof / juL{s/0f ul/g'kb{5 eGg] cfjfh klg TolQs} tLj| ¿kdf pl7/x]sf] 5 . To; cj:yfdf xfdLn] To:tf clwsf/x¿nfO{ …dfgj clwsf/Ú gegL …hgclwsf/Ú eGg'kg]{ x'G5 h;n] ;fd"lxs clwsf/nfO{ af]w u/fpFb5g\ . clxn] cflbjf;L ;d'bfo;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] dfq s]xL dfqfdf ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf ug]{ !($% sf] a8fkqnfO{ ljZjsf ;a} /fi6««x¿n] x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . vf; cj:yfdf ljleGg /fhgLlts jf /fli6«o sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ s'g} /fi6««n] o;df x:tfIf/ gu/] tfklg o;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ jf o;df ePsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] pNnª\3g ug]{ clwsf/ s;}nfO{ klg 5}g . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ gdfGg ;S5g\ t/ lj/f]w / pNnª\3g ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gaf/] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g (International Human Right Law) eGgfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 cGtu{t ljl;t dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 3f]if0ffkq (Declearation), dxf;lGw (Convention), cg'aGw (Covenant), P]lR5s ;lGwkq (Optional Protocal) x¿sf] ;+o'Qm ¿knfO{ hgfpFb5 . oL ;a}sf] ;du| ¿knfO{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿ (International Human Rights Instruments) eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . oL b:tfj]hx¿dWo]df 3f]if0ffkq / k|:tfjx¿nfO{ /fi6««x¿n] x:tfIf/ u/] tfklg ltgsf] k|efj afWofTds x'b}g . /fli6«o txdf ltgsf] kfngf s]s;/L ul/G5 jf ul/Fb}g eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt /fi6««sf] :jljj]sdf e/ kb{5 . t/ dxf;lGw, cg'aGw jf P]lR5s ;lGwkqx¿ cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 /fHokIfdfly ltgsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds bfloTj /xG5 . o;sf] ckjfb eg]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* xf] . lsgls o;nfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ k|fylds sfg'gsf] dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .

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26

!= bf;Tj dxf;lGw, !(@^ Slavery convention, 1926

of] dxf;lGw @% ;]K6]Da/ !(@^ df tTsfnLg /fi6««;+3sf] cu'jfOdf kfl/t ePkl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly ( dfr{ !(@& b]lv nfu" eof] . o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3n] & h'nfO{ !(%% b]lv nfu" u¥of] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ & hgj/L !(^# df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 ;f]xL ldltb]lv g]kfndfly nfu" eof] . o; dxf;lGw;Fu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, >d P]g, @)$*, afn>d -lgif]w ug]{_ P]g, @)%^, sd}of>d -lgif]w ug]{_ P]g @)%* tyf dfgj–a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ cflb ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwdf !@ j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;a} lsl;dsf bf;Tjx¿sf] pGd"ngsf nflu ul/Psf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿sf] :d/0f ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ! df bf;Tjsf ;DaGwdf Jofks kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 h;cg';f/ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f / a]rlavg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lgoGq0fdf lng] sfo{ kb{5 . wf/f @ df ;a} k|sf/sf bf;Tj / bf;Jofkf/sf] /f]syfd / cGTosf nflu rflng'kg]{ k|ultzLn sbdx¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f # df bf;Jofkf/sf lgldQ s'g} klg hxfhsf] k|of]u gug]{, wf/f $ df Ps /fHokIfn] csf]{ /fHokIfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ tyf wf/f % df vf; ;fj{hlgs p2]Zosf nflu afx]s cGo cj:yfdf anhkm\tL >d k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 .

To:t}, wf/f ^ df bf;Tj / bf;Jofkf/nfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ug]{x¿dfly ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, wf/f & df o;/L agfPsf sfg'g tyf lgodx¿af/] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] tyf wf/f * df dxf;lGwsf] k|of]u jf JofVofsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ /fHokIfaLr pTkGg x'g] ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o cbfnt hfg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . To:t} dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !) / !! df cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof tyf cGo k|fljlws ljifodf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@= hfltxTof ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !($* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] ( l8;]Da/ !($* df kfl/t u/]kl5 o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly of] !@ hgj/L !(%! b]lv nfu" eof] . g]]kfnn] o;nfO{ !& hgj/L !(^( df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 !& clk|n !(^( b]lv g]kfndfly nfu" eof] . wf/f !$ cg';f/ of] dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf]

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

27

ldltn] !) jif{;Dd / To;kl5 klg lg/Gt/tf lbg rfxg] /fHokIfsf nflu yk % jif{sf nflu axfn /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; dxf;lGwdf !( j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s'g vf; hfltdfly x'g] xTofsf] pGd"ng ug'{ xf] . wf/f ! cg';f/ zflGt jf o'4sf] ;dodf hlxn];'s} klg hfltxTof ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . wf/f @ df k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf /fli6«o, ;fDk|bflos, hftLo jf wfld{s ;d"xnfO{ gfz ug]{ p2]Zon] o:tf] s'g} hftLo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] xTof, uDeL/ zf/Ll/s jf dfgjLo Iflt, ef}lts ljgfz, ;Gtfg pTkfbgdf /f]s tyf hGd]sf afnaflnsfsf] ank"j{s csf]{ ;d"xdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ o; ck/fwcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] 5 . wf/f # df hfltxTof;DaGwL sfo{x¿ b08gLo x'g], wf/f $ df o:tf] ck/fw ug]{ JolQm zf;s, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L jf lghL JolQm hf];'s} eP klg ;hfosf] eflubf/ x'g], wf/f % df bf]ifLdfly s8f sf/jfxL ug{ cfjZos sfg'g agfpg], wf/f ^ df cfjZos k/] To:tf bf]ifLdfly sf/jfxL rnfpg cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnoaf6 hfFra'em u/fpg], wf/f & df hfltxTofnfO{ /fhgLlts ck/fw gdfgL cfjZostfcg';f/ ;'k'b{uL ug]{, wf/f * df hfltxTofsf /f]syfd / bdgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqcGtu{t cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] tyf wf/f ( b]lv @) ;Dd cg'df]bg;DaGwL ljleGg k|lqmof / ;DalGwt ljifox¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

#= hLp df:g]–a]Rg] tyf c?sf] j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0fsf] bdgsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;lGw,!($(Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the others 1949 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @ l8;]Da/ !($( df kfl/t u/]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly of] @% h'nfO{ !(%! b]lv nfu" eof] . o;nfO{ g]kfnn] @& l8;]Da/ !((% df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 @& dfr{ !((^ b]lv g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ tyf ;'k'b{uL P]g @)%% cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwdf @* cf]6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . k|:tfjgfdf j]Zofj[lQ tyf j]Zofj[lQsf] p2]Zosf nflu hLp df:g]a]Rg] sfo{nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ JolQmsf]

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28

k|lti7f tyf d"No;Fu d]n gvfg] sfo{ elgPsf] 5 . wf/f ! df sfdjf;gfsf] t[lKtsf nflu ;xdlt lnP/} eP tfklg ul/g] j]Zofj[lQ / j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0f egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f @ cg';f/ j]Zofno /fVg], ;~rfng ug]{ jf hfgLhfgL nufgL ug]{ jf nufgLdf ;xefuL x'g] tyf j]Zofj[lQsf] p2]Zosf nflu s'g} :yfg k|bfg ug]{ jf ef8fdf lbg] jf lng] ;a}nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . wf/f # df oL ;a} sfo{x¿nfO{ b08gLo 7flgPsf] 5 .

wf/f $ df o:tf sfo{df dgzfok"j{s ;xefuL JolQm;d]t b08gLo x'g] wf/f % df of] Joj:yf ljb]zL gful/sx¿sf xsdf klg nfu" x'g], wf/f ^ df j]Zofj[lQdf nfUg] jf nfu]sf] egL cfzÍf ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ljj/0f btf{ u/fpg'kg]{ jf lgu/fgLsf nflu ljz]if sfuh u/fO{ /fVg'kg]{, wf/f & df s;'/bf/nfO{ gful/s clwsf/x¿af6 jl~rt ug]{, wf/f * df bf]ifL / ck/fwLx¿sf] ;'k'b{uL, wf/f ( df ;'k'b{uL ug{ gldNg] cj:yfdf b]zleq} sf/afxL rnfpg], wf/f !) df ljb]zL /fi6««df g} d'2f rnL ;hfo e'Qmfg ul/;s]sf] eP wf/f ( sf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g], wf/f !! df dxf;lGwsf] JofVof, wf/f !@ df /fli6«o sfg'gsf] If]qflwsf/, wf/f !# df plNnlvt s;'/;DaGwL k/:k/df x'g] cg'/f]wkqx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, wf/f !$ df To:tf s;'/x¿sf] cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffdsf] ;dGjo jf s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sfo{ ug]{ ;]jfsf] :yfkgf, wf/f !% df /fHokIfx¿aLr k/:k/df hfgsf/L ug]{u/fpg] ljifo, wf/f !^ df j]Zofj[lQsf] /f]syfd tyf kLl8tx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf / ;fdflhs ;dfof]hgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL z}lIfs, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ cGo ;DalGwt ;]jfx¿dfkm{t ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg] bfloTj l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} wf/f !& df cfk|jf; / a;fOF;/fOsf] ;Gbe{df j]Zofj[lQsf] p2]Zon] gf/L tyf k'?if JolQmx¿sf] Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu rflng'kg]{ sbd, wf/f !* df ljb]zL j]Zofx¿sf] klxrfg / pgLx¿af6 a]rlavg ug]{x¿sf] ljj/0f lng], wf/f !( df pgLx¿sf] :jb]z lkmtL{ geP;Dd c:yfoL x]/rfx tyf hLjgofkgsf] Joj:yf / :jb]z lkmtL{df ;xof]u tyf aGbf]j:t, wf/f @) df /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLsf l;nl;nfdf x'g;Sg] j]Zofj[lQsf] vt/fnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f, wf/f @! df dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL hfgsf/L tyf wf/f @@ b]lv @* ;Dd dxf;lGwsf] JofVof, cg'df]bg k|lqmof / cGo ;DalGwt ljifox¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

29

$= dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%@Convention on the Political Rights of the Women, 1952 of] dxf;lGw ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @) l8;]Da/ !(%@ df kfl/t u/]kl5 o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿sf nflu ! h'nfO{ !(%$ b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ @^ clk|n !(^^ df cg"df]bg u/]kl5 @^ h'nfO{ !(^^ b]lv g]kfndf nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg P]g, tyf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ – lghfdlt ;]jf P]g cflb c? dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ of] dxf;lGw dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo :jtGq ¿kdf 5flgPsf hgk|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] b]z, ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg ¿kdf efu lng kfpg] tyf ;dfg kxF'r /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;dfg agfpg' xf] . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! df dlxnfx¿n] k''?if;/x ljgfe]befj ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rgx¿df dtbfg ug{ kfpg], wf/f @ df ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df k'?if;/x lgjf{lrt x'g kfpg] tyf wf/f # df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs sfo{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} wf/f $ b]lv wf/f !! ;Dd dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg k|lqmof / cGo k|fljlws ;jfnx¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

%= @% ;]K6]Da/ !(@^ df h]g]efdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] bf;Tj dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;lGwkq !((# (Protocol amending the Slavery Convention signed at Geneva on 25 Sept.1926)o; ;lGwkqnfO{ tTsfnLg /fi6««;+3n] @% ;]D6]Da/ !(@^ df kfl/t u/]sf]df kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @# cS6f]a/ !(%# df ;+zf]wg u/]kl5 of] & l8;]Da/ !(%# b]lv ;DalGwt /fHokIfx¿dfly nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o; ;lGwkqnfO{ & hgj/L !(^# df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfndfly nfu" eof] .

o; ;lGwkqdf % j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf @% ;]D6]Da/ !(@^ df kfl/t bf;Tj dxf;lGwcGt{ut lgwf{l/t st{Jo tyf sfo{x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf~5gLo 7flgPsf] 5 eGb} wf/f ! df o; ;lGwkqsf cfwf/df o;sf] cg';"rLdf plNnlvt dxf;lGwnfO{ k"0f{ sfg'gL zlQm tyf k|efj lbg k|lt1f u/]sf] 5 / wf/f @ b]lv % df ;lGwkqsf] cg'df]bg tyf cGo ;DalGwt sfo{ljlwaf/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

30

^= bf;Tj, bf;Jofkf/ / bf;Tj;dfg ;+:yf / Jojxf/x¿sf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL k"/s dxf;lGw, !(%^Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery 1956 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\sf] ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg ;Dd]ngn] & ;]K6]Da/ !(%^ sf lbg kfl/t u/]sf] xf] . lgwf{l/t ;ª\Vofdf ;b:o /fi6««x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 of] dxf;lGw #) clk|n !(%& b]lv pgLx¿dfly nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] & hgj/L !(^# df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 ;f]xL ldltb]lv dxf;lGw g]kfndfly nfu" eof] .

cfh;Dd klg ljZjsf ljleGg efudf bf;Tj, bf;Jofkf/ / bf;Tj;dfg ;+:yf / Jojxf/x¿ sfod /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ltgsf] pGd"ng;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg o; k"/s dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, >d P]g @)$*, afn>d -lgif]w ug]{_ P]g @)%^, sd}of>d -lgif]w ug]{ P]g_ @)%* tyf dfgj–a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .hDdf ^ v08df ljeflht o; dxf;lGwdf !% j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ .

&= hah{:tL >d pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw, !(%& o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;Dd]ngn] @% h'g !(%& df kfl/t u/]adf]lhd !& hgj/L !(%( b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfnn] ;g\ @))@ df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 ;f]xL ldltb]lv g]kfndf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, >d P]g @)$*, afn>d -lgif]w ug]{_ P]g @)%^, sd}of>d -lgif]w ug]{_ P]g @)%* tyf dfgj–a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; dxf;lGwdf !) j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf bf;Tj, aFw'jf dhb'/L, afn dhb'/L / C0f jf s'g} cGo s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]afkt s;}nfO{ hah{:tL jf clgjfo{ >ddf nufpg] jf >ddf nufPafkt To;sf] plrt kfl/>lds e'QmfgL gug]{h:tf zf]if0fo'Qm sfo{x¿sf] pGd"ngsf] nflu o; dxf;lGwsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] s'/f hgfOPsf] 5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! df hah{:tL >dsf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5, h;df /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs jf cfly{s l;4fGt / hftLo, /fli6«o jf wfld{s jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] hah{:tL >dnfO{ ;d]l6Psf]

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31

5 . wf/f @ df o:tf] >dsf] tTsfn vf/]hLsf lgldQ k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ cjnDag / /fHokIfx¿dfly bfloTj l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f # b]lv !) ;Dd o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ k|lqmof / cGo sfo{ljlwut ;jfnx¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

*= ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^%International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @! l8;]Da/ !(^% sf lbg kfl/t u/]adf]lhd o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly $ hgj/L !(^( b]lv of] nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] #) hgj/L !(&! df cg'df]bg u/]sf]] tL;f+} lbgb]lv of] dxf;lGw g]kfndfly nfu" eof] . cg''df]bg ubf{ g]kfnn] wf/f $, ^ / @@ nfO{ tTsfn nfu" ug{ g;Sg] egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf]n] tL wf/fx¿ g]kfndfly xfn nfu" 5}gg\ . g]]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/f, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g @)^*, sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL P]g, @)%$ tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; dxf;lGwdf # efu / @% wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfdf s'g} klg cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg e]befj ug{ gkfOg] dfgj clwsf/sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f ! df hftLo e]befjsf] kl/efiff ub}{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jf ;fj{hlgs hLjg of cGo s'g} klg If]qdf hflt, j0f{, j+z jf /fli6«o jf hftLo pTklQdf cfwfl/t s'g} klg e]befj, alxisf/, k|ltaGw jf k|fyldstfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . t/ gful/s / u}/gful/saLr x'g] e]befjsf xsdf of] dxf;lGw nfu" gx'g] elgPsf] 5 . wf/f @ cg';f/ /fHokIfx¿n] hftLo lje]b x'g] sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} JolQm, ;d"x jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]t sf/afxL / ;hfo x'g] u/L sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ tyf Goflos pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ bfloTj ;'Dk]sf] 5 . wf/f # cg';f/ s'g} klg lsl;dsf hftLo ljv08g tyf /Ëe]bsf] lgGbf ub}{ To:tf ;a} sfo{ / Jojxf/x¿sf] /f]syfd, lgif]w tyf pGd"ng ug{ cfXjfg ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f $ df hftLo pRrtfdf cfwfl/t s'g} klg k|rf/k|;f/sf sfo{ tyf ;+u7gx¿sf] lgGbf ug'{kg]{ tyf s'g} hflt jf csf]{ j0f{ jf ;fdflhs pTklQsf ;d"xlj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf sfo{ jf To:tf sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] hftLo

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32

lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xfotf lbg] jf cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] sfo{;d]tnfO{ sfg'gåf/f b08gLo 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

dxf;lGwsf] wf/f % df hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ug{sf nflu Goflos lgsfodf ;dfg Jojxf/, /fHoaf6 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/nufot gful/s, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] kfngf / pkef]uaf/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs :yfg / ;]jfdf ljgflje]b ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] clwsf/;d]t ;'/lIft ul/Psf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f & df lje]bsf lj?4 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf af/]df lzIff, ;+:s[lt / ;"rgfsf If]qdf k|efjsf/L sbdx¿ rflng'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . wf/f * b]lv @% ;Dd /fli6«o txdf o; dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog s]–s;/L ePsf] 5 egL /fHokIfx¿af6 lgoldt k|ltj]bgx¿ k|fKt u/L cg'udg ug]{ sfo{sf lgldQ u7g x'g] !* ;b:oLo hftLo e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL ;ldlt, o;sf] sfo{If]q / sfo{k|0ffnLaf/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ( cg';f/ klxnf] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt /fHokIfdfly dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf] Ps jif{leq / To;kl5 k|To]s b'O{ jif{df tyf ;ldltn] dfu u/]adf]lhd cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿ k]; ug'{kb{5 .

(= cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ International Eonvention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ df kfl/t u/]sf] of] cg'aGw o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6««x¿dfly # hgj/L !(&^ b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 !$ cu:t !((! b]lv g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g ;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/fx¿, lzIff P]g, afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$*, >d P]g @)$*, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg P]g @)%), cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g, @)%*, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if P]g, @)^#, tyf Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g, @)^# cflb o; cg'aGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf cfwf/df o;} ldltdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf ljifodf b'O{j6f cnucnu ;lGw kfl/t ePsf x'g\ . oL % j6} clwsf/sf ljifodf Pp6} ;lGw lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf ;dfhjfbL / k'FhLjfbL d'n'sx¿aLr ;j{;Ddlt gePkl5

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

33

o;/L km/skm/s ;lGw lgdf{0f ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ ;b:o /fi6««x¿nfO{ b'j} ;lGw jf kfFrj6} lsl;dsf clwsf/x¿sf] cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]5 . OR5f x'g]n] b'j} ;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/] . Pp6f dfq ;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ rfxg]n] To;} u/] . g]kfnh:tf d'n'sx¿n] b'j} ;lGwnfO{ Ps};fy cg'df]bg u/] .

o; cg'aGwdf % efu / #! wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . wf/f ! n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] pkef]usf ;jfndf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] b]z / ;d'bfodf oL clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / pkef]u s;/L ul/g'kb{5 eGg] ;jfndf lg0f{o ug{ :jtGq 5g\ . hLjg wfGg] clwsf/x¿af6 pgLx¿ sbflk jl~rt x'g] 5}gg\ . wf/f @ cg';f/ s'g} e]befjljgf /fli6«o txdf pknAw ;|f]t / cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ;xof]udf clwstd pkof]u ub}{ k|ultzLn ¿kdf oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|flKtsf nflu /fHon] sbd rfNg'kb{5 . k|ultzLn sbd eGgfn] Ps}k6s oL clwsf/x¿sf] kfngf / pkef]u ;Dej gx'g] x'gfn] qmdzM ub}{ hfg] eGg] cy{ x'G5 . o:tf k|ultzLn sbdx¿leq cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug]{, pNnª\3g ePdf k|zf;lgs tyf cbfntL pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ / o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6, lzIff, tflnd / k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ h:tf ;a} sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .

wf/f # df k'?if / dlxnfsf aLrdf ;dfg clwsf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . wf/f $ cg';f/ oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ cg'lrt ¿kdf ;Lldt ug]{ u/L sfg'g agfpg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f % cg';f/ oL clwsf/x¿ gi6 ug]{ jf s'g} d'n'sdf pkef]u eO/x]sf] df}lns dfgj clwsf/x¿ gi6 ug]{ jf s'g} d'n'sdf pkef]u eO/x]sf df}lns dfgj clwsf/x¿ o; cg'aGwsf] ;xf/f lnP/ s6f}tL ug{ dgfxL ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} wf/f ^ df /f]huf/L wf/f & df sfd ug]{ plrt jftfj/0f, ;dfg kfl/>lds, eQf, ;'ljwf, lj>fd cflb, wf/f * df 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], dxf;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ / x8\tfn ug]{, wf/f ( df ;fdflhs ladf / ;'/Iff, wf/f !) df ljjfx, afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / lzIff, wf/f !! df ef]hg, j:q / cfjf;, wf/f !@ df zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yo / o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ jftfj/0fLo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;/;kmfO, /f]u / dxfdf/Lsf] pkrf/ tyf lgoGq0f Pj+ ;a}nfO{ lrlsT;f ;]jf tyf wf/f !#, !$ df ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIff, ;'ne k|fljlws Pj+d Jofj;flos dfWolds lzIff tyf wf/f !% df ;f+:s[lts, snf / j}1flgs cfljisf/ Pjd\ ltgsf] nfesf] pkof]u;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ 5g\ . clwsf/x¿sf] kfngf s]–s;/L ePsf] 5 eGg] k|ltj]bg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] k|fKt u/L cg'udg ug]{nufot cg'df]bg ug]{ k|lqmofx¿af/] Joj:yf

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34

ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] @* d] !(*% df Ps k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL ;ldlt u7g u/]kl5 o; cg'aGwcGtu{t /fHokIfx¿af6 /fli6«o k|ltj]bgx¿ k|fKt ug]{ / cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ o;} ;ldltn] ub{5 . cg'aGwdf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ /fHokIfx¿n] klxnf] k|ltj]bg cg'aGw nfu" ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq / To;kl5 k|To]s kfFr jif{df cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿ k]; ug'{kb{5 .

!)= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^International Convention on Civil and Political Rights 1966

o; cg'aGwnfO{ klg ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kfl/t u¥of] . o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly of] @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 !$ cu:6 !((! b]lv g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/f, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@, sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g, @)$*, Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*, oftgf;DaGwL Ifltk"lt{ P]g, @)%#, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% tyf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^# cflb o; cg'aGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . cg'aGwdf ^ efu / %# wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ Pjd\ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL oL b'O{j6} cg'aGwdf wf/f ! df Ps} lsl;dsf k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\ . t;y{ o; wf/f ! nfO{ ;femf wf/f klg elgG5 . o;cg';f/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿sf ;jfndf klg hgtfnfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf xsdf h:t} cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .

wf/f @ df ljgfe]befj oL clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;fy} ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} clwsf/ pNnª\3g eP klg k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] Joj:yf, wf/f # df k'?if / dlxnfaLr x'g] e]befjsf] cGTo, wf/f $ df ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} klg clwsf/x¿ lgnDag ug{ gkfO\g], wf/f % df pkef]u ul/cfPsf clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL ug{ gx'g] tyf wf/f ^ df :j]R5frf/L ¿kn] s;}sf] klg hLjgx/0f ug]{ / cfTdxTof ug]{ sfo{ gkfOg] tyf cbfntsf] clGtd lg0f{oa]u/ d[To'b08 lbg gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 . clxn] t o;} cg'aGwcGtu{t d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ ;lGwkq klg kfl/t eO ;s]sf] 5 h;sf af/]df tn rrf{ ul/g]5 .

;fy} wf/f & df oftgf jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfodf k|ltaGw, wf/f * df ;a} lsl;dsf bf;Tj / bf;Jofkf/, s8f >d

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35

tyf aFw'jf dhb'/L /fVg gkfOg], wf/f ( df :j]R5frf/L kqmfp, kmf}hbf/L Gofo / Ifltk"lt{, wf/f !) df sf/fuf/df x'g'kg]{ dfgjLo cj:yf, wf/f !! df s'g} s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f gu/]afkt y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg], wf/f !@ df :jtGq cfjthfjt, b]z 5f]8\g / kms]{/ cfpg kfpg], wf/f !# df ljb]zLx¿dfly ul/g] Jojxf/ tyf wf/f !$ df kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnL, bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{liftf, jlsn /fVg kfpg], l56f]5l/tf] Gofo, sfg'gL ;xfotf, cfkm" lj?4sf ;fIfLx¿ k/LIf0f ug]{ tyf cfkm}+lj?4 ck/fw :jLsf/ ug{ s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 .

To:t} wf/f !% df klxn] u/]sf s'g} sfdafkt kl5 s;'/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofpg gx'g] tyf kl5 sfg'g agfP/ a9L ;hfo ug{ gx'g], wf/f !^ df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfg'gsf] cufl8 JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf, wf/f !& df uf]kgLotf, wf/f !* df ljrf/, cf:yf / wd{sf] :jtGqtf, wf/f !( df ljrf/, cleJolQm / ;"rgf, wf/f @) df o'4sf] k|rf/ tyf e]befj, zq'tf jf lx+;fnfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{ /fli6«o, hftLo jf wfld{s 3[0ffsf] jsfntdf k|ltaGw, wf/f @! df zflGtk"0f{ e]nf, wf/f @@ df 6«]8 o'lgog, ;ª\3 / ;+u7g vf]Ng] / wf/f @# df kl/jf/, :j]lR5s ljjfx / ;DaGwljR5]b ePsf] v08df afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, wf/f @$ df afnclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . To:t} wf/f @% df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw, lgjf{rg, dtflwsf/ uf]Ko dtbfg / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;xeflutf, wf/f @^ df ;a} JolQm sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfg x'g] tyf wf/f @& df ;fdflhs, wfld{s jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . wf/f @* b]lv %# ;Dd /fHokIfx¿n] o; cg'aGwsf] kfngf / sfof{Gjog /fli6«o txdf s]–s;/L ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg]af/]df k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/L To;sf] 5fglag ug{sf nflu :yflkt !* ;b:oLo dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt tyf cg'df]bg k|lqmofsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f $) cg';f/ o:tf] k|ltj]bg klxnf]k6s cg'aGw nfu" ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq / To;kl5 ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]adf]lhd k]; ug'{kg]{5 .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

36

!!= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] klxnf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq, !(^^ (Optional Protocal to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966)

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGwdf ePsf clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3g ePdf dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf ph'/L;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{sf nflu o; :j]lR5s ;lGwkqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo ;fwf/0f;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ kfl/t u/]sf] of] b:tfj]h o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 !$ cu:6 !((! b]lv of] ;lGwkq g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( tyf Gofok|zf;g P]g @)$* o; ;lGwkq;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; ;lGwkqsf] wf/f ! cg';f/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHoleq a:g] s'g} klg kLl8t JolQmn] clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug]{ ;/sf/sf lj?4 ph'/L btf{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . wf/f @ cg';f/ o;/L ph'/L ug'{eGbf klxn] b]zleq pknAw Goflos pkrf/sf ;a} pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . wf/f # cg';f/ a]gfd] jf cfwf/xLg ;"rgf / ph'/Lx¿ :jLsf/ ub}{g . wf/f $ cg';f/ To;/L k|fKt ph'/L :jLsf/ ePsf] v08df ;DalGwt /fHokIf ;f]wk'5sf nflu k7fOG5 h;sf] hjfkm ^ dlxgfleq lbO;Sg'kb{5 .

To:t} wf/f % cg';f/ ;ldltn] cGoq} cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] s'g} ljifodfly 5fglag ub}{g . 5fglag ePsf] v08df To;sf] lgisif{ / /fo;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt /fHokIf;dIf k7fOG5 . wf/f ^ df o:tf 5fglagx¿sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / wf/f & b]lv !$ ;Dd o; ;lGwkqsf] cg'df]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{ljlwx¿af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!@= /·e]b ck/fwsf] bdg / b08;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(&#International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1973

o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] #) gf]e]Da/ !(&# df kfl/t u/]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly !* h'nfO{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ !@ h'nfO{ !(&& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] #) cf}+ lbgb]lv

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37

g]kfndfly nfu" eof] . of] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f $ / !@ nfO{ g]kfnn] tTsfn nfu" gug{]{ u/L 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .

o; dxf;lGwdf !( cf]6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf hflt, /Ë, lnË, efiff jf wd{sf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj ug{ gx'g] pb\3f]if ul/Psf] 5 .

!#= dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979

o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(&( df kfl/t u/]kl5 o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o;nfO{ @@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u¥of] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/f / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL @)%), n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ag]sf] s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^#, &@ tyf dfgj–a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; dxf;lGwdf ^ efu / #) j6f wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr x'g] gful/s, /fhgLlts cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] pGd"ng geP;Dd s'g} klg ;dfhdf zflGt / ljsf; gx'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ! df dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . wf/f @ df o;/L dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] eT;{gf ub}{ ljgfl9nf;':tL ltgsf] pGd"ngsf lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf / Goflos pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnflj?4 e]befj ug]{ ;fdflhs k|yf / Jojxf/x¿ klg pGd"ng ul/g'kb{5 . dlxnflj?4 e]befj ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf /fHo dfq geP/ s'g} klg JolQm, ;+u7g jf ;+:yfnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk k|foh;f] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;lGw;Demf}tfx¿df dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / kfngf ug]{ bfloTj s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfdf geP/ /fHodf dfq ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} wf/f # df k'?ifx¿;/x dlxnfx¿sf] k"0f{ ljsf; / pTyfgsf nflu ljleGg sbdx¿ rflng'kg]{, wf/f $ df ;dfg¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] pTyfgsf lgldQ rflng'kg]{, wf/f $ df ;dfg¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] pTyfgsf lgldQ rflng'kg]{ ;sf/fTds e]befjsf c:yfoL sbd, wf/f % df lnËsf cfwf/df ljBdfg ?9Lut

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

38

k"jf{u|x / k|yfdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/df kl/jt{gsf ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f / ljsf;df k'?ifsf] klg ;dfg bfloTj x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ^ df dlxnfx¿sf] a]rlavg / j]Zofj[lQhGo ;a} zf]if0fx¿sf] bdgsf nflu rflng'kg]{ sbd, wf/f & df b]zsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf, wf/f * df cGt/f{li6«o txdf b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj / cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] tyf wf/f ( df gful/stf / ljjfx ePsf] cj:yfdf :j]R5fn] gful/stf /f]Hg kfpg] clwsf/af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t}, wf/f !) df lzIff If]qdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ tyf o;sf nflu cj:yfcg';f/ ljz]if lzIff / tflndsf nflu cfjZos ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf, wf/f !! df /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf ;dfg clwsf/ tyf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ ue{jtL / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf ljz]if 5"6 / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf, wf/f !@ df kl/jf/ lgof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfnufot uef{j:yf, k|;jfj:yf / k|hggkZrft\sf] cjlwdf cfjZos lgMz'Ns ;]jfsf] Joj:yf tyf wf/f !# df cfly{s / ;fdflhs hLjgsf cGo If]qx¿df dlxnfx¿lj?4sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug{sf nflu kfl/jfl/s nfex¿sf] clwsf/, a}+s C0f, aGwsL / cfly{s C0f, dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx¿, v]ns'b / ;f+:s[lts hLjgsf ;a} kIfx¿df efu lng kfpg] clwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\ . wf/f !$ df u|fdL0f If]qsf dlxnfsf nflu ;a} txsf ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf efu lng] clwsf/ nufotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} u/L wf/f !% df sfg'gsf] cufl8 dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?if;/x ;dfgtf, wf/f !^ df ljjfx / kfl/jfl/s dfldnfx¿df :j]R5fn] hLjg;fyLsf] rog / j}jflxs ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, ;Gtfgsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ tyf ;DklQsf] :jfldTjsf] k|flKt, Joj:yfkg, pkef]u / a]rlavgsf] ;DaGwdf ;dfg clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !& b]lv #) ;Dd o; ;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug{sf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] xfn @# ;b:o /x]sf] dlxnfx¿lj?4 x'g] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL ;ldltsf] u7g, sfo{k|0ffnL, /fHokIfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿sf] 5fglag tyf cg'df]bg k|lqmofnufotsf ljifox¿df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !* cg';f/ klxnf] k|ltj]bg dxf;lGwn] nfu" ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq / To;kl5 k|To]s rf/ jif{df tyf ;ldltn] dfu u/]adf]lhd k]; ug'{kb{5 .

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39

!$= oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$(Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishmnet 1984) o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !(*$ sf lbg kfl/t u/]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly @^ h'g !(*& b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o;nfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] tL;f}F lbgb]lv of] g]kfndf sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] .

of] o;sf] clwsf/ cGt/b]zLo 5 . o;n] ;'k'b{uL, lx/f;tdf lbOg] oftgf, z/0ffyL{ clwsf/, zf/Ll/s dfgl;s s7f]/ kL8f, o'4o'4df lbOg] wDsL, bdg, ;ª\s6sfn, hf]/h'n'dh:tf ljifox¿ kLl8tsf] clwsf/sf] lglZrttf u5{ . of] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] g]kfn h:tf /fi6««n] csf]{ /fi6««sf] JolQmnfO{ hxfF p;nfO{ oftgf lbg ;Sg] vt/f /x]sf] x'G5, To:tf] cj:yfdf kIf /fi6««n] cfkm\gf] /fi6««af6 lgsfnf u/L To:tf] /fi6««df kmsf{pg], k7fpg] jf ;'k'b{uL ug{ kfOFb}g .

o; dxf;lGwdf # efu / ## wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljZjel/af6 ;a} k|sf/sf oftgf / q"m/ Pj+ ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf] pGd"ng ug'{ xf] . o;sf] wf/f ! df oftgfsf] kl/efiff ub}{ s'g} klg zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s kL8f jf si6 lbg] sfo{nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . wf/f @ df oftgfsf sfo{x¿sf] /f]syfd ug{sf nflu k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ljleGg ljwflosL, k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf cGo pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ Pjd\ o'4 jf ;fj{hlgs ;ª\s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t oftgf lbg] sfo{ ug{ gx'g] k|fjwfg 5 . wf/f # df o; dxf;lGwsf] wf/f # df /x]sf] k|fjwfg z/0ffyL{sf xsdf ;d]t cfslif{t x'G5g\ . Pp6f /fi6««af6 csf]{ /fi6««df kmsf{pFbf jf ;'k'b{uL ubf{ ;DalGwt /fi6««df oftgfsf] vt/f 5 eg] ;'k'b{uL ug{ jf kmsf{pg x'Fb}g . z/0ffyL{nfO{ pb\ud /fi6««df kmsf{pbf jf ;'k'b{uL ubf{ lghnfO{ oftgf jf d[To'b08 lbg ;Sg] vt/f ePdf ;'k'b{uL ug{ jf kmsf{pg o; wf/fadf]lhd kfOFb}g . g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k6sk6ssf] km};nfn] klg To:tf] sfo{nfO{ /f]s nufPsf] 5 . wf/f $ df oftgfnfO{ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] 3f]if0ff u/L bf]ifLdfly ;hfo ul/g'kg]{, wf/f % df /fHokIfsf] If]qflwsf/sf] kl/efiff, wf/f ^ df oftgf lbg] bf]ifL JolQmsf] lu/km\tf/L / 5fglag, wf/f & df To:tf] bf]ifL JolQm ljb]zdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL b]zdf sf/afxL rnfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg tyf wf/f * df /fHokIfx¿aLrsf ;'k'b{uL ;lGwdf oftgfsf] s;'/nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\ .

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40

To:t} wf/f ( df Ps /fHokIfn] sf/afxL rnfpg] csf]{ /fHokIfnfO{ cfkm";Fu ePsf k|df0fx¿ pknAw u/fO{ Goflos k'k{Ifsf sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{kg]{, wf/f !) df oftgfnfO{ lgif]w ul/Psf] ;jfn sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ lgsfo / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] tflndnufot z}lIfs k7gkf7gdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{, wf/f !! df oftgfsf bf]ifLx¿dfly sf/afxL ug]{;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ Jojl:yt ul/g'kg]{, wf/f !@ df st} oftgfsf] sfo{ ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ePdf tTsfn lgikIf cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9fOg'kg]{, wf/f !# df oftgfaf6 kLl8t JolQmn] ph'/L lbg] tyf lghnfO{ cfjZos ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ k|fjwfg, wf/f !$ df oftgfkLl8tnfO{ sfg'gL pkrf/;lxt k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf, wf/f !% df oftgf lbg] JolQmn] lbPsf] aofg ;DalGwt d'2fdf afx]s cGoq k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] tyf wf/f !^ df dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! sf] kl/efiffleq gkg]{ cGo lsl;dsf q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf sfo{x¿ klg lgif]w ug'{kg]{ bfloTj 5 .

To:t} wf/f !& b]lv #@ ;Dd /fli6«o txdf o; dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog s] s;/L ePsf] 5 egL cg'udg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ul7t !) ;b:oLo oftgflj?4sf] ;ldltsf sfo{If]q sfo{ljlw, cg'df]bg k|lqmof / cGo k|fljlws ljifox¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . !%= v]ns'bdf /ª\ue]blj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(*%International Convention against Apartheid in Sports 1985 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !(*% df kfl/t u¥of] / o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly # clk|n !(** b]lv nfu" eof] . o; dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] ! dfr{ !(*( df cg'df]bg u/]sf] tL;f}F lbgb]lv g]kfndf nfu" ePsf] xf] . of] dxf;lGw ljutdf blIf0f clk|msfdf uf]/f hfltsf] ;/sf/n] sfnf hfltsf blIf0fL clk|msL hgtfdfly nfu" u/]sf] hftLo e]bsf] k[i7e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/f, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ tyf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g @)%# o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

!^= cflbjf;L tyf hghflt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d u7g dxf;lGw, !(*( cGt/f{li6«o >d u7gsf] g+= !^( sf] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ & h"g !(*( df dxf;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ @@ cu:6, @))& df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfndfly sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/f o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

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41

o; dxf;lGwdf * efu / $$ cg'R5]b jf wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . k|:tfjgfcg';f/ o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljZjel/sf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ;a} dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofelt ub}{ pgLx¿sf cfkm\gf u7gx¿, hLjgk4lt / cfly{s ljsf;dfly lgoGq0f sfod /fVg] tyf cfkm\gf] efiff / wd{nfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g ug]{ rfxgfx¿nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . k|:tfjgfdf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf / dfgjhfltsf] ;fdflhs Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;fd~h:o, cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tyf ;dembf/L sfod ug{df cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d'bfosf] ljlzi6 of]ubfgnfO{ cem a9L Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ k|lta4tf;d]t hgfOPsf] 5 .

!&= afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*(Convention on Rights of Child 1989 o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df kfl/t u]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] tL;f}+ lbgb]lv /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, >d P]g, @)$* tyf afn>d -lgif]w_ P]g @)%^ cflb o; dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; dxf;lGwdf # efu / %$ wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf dfgj clwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljutdf ePsf ljleGg k|of;x¿nfO{ :d/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg cGo jo:s JolQm;/xs} dfgj clwsf/ x'g] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3cGtu{t ljsl;t gful/s, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;a} clwsf/x¿nfO{ Pp6} dxf;lGwdf o;/L ;d]l6Psf] of] klxnf] k|ultzLn sbd xf] . vf; u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf lgldQ oL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf] Ps} ;fy cfjZostf kg]{ s'/fnfO{ o; dxf;lGwdf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf afnclwsf/x¿nfO{ kf]if0f, ;+/If0f, ;xeflutf / ljsf;sf] clwsf/ u/L rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

!*= d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zon] Joj:yf ul/Psf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] bf];|f] P]lR5s ;lGwkq, !(*(Second Optional Protocal to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty 1989

o; ;lGwkqnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !% l8;]Da/ !(*( df kfl/t u/]adf]lhd o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly !! h'nfO{ !((! b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o;nfO{ $ dfr{ !((* df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 $ h'g !((* b]lv g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&Ù

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42

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# tyf b08;hfo ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g @)%% cflb o; ;lGwkq;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

o; ;lGwkqdf !! j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f # df k|Tofe"t hLjg, j}olQms :jtGqtf / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/sf] ;fy} gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ n] d[To' b08sf] pGd"ng jf~5gLo x'g]5 egL JoQm cfzosf cfwf/df o; ;lGwkqsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ! cg';f/ o; ;lGwkqnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfsf] If]qflwsf/leq d[To'b08 pGd"ng ul/g]5 . wf/f @ cg';f/ o'4sf] ;dodf ul/Psf] ;}Go k|s[ltsf] cToGt uDeL/ ck/fwsf] lglDt s;'/bf/ 7x¥ofOPadf]lhd o'4sf] ;dodf dfq d[To'b08 nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ u/L cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng ubf{sf avt /flvPsf] ;t{afx]s cGo cj:yfdf o:tf s'g} ;t{ /fVg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f # df dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf cfkm"n] k]; ug]{ k|ltj]bgdf o; ;lGwkqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg rflnPsf sbdx¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg] k|fjwfg 5 . wf/f $ cg';f/ csf]{ s'g} /fHokIfnfO{ klg o; ;lGwkqcg';f/sf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ /fHokIfaf6 ;"rgf k|fKt u/L dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . wf/f % cg';f/ s'g} ;b:o /fi6««n] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] klxnf] P]lR5s ;lGwkqnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] o; bf];|f] ;lGwkqn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf d[To'b08lj?4sf] clwsf/sf ljifodf klg dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf JolQmut ph'/L btf{ ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . wf/f ^ b]lv !! ;Dd cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof / cGo k|fljlws ljifox¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

!(= dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq, !(((Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 1999 o; ;lGwkqnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] ^ cS6f]a/ !((( df kfl/t u/]adf]lhd o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly @@ l8;]Da/ @))@ b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o; ;lGwkqnfO{ !% h'g @))& df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfndf !% ;]K6]Da/ @))& b]lv /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . o; ;lGwkqdf @! j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . wf/f ! df dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGwcGtu{t ph'/Lx¿ k|fKt ug]{ dlxnflj?4 x'g] e]befjx¿sf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{

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43

:jLsf/ ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . wf/f @ cg';f/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfsf] clwsf/If]qleq /x]sf kLl8t JolQm jf ;d"xn] ph'/L lbg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f # df ph'/L ug'{eGbf klxn] /fli6«o txdf pknAw pkrf/sf ;a} dfu{x¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 jf To:tf] pkrf/ l9nf] x'g] jf k|efjsf/L gx'g] s'/f k'li6 ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . wf/f % df ph'/L lbg] JolQm jf ;d"xsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjZos k/]df tTsfn kqfrf/ ug]{ tyf wf/f ^ df ;DalGwt /fHokIfnfO{ ph'/Lsf] hfgsf/L lbg] / ̂ dlxgfleq To:tf] /fHokIfn] cfkm\gf] hjfkm k]; ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 .

To:t} wf/f & df ph'/Ldfly uf]Ko 5fglag u/L cfkm\gf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ ;DalGwt /fHokIfnfO{ k7fpg] tyf tL lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bg ^ dlxgfleq ;ldlt;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . wf/f * cg';f/ uDeL/ ¿kdf dxf;lGwdf ePsf clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3g eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf 5fglagsf nflu ;xof]u dfu ug]{ tyf cfjZos 7fg]df uf]Ko ¿kdf :ynut cWoogdf 5fglag 6f]nL k7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o; wf/fcg';f/ To:tf] 5fglagsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfj ;DalGwt /fHokIf;dIf k7fO;s]kl5 ^ dlxgfleq ;ldlt ;dIf cfkm\gf] k|ltlqmof k7fpg'kb{5 . wf/f ( df ;ldlt;dIf lgoldt k|ltj]bgx¿ k]z ubf{ o:tf 5fgljgx¿sf] lgisif{, ;'emfj / sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ klg v'nfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 .

;lGwkqsf] wf/f !) df o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ubf{ ;ldltn] o;/L ph'/L lnP/ 5fglag ug]{, If]qflwsf/ :jLsf/ gug]{ 3f]if0ff ug{ 5'6 k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !! df o;/L ph'/L lbg] JolQm jf ;d"xdfly b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ gx'g], wf/f !@ df o:tf ph'/L;DaGwL sfdsf/afxLsf] ;f/f+z cfkm\gf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf k]; ug'{kg]{ wf/f !# df o; ;lGwkqdf ePsf Joj:yf / 5fglagsf] lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx¿af/] /fHokIfx¿n] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{kg]{ tyf wf/f !$ df ;ldltn] cfjZostfcg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnL agfpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . wf/f !% b]lv @! ;Dd cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof tyf cGo k|fljlws ;jfnx¿jf/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. .

@)= ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]ulj?4 afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq, @)))Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvment of Children in Armed Conflict 2000

o; ;lGwkqnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @% d] @))) df kfl/t u/]kl5 cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly !@ km/a/L @))@ b]lv nfu" eof] .

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g]kfnn] o; ;lGwkqnfO{ #! cS6f]a/ @))% df cg'df]bg u/kl5 ;f]xL ldltb]lv sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/fx¿ ;lGwkq;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; ;lGwkqdf !# a6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dn] afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u ug{ jf pgLx¿dfly xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug] sfo{ x'g glbg] k|lta4tf hgfpFb} o; lbzfdf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿nfO{ :d/0f ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ! df !* jif{ gk'u]sf JolQmx¿ ;z:q ;d"xsf ;b:o eP/ ljb|f]xdf k|ToIf ¿kn] ;+nUg 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{, wf/f @ df ;/sf/L ;}Go;]jfdf ;+nUg gu/fpg], wf/f # df ;}Go;]jfdf etL{ x'g] s'/f afWofTds x'g gx'g], wf/f $ df !* jif{ gk'u]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;z:q ;d"xn] s'g} klg ljb|f]xsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ gx'g], wf/f % df o; ;lGwkqsf sf/0f afnaflnsfsf lxtdf ePsf cGo pko'Qm k|fjwfg / bfloTjdf sdL cfpg gx'g], wf/f ^ df ;lGwkqdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu rflng'kg]{ ljwflosL, Goflos tyf k|zf;lgs sbdx¿ / wf/f & df ;z:q jf ;}Go ;+nUgtfaf6 kLl8t afnaflnsfx¿sf] k'gjf{; / ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} wf/f * df /fHokIfn] ;lGwkq nfu" ePsf] @ jif{leq afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwcGtu{t :yflkt ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo afn clwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf cg'df]bg u/]sf] @ jif{leq lj:t[t k|ltj]bg / To;kl5 k|To]s % jif{df cfjlws k|ltj]bg k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f ( b]lv !# ;Dd o;sf] cg'df]bg k|lqmof / cGo k|fljlws ljifox¿af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

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@!= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / afncZnLntflj?4 afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq, @)))Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and child Pornograaphy 2000

o; ;lGwkqnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] @% d] @))) df kfl/t eO{ o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fHokIfx¿dfly !* hgj/L @))@ b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] o; ;lGwkqnfO{ @) hgj/L @))^ df cg'df]bg u/]kl5 @) km/j/L @))^ b]lv g]kfndfly /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*Ù 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g, @)$* tyf /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g, @)$( cflb o; ;lGwkq;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / afncZnLntfsf] k|bz{gL / pkof]udf lgif]w ug]{;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostfdfly k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . wf/f ! df ;DalGwt /fHokIfx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / afncZnLntfsf] lrq0f dfly aGb]h nufpg'kg]{, wf/f @ df plNnlvt zAb / jfSof+zsf] kl/efiff, wf/f # df o:tf ck/fwx¿nfO{ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwcGtu{t b08gLo 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{, wf/f $ df hxfhdf /x]/ o:tf ck/fw ug]{x¿dflysf] If]qflwsf/, wf/f % df ck/fwLx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg'';f/ ;'k'b{uL ug'{kg]{, wf/f ^ df o:tf ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg jf sf/afxL jf ;'k'b{uLsf lgldQ ePsf k|df0f sfuhx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{, wf/f & df o:tf ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L / pks/0fx¿ hkmt ug'{kg]{ tyf wf/f * df cg';Gwfg, k'k{If / sf/jfxLsf l;nl;nfdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] JolQmut lxt / rfxgfsf] sb/ ul/g'kg]{, wf/f ( df lzIff, tflnd / ;\"rgfh:tf ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ ckgfpg], wf/f !) df ko{6gsf] dfWodaf6 x'g] o:tf / zf]if0f / ck/fwx¿sf] /f]syfd ug{ ax'kIfLo, If]qLo tyf låkIfLo txdf ljleGg sbdx¿ rfNg] tyf ul/a / k5f}6]kgsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf wf/f !! df o; ;lGwkqafx]s cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kfngf ug]{ h:tf k|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

wf/f !@ df /fHokIfn] ;lGwkq nfu" ePsf] @ jif{leq afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwcGtu{t :yflkt ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf cg'df]bg u/]sf] @ jif{leq lj:t[t k|ltj]bg / To;kl5 k|To]s % jif{df cfjlws k|ltj]bg

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46

k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !# b]lv !& ;Dd cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof / cGo k|fljlws ;jfnx¿af/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@@= ckf·tf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw @))^ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf s'g} klg 3f]if0ffkqx¿åf/f ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf ;Gbe{df ljlzi6Ls[t k|fjwfgx¿ gtf]lsPsf sf/0f To:tf 3f]if0ffkqx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq} ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutf, ;zQmLs/0f, :jtGqtf / :jfledfg h:tf d"ne"t clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;g\ @))! sf] l8;]Da/df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] dxf;efn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/L ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3;dIf k]; ug{ Ps lgb]{zs ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltn] % jif{;Dd ljleGg pkIf]qLo If]qLo Pj+ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf 5nkmn, ax; / cGtlq{mof u/L ;Íng ul/Psf dtsf cfwf/df clGtd d:of}bf ;g\ @))^ sf] cu:6 @% tfl/vsf lbgdf kfl/t u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3;dIf k]; u/]sf] lyof] . ^! cf}+ dxf;efsf] a}7sn] pQm dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g\ @))^ sf] l8;]Da/ !# tfl/vsf lbg kfl/t u/L x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu ;g\ @))& dfr{ #) tfl/vb]lv v'nf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGw / o;sf] P]lR5s k|f]6f]snnfO{ @)^^ k'; !@ -@& hgj/L @)!)_ df cg''df]bg u¥of] .

;g\ @))^ df @% j6f k|:tfjgf, %) j6f wf/f / !* j6f P]lR5s k|f]6f]snx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . wf/f ! / @ n] kl/efiffhGo ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] wf/f # b]lv ( n] ckfËtf;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ pQ/bfloTj / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f !) b]lv #@ n] lglZrt clwsf/sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . wf/f ## b]lv $) df dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ljlw / To;sf] cg'udgsf k|fjwfgx¿ tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] wf/f $) b]lv %) ;Ddsf clGtd wf/fx¿n] dxf;lGwsf] k|fljlws kIfnfO{ JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g u/L ltgsf :jfledfgk"0f{ hLjg ;'lglZrt u/fpg' dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6««x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf o; dxf;lGwnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

@#, ckf·tf ePsf] JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s k|f]6f]sn @))^ of] P]lR5s k|f]6f]snn] ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf] ljifodf kLl8t kIfnfO{ pkrf/sf] xs ;'lglZrt ug{ yk Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df !* a6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] o;nfO{ ldlt @)^^ k'; !@ -@& hgj/L @)!)_ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

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@$, e|i6frf/lj?4 ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo dxf;lGw @))) of] dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3n] $ l8;]Da/ @))) df dfGotf lbO{ @! cS6f]a/ @))# df u|x0f u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnn] @))# df x:tfIf/ u/L @$ km]a|'c/L @)!! -!@ kmfu'g @)^&_ df Joj:yflksf ;+;b\n] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 nfu" eof] . of] dxf;lGw & kl/R5]b / &! wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cGt/f{li6«o txdf e|i6frf/lj?4 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' / /fli6«o :t/df sfg'gL k|fjwfg lgdf{0f;DaGwL jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . of] dxf;lGw e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(Ù ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%, d'n'sL P]gcGtu{t ;/sf/L wgdfn df;]sf] d'2f, 3"; d'2f cflb;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .

e|i6frf/sf sf/0f ;fdflhs :yfloTj / ;'/Iffdf pTkGg x'g] uDeL/ ;d:of / r'gf}tL, k|hftGqsf] d"No / ;f] ;Da4 ;+:yfsf] g}lts d"No / Gofok|ltsf] ck]Iff Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; tyf sfg'gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] vt/fk|lt ;/f]sf/ ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwsf] kl/R5]b ! sf] wf/f ! df p2]Zo;DaGwL clesyg / wf/f @ sf] sb]lv em;Dd qmdzM ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L, ljb]zL ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L, ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] clwsf/L, ;DklQ, cfk/flws cfh{g, /f]Ssf jf sAhf–hkmt, ;Da4 s;'/ / lgolGqt cfk"lt{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f # df nfu" x'g] If]q, wf/f $ df ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf rrf{ 5 . kl/R5]b b'O{df lgjf/0ffTds pkfox¿cGtu{t wf/f % df e|i6frf/lj?4sf lgjf/0ffTds gLlt tyf Jojxf/x¿, wf/f ̂ df e|i6frf/lj/f]wL lgjf/0ffTds lgsfo / lgsfox¿, wf/f & df ;fj{hlgs If]q, wf/f * df ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, wf/f ( df ;fj{hlgs vl/b Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] Joj:yfkg, wf/f !) df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|jfx, wf/f !! df Gofokflnsf / cleof]hg ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt pkfox¿, wf/f !@ df lghL If]q, wf/f !# df ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf / wf/f !$ df d'b|f lgd{nLs/0f /f]Sg] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf pNN]v 5 . To;} u/L kl/R5]b # cGtu{t ck/fwLs/0f / sfg'g sfof{GjogcGtu{t wf/f !% df /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] 3";–l/;jt;DaGwL, wf/f !^ df ljb]zL ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L / ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o u7gx¿sf clwsf/Lsf] 3";–l/;jt;DaGwL, wf/f !& df ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Låf/f ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf ug]{, b'?kof]u ug]{ jf cGoq nufpg];DaGwL, wf/f !* df k|efjsf] b'?kof]u, wf/f @) df u}/sfg'gL ;DkGgtfaf/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f @! df lghL If]qsf 3";–l/;jt, wf/f @@ df lghL If]qsf] ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf, wf/f @# df cfk/flws cfh{gsf]

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48

lgd{nLs/0f, wf/f @$ df n'sfpg], l5kfpg] sfo{, wf/f @% df Gofodf cj/f]w, wf/f @^ df sfg'gL JolQmsf] bfloTj, wf/f @& df ;xeflutf / pBf]u, wf/f @* df s;'/sf] tTjsf] ¿kdf hfgsf/L, cfzo / p2]Zosf] af/]df pNn]v 5 .

wf/f @( df xbDofb;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfg, wf/f #) df cleof]hg, Gofolg0f{og / cg';f:tL, wf/f #! df /f]Ssf, a/fdbL / hkmt, wf/f #@ df ;fIfL, ljz]if1 / kLl8tsf] ;'/Iff, wf/f ## df ;"lrt ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] ;'/Iff, wf/f #$ df e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿sf] kl/0ffd, wf/f #% df gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{, wf/f #& df sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;xof]u, wf/f #* df /fli6«o lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;xof]u, wf/f #( df /fli6«o lgsfo / lghL If]qaLrsf] ;xof]u, wf/f $) df a}+ssf] uf]kgLotf, wf/f $! df kmf}hbf/L clen]v, wf/f $@ df clwsf/ If]qsf] Joj:yf 5 . kl/R5]b $ cGt/f{li6«out wf/f $# df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u, wf/f $$ df ;'k'b{uL, wf/f $% df ;hfo kfPsf JolQmsf] x:tfGt/0f, wf/f $^ df kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf, wf/f $& df kmf}hbf/L sf/afxLsf] :yfgfGt/0f, wf/f $* df sfg'g sfof{Gjog ;xof]u, wf/f $( df ;+o'Qm cg';Gwfg, wf/f %) df ljz]if cg';GwfgfTds k|ljlwx¿;DaGwL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . kl/R5]b % df ;DklQ lkmtf{ cGt/f{li6«out wf/f %! df ;fdfGo k|fjwfg, wf/f %@ df cfk/flws cfh{gsf] x:tfGt/0fsf] /f]syfd / vf]hk8tfn, wf/f %# df ;DklQ k|ToIf ¿kdf lkmtf{ ug]{;DaGwL pkfox¿, wf/f %$ df hkmt ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]udfkm{t ;DklQ lkmtf{;DaGwL, wf/f %% df hkmt;DaGwL p2]Zosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u, wf/f %^ df ljz]if ;xof]u, wf/f %& df ;DklQ lkmtf{ / aGbf]a:tL, wf/f %* df ljQLo lgu/fgL OsfO, wf/f %( df låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf / k|aGwx¿sf af/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kl/R5]b ^ df k|fljlws ;xfotf / ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgcGtu{t wf/f ^) df tflnd / k|fljlws ;xfotf, wf/f ^! df e|i6frf/;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Íng, cfbfgk|bfg / ljZn]if0f, wf/f ^@ df cGo pkfox¿ M cfly{s ljsf; / k|fljlws ;xfotfåf/f dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf pNn]v 5 . To;} u/L kl/R5]b & df sfof{Gjog ;+oGqx¿cGtu{t wf/f ^% df dxf;lGwsf /fHokIfx¿sf] ;Dd]ng, wf/f ^$ df ;lrjfno, wf/f ^% df dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog, wf/f ^^ df ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg, wf/f ^& df x:tfIf/, cg'df]bg, :jLs[lt, ;dy{g / ;lDdng, wf/f ^* df k|f/De, wf/f ^( df ;+zf]wg, wf/f &) df cnu x'g] / wf/f &! df clen]v clwsf/L / efiffx¿sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

49

g]kfn kIf gePsf t/ dxTjk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿

dfgj clwsf/sf gf} 7"nf dxf;lGwdWo] b'O{ dxf;lGw g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ug{ afFsL 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!, ;a} cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ / ltgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -;g\ !(()_o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] dxf;efsf] $% cf}F ;qsf] wf/f !% l8;]Da/ !(() df cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf k|:tfjgf;lxt ( efu / (# wf/f 5g\ . of] dxf;lGw ;g\ @))# h'nfO{ # b]lv nfu" eof] . nfvf}+ g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ ljZje/ sfd ul//x]sf] eP klg of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

of] dxf;lGw cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/hgsf] xs, clwsf/ / ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] xf] . /fli6«otfsf sf/0fn] cfk|jf;sf sf/0f pgsf kl/jf/sf] la5f]8 x'g], sfdbf/pk/ q"m/, cdfgjLo / ckdfghgs Jojxf/ x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf o:tf sfdbf/x¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] cj:yfdf of] dxf;lGwn] kIf /fi6««nfO{ bafa lbG5 .

xfn cfk|jf;sf] ljifo ljZjJofkL 5nkmnsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg klg ljZjJofkL r'gf}tLsf] ljifo;d]t ag]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ pgsf kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf k6sk6s ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ kg{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] b]z 5f]8]/ cfPsfn] kof{Kt clwsf/x¿ k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0f cfjZos x'G5 . of] dxf;lGwn] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf cfkm" pTklQ ePsf] /fi6«« 5f]8L /f]huf/Lsf nflu cGo /fi6««df k'u]sf sfdbf/, pgsf kl/jf/, pgLx¿sf] kfl/>lds, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f nufotsf ljifodf cfjZos ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

@, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -;g\ @))^_ ank"j{s a]kQf kfl/gaf6 ;a} JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw @))^ of] dxf;lGw ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f @) l8;]Da/ @))^ df hf/L u/L @)!), l8;]Da/ @# b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . o;sf s"n # efu / $% wf/f 5g\ . of] dxf;lGwn] d"ntM cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gåf/f kl/eflift x'g] dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, ank"j{s a]kQfsf] r/d cj:yf / To;sf] uDeL/tfk|lt ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . of] dxf;lGwn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] /f]syfd / To; sfo{nfO{ b08gLo agfpF5 . a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] ck/fwsf] b08af6 aRg vf]Hg]nfO{ b08 lbg'sf ;fy} kLl8tx¿sf] Gofo tyf kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/sf] Vofn ub}{ of] dxf;lGw hf/L Pj+ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

50

k|yd / bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 ljZje/ dflg;x¿ ank"j{s a]kQf x'g] qmd a9\g yfNof] . To;sf ;fy} ljleGg /fi6««, ;d'bfo, wd{, ;+:s[lt If]qsf gfddf ;z:q ljb|f]xx¿ a9\g yfn] . o;} qmddf ;j{;fwf/0f;d]t a]kQf kfl/g yfn] . g]kfndf ;d]t ljleGg ljb|f]x, cfGbf]ngdf dflg;x¿ a]kQf eP / ;f] qmd cfh klg 5 . o:t} sfo{ lg?T;flxt ug{ Pj+ a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] hLjg ;'/Iff / 5fglag Pj+ pkrf/sf nflu of] dxf;lGwn] sfo{ ub{5 .

qm=;+=

g]kfn /fHokIf ePsf ;lGwx¿

;+=/f=;+=af6 kfl/t ldlt

g]kfnn] cg'df]bg÷;lDdng

u/]sf] ldlt

!= bf;Tj dxf;lGw, !(@^ @% ;]K6]Da/, !(@^

& hgj/L, !(^#

@= bf;Tj dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ cfn]v, !(%#

@% ;]K6]Da/, !(@^

!(%#

& hgj/L, !(^#

#= hfltxTof ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !($*

( l8;]Da/, !($*

!& hgj/L, !(^(

$= hLp df:g] a]Rg] tyf c¿sf] j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0fsf] bdgsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;lGw, !($(

@ l8;]Da/, !($(

@& l8;]Dj/, !((%

%= gf/Lsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(%@

@) l8;]Da/, !(%@

@^ clk|n, !(^^

^= bf;Tj, bf; Jofkf/ / bf;Tj ;dfgsf ;+:yf / cEof;x¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL k"/s dxf;lGw, !(%^

& ;]K6]Da/, !(%^

& hgj/L, !(^#

g]kfn kIf ePsf ;lGwx¿

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

51

&= anft\ >d pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw, !(%&

!& hgj/L,, !(%(

# hgj/L, @))@

*= ;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^%

@! l8;]Da/, !(^%

#) hgj/L, !(&!

(= cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^

!^ l8;]Da/, !(^^

!$ d], !((!

!)= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^

!^ l8;]Da/, !(^^

!$ d], !((!

!!= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqsf] :j]lR5s cfn]v, !(^^

!^ l8;]Da/ !(^^

!$ d], !((

!@= /Ëe]b ck/fwsf] bdg / ;hfo;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(&#

#) gf]e]Da/, !(&#

!@ h'nfO, !(&&

!#= dlxnflj?åsf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&(

!* l8;]Da/, !(&(

@@ clk|n, !((!

!$= oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08lj?åsf] dxf;lGw, !(*$

!) l8;]Da/, !(*$

!$ d], !((!

!%= v]ns'bdf /Ëe]blj?åsf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(*%

!) l8;]Da/, !(*%

! dfr{, !(*(

!^= :jtGq b]zx¿sf cflbjf;L hghflt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g dxf;lGw, !(*(

& h"g, !(*( @@ cu:6, @))&

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

52

!&= d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zon] Joj:yf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqsf] bf];|f] :j]lR5s cfn]v, !(*(

!% l8;]Da/, !(*(

$ dfr{ !((*

!*= afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*(

@) gf]e]Da/ !(*(

!$ ;]K6]Da/, !(()

!(= dlxnflj?åsf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] :j]lR5s cfn]v, !(((

^ cS6f]a/, !(((

!% h"g, @))&

@)= ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] :j]lR5s cfn]v, @)))

@% d], @))) #! cS6f]a/, @))%

@!= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn j]Zofj[lQ tyf afn cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwdf Joj:yf gePsf] afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] :j]lR5s cfn]v, @))%

@% d]= @))% @) hgj/L, @))^

@@= ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, @))^

!# l8;]Da/, @))^

@& hgj/L, @)!)

@#= ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, @))^

!# l8;]Da/, @))^

@& hgj/L, @)!)

@$ e|i6frf/lj?4 ;+oQm /fi6««;+3Lo dxf+;lGw

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

53

qm=;+= ;fs{;DaGwL dxf;lGwu|x0f ul/Psf]

ldltnfu" ePsf] ldlt

!= blIf0f Pl;ofdf afn sNof0f k|j4{g ug{sf nflu If]qLo k|aGw ug]{;DaGwL ;fs{ dxf;lGw, @))@

% hgj/L, @))@

!% gf]e]Da/, @))%

@= j]Zofj[lQsf] nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] hLp df:g] a]Rg] sfd /f]syfd ug]{ / ;f] lj?å ;ª\3if{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;fs{ dxf;lGw, @))@

% hgj/L, @))@

!% gf]e]Da/, @))%

g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o >d u7g;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿qm=;+ ;lGwsf] gfd cg'df]bg ldlt

!= cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf ;fKtflxs labf nfu" ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(@!

;g\ !(**

@= ano'Qm >d;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(#) ;g\ @))@

#= ;ª\ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;f}bfafhL;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !($(

;g\ !((^

$= ;dfg kfl/>lds;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%! ;g\ !(&^

%= ano'Qm >dsf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%&

;g\ @))&

^= lje]b -/f]huf/L / k];f_–;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%*

;g\ !(&$

&= ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df Go"gtd Hofnf, !(&) lgwf{/0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw

;g\ !(&$

*= /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gQd pd]/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&#

;g\ !((&

(= cGt/f{li6«o >d sfg'gsf] :t/ sfof{Gjogsf] :t/ k|j4{g ug{ kfl/t lqkIfLo k/fdz{;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&^

;g\ !((%

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

54

!)= cflbjf;L / hghfltsf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*(

;g\ @))&

!!= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(((

;g\ @))@

;g\ !($( sf] rf/ h]g]ef dxf;lGw / o;sf b'O{ cltl/Qm cfn]v

qm=;= ;lGwsf] gfd cg'df]bg ldlt

!= o'4d}bfgdf 3fOt] tyf la/fdL ePsf ;}lgsx¿sf] cj:yf ;'wf/;DaGwL !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

& km]a|'c/L, !(^$

klxnf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

@= ;d'b|df 3fOt] tyf la/fdL / ;ª\s6u|:t hxfhsf ;z:q ;]gfsf ;b:ox¿sf] cj:yf ;'wf/;DaGwL !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

& km]a|'c/L bf];|f] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

#= o'4aGbLx¿;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/;DaGwL !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

& km]a|'c/L t];|f] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

$= o'4sf] ;dodf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

& km]a|'c/L rf}yf] h]g]ef dxf;lGw

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

55

%= !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;z:q ;ª\3if{af6 kLl8tx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL klxnf] cltl/Qm cfn]v, !(&&

cltl/Qm cfn]v

xfn;Dd cg'df]bg gePsf]

^= !@ cu:6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] u}/cGt/f{i6«o ;z:q ;ª\3if{af6 kLl8tx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bf];|f] cltl/Qm cfn]v, !(&&

cltl/Qm cfn]v

xfn;Dd cg'df]bg gePsf]

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

56

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g (International Humanitarian Law) eGgfn] cfGtl/s jf ;z:q åGåsf a]nf nfu" x'g] dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtx¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL k|rlnt d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtx¿;d]t kb{5g\, h;nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ cj:yfdf dfq geO{ ;z:q åGåsf l:yltdf ;d]t kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;z:q åGåsf cj:yfdf ;a} kIfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ o:tf lgod / l;4fGtx¿sf af/]df ljleGg k|frLg wd{, bz{g, k/Dk/fut sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ;d]6\g] p2]Zon] ;g\ !($( sf] @! clk|nb]lv !@ cu:6;Dd l:j6\h/NofG8sf] P]ltxfl;s ;x/ h]g]efdf ;DkGg ljZjel/sf ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx¿sf] s"6gLlts ;Dd]ngn] $ j6f dxf;lGwx¿ kfl/t u¥of] . log} dxf;lGwx¿sf] k|efjsf/L kfngfsf nflu kl5 ;g\ !(&& df cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;z:q åGåsf l:yltdf nfu" x'g] b'O{j6f ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t ul/of] . kl5Nnf lbgx¿df cfP/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gs} cleGg ¿kdf af?bL ;'\?ª;DaGwL cf]6fjf dxf;lGw !((& tyf o'4 ck/fw;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfg !((* klg kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;g\ !($( sf $ j6f dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ & km/j/L !(^$ df cg'df]bg u¥of] . t/ cGo ;DalGwt ;lGw–;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ cfh;Dd cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

oxfF g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf ;g\ !($( sf ltg} rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿af/] ;ª\If]kdf k|sfz kfl/g]5 . oL dxf;lGwx¿sf] wf/f # df ePsf Joj:yfx¿afx]s cGo ;a} k|fjwfgx¿ cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGå;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;/L $ j6} dxf;lGwx¿sf wf/f # df Pp6} k|fjwfgx¿ ePsf x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;femf wf/f # klg elgG5 . o;n] xltof/ la;fO;s]sf / la/fdL, 3fOt], y'gf jf cGo To:t} sf/0fn] ;z:q åGådf ;lqmo ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g jf n8\g c;Ifd eO;s]sf] JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ 5 . o; cj:yfdf pgLx¿dfly xTof, cËeË, q"m/ Jojxf/ jf oftgfnufotsf lx+;fÙ ckx/0f u/L aGws agfpg]Ù JolQmut k|lti7fdfly cfqmd0f jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ tyf :jtGq / lgikIf Goflos k'k{Ifaf6 jl~rt ug]{h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . a¿ dfgjtfsf cfwf/df ;a} 3fOt] / la/fdLx¿sf] :ofxf/

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo / kmf}hbf/L sfg'g

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

57

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL rf/j6f dxf;lGwx¿ qmdzM o'4 d}bfgdf 3fOt] tyf la/fdL ePsf ;}lgsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/Ù ;d'b|df 3fOt], la/fdL jf Wj:t hxfhdf k/]sf ;}GozlQmsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/Ù o'4aGbLx¿dfly ul/g] Jojxf/ tyf o'4sf] ;dodf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g Pj+ Gofo International Criminal Court o'4ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, g/;+xf/, dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gnufotsf ljifodf 5fglag u/L sfg'gadf]lhd sf/afxLsf] nflu lg0f{o lbg ul7t cGt/f{li6«o rl/q ePsf] kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf] cbfnt xf] . /f]dljwfg !((* cg';f/ of] cbfnt ;g\ @))@ sf] h'nfO ! df :yfoL Gofoflws/0fsf] ¿kdf u7g ePsf] dflgG5 . g]b/NofG8sf] x]udf o;sf] cbfnt /x]sf] 5 . cbfntnfO{ /f]d ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogstf{ klg elgG5 . o; cbfntdf hDdf !* hgf GofofwLz /xg] Joj:yf 5, h;sf] kbfjlw gf} jif{sf] x'G5 . /f]dljwfg cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf /fi6««x¿af6 ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo dxf;ef / ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm x'G5 . /fli6«o txsf] pkNnf] Gofofnodf sfd ul/;s]sf GofofwLzx¿ o; cbfntsf nflu of]Uo dflgG5g\ . o; cbfntsf] :yfkgfk5fl8sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] g/;+xf/, o'4ck/fw / dfgjtflj/f]wL ck/fw / dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gdf ;+nUg cleo'Qmx¿nfO{ /f]dljwfgcGtu{t dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;Ldfleq /xL kL8snfO{ ;hfo, kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] lg0f{o ul/G5 . /fli6«o txdf oL ck/fwdf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] nflu kof{Kt cfwf/ gePsf] l:yltdf kIf/fi6««x¿sf] nflu o;n] ;f] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ub{5 . oL ljljw cfk/flws k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿sf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug'{sf] ;fy} o; cbfntn] sfg'gL /fo klg pknAw u/fpg ;S5 .

/f]d ljwfg o; cbfntsf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ubf{ /f]dljwfgnfO{ k|d'v ¿kdf dWogh/ /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, h'g o; kmf}hbf/L cbfnt u7gsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . /f]dljwfg eGgfn] kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf uDeL/ ck/fwnfO{ lgoldt Pj+ Jojl:yt ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o rl/q ePsf] ljwfg xf] . nfvf}+nfv dflg;x¿ o'4sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb}, o; lsl;dsf ck/fwn] ljZjsf] zflGt–;'/Iffdf uDeL/ c;/ kfb{5 eGg] tYonfO{ dgg ub}{, o:tf ck/fwx¿ b08xLgtfdf kl/0ft x'g' xF'b}g eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ub}{, To:tf ck/fwx¿k|lt kmf}hbf/L clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ug'{ k|To]s /fHosf] st{Jo ePsf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fVb}, cfdg/;+xf/, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4ck/fw / cfqmfdstfsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQm jf ;d"x, lgsfo s''g} g s'g} ¿kdf sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf cfpg'k5{ . ;fy},

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58

eljiodf To:tf 36gfx¿ k'g/fj[lQ x'g g;s'g\ eGg] dfGotfdf ;xdlt hgfpg / To;nfO{ Jojxf/tM sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg !((* df /f]dsf] O6fnLdf Ps ;o ^) d'n'ssf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:yltdf ;f] ljwfgdfly uDeL/ 5nkmn / ax; u/L ljwfgnfO{ kfl/t u/] . ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k ;efdf pkl:yt d'n'ssf Ps ltxfO k|ltlglwx¿n] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dfq cbfnt u7g x'g] k|fjwfgcg'¿k !! clk|n @))@ df ljlwjt\ ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] u7g eof] . /f]dljwfgdf !#( b]zx¿n] x:tfIf/ / ^% /fi6««x¿ -;]K6]Da/ @))&_ n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . hDdf !@* wf/f /x]sf] ;f] ljwfgdf cfdg/;+xf/, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4ck/fw, cfqmdstfsf] ck/fw;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;df cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q, k|of]u, j}wflgstf ¿kdf ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v 5 . of] ljwfg e"tk|efjL sfg'g nfu" gx'g] elgPsf] 5 . o; k|fjwfgn] s]xL c:ki6tf v8f u/]sf] 5 . o'4ck/fw / dfgjdf sfg'gL ;LdfÍg cg'kof]u;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^* sf] wf/f ! n] lgDg ck/fwdf sfg'gL xbDofb gnfUg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 –

s_ * cu:6 !($% sf] cGt/f{li6«o Gofoflws/0f -6«fO{a'gn_ sf] a8fkqdf kl/eflift o'4ck/fwx¿ /fi6««;+3sf] ;efsf] !# km/j/L !($^ sf] # -!_ / !! l8;]Da/ !($^ sf] (% -!_ k|:tfjåf/f k'li6 ul/Psf o'4af6 l;sf/ ePsfx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu !@ cui6 !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿df plNnlvt vf; u/L uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿ .

v_ * cu:6 !($% sf] cGt/f{li6«o Gofoflws/0f -6«fOa'gn_ Go'/]Dau{sf] a8fkqdf kl/eflift o'4 jf zflGtsfnLg ;dodf ePsf dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fwx¿ /fi6««;+3sf] ;efsf] !# km/j/L !($^ sf] # -!_ / !! l8;]Da/ !($^ sf] (% -!_ k|:tfjåf/f k'li6 ul/Psf o'4ck/fwx¿, ;}lgs cfqmd0f jf sAhf u/L lnOPsf e"efu / /Ëe]bsf] gLltaf6 pTkGg cdfgjLo sfo{x¿ / cfTdxTfsf] ck/fwsf] k"j{ /f]s6f]s;DaGwL !($* sf] dxf;lGwdf kl/efiff ul/Pcg'¿k ;fd"lxs g/;+xf/sf ;j{xTofsf ck/fwx¿, h'g sfo{x¿ tL b]zsf /fli6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g g7xl/g' h?/L 5}g .

Gofofnosf c·x¿ (Organs of Court)o; GofofnocGtu{t $ j6f cËx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

s_ cWoIfd08n (Presidency) Gofofnodf Ps cWoIfd08nsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] sfo{sfn tLg jif{sf] x'G5 . tLg ;b:oLo cWoIfd08ndf Gofofnosf k|yd tyf låtLo

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pkfWoIf ;b:o /xG5g\ . b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtsf cfwf/df cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] rog Gofofnosf GofofwLzx¿af6 ul/G5 . pgLx¿ k'gM lgjf{lrt x'g ;S5g\ .

v_ sIfx¿ (Chambers) Gofofnosf Goflos sfdx¿ sIfx¿ (Chambers) af6 x'g] u5{g\ . Gofofnodf ;'g'jfO sIf (Trail Division), k"j{;'g'jfO sIf (Pre-Trail Division) u/L # k|sf/sf sIfx¿ /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . k'g/fj]bg ljefudf Gofofnosf cWoIf / cGo $ hgf GofofwLzx¿ /xG5g\ .

d'2fsf] ;'gjfO sIf (Trail Division) x'g] ub{5 . cleof]u;lxt cleo'Qm k]; ul/Pkl5 tYok|df0f ;Íng cflbsf cfwf/df o; sIfn] sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpF5 . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfOkZrft\ k|fKt k|df0f, lgisif{ / sf/0f;lxt v'nfOPsf] km};nf tof/ u5{ .

k'g/fj]bgn] k"j{;'g'jfO jf ;'g'jfO sIfsf km};nfpk/ jf ;hfodf k|lqmofut lgikIftf jf tYout jf sfg'gL jf k|lqmofut q'l6 ePsf] cj:yfdf km};nf jf ;hfo pN6fpg, ;+zf]wg ug{ cyjf gofF ;'g'jfOsf nflu cnUu} sIf u7g ug{ ;Sb5 .

u_ cleof]hssf] sfof{no (Office of the Prosecuter) cleof]hssf] sfof{nocGt{ut cbfntsf] cleof]hgstf{ k|d'v /xg] k|fjwfg 5, h;sf] lgo'lQm ;b:o /fi6««x¿sf] e]nfn] ub{5 . cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf ck/fw Pjd\ ;lGwkq;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿ ljleGg ;|f]t Pjd\ tl/sfaf6 k|fKt ub{5 . Gofofnosf] If]qflwsf/leqsf d'2fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug'{ o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] .

3_ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{no (The Registry) /lh:6«f/sf] lgo'lQm GofofwLzx¿af6 x'G5 . p;sf] x}l;ot Gofofnosf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf x'G5 . Gofofnosf] cWoIfsf] lgb]{zg / lgoGq0fdf /xL cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ p;sf] bfloTj xf] . /lh:6«f/sf] d'Vo ¿kdf u}/Goflos tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5 .Gofofnosf] clwsf/ If]q o; Gofofnosf] d'Vo ¿kdf hftLo g/;+xf/ (Genocide) dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw (Criome against Humanity) o'4 ck/fw (war Crime) / zq'tfk"0f{ cfqmd0fsf] ck/fw (Agreession) ;DaGwL d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO u/L cleof]hg u5{ .

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hftLo g/;+xf/ /f]d a8fkqsf] wf/f ^ cg';f/ hftLo g/;+xf/ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf /fli6«otf, hflt, j0f{ / wfld{s ;d'bfonfO{ gfz ug]{ u/L ul/Psf b]xfosf ck/fwx¿ hgfpg]5 .

– ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] xTof– ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s rf]6 jf dfgl;s Iflt k'¥ofpg] vfnsf

uDeL/ 36gf,– k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ef}lts ljgfz ug]{ u/L ;d"xsf] hghLjgnfO{

;'lgof]lht ¿kdf k|efljt ug]{ 36gf,– ;d"xdf hGd /f]Sg] p2]Zon] nflbPsf dfkb08x¿– s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ hah{:tL Pp6faf6 csf]{ ;d"xdf k7fpg] sfo{ cflb .

dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw (Crome Against Humanity)– xTof, ;j{gfz, bf;tf, – ;'k'b{uL jf hah{:tL :yfgfGt/0f– cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿ pNnª\3g x'g] u/L ef}lts

:jtGqtf vf]:g' jf aGbL agfpg',– oftgf– anfTsf/, of}g bf;tf, hah{:tL j]Zofj[lQ, hah{:tL ue{wf/0f, hah{:tL

kl/jf/ lgof]hg jf t'ngf x'g] g;Sg] vfnsf of}ghGo lx+;fsf cGo 36gfx¿

– hah{:tL ul/Psf] ckx/0f, j0f{sf cfwf/df ul/g] ck/fwo:t} k|s[ltsf lgotjz ul/g] cGo sf/afxL h;af6 uDeL/ kL8f x'G5 jf zf/Ll/s uDeL/ rf]6 nfUb5 jf dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ ub{5 .

o'4 ck/fw (War Crime) lgDg ck/fwnfO{ o'4 ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 M

– lgof]lht xTof,– h}ljs xltof/sf] k|of]unufotsf oftgf jf cdfgjLo Jojxf/,– z/L/ jf :jf:Yodf 7"nf] kL8f jf uDeL/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] lgot,– ;}lgs cfjZostfn] k'li6 x'g] g;Sg] / u}/sfg'gL tyf dof{bfxLg 9Ën]

;DklQsf] ljgfz / Jofks Iflt,– o'4aGbL jf cGo 9Ëdf ;'/Iff lbOPsf] JolQmnfO{ zq' ;]gf;Fu sfd ug{

afWo ul/g',

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– o'4aGbL jf cGo 9Ëdf ;'/Iff lbOPsf] JolQmnfO{ lgikIf / lgoldt ;'g'jfOsf] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug'{,

– u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf ;'k'b{uL jf :yfgfGt/0f jf u}/sfg'gL PsfGt aGbL / – aGws agfpg' cflb .

zq'tfk"0f{ cfqmd0f;femf wf/f # sf] pNnª\3gstf{ tyf o'4df ;xefuL gePsf, o'4d}bfg 5f8]sf, c;}lgs Pj+ xltof/ ;dk{0f u/]sf JolQmlj?4sf ck/fwx¿;DaGwL d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO u/L cleof]hg ug'{ o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/, dfgjLo sfg'gsf] gh/af6 x]g]{ xf] eg] o; cbfntsf] :yfg ul/dfdo b]lvG5 .

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zbLof}+b]lv dflg; z/0ffyL{ x'Fb} / agfOFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwdf ljZjdf w]/} dfGotfx¿ ljsl;t 5g\ . o;sf zf:qLo dfGotf klg 5g\ . h:t} M æz/0fsf] d/0f ug'{ x'Fb}gÆ cflb . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf of] hl6n cGt/f{li6«o ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vfkb}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs ljZjn] /fi6«« ;+3 / ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 .

/fHon] ;fdfGotof cfkm\gf gful/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f ub{5 . of] p;sf] d"n bfloTj xf] . slxn]sfxLF ljz]if kl/l:ylt ;[hgf eO{ cfkm\gf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ub}{g jf rfxFb}g . To:tf] kl/l:yltdf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g x'g] sf/0faf6 sltko JolQmx¿ ;'/Iffsf] vf]hLdf cfkm\gf] 3/ cyjf af;:yfg jf kl/jf/nfO{ 5f]8L csf]{ d'n'sdf hfg afWo x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ lglZrt hft, wd{, /fli6«otf, ;d"x, ;d'bfo jf /fhgLlts ljrf/ ckgfPsf] sf/0f ;DalGwt b]zdf cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ Pj+ plNnlvt ljrf/ c;'/lIft x'g] ;f]r]/ z/0fsf] vf]hdf k|j]z u5{ . ;fdfGotof log} JolQmx¿ z/0ffyL{ x'g\, h'g dflg; cfkm\gf] b]z 5f]8]/ aflx/ 5 / cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg], kms{g cg'lR5s x'G5 .

klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4df ePsf jLeT; cfqmd0f, xTof / pklgj]z lj:tf/sf qmddf ljZjel/sf nfvf}+nfv dflg;x¿ cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut jf;:yfg, k];f, Joj;fo / /fi6«« 5f]8]/ ;'/Iff / z/0fsf nflu cGo b]zdf k|j]z u/] . o; qmdn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eofgs ;Í6 / qf;bL k}bf u¥of] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4s} ;dodf ;j{q k|ultzLn cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cfjZostf dx;''; ul/of] . ;g\ !($% df 7"nf] ;xeflutfsf ;fy ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] / ljZjel/sf dfgj ;d'bfo dfgj clwsf/sf] bfo/fdf cfP . o;leq ;Dk"0f{ z/0ffyL{x¿ klg k/] .

o;} kl/k]|Ifdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] kfl/t u/L z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no :yfkgf eof] . o;n] ! hgj/L !(%! b]lv cfkm\gf] sfdsf] yfngL u¥of] . cfh UNHCR ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fx;L cË xf] . o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] tTjfjwfgdf cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .

z/0ffyL{ / dfgj clwsf/

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z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qm (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no :yfkgf eof] . o; sfof{non] ! hgj/L !(%! b]lv cfkm\gf] sfdsf] yfngL u¥of] . o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] tTjfjwfgdf cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 .

klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4 Pj+ o'4kl5sf] Oltxf;n] tyf k|fs[lts ljklQ (Natural Disasters) n] df}lns clwsf/sf] pkef]udf k|efj kf¥of] . o;sf] d'Vo kIf lj:yflkt / /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] pTklQ g} xf] . z/0ffyL{sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0fsf] ljifon] ;fdfGo dfgj clwsf/sf] k|ZgeGbf a9L s'/f lglb{i6 u5{ . z/0ffyL{sf] l:yltn] uDeL/ cGt/f{li6«o k|ltlqmof vf]H5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Zg / z/0ffyL{sf ;d:ofx¿ cGof]Gofl>t 5g\ . z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofsf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g xf] . To:t} dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !# / !$ df k|bQ cj:yfaf6 pDsg k|To]s JolQmnfO{ c¿ b]zdf z/0f lng] / vf]Hg] clwsf/ 5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cGo b]zdf z/0f dfu ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]af6 z/0ffyL{sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] Ps kf6f] /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

o; kl/k|]Iodf z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf o;n] lgDg lhDd]jf/L axg ub{5 M–

z/0ffyL{sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw–dxf;lGwx¿sf] cj:yf / cg'df]bgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]usf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ tyf cfjZos ;+zf]wgx¿ k|:tfj ug]{ .

z/0ffyL{sf] cj:yf ;'wf/ u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg ;/sf/x¿;Fu ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ .

z/0ffyL{x¿sf] :j]lR5s lkmtL{ / gofF /fli6«o ;d'bfoleq ;dLs/0f Pj+ k|j4{g ug{ ;a} k|of;x¿nfO{ ;3fpg] .

/fHosf] Onfsfleq z/0ffyL{sf] :jLs[lt klxrfg / k|j4{g ug]{ . z/0ffyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] hfoh]yf x:tfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos cg'dlt pknAw

u/fOlbg ;xof]u ug]{ . ;DalGwt /fi6««sf] ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos ;a} ;dGjo ug]{ . ;DalGwt ;/sf/, cGt/;/sf/L u7gx¿ / u}x|;/sf/L u7gx¿;Fu ;DaGw

:yflkt u/L z/0ffyL{sf] kIfdf sfd ug]{ .

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z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%! ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] !$ l8;]Da/ !(%) df k|:tfj k]; u/L h'nfO{ !(%! df o; dxf;lGwnfO{ u|x0f u¥of] . o; dxf;lGwdf k|:tfjgf;lxt $^ wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(%! nfO{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ljZje/sf !%) eGbf a9L /fi6««x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] l5d]sL /fi6««x¿df of] ;lGw rLg / ckmuflg:tfgn] cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] o;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g . oBlk g]kfndf ljut %% jif{ cl3b]lv ltAatL z/0ffyL{ / @^ jif{b]lv e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ a:b} cfPsf 5g\ . xfn e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ (UNHCR) sf] kxndf cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, o'/f]k / c:6«]lnofnufotsf b]zdf :yfgfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfh klg e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ xhf/f}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf emfkfdf /x]sf 5g\ . logsf cnfjf g]kfndf ;of}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;x/L z/0ffyL{x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\, xfn !) eGbf a9L b]zsf ;x/L z/0ffyL{ g]kfndf a:5g\ .

z/0ffyL{ / g]kfn sfg''g M g]kfnn] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(%! nfO{ x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5}g / g]kfndf z/0ffyL{;DaGwL s'g} 5'§} sfg'g, lgod, lgodfjnL hf/L ePsf] 5}g . z/0ffyL{sf] ¿kdf k|j]z ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cWofudg sfg'g pNnª\3g u/]sf] egL sf/jfxL ug]{ rng 5 . oBlk k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g, P]gx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿n] z/0ffyL{sf] ¿kdf k|j]z ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . g]kfn z/0ffyL{;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«« geP tfklg g]kfnsf UNHCR sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*( df ePsf] 5, h;n] g]kfndf /xFb} cfPsf ltAatL, e'6fgLnufotsf z/0ffyL{sf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;xdlt eP/} UNHCR :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnn] k/Dk/fut sfg'g tyf g]kfn kIf /x]sf cGo ;lGw–;Demf}tfsf] sb/ ub}{ g]kfndf z/0f vf]h]sf z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ (Principle of Non-Refoulement) sf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] b]zdf z/0f lbPsf] 5 .

ltAatL z/0ffyL{af/] M– g]kfndf xfn sl/a !* xhf/ ltAatL z/0ffyL{ a;f]af; ub{5g\ . g]kfnn] z/0ffyL{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ gu/] klg g]kfndf /x]sf z/0ffyL{x¿sf] nflu lglZrt Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿sf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] z/0ffyL{ kl/rokq ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . oBlk ;g\ !((% kl5 kl/rokq (RC) ljt/0f ePsf] 5}g . o;kl5sf] @@ jif{sf] cjlwdf hlGdPsf ;Gtfg / To;cl3 klg pd]/ jf cGo sf/0fn] z/0ffyL{ kl/rokq gkfPsfx¿n]

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cfh;Dd klg z/0ffyL{ kl/rokq kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf] cefjdf ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ ;jf/Lrfns cg'dlt kq, pRr lzIff cWoog, 6«fen 8s'd]G6, a}+s vftf ;~rfng, /f]huf/L, Joj;fo ;~rfng, hGd, ljjfx d[To' tyf cGo 36gf btf{, cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fnufotsf] sfddf cToGt sl7gfO eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} lzIff cWoog / /f]huf/Lsf nflu hGdbtf{, gful/stf jf ;f ;/xsf] kl/rokqsf] clgjfo{tf nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; k|fjwfgn] eG8} #) jif{d'lgsf ;a} ltAatL z/0ffyL{sf] kl/jf/x¿n] g]kfndf lzIff /f]huf/L Joj;fonufotsf] sfdx¿df b'Mv kfO/x]sf 5g\ . ltAatLx¿n] ljz'4 wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{ klg k|zf;gsf] x:tIf]k x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;'k'b{uL P]g @)&) hf/L 5 . o; P]gsf] bkmf % n] ;'k'b{uL ug{ OGsf/ ul/g]] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] s;'/, hft, hflt, j0f{, wd{, /fli6«otf jf ljrf/wf/faf6 k"jf{u|x, d[To'b08 x'g ;Sg] jf ;}lgs s;'/ nfUg] ePsf] cj:yfdf dfu ug]{ /fHodf km/f/ s;'/bf/nfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbg] ;Defjgf ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljb]zLnfO{ dfu ug]{ /fi6««df lkmtf{ k7fOg] 5}g egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

cfh klg ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿ g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ qmd hf/L 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ g]kfn k|j]z u/]kl5 ;Ldf ;'/Iff ann] kqmfp u/L cWofudg ljefu sf7df8f}+df k7fpg] u5{ . sltko cj:yfdf z/0fsf nflu g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf ltJatLnfO{ g]kfnsf ;'/Iff ann] ;Ldfdf kqmfp u/L pb\ud b]z lkmtf{ k7fpg], lkmtf{ k7fpg bafa lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ePsf] eb| ;xdltsf cfwf/df To:tf z/0ffyL{nfO{ cWofudg ljefun] UNHCR sf] dfkm{t hfg rfx]sf] d''n's;Dd hfg] dfu{ k|z:t ul/lbg] k/Dk/f 5 . oBlk o:tf z/0f dfUg rfxg]nfO{ rLg ;/sf/n] ;'k'b{uLsf nflu bafa lbg] u/]sf] 5 .

z/0ffyL{;DaGwL eb| ;Demf}tf g]kfn z/0ffyL{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / To;sf k|f]6f]snx¿sf] kIf /fi6«« xf]Og, tfklg g]kfnn] ljut %% jif{b]lv z/0ffyL{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L z/0f lbO/x]sf] / s]xL xbdf Joj:yfkg klg ul/cfPsf]n] d"ntM ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo;Fu ;g\ !(*( df eb| ;xdlt (Gentleman Agreement) u/]sf] 5 . ltAataf6 z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;otdf g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ z/0ffyL{x¿sf] xsdf of] ;xdlt nfu" x'G5 . of] ;xdltkl5 ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿ ltAataf6 g]kfn lelqPkZrft\

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g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿n] g]kfnl:yt z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no (UNHCR) nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 . UNHCR n] lhDdf lnO;s]kl5 cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L z/0ffyL{nfO{ ef/t k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, k7fpg] cyf{t\ g]kfn lelqPsf z/0ffyL{nfO{ af6f] pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfPs} b]z lkmtf{ gk7fpg] eb| ;xdltsf] p2]Zo xf] . of] ;xdlt g]kfn kIf /fi6«« ePsf] oftgflj/f]wL dxf;lGw !(*$ sf] wf/f # ;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 .

of] eb| ;Demf}tf ljz]if u/L ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;'/Iff tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ePsf] xf] .

of] ;xdlt g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo lgsfo Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu ePsf] clnlvt ;dembf/L xf] .

ltJatL z/0ffyL{nfO{ g]kfn lelqPkl5 UNHCR nfO{ a'emfpg] sfd eb| ;xdltsf cfwf/df x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

of] ;xdlt z/0ffyL{nfO{ UNHCR n] lhDdf lnPkl5 cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ef/t k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfPs} b]zdf lkmtf{ gk7fpg] dfGotf /fVb5 .

oftgflj/f]wL dxf;lGw !(*$ sf] wf/f # df /x]sf] k|fjwfg z/0ffyL{sf xsdf ;d]t cfslif{t x'G5g\, h;nfO{ lgDgadf]lhd a'em\g ;lsG5 –

;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ Pp6f /fi6««af6 csf]{ /fi6««df kmsf{pFbf jf ;'k'b{uL ubf{ ;DalGwt /fi6««df oftgfsf] vt/f 5 eg] ;'k'b{uL ug{ jf kmsf{pg ldNb}g .

z/0ffyL{nfO{ pb\ud /fi6««df kmsf{pFbf jf ;'k'b{uL ubf{ oftgf jf d[To'b08 lbg ;Sg] vt/f ePdf ;'k'b{uL ug{ jf kmsf{pg o; wf/fn] /f]s nufPsf] 5 .

o; dfGotfnfO{ 3/]n's/0f ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t k6sk6s km};nf u/L u}x|sfg'gL ;'k'b{ludf /f]s nufPsf] 5 . ;f]gfd vDkf;d]t hgf @# sf] xsdf clwjQmf OGb|k|;fb cof{nn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ldlt @)^*.)^.)% ut] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o:t} ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf clwjQmf OGb|k|;fb cof{nåf/f z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwdf bfo/ cGo l/6 lgj]bgx?df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 o:t} k|sf/sf cfb]z hf/L ePsf 5g\ .

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;fdfGo hfgsf/L dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff Oltxf;sf ljleGg r/0fdf ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\, oBlk o;sf] ljZjJofkstf eg] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* kl5 eof] . o;} 3f]if0ffnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cg]sf}+ cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffkq, dxf;lGw tyf b:tfj]hx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;g\ !(%% df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3sf] ;b:o aGof] .

;+ljwfg g]kfndf cfw'lgs dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmd vf;} k'/fgf] 5}g . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{lzt l;4fGtcGtu{t gful/ssf xssf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 ag]sf] gful/s clwsf/ P]g @)!@, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljleGg wf/fx¿df dfgj clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps cy{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg dfgj clwsf/sf] cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h xf] . o;sf] efu # sf] wf/f !^ b]lv $^ ;Dd df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/L gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . oBlk ;+ljwfgsf cGo wf/fx¿ klg dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGt;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5g\ . sltko kl/l:yltdf oL k|bQ df}lns xsx¿df /fHon] k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

df}lns xs / st{Jo!^= ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs M

-!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 .-@_ s;}nfO{ klg d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbg] u/L sfg'g agfOg] 5}g .

!&= :jtGqtfsf] xs M -!_ sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ j}olQms :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt

ul/g] 5}g .

g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/

kl/R5]b $

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-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M–-s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf,-v_ ljgfxftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf,-u_ /fhgLlts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,-3_ ;ª\3 / ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,-ª_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf,-r_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf k];f, /f]huf/ ug]{ / pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf

Joj;fosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{ :jtGqtf .

!*= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg

;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .-@_ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, zf/Ll/s

cj:yf, ckfËtf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff, If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .

-$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}lËs cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf s'g} e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-%_ k}t[s ;DklQdf n}lËs e]befjljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 .

!(= ;~rf/sf] xs M -!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfnufotsf h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g}

;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo, >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{k|ltaGw nufOg] 5}g .

-@_ s'g} >Jo, >Job[Zo jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWod jf 5fkfvfgfaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf, ;"rgf jf cGo s'g} ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg, k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk]afkt To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg, k|;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo pks/0f, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h jf To:tf] ;fdu|L hkmt ul/g] 5}g .

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-#_ sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]gnufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ul/g] 5}g .

@)= Gofo;DaGwL xs M-!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g .-@_ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dob]lv g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg'g

Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] tyf sfg'g Joj;foLåf/f k'k{If ug{] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfg'g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 . zq' b]zsf] gful/ssf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .

-#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;do tyf :yfgaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 3G6fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg'kg{]5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf] JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g .

-$_ tTsfn k|rlnt sfg'gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/]afkt s'g} JolQm ;hfoefuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;'/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf sfg'gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g .

-%_ s'g} cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;'/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;'/bf/ dflgg] 5}g .

-^_ s'g} klg JolQmlj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;'/df Psk6seGbf a9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g .

-&_ s'g} s;'/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf]lj?4 ;fIfL x'g afWo kfl/g] 5}g .

-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghlj?4 ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .-(_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6

:jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 .-!)_ c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

@!= ck/fwkLl8tsf] xs Mck/fwkLl8tnfO{ cfkm" kLl8t ePsf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf sf/afxL;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 / ck/fwkLl8tnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

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@@= oftgflj?4sf] xs Mkqmfp k/]sf] jf y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] sfo{ ePdf lghn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 .

@#= lgjf/s gh/aGblj?4sf] xs Mg]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5}g .

@$= 5'jf5"t tyf e]befjlj?4sf] xs M-!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lghsf] pTklQ, hft, hflt, ;d'bfo, k];f, Joj;fo jf

zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'jf5"t jf e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-%_ ;a} k|sf/sf 5'jf5"t tyf e]befjhGo sfo{ uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5g\ / To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

@%= ;DklQsf] xs M k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{, Jofj;flos nfe k|fKt ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 .

@^= wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs M -!_ wd{df cf:yf /fVg] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] cf:yfcg';f/ wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{] :jtGqtf x'g]5 . k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s u'7L ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 .

@&= ;"rgfsf] xs M k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

@*= uf]kgLotfsf] xs M s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, tYofÍ, kqfrf/ / rl/q;DaGwL ljifosf] uf]kgLotf sfg'gadf]lhdafx]s cgltqmDo x'g]5 .

@(= zf]if0flj?4sf] xs M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0flj?4sf] xs x'g]5 .

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-@_ wd{, k|yf, k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/, k|rng jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

-#_ s;}nfO{ klg a]rlavg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg kfOg] 5}g .-$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5flj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . t/ ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu gful/snfO{ /fHon] clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg

;Sg] u/L sfg'g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .-%_ pkwf/f -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 /

kLl8tnfO{ kL8saf6 sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

#)= :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs Mk|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

#!= lzIff;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ /

lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g]5 .-#_ ckfËtf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd lgMz'Ns

pRr lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .-$_ b[li6ljxLg gful/snfO{ a|]nlnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf af]nfO;DaGwL

ckfËtf ePsf gful/snfO{ ;fÍ]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfg'gadf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

-%_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] / ;~rfng ug{] xs x'g]5 .

#@= efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff k|of]u ug]{ xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xefuL

x'g kfpg] xs x'g]5 .-#_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk,

;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+jw{g / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 .

##= /f]huf/Lsf] xs M-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 . /f]huf/Lsf] ;t{, cj:yf /

a]/f]huf/ ;xfotf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

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#$= >dsf] xs M-!_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .-#_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], To;df ;xefuL x'g]

tyf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

#%= :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs M-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{] xs

x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .

#^= vfB;DaGwL xs M-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfB;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .

#&= cfjf;sf] xs M-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;sf] xs x'g]5 .-@_ sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]

af;:yfgaf6 x6fOg] jf cltqmd0f ul/g] 5}g .

#*= dlxnfsf] xs M-!_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ n}lËs e]befjljgf ;dfg j+zLo xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .-#_ dlxnflj?å wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f, k|rng jf cGo s'g}

cfwf/df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo, dgf]j}1flgs jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ jf zf]if0f ul/g] 5}g . To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8tnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

-$_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .

-%_ dlxnfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .

-^_ ;DklQ tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDktLsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 .

#(= afnaflnsfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg;lxt gfds/0f / hGdbtf{sf]

xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfngkf]if0f,

plrt :ofxf/, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{+ËL0f JolQmTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 .

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-#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .

-$_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g .

-%_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ afnljjfx, u}/sfg'gL cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws /fVg kfOg] 5}g .

-^_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]gf, k|x/L jf ;z:q ;d"xdf egf{ jf k|of]u ug{ jf ;f+:s[lts jf wfld{s k|rngsf gfddf s'g} klg dfWod jf k|sf/n] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ug{ jf cg'lrt k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

-&_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljBfno jf cGo h'g;'s} :yfg / cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf lbg kfOg] 5}g .

-*_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ afn cg's"n Gofosf] xs x'g]5 .-(_ c;xfo, cgfy, ckfËtf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf

afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

$)= blntsf] xs M -!_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf blntnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]

cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnufotsf /f]huf/Lsf cGo If]qdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf nflu sfg'gadf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

-@_ blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd sfg'gadf]lhd 5fqj[lQ;lxt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|fljlws / Jofj;flos pRr lzIffdf blntsf nflu sfg'gadf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

-#_ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ sfg'gadf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

-%_ /fHon] e"ldxLg blntnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd Psk6s hldg pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 .

-^_ /fHon] cfjf;ljxLg blntnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .

$!= Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs M Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .

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$@= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M -!_ ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L–hghflt, dw];L, yf¿, cNk;ª\Vos, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, ;LdfGts[t, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, n}lËs tyf of}lgs cNk;ª\Vos, o'jf, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .

$#= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs M cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, czQm / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf, c;xfo Psn dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfk\mgf] x]/rfx cfkm}+ ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf gful/snfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .

$$= pkef]Qmfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s pkef]QmfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .-@_ u'0f:t/xLg j:t' jf ;]jfaf6 Iflt k'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{

kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

$%= b]z lgsfnflj?4sf] xs M s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g .

$^= ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs M o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !## jf !$$ df n]lvPadf]lhd ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

$&= df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog M o; efuåf/f k|bQ xsx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ /fHon] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg jif{leq sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{5 .

$*= gful/ssf st{Jo M k|To]s gful/ssf st{Jo b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M–-s_ /fi6««k|lt lgi7fjfg\ xF'b} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff

ug'{, -v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{,-u_ /fHon] rfx]sf avt clgjfo{ ;]jf ug'{,

Gfful/s clwsf/ P]g @)!@ gful/ssf] df}lnsxs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] Jojl:yt cj:yf gx'Fbf tTsfnLg cj:yfdf gful/s clwsf/ P]g @)!@ n] dfgj clwsf/sf ljifodf gful/s

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clwsf/sf] /Iff u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg ;dfh / sfg'gdf /x]sf] lje]b P]gsf] bˆmf # n] cGTo u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf] ;dfgtf gkfPdf P]gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd cbfntaf6 clwsf/ vf]Hg kfpg] Joj:yf k|:6 5 . To;cg';f/ lgDg clwsf/ k|Tofof]lht 5g\ –

sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ wd{, hft hflt / lnËsf] cfwf/df s;}dfly e]befj ug{ gkfOg] .

ljz]if ju{sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ cf/If0fsf] Aofj:yf . ljz]if ju{sf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . Wffld{s :jtGqtfafx]s gful/ssf] ;DklQsf] /Iff . ˆmf}hbf/L Gofo / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd Ps} ljifodf b'O{k6s d'2f grnfpg], ;Ifd cbfntn] ;hfo gtf]s];Dd b08 glbOg] .

u}/sfg'gL lu/km\tf/LnfO{ aGb]h .

g]kfnsf dfgj clwsf/sf ;+oGqx¿ M/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx¿sf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf tyf oL ;+:yfx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿sf af/]df lgb]{lzt ug{sf nflu ;g\ !((! df k]l/;df ;DkGg ePsf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t eO{ ;g\ !((# df ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3åf/f k]l/; l;4fGt hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ k]l/; l;4fGt elgG5 . k]l/; l;4fGtn] cfof]usf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf, u7g k|lqmof, kof{Kt cfly{s ;|f]t;lxtsf] cfly{s :jtGqtf, dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu k|ofKt sfof{lwsf/nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{+ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;f]xL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfndf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . To;df Ps cWoIf / rf/ ;b:o x'G5g\ . cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu :yflkt ;+j}wflgs lgsfo xf] . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# cg';f/ @)%& h]7 !# ut]] :yflkt o; cfof]unfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] efu @% sf] wf/f @$* / @$( df ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g hf/L eP kZrft\ cfof]usf] sfd–sf/afxL o;} P]gcGtu{t eOcfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug'{ cfof]usf] k|d'v st{Jo ePsf]n] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} cfof]u dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g sfo{df lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

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/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] efu @& wf/f @%@, @%#, @%$ df /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u Ps ;+j}wflgs cfof]u xf] . o;df Ps cWoIf / $ ;b:o /xg]5g\ . cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]un] dlxnfsf] xslxtsf nflu sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt sfg'g g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf] bfloTj sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] ljifodf cg'udg u/]/ To;sf] k|efjsf/L kfngf jf sfof{Gjogsf] pkfo;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbG5 . dlxnfnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ tyf /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kxn u5{ . ;fy} n}lËs ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfd ub{5 . dlxnf cfof]usf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nufotsf cGo Joj:yf sfg'gadf]lhd Jojl:yt 5 .

/fli6«o blnt cfof]u / cGo cfof]ux¿ M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg efu @& sf] wf/f @%%, @%^ n] /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] blnt ;d'bfosf] ;du| l:yltsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ub{5 . hftLo 5'jf5"t, pTkL8g / lje]bsf] cGTosf nflu sfd ub{5 . blnt pTyfg / lxt;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg u5{ . ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifo ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw–;Demf}tfsf] cfjlws k|ltj]bgsf] ;/sf/;Fu 5nkmn / ;'emfj lbG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @%* n] /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u, wf/f @^! n] cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, wf/f @^@ n] dw];L cfof]u, wf/f @^# n] yf¿ cfof]u, wf/f @^$ n] d'l:nd cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/L cfjZos ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ tf]s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ dfgj clwsf/ sfo{of]hgf M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq dxf;lGw cg'aGw, P]lR5s kq / k|:tfjgfsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/ eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k4ltsf] ljsf;;Fu} ljZje/sf cfa4 /fi6««x¿ o; sfg'g Pj+ k4lt g}lts jf afWofTds ¿kdf cfa4 /x] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] !((# sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL leogf 3f]if0ff;efn] ;a} ;b:o /fi6««nfO{ vf;u/L pTkLl8t ;LdfGts[t, n}lËs, sdhf]/ ju{sf] clwsf/

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;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;DalGwt /fi6««n] bfloTj k"/f ug{ k|wfgdGqL :t/af6 sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg /fHo Pj+ gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf] ;Nnfx lnO{ dfgjclwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'? u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ )^!.)^@ df k|yd dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf nfu" u¥of] . To;} u/L cf=j= )^$.)^% df kl/dfh{g;lxt bf];|f] tLgjifL{o sfo{of]hgf nfu" u¥of] . To:t} xfn;Dd nfu" x'g] u/L kfFr jif{sf nflu k~rjifL{o sfo{of]hgf nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{of]hgfn] g]kfnL gful/sn] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ;a}vfn] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfjZos sfo{lbzf to u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf tkm{af6 gful/s clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] of] clt dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] . ;}4flGts ¿kdf of] b:tfj]hk"0f{ 5 tyflk sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf uDeL/ sdhf]/L /fi6««;]js sd{rf/Ldf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cgle1tf, sfo{of]hgfsf] k'l:tsfsf] yf]/} 5kfO / cToGt sd k|rf/k|;f/sf] sf/0f sfof{Gjog ug{ a;]sf /fi6««;]js g} of];Fu cgle1 kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ d'Vo;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf d'Vod'Vo dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿ ;b:o /xg] u/L dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf :t/df ;d]t sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . To;cGtu{t k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;+of]hs / ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;b:o ;lrj /xg] tyf dfgj clwsf/sdL{, kqsf/ / sfg'gJoj;foL ;d]t ;b:o /xg] u/L ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ sfo{of]hgf dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf Ps sf];]9'Ëf ;flat ePsf] 5 .

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@))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eP klg dfgj clwsf/ / k|hftGqsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] yk $) jif{ s'g'{k¥of] . @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn;Dd k|hftGqsf] ;':ki6 k|of]u eP klg / g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3sf] ;b:o ag] klg cfw'lgs dfgj clwsf/ clwsf/sf] pkof]u @)$^ ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ng kl5dfq eof] . o; cy{df @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng dfgj clwsf/ cleofgsf nflu klg sf];]9'Ëf lyof] .

lj=;+= @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ngsf] tof/L @)$% ;fnsf] k"jf4{af6} ul/Psf] lyof] . tTsfnLg g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tfx¿ ;j{>L u0f]zdfg l;+x, s[[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf Pj+ jfdkGyL g]tf dgdf]xg clwsf/Ln] cfGbf]ngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofgfsif{0f / ;xof]usf nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifo p7fpg'kg]{ ;f]r agfP . o;sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ckl/xfo{ 7fgL cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf Vofltk|fKt JolQmTj >L x[ifLs]z zfxnfO{ cl3 ;fg]{ sfd eof] . o;} qmddf @)$% ;fndf d+l;/ @$ ut] ljZj dfgj clwsf/ lbj;sf lbg g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . o;df *( hgf d'n'ssf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ ;+:yfks ;b:o /x] . k~rfotL ;/sf/n] o; ;+u7gsf] lj/f]w ub}{ o; ;+u7gsf tTsfnLg cWoIf x[ifLs]z zfxsf] 3/df /flvPsf] ;fOgaf]8{ lemsL ;+u7gsf s]xL kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t lu/km\tf/ u¥of] . cWoIf zfxn] sfof{nodf ul/Psf] x:tIf]k / ;fOgaf]8{ lemlsPsf] ljifonfO{ u}/sfg'gL eGb} l/6 bfo/ ug'{eof] . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+u7gsf kIfdf km};nf u¥of], tyflk To; a]nf @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 k|hftGq cfO;s]sf] lyof] .

@)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng ;kmn agfpg ;+u7gn] b]zJofkL ¿kdf cfGbf]ngdf efu lnof] . cWoIf zfxn] eg] lbNnLdf a;]/ cfGbf]ngsf kIfdf cGt/f{li6«o dfxf]n tof/ kfg]{ sfd ug'{eof] . pxfFnfO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ;efklt >L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{n] Ps kq n]vL cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g lbnfpg kxn ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g :yfkgfb]lv jt{dfg;Dd

kl/R5]b %

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79

lbg'ePsf] lyof] . >L zfxn] Tof] lhDd]jf/L s'zntfk"j{s lgjf{x ug'{eof] . csf]{tkm{ b]zleq pkfWoIf 8f= b]j]Gb|/fh kf08]n] cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf ;zQm dfxf]n tof/ kfg'{eof] . cfGbf]ngcjlwdf b]ze/ ;of}+ dfgj clwsf/ u7g ;+:yfksx¿, s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/Lx¿, lhNnf zfvfsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox¿n] lu/km\tf/L lbg'eof] . cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkZrft\ s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf ul7t ;/sf/sf] cy{dGqLsf] lhDd]jf/L ;+u7gsf pkfWoIf 8f= b]j]Gb|/fh kf08]n] kfpg'eof] .

;+u7gn] k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8 ;f¥of] . @)$* ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rgdf zfxHo"sf] g]t[Tjdf …:jtGq Pj+ lgikIf lgjf{rgsf nflu sfo{bn -:jlgsf_Ú u7g u/L cfd lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f ;+u7gn] u¥of] . To;kl5 ;+u7gn] lgof]s / g]sf]gdfkm{t ljleGg lgjf{rgnufot b'j} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] cg'udg u¥of] . @)&$ ;fndf ;DkGg :yfgLo tx / ;+3Lo ;+;b Pj+ k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+u7gn] ko{j]If0f u¥of] .

;+u7gn] xfn;Dd !# j6f /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+u7gdf @)$% dª\l;/ @$ ut]af6 @)%# r}q;Dd x[ifLs]z zfxn] ;+u7gsf] cWoIfsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{eof] . @)%# ;fn r}q @$ b]lv @)%& df3 @* ut];Dd k|f= slkn >]i7 . @)%& af6 @)&@ c;f]h & ut];Dd ;'bLk kf7s ;+u7gsf] cWoIf /xg'eof] . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷@)^# sf] 8]9 jif{ >L r/0f k|;fO+{ ;+u7gsf] cWoIf /xg'eof] . @)&@ c;f]h * ut] ;DkGg t]x|f}+ /fli6«o clwj]zgkl5 ;+u7gsf] cWoIf clwjQmf OGb|k|;fb cof{n x'g'x'G5 .

;+u7gn] :yfkgfsf] @* jif{sf] o; cjlwdf &% lhNnfd} zfvf lj:tf/, Jofks hgr]tgfd"ns cleofg, dfgjclwsf/ lzIff, zflGt cfGbf]ng, zflGt cleofg, sf/fuf/ cWoog, ;Tofu|x, gful/ssf] hLjg/Iff, ;z:q åGådf dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf, dw]; cfGbf]ngsf] cg'udgh:tf clt dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿ u/]sf] 5 .;+u7gsf] ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL o; k|sf/ 5 – != x[ifLs]z zfx >L lgjf;, sf7df8f}+ @= r"8fk|;fb zdf{ d}tLb]jL, sf7df8f}+ #= t'n;Lnfn cdfTo nlntk'/ $= zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL rfalxn, sf7df8f}+%= k|f= ;"o{axfb'/ zfSo gM3n 6f]n, sf7df8f}+^= /fdfgGbk|;fb l;+x s[i0f uNnL, nlntk'/

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

80

&= bL3{/fh sf]O/fnf l;gfdª\un, sf7df8f}+ *= jL/]Gb|s]z/L kf]v/]n 36\6]s'nf], sf7df8f}+ (= kß/Tg t''nfw/ nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+!)= ljZjgfy ho;jfn sn}of, af/f!!= /fdxl/ hf]zL dnª\ujf, ;nf{xL!@= s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ !#= 8f= b]j]Gb|/fh kf08] ljzfngu/, sf7df8f}+ !$= s]bf/k|;fb sf]O/fnf afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ !%= O{Zj/LrGb| zdf{ aQL;k'tnL, sf7df8f}+!^= g"tg yklnof sf7df8f}+ !&= e/tdf]xg clwsf/L lj/f6gu/, df]/ª!*= sdnk|;fb sf]O/fnf lj/f6gu/, df]/ª!(= bdggfy 9'Ëfgf aQL;k'tnL, sf7df8f}+@)= k|]ds[i0f kf7s afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+@!= kL/p2Lg dL/ j6', sf7df8f}+@@= ;Gtf]if -ljgf]b_ kGt 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ @#= åfl/sf/fh pk|]tL sfe|]knf~rf]s@$= k|bLk lu/L nxfg, l;/fxf@%= dfz{nh'n'd zfSo 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+@^= jL/]Gb|eQm >]i7 sfnLdf6L, sf7df8f}+@&= ;'zLnf sfsL{ lj/f6gu/, df]/ª @*= 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ uf]/vf@(= 6Lsf pk|]tL lj/f6gu/, df]/ª#)= b'uf{ ;'j]bL lj/f6gu/, df]/ª#!= k|f= slkn >]i7 dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}+#@= ufGwL kl08t cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ ##= zDe' yfkf pbok'/, xfnM sf7df8f}+ #$= uf]kfn lzjfsf]6L …lrGtgÚ k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ #%= q}nf]Sodfg l;+x rfS;Laf/L, sf7df8f}+#^= x/]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7 9f]sf6f]n, nlntk'/#&= k'?iff]Qd bfxfn ;/:jtLgu/, sf7df8f}+ -cf]vn9'Ëf_#*= Clifk|;fb zdf{ 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

dfgj clwsf/ lzIff

81

#(= jf;'zzL b]jkQg, sf7df8f}+ $)= ;'bLk kf7s ;fdfv';L, sf7df8f}+$!= xf]dgfy bfxfn d}tLb]jL, sf7df8f}+ -cf]vn9'Ëf_$@= dfyj/l;+x a:g]t ;"o{ljgfos, eQmk'/$#= dNn s]= ;'Gb/ afË]d'9f, sf7df8f}+$$= of]u]z pkfWofo sf]6]Zj/, sf7df8f}+$%= n]vaxfb'/ yfkf kf]v/f, sf:sL$^= k|sfz /fpt sf7df8f}+ -pbok'/_$&= w|'j/fd e08f/L sf7df8f}+$*= of]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5] ;'s'n9f]sf, eQmk'/$(= /fd/fhf wf}e8]n ag]kf, sfe|]%)= s]=hL= a}bf/ ag]kf, sfe|]%!= ;'jf; 9sfn lj/f6gu/, df]/ª%@= s[i0f kxf8L lj/f6gu/, df]/ª%#= s'a]/ sf]O/fnf lj/f6gu/, df]/ª%$= Zofdnfn >]i7 sf7df8f}+%%= cf]dk|sfz e'h" eQmk'/%^= /fd/fhf lg/f}nf sf7df8f}+%&= w|'j dlwsdL{ eQmk'/%*= k|bLk kf]v/]n lj/f6gu/, df]/ª%(= afa'/fd lu/L wg'iff^)= lji0f'uf]kfn s';L eQmk'/^!= nIdLeQm nfl;jf eQmk'/^@= /d]z yfkf eQmk'/^#= Zofds[i0f sf]h" l7dL, eQmk'/^$= gf/fo0feQm yf eQmk'/^%= s[i0fsfhL sf]h" eQmk'/^^= 8f= Ct'k|;fb u8\tf}nf emfkf^&= zf]efs/ k/fh'nL sn}of, af/f^*= df]xgaxfb'/ a:g]t l;Gw'kfNrf]s^(= g;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7 kz'klt, sf7df8f}+&)= Hof]lt/Tg zfSo OGb|rf]s, sf7df8f}+

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82

&!= /jLGb| zdf{ OGb|rf]s, sf7df8f}+ &@= rGb|l;+x nfdf sfe|]knf~rf]s&#= gbgs'df/ zdf{ lahf}/L, bfª&$= sljj/ zdf{ sf7df8f}+ &%= s[i0faGw' k"hf lrtjg&^= 8f= t]hl;+x dNn dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}+&&= rfN;{ d]lG8h wf]aL3f6, sf7df8f}+&*= ef/tL l;njfn lu/L wfkf;L, sf7df8f}+ &(= k|ltdf d'9j/L ef]6]axfn, sf7df8f}+ *)= OIff -;fljqL_ uf}td alb{of*!= OGb| v/]n wflbª, uh'/L*@= /fd zfx g'jfsf]6*#= gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7 uf]/vf*$= /d]z yfkf nlntk'/*%= ;Ltf/fd tfdfª ef]hk'/*^= kfl/hft sf7df8f}+ *&= dx]z sf]df{rf cf]vn9'Ëf**= dxfb]j ofbj wg'iff*(= lx/0onfn >]i7 dsjfgk'/

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83

dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t jf ;+nUg JolStx¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sdL{ (Human Rights Activists), dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs (Human Rights Defender) Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/jfbL egL ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj clwsf/sdL{ / dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs zAbnfO{ h;/L ;xh / ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnOG5, ;fy} oL zAb eflifs ¿kdf klg ;xL dflgG5g\ t/ dfgj clwsf/jfbL zAb obfsbf k|of]udf NofP klg eflifs ¿kdf To;sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOFb}g . dfgj clwsf/sdL{ / dfgj clwsf/ /IfsnfO{ Ps} jf pxL cy{df k|of]u ul/P klg ;fdfGot leGgtf cYof{pg ;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/sdL{ eGgfn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+j4{gdf k"0f{ jf Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ a'lemG5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsn] klg dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Dj4{g sfo{df ;+nUg JolStnfO{ g} hgfpFb5 t/ o;/L ;+nUg JolSt o; If]qdf Jofj;flos jf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;+nUg ePsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . o; If]qdf sfo{/t JolStx¿ Psn jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lqmofzLn /x]sf x'G5g\ . o; k|:t'ltdf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsaf/]df ljleGg kIfaf6 rrf{ ul/P klg dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] nflu klg TolQs} pkof]uL x'g]5 . of] k|:t'lt sfo{cg'ej Pjd\ Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 29 df cfwfl/t 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] kl/efiff (Defination of Human Rights Defender) dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs eGgfn] s;nfO{ a'emfpFb5 jf sf] dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs aGg ;S5g\ egL lglb{i6 kl/efiff 5}g . ;fdfGotof hf];'s} JolSt jf JolStx¿sf] ;d"x dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; cleofgdf ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ . ;fdfGo jf zflAbs cy{df dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iffy{ lqmofzLn JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs egL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . About human rights defenders zLif{sdf pNn]v

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs / kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx¿(Human Rights Defender & Rules of Conduct)

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84

ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ kbfjnLn] tL dflg;nfO{ a'emfpF5, hf] Psn jf c¿x¿;Fu ldnL dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ /IfsnfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gk|lt ;+nUg hf]sf]xL klg dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 29 sf] cg';"rLsf] k|:tfjgfsf] t];|f] x/kmdf klg o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] of]Uotf (Qualification of Human Rights Defenders) dfgj clwsf/sf] /Ifssf] of]Uotfsf] af/]df st} pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] :jLsf/ (Accepting the universality of human rights) sf] 7Ls sf] unt, o;n] km/s t'NofpF5 < (Who is right and who is wrong–does it make a difference? / zflGtk"0f{ ultljlw (Peaceful action) . oL tLg d'2f jf ljifok|lt Wofgfsif{0f ub}{ Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 29 sf] Is a minimum standard required of human rights defenders? df dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] of]Uotfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;+:yf btf{ P]g @)#$ n] klg ;fdflhs ;+:yf btf{sf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOFb}g . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} k|fjwfg geP klg dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs x'g lgDgfg';f/ of]Uotf eg] cfjZos kb{5M

!_ cf}krfl/s lzIff clgjfo{ geP klg cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt u/]sf],

“Human rights defender” is a term used to describe people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect human rights. Human rights defenders are identified above all by what they do and it is through a description of their ac-tions (section A below) and of some of the contexts in which they work (section B below) that the term can best be explained.– Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 29

Acknowledging the important role of international cooperation for, and the valu-able work of individuals, groups and associations in contributing to, the effective elimination of all violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms of peoples and individuals, including in relation to mass, flagrant or systematic violations such as those resulting from apartheid, all forms of racial discrimination, colo-nialism, foreign domina- tion or occupation, aggression or threats to national sov-ereignty, national unity or territorial integrity and from the refusal to recognize the right of peoples to self-determination and the right of every people to exercise full sovereignty over its wealth and natural resources,

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@_ dfgj clwsf/sf d"NodfGotf Pjd\ ;+oGqnufotsf ljifoj:t'af/] hfgsf/L ePsf],

#_ zflGt jf clx+;fk|lt ljZjf; ePsf] / zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg], $_ ;a}sf] -ax'dt÷cNkdt÷ax';ª\Vos÷cNk;ª\Vos===_ ljgfkIfkft

clwsf/ / st{Josf] jsfnt ug]{, $_ s;}nfO{ xflg gk'¥ofpm, ;a}sf] nflu Gofo, ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/,

ljlwsf] zf;g, ;dfgtf / ce]bdf ljZjf; h:tf dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGtdfly k"0f{ sl6a4,

%_ zflGtk"0f{ jf clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngdf ljZjf; ug]{, cflb .

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf k|sf/x¿ (Types of HR Defender);fdfGotof dfgj clwsf/ /IfsnfO{ :j]lR5s / tnaL u/L b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . :j]lR5s /Ifsx¿ cf+lzs / k"0f{sfnLg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . To;}u/L tnaL /Ifsx¿ klg :j]lR5s /Ifsx¿ cf+lzs / k"0f{sfnLg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs

tnadfg :j]lR5s

cf+lzs k"0f{sfnLg cf+lzs

– k|fWofks÷lzIfsx¿

– GofosdL{÷sfg'gJoj;foLx¿

– ;~rf/sdL{x¿

– dfgj clwsf/sdL{÷;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿

– dfgj clwsf/ ;ª\3;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿

– k|fWofks÷lzIfsx¿

–GofosdL{÷sfg'gJoj;foLx¿

– ;~rf/sdL{x¿

3. No “qualification” is required to be a human rights defender, and the Declara-tion on human rights defenders makes clear, as explained above, that we can all be defenders of human rights if we choose to be.

Nevertheless, the “standard” required of a human rights defender is a complex issue, and the Declaration clearly indicates that defenders have responsibilities as well as rights. This Fact Sheet draws attention to thefollowing three key issues:

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:j]lR5s / cf+lzscGtu{t k|fWofks÷ lzIfsx¿, GofosdL{÷ sfg'g Joj;foL, ;~rf/sdL{ / k"0f{sfnLgdf dfgj clwsf/sdL{÷ ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿ Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/ ;ª\3;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ kb{5g\ . To;} u/L tnaL /Ifsx¿df cf+lzscGtu{t k|fWofks÷ lzIfsx¿, GofosdL{÷ sfg'g Joj;foL, ;~rf/sdL{ / dfgj clwsf/sdL{÷ ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿ Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/ ;ª\3;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ kb{5g\ .

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf sfo{x¿ (Responsibilities of the HR Defender)s_ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ (Protection Related HR Activities)

dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g Pjd\ HofbtLsf 36gf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / cg'udg ug]{

k|fKt tYosf] cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsfNg] ;f]xL cfwf/df ljZn]if0f;lxtsf] b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ / bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxLsf] nflu dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o ;+:yfdfkm{t kxn ug]{

36gfsf] ;DaGwdf /fHonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg kqsf/ ;Dd]ng ug]{ dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g Pjd\ HofbtLsf 36gf ;DaGwdf kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df ph'/Lsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{

dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g Pjd\ HofbtLaf6 kLl8t ePsfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL, dgf]j}1flgs, lrlsT;f tyf cGo ;xof]u;DaGwL pkrf/sf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{

v_ dfgj clwsf/ ;+j4{g;DaGwL (Promotion Related HRActivities)

dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g Pjd\ ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf] nflu jsfnt ug]{ zflGtk"0f{ sfo{qmddfkm{t ;/sf/ Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿nfO{ bafa lbg]

dfgj clwsf/sf ljifodf n]vg÷k|sfzgnufotsf dfWodaf6 k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{

dfgj clwsf/ d}qL ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lgdf{0f Pjd\ ;'wf/sf] kIfdf kxn ug]{ kLl8t Pj+ kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g Pjd\ HofbtLsf 36gfx¿sf] ;Íng, clen]]v /fVg] jf b:tfj]hLs/0f ug]{

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dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL 36gfx¿sf] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{ ;xL / Pjd\ oyfy{k/s ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L k|jfx ug]{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g sfo{df cfjZostfcg';f/ ;/sf/ Pjd\ ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;fem]bf/L / va/bf/L b'j} ug]{

b08xLgtfsf] unt ;+:s[ltlj?ådf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dfgj clwsf/ lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug]{ /fHosf] dfgj clwsf/;DjGwL /fli6«o of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

clwsf/ hf]lvddf k/]sf JolSt jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{, cflb

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx¿ (Rules of Conduct of HR Defenders) c¿nfO{ gf]S;fg gk'¥ofpg] :jtGq÷lgikIf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ ljZj;gLotf sfod /fVg] Odfgbf/ Jofj;flostf sfod /fVg] Uff]kgLotf sfod /fVg] 3'nldn x'g ;Sg] cfTdljZjf;L nrstf ckgfpg ;Sg] ;fxl;s w}o{jfg\ aGg ;Sg] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL lgsfosf]

If]qflwsf/ / sfof{b]zsf] ;Ddfg ug]{, cflb .

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88

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] nId0f/]vf (Border line of HR Defenders)

ug{ x'g] sfo{x¿ ug{ gx'g] sfo{x¿

s_ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf c¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] cfbz{ gfos cfkm" ePsf] b]vfpg jf dx;'; u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 .

v_ clwsf/sdL{sf] ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4+{gsf] nflu e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . :jtGq÷lgikIf ¿kdf sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

u_ k|hftGqtsf d"NodfGotf÷sfg'gL zf;gsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'{kb{5 .

3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g, ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljZjsf] h'g;'s} :yfgdf dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ePdf ;zSt ¿kdf cfjfh a'nGb ug'{kb{5 .

ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf l;4fGt, d"No, dfGotfsf] ;Ldfleq dfgj clwsf/sf] JofVof / sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{÷u/fpg'kb{5 .

r_ clwsf/ / st{Jo cfk;df kl/k"/s x'g\ cyjf Pssf] cefjdf csf{sf] cl:tTj ;Dej 5}g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 .

5_ /fHo jf ;/sf/;Fu cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fem]bf/L / va/bf/L b'j} ug'{kb{5 .

s_ l;4fGt Psflt/ Jojxf/ csf]{lt/ x'g] k|s[ltsf sfox¿ ug'{÷u/fpg' x'Fb}g .

v_ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg kf6L{ljz]ifsf] emG8f af]Sg' x'Fb}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] cfj/0fdf /fhgLlts bnljz]if lhGbfjfb jf d'bf{jfbsf gf/f nufpg' x'Fb}g . sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ :jtGqtf÷lgikIftfdfly s'g} klg k|ZglrGx p7\g glbg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg'kb{5 .

u_ PsbnLo jf lg/ª\s'ztf÷ hª\unL/fhsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'{ x'Fb}g .

3_ cfkm\gf] cg's"n cf:yf, ljrf/, lnª\u, j0f{, wd{, hft cflbsf] cfwf/df dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg / HofbtLsf 36gfx¿sf] lj/f]w / ;dy{g ug'{ x'Fb}g .

ª_ hft, hflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfoaLr vnn k'Ug] lsl;daf6 dfgj clwsf/sf] JofVof Pjd\ sfo{ ug{÷u/fpg' x'Fb}g .

r_ st{JonfO{ la;]]{/ clwsf/sf] dfq JofVof–ljZn]if0f / pkef]u ug{ vf]Hg' x'Fb}g .

5_ /fHo jf ;/sf/nfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cgfjZos tj/n] cfnf]rgfsf] kfq dfq agfpg' x'Fb}g .

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h_ ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ dgg u/L c¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

em_ cfjZostfcg';f/ :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfn;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

`_ dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ng cfjfhljxLgx¿sf] cfjfh ePsf]n] pgLx¿sf] lxtnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . kLl8tnfO{ ;s]df k|ToIf ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;xof]usf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf kxn u/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

6_ ;fdfGo lsl;dsf jfbljjfb, em}emu8f jf d'2fx¿nfO{ kIfsf] /f]xa/df dWo:ystf{ eO{ cfk;df d]nldnfk u/fpg'kb{5 .

7_ dfgj clwsf/ xgg jf HofbtLsf 36gfx¿sf] ;'/lIft ¿kdf clen]v /fVg'kb{5 .

8_ xflg gk'¥ofpg] eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

9_ dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf /fli6«o ;+:yfnfO{ cfkm" k|ToIf ;+nUg g/x] klg :jtGq, :jfoQ t'Nofpg lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xg'kb{5 . To;sf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf] ;fy} af6f] gla/fcf];\ eGgfvflt/ ;do–;dodf va/bf/L ug'{kb{5 .

0f_ cg'zf;g, g}ltstfnfO{ pRrsf]6Ldf /fVg'kb{5 .

h_ JolSt, ;d"x, hflt, lnª\u, wd{ljz]ifsf] clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug]{ gfddf c¿sf] clwsf/dfly k|xf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

em_ ddfq} ;a} x'F egL cfk;L l/;, å]if jf efjfj]zsf] efjn] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .

`_ kL8snfO{ pGd'lSt lbg] p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t eO{ sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

6_ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fw jf dfgj clwsf/ xgg jf HofbtLsf 36gfx¿df ldnfkq ug'{÷u/fpg' x'Fb}g .

8_ kLl8tsf ;fy} kL8snfO{ klg cfb/fyL{ zAbsf] k|of]u u/]/ dfq af]Ng'kb{5 . kL8ssf] JolQmut k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ jf p;nfO{ xf]Rofpg] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

9_ ;+:yfdf cfkm" /xFbf ;a} 7Ls gq ;a} a]7Ls eGg] dfgl;stfnfO{ :yfg lbg' x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] e"ldsf jf bfloTjaf6 cnu /xL s]jn cgfjZos cfnf]rgf dfq ug'{ x'Fb}g .

0f_ c/fhstf, cg'zf;gxLgtf, u'6aGbL / b08xLgtf JolQm jf ;+:yfsf zq' x'g\ . ltgnfO{ s'g} klg axfgfdf :yfg lbg'xFb}g . cfkm" ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] If]qflwsf/ aflx/ uP/ sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .

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dfgj clwsf/sdL{;“u x'g'kg]{ cfwf/e't ;Lkx¿ (Basic Skill of HR Defenders)

dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg cg'udg, cg';Gwfg;DaGwL 1fg ljifoj:t'sf] l6kf]6sf] Ifdtf aofg lng] tf}/tl/sf k|df0f ;ª\sng, ;'/lIft /fVg] tl/sf w}o{÷3'nldn ug]{ snf ;"rgf k|jfx k|ltj]bg n]vg;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Lk k|Zg, s'/fsfgL / cGtjf{tf{;DaGwL ;Lk :yfgLo efiff, k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt cflb;DaGwL 1fg

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifslj?å x'g ;Sg] vt/fo'St cj:yfx¿ (Risky Potential of HR Defenders)

k];f 5f]8\g÷cfkm\gf] cg's"n sfo{ ug{ bafa r]tfjgL÷s'6lk6÷oftgf÷ xTof xTof -cfkm\gf]÷kl/jf/;d]tsf]_ ;Ddsf] wDsL a]kQf÷ckx/0f u}/sfg'gL jf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp / y'gf em'§f kmf}hbf/L÷b]jfgL cleof]u lg?T;flxt :jtGqtfnufot ljleGg clwsf/dfly aGb]h

;'/lIft /xg] pkfox¿ (Measures of Safty) ;/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd lng] ;'/IffnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] ;'/IffnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL Psn jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ c¿nfO{ xflg gk'¥ofpg] l;4fGtdf /xL sfo{ ug]{ Jofj;flostfdf hf]8 lbg] :jtGq / lgikIf eO{ sfo{ ug]{ lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /lx/xg] clen]vx¿ ;'/lIft /fVg] ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;xof]u lng]

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91

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL s]xL k|fjwfgx¿ (Some Provisions on HR Defendre)

ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0fsf nflu dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] clwsf/ / bfloTj;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq, !((* o; 3f]if0ffkqsf cg';f/ JolQm, ;d"xx¿ jf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] dfgj

clwsf/ /Ifs eO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf] If]qdf nfuL sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . ;+o'St /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;j{;Ddt ¿kdf kfl/t ;b:o /fi6««x¿n] o;nfO{ afWosf/L sfg'g;/x dfGotf k|bfg o;n] dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] pNn]v u5{ dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ lgaf{w ¿kdf cfkm\gf] sfo{sf nflu

cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf dffgjclwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf k|lt/Iffsf] dfGotf k|bfg ;+o'St /fi6««;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efaf6 kfl/t dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL

k|:tfjx¿ dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿ dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGt g]kfndf o; ljifodf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] cj:yf

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92

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M!_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg@_ dfgj clwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h ;ª\u|x – /fi6«;+3 !(** cg'=

OGx'/]8 OG6/g];gn 8f= uf]kfn s[i0f l;jfsf]6L#_ dfgj clwsf/ jif{ !((* /fli6«o ;ldlt g]kfnsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg

sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno$_ dfgj clwsf/ 7"nf gf} dxf;lGw cgf}krfl/s ;]jf s]Gb| OG;]s

@)^( c;f/%_ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; / b[li6sf]0f ;dLIff / ljj]rgf cdg >]i7, s}nfzs'df/ l;jfsf]6L–dw'jg k|sfzg @)^* j}zfv^_ g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gsf k|sfzgx?&_ z/0ffyL{ ;+/If0f M z/0ffyL{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g Ps hfgsf/L

– z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no –>L s]6 h];6«fd / >L d]l/lng Pls/f]g (UNHCR) 2001*_ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] ;Fufnf], g]kfn

;/sf/ sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+–@)^$

(_ g]kfn ;/sf/ dfgj clwsf/ jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf