DJ Alonge and Taimoor Aslam

Unit 5 Review 2nd period

China• In the year 1900 the U.S, Japan, Germany, France, Italy,

Russia, and Britain ransacked the Forbidden City in reaction to Chinese violence against foreigners

• In 1911 Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty

• In 1917 China declared war on Germany and entered World War I.

• From 1937–1945 Japan invaded China • Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalists and Mao Zedong's

Communists formed a front to stop Japan• Mao Zedong talked at Yan'an to set guidelines for the union

of Communist ideology

• In 1949 the Communists gained control of the country and established the People's Republic of China

• Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists established their own government in Taiwan

• From 1956–1957 the people of mainland China voiced their opinions in the Hundred Flowers Movement

• In the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong made a goal to produce more steel in a year than Britain

• After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping took over and China became more tolerant

Mao Zedong

• In 1983 Zhang Daqian, one of the greatest painters of all time, dies in Taiwan

• In 1989 protesters in Tiananmen Square are joined by hundreds of thousands of students; there were hundreds of casualties

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranks China's economy the third largest in the world

• In 1993 construction begins on the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydropower project

• In 1997 Britain returned Hong Kong to mainland China• In 2003 China launched its first manned spacecraft

FamousPainting

• The China-Tibet railway, the world's highest-altitude train route, begins operation

• In 2007 the director of the food and drug agency is executed for accepting bribes

• In 2008 Beijing hosts the Summer Olympics.• The National Stadium, the world's largest steel structure, is

constructed for the event• In addition the National Aquatics Center was created for

the swimming competitions

Olympic Park

North America• In 1901 U.S. President William Mckinley was assassinated

and Theodore Roosevelt became president• In 1903 The Great Train Robbery, a ten-minute motion

picture directed by Edwin Porter was shown in theaters. • In 1903 the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur,

successfully flew a gasoline-powered airplane• Albert Einstein formulates the Special Theory of

Relativity, and in 1916 he formulates the General Theory of Relativity

• The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are formed

• In 1906 a massive earthquake destroys much of San Francisco; hundreds of people died

• In 1908 The Ford Company produces the first Model T• In 1911 a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York

killed a 145 workers • This tragedy lead to unions for workers rights • In 1912 New Mexico and Arizona become the forty-seventh

and forty-eighth states of the U.S. • In 1912 the S.S. Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic after

colliding with an iceberg; 1,513 people are killed

Titanic

• In 1914 Canada enters World War I with the British declaration of war against Germany

• In 1917, the U.S. enters the war on the Allied side• Alexander Graham Bell and Dr. Thomas Watson

make the first transcontinental telephone call. • The telephone is one of the inventions that will

revolutionize twentieth-century communications.• The Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and

the U.S.) are victorious in World War I; the Armistice is signed by Germany on November 11, 1918

• In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants American women the right to vote

• In 1929 the U.S. stock market crashes on October 24, "Black Thursday," which triggered a world wide depression

• The Great Depression will last until the beginning of World War II

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president of the United States in a landslide victory for the Democratic party.

• Roosevelt's New Deal was designed to stimulate economic recovery, create jobs, and provide relief to the millions of Americans

• In 1948 the U.S. Congress passes the Marshall Plan Act for the reconstruction of Western Europe.

• In 1948 a period of political tension known as the Cold War between the U.S. and the USSR begins

• The conflict reaches its highest point with the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

• In 1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president of the United States, and he becomes the first Catholic to hold the office.

• He serves until his assassination in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963.

• African Americans are guaranteed the right to vote after the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed

John F. Kennedy

• Apollo 11 is launched from Cape Kennedy in Florida; Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon

• In 1972 U.S. troops withdraw from Vietnam; a cease-fire agreement is signed the following year.

• In 1975, President Gerald Ford declares the Vietnam War officially over.

• The New Canadian Constitution is approved by all provinces except Québec, where a French-Canadian separatist movement has been taking place

• In 1987 a worldwide stock market crash signals the end of a period of economic growth and the beginning of a recession

• The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq triggers the first Gulf War

• In 1992 Bill Clinton begins a two-term presidency, supported by great economic growth

• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is put in place.

• The treaty is credited for increasing trade between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico, but the treaty is also questioned for exporting US jobs

• In the year 2000 the U.S. presidential election ended in a legal challenge

• George W. Bush is eventually elected president because the Supreme Court did not allow the recounting of votes in Florida

Europe• In the year 1900 a German naval law introduced a

20 year building program for a fleet to compete with the British navy

• In 1903 Alexander, the King of Serbia, was assassinated

• From 1901-1905 the Church was separated from the state in France

• From 1903-1905 scandal broke out in Belgium over Belgian rule in Zaire

• In 1907 the Russian Social Revolutionary Party (Bolsheviks) was founded

• In 1908 Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated.• Portuguese revolution brought about the end of the

monarchy• In 1914 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led

to World War I• During 1915 the Germans started the submarine campaign

to blockade British Isles• In 1917 the Russian Revolution began • In 1918 an Armistice ended World War I

Russian Revolution

• In 1921 Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in Russia

• In 1922 Mussolini became the Italian Prime Minister; he became dictator in 1925

• In 1924 Vladimir Lenin dies in Russia; Stalin becomes the next leader

• During 1928 Stalin launched a five year plan to expand Soviet industry

• During 1933 Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, appointed a German Chancellor

• In 1936 Germany invaded the Rhineland region on the French-Belgian border

• In 1938 Hitler forced Austria to form a union with Germany • In 1938 the Munich crisis happened; France and Britain

agreed to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia (appeasement)

• During 1939 Stalin and Hitler agreed to divide Poland between themselves

• During 1939 Germany invaded Poland; this led to World War II

• In 1940 France surrenders to Germany• The jet aircraft was developed in England and Germany Jet Aircraft

• From 1939–1945 a Nazi arranged genocide resulted in the death of almost 6 million Jews

• In 1944 the Allies invaded France and began to re-conquer Europe

• During 1953 Stalin died in Russia; Nikita Khrushchev takes power

• In 1955 the Warsaw Pact is signed• The Warsaw Pact was an agreement made between

the communists nations

• During 1957 the Russians launched Sputnik• This was the a key step in Russia’s space race

with the United States• In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built to stop East

Germans from fleeing to the West• In 1968 the Hungarian Communist party

introduced a group of reforms called the New Economic Mechanism

Sputnik

The Middle East• In the 1920s the League of Nations placed Syria and

Lebanon under French control and Palestine and Iraq under British control

• In 1923 oil was discovered in Iraq. • During the 1930s, British and U.S. companies competed

for oil in the Gulf region• Lebanon gained independence from France in 1943• In 1946, Syria became independent• In 1948 the State of Israel is established.

• Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq declare war on Israel • The 1948 Arab-Israeli War brings attacks on at least 700,000

Palestinians by Zionist militants• In the 1950s oil is discovered in the United Arab Emirates• In 1960 Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela form

the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)• In 1961 Kuwait gains independence from Britain• In 1963 two coups brought the Ba'ath Arab nationalist party

to power in Syria and Iraq • In 1967 the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Jordan,

and Syria resulted in the Israeli occupation of the West Bank

• In 1967 Southern Yemen gained independence from Britain• In 1973 Syria and Egypt launched and eventually lost the October

War against Israel, • After the war, Saudi Arabia led a petroleum embargo against states

that supported Israel • Demonstrations forced the resignation of the Israeli prime minister

after the defeat of the Israeli army in the 1973 war • This resulted in the Likud party gaining power in 1977• From 1975–77 civil war erupted in Lebanon in 1975 • Israel invaded Lebanon 1982 and occupied it until 2000.

• In the 1980s the Iran-Iraq War resulted in an estimated 1 million deaths on both sides

• In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon, resulting in the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Palestinian refugee camps

• In 1990 Iraqi forces occupied neighboring Kuwait and are kicked out by U.S. forces in the Gulf War of 1991

• In 1990 North and South Yemen unite to become the Unified Arab Republic of Yemen

• In 2000 a second intifada begins in the West Bank and Gaza

• An intifada is the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip

• In 2003 a U.S. led coalition ends the regime of Saddam Hussein and occupies Iraq

• With Saddam Hussein’s reign finally over, closure has been brought to the Gulf War

• The National Museum of Baghdad is looted• The National Library is burned to the ground

in the first days of the U.S. led war

Saddam Hussein

Koreas• In 1910 The Treaty of Annexation is signed on August 29,

marking Korea's formal annexation to Japan • The Government-General of Korea, controls all aspects of

governance–political, social, economic, and cultural• On March 1, 1919 more than a million Koreans take to the

streets in the March First Movement, demanding independence

• The demonstrations force the Japanese colonial administrators in Seoul to rethink their colonial policy,

• On August 15, 1945 Korea is liberated from thirty-five years of Japanese colonial rule

• After independence, the Korean peninsula is divided in two, with the north under Soviet control and the south under American occupation

• Two separate states—the Republic of Korea in the south and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north—are proclaimed in 1948

• On June 25, 1950 the civil war, known as the "Korean War," begins. A truce is signed at P'anmunjôm at the 38th Parallel in 1953.

• In 1988 Seoul hosts the 24th Summer Olympic Games

Central Asia• From 1901–1919 Emir Habibullah Khan of Afghanistan

pushes for modernization of his country• The Anglo-Russian Convention defines British and Russian

spheres of influence in the region, which each country agrees to respect

• In 1912 Muslims in the Xinjiang Province of China are allowed self-rule, which brings peace to the region after many years of unrest

• In 1916 a revolt against Russian rule is triggered by the announcement that men from the Central Asian provinces will be required to dig trenches for the Russian troops

• In 1919 the Treaty of Rawalpindi, Britain cedes control of Afghanistan's foreign relations and King Amanullah becomes the first ruler of an independent monarchy.

• In 1924 the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan are born

• In 1921 Mongolia expels the occupying troops to become independent; It becomes the People's Republic of Mongolia in 1924

• In 1921 the Afghans finish a Treaty of Friendship with the new Bolshevik regime of the Soviet Union

• In 1928 the Central Asian republics of the USSR switch from the Arabic to the Roman script

• In 1931 Afghanistan becomes a constitutional monarchy• In 1941 Hitler invades the USSR• In 1979 the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan• In 1989, under Gorbachev, Soviet troops withdraw from

Afghanistan• In 1991 Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,

and Tajikistan become independent republics

• In 1994 the Taliban movement gains momentum in Afghanistan

• In 1994, Taliban forces take Kandahar and two years later enter the capital of Kabul.

• By 1998, the group controls almost 90 percent of the country.

• Women's rights are sharply lessened under the Taliban government, which enforces an extreme form of Islamic law.

• In 1996 Osama bin Laden is given safe haven in Afghanistan.

• In 2004, the delegates of Loya Jirga agree on a new constitution for Afghanistan

South America• From 1899–1903 The War of a Thousand Days is fought

between liberal and conservative factions in Colombia. • In 1908 Juan Vicente Gómez begins his temporary

dictatorship in Venezuela, which continues until 1935. • The oil boom begins in 1909 and leads to extensive

immigration.• In 1916 Argentinean radicals led by Hipólito Yrigoyen

gain political control of the country. Yrigoyen is reelected in 1928 but ousted by a military coup in 1930.

• In 1922 The Revolt of the Lieutenants takes place in Brazil,

• In 1924 Víctor Raúl Haya founds the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).

• In 1930–34 Getúlio Dornelles Vargas is dictator in Brazil.• Between 1934 and 1937, he serves as the elected

president, and as dictator between 1937 and 1945• From 1932–35 Bolivia and Paraguay fight the Chaco War

over the Chaco Boreal region. • In 1936 an agrarian reform law is passed in Colombia and

the Confederation of Colombian Workers is founded. • In 1948, leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán is assassinated, and this

ends the period of Liberal reform

Victor Haya

• From 1939–45 Colombia assists the United States in ensuring that the Panama Canal remains open during World War II.

• In 1944, a Brazilian force of 25,000 troops participates in the Allied invasion of Italy.

• In 1941 Ecuador and Peru fight a border war. Under the terms of the Rio Protocol of 1942, Ecuador cedes some territory to Peru.

• In 1946 Juan Perón is elected president of Argentina. • From 1948–58 The Civil War in Colombia left hundreds of

thousands dead. • In 1974, the Colombian government begins an offensive

against oppositional guerrilla groups.• In 1952 The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) leads

a successful revolution in Bolivia.

• In 1953 a military coup brings Gustavo Rojas Pinilla to power in Colombia.

• From 1954–89 Alfredo Stroessner is dictator in Paraguay. He is known for allowing Nazi war criminals to seek refuge in Paraguay.

• In 1963 The Tupamaros guerrilla resistance group is formed in Uruguay. They engage in political kidnappings and other terrorist tactics.

• In 1964 the election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva signals the beginning of a period of reform in Chile.

• He is succeeded by Socialist Party member Salvador Allende, who serves until a military coup, supported by the U.S., unseats him in 1973

• In 1964 Brazilian president João Goulart is ousted from power in a coup and goes into exile.

• From 1976–83 The "Dirty War" takes place in Argentina as the military in power persecutes and kills thousands of peole.

• In 1980 General Luis García Meza seizes control of the Bolivian government in a coup.

• His regime is characterized by crime, mismanagement, and oppression.

• In 1982 Argentina fights a war with the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands. Although Argentina surrenders, rights to the Falklands are not given away.

• From 1990–2000 Alberto Fujimori is president of Peru. He flees to Japan when allegations of corruption in his government begin to emerge

Japan• In 1905 The Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese War

(1904–5) and gives Japan full control of Korea, the southern Sakhalin Islands, and China's southern Liaodong Peninsula.

• Manchuria is returned to China and Japan agrees to pay Russia for its lost territory.

• In 1910 Japan officially annexes Korea, which remains a Japanese colony until 1945

• In 1914, Japan declares war against Germany, entering World War I on the side of the allies . Japan is motivated by a desire to expand its territories, especially in China and the Pacific Islands.

• In 1918 Hara Takashi is named prime minister and forms what is considered Japan's first party cabinet.

• In 1925 the Diet gives all male citizens the right to vote. • In 1937, Japanese and Chinese troops clash on Marco Polo

Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing. Although this incident is relatively minor, it quickly grew into the Sino-Japanese War.

• In 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, inspired by Germany's recent military successes in Europe. Japan's main goal is expansion into China and Southeast Asia.

• On December 1941 Japan declares war on the United States and attacks the American naval base at Pearl Harbor.

• In 1945 despite early martial victories, after a naval defeat at Midway Island on June 3–7, 1942, the Japanese war effort declines and ends with Japan's surrender on August 15.

• In 1945, the Allied Occupation demilitarized the country, tried war criminals, and enacted important reforms in Japan's industries.

• In 1955 the Liberal Democratic party is formed.• This conservative party, which relies on the support

of farmers, professionals, and corporations, among others, dominates Japanese politics to the present day

• In 1974 Prime Minister Sato Eisaku receives the Nobel Peace Prize for normalizing relations between Japan and South Korea

Sato Eisaku

• In 1953 Cambodia achieves full independence from the French.

• In 1954 a treaty divides Vietnam into communist North Vietnam and anticommunist South Vietnam.

• Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh independence movement since 1941, becomes president of North Vietnam.

• In 1957 Malaysia is granted independence from the British.

• In 1964 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident leads to the increase of U.S. involvement in Vietnam

Southeast Asia• In 1930 Ho Chi Min forms the Indochinese Communist

Party• In 1932 Thailand's absolute monarchy is replaced with

a constitutional monarchy in a coup d'état• From 1942–45 the Japanese occupy Thailand, Vietnam,

Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines• In 1946 the Philippines achieve independence• In 1948 The Union of Burma is formed, independent of

the British.• In 1949 Laos becomes independent of French rule.

Indonesia becomes the Republic of Indonesia.

• In 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand create the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

• In 1975 Vietnam is unified under Communist leadership• In 1975 the communist Khmer Rouge take Phnom Penh

in Cambodia and rename the country Kampuchea. • In 1975 The Pathet Lao (Communist party) takes over

Laos and renames it the Lao People's Democratic Republic

• From 1978–79 the Vietnamese invade Phnom Penh and drive the Khmer Rouge from power

India• In 1905 growing civil unrest in Bengal prompts Lord Curzon,

the governor-general, to partition the province into East and West.

• In 1906 The Muslim League is founded to represent the political demands of Muslim Indians, and Muhammad Iqbal proposes the creation of Pakistan

• In 1911 King George V announces that the capital of the Indian colony will move from Calcutta to Delhi.

• From 1914–18 to get greater participation from their Indian subjects during World War I, Britain makes promises of freedom to the colony.

• When this freedom is not delivered by 1919, a large demonstration takes place in Amritsar. Four hundred people are killed as the British open fire on the protestors.

• In 1915 Mohandas Gandhi returns from Britain and goes to India where he tells everyone of what he has learned

• In 1936 under the leadership of activist Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League becomes more radical.

• In the 1940s, it adopts the idea of a separate Islamic state• In 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah announces the plan for

Pakistan in the Lahore Resolution, Muslims arrived in the country.

• In 1947 Jawarhalal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of India. The Muslim state of Pakistan is created in the northwest part of the former colony; East Pakistan is to the northeast.

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes governor-general; Liaqat Ali Khan is appointed prime minister.

• In 1948 Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse a Hindu extremist who opposes Gandhi's willingness to work with the Muslim League.

• In 1950 India adopts a constitution, which divides power between state and national authorities.

• From 1971–72 a civil war breaks out between the two halves of Pakistan. With the aid of India, East Pakistan declares its independence and becomes Bangladesh.

• In 1977 In Pakistan, Bhutto is ousted and later executed by General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq who institutes Islamic law.

• In 1991 Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated

• In 1992 a mob motivated by Hindu zealots destroys a mosque built by the general of Mughal emperor Babur in Ayodhya

• In 2002 relations between India and Pakistan underwent extreme pain.

• In 2004 talks between leaders provided a sense of hope for better relations in the future.

Rajiv Gandhi

Oceania• In 1901 the Immigration Restriction Act is enacted

to prevent the emigration of non-Europeans to the continent

• The policy will remain in force until the 1950s and is not entirely overturned until 1978

• In 1920 Australia becomes a founding member of the League of Nations

• In 1939 Australia joins World War II on the side of the Allies, declaring war on Germany, then Italy and Japan

• The Australian government agrees to accept Jewish refugees

• In 1945 Australia becomes a charter member of the United Nations

• In 1965 Australian troops are sent to fight in Vietnam

• In 1971 Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal member of parliament

Neville Bonner

Africa• 1902 - Treaty of Verceniging ends second Boer War in

South Africa; defeated Boers remain bitter and determined to regain power

• 1907 - Government of Mozambique organized• 1910 - Union of South Africa• 1922 - Egypt becomes independent from Britain

under King Fuad• 1923 - Ethiopia admitted to League of Nations• 1935-36 - Italians under Mussolini invade and annex

Ethiopia• 1941 - Ethiopia liberated from Italians by Ethiopians

and British, and recognized as independent

• 1951 - Libya gains independence• 1954-62 - War for independence in Algeria;

freedom won in 1962• 1956 - Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan gain their

independence• 1957 - Ghana is the first country in sub-Saharan

Africa to become independent• 1958-60 - Independence for Zaire, Nigeria, Somalia

and 12 of France’s 13 sub-Saharan colonies• 1960s - Civil war in South Sudan• 1960-65 - Civil war in Zaire

• 1961-67 - Independence for Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho, Botswana, Gambia and Swaziland

• 1963 - Organization of African Unity founded• 1980s - As opposition to apartheid grows, many

South African artists utilize their creative abilities to speak out against racial oppression

• Mozambique gains independence from Portugal• Namibia gains independence from South Africa• Nelson Mandela is released from prison after

twenty-seven years in jail