DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS

Organization of Organisms

Diversity

The vast diversity of living things is astounding!

Biologists study _____________ between organisms in order to _____________ them

Diversity within species is important to the species _______________

Humans depend on the Earth’s ____________ for food and products

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the __________ of all living organisms -- including animal and plant species -- of the _______ of all these organisms

Biodiversity makes up the structure of the ecosystems and habitats that support essential living resources, including wildlife, fisheries and forests.

Helps provide for basic human needs such as ______________

____________________________

Why do Scientists Classify Organisms? Is _________ million kinds of organisms on

Earth!

Need to keep them organized

Classification:

Classification of Living Organisms Biologists use ______________ and

___________ to organize organisms

Sexual reproduction maintains ________________ which provides a greater diversity of genotypes that can survive environmental changes; in turn ensuring a __________________________!

Diversity of Species

Taxonomy

About 2300 years ago _____________ first started to group animals according to their habitat

Aristotle observed animals____________, _________, types of ______________ and observed similarities and differences

He used the differences to divide them into smaller _______________

In 1665 when the microscope was discovered, many varieties of microscopic organisms were discovered

Taxonomy

Now, there were lots of organisms and the need for an effective _________________ became evident

John Ray in the 17th century was first to use the word _______ (organisms of similar shape and size)

Linnean System of Classification Carolus Linnaeus simplified classification

by the 18th century He used _______________________that is still

used today When classifying, each organism receives

a ___________________________________ First part of any scientific name is called

the ______, the second part of called the _______

The language used is _________ which was used by scholars at that time

Linnean System of ClassificationExample: genus species

Often instead of repeating the genus we used the initial

Example: Escherichia coli becomes _____________

Please note the genus is always _____________ and the species is ________.

System of Classification

There are 7 levels or _______ of classification.

Taxa are used to group organisms by their ___________________according to ___________ and/or ______________________.

Remember the first letter of this sentence:

There are 7 Levels of Classification

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Levels of ClassificationThink of the classification system as an upside down pyramid. The Kingdom is the largest part and can hold the greatest number of organisms such as all the animals or all the plants.

As you move down the pyramid each level or ‘room’ gets smaller; it can hold fewer and fewer organisms. However, the members have more traits in common and begin to look alike.

The species is the smallest ‘room’ in the classification system and is only large enough for one kind of organism – only humans, only houseflies, etc.

Levels of Classifica

tion

Housefly Human

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order Diptera

Family Muscidae

Genus Musca

Species domestica

Dichotomous Keys

A ______ allowing a scientist to determine the identity of species – a means of ____________ any living species on Earth

Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the _______________________________

Dichotomous means ‘divided into _________________’

So, dichotomous keys always give _ choices in each step

Classify: shoe, burger, belt, celery, fries

This can also be drawn in a Classification Tree: Objects

Clothing Not Clothing

Fits on Feet Fits around waist Vegetable Meat Shoes Belt Burger

Green Not Green Celery Fries

Kingdoms

Before we learn exactly how biologists classify different organisms, we’re going to learn about the first taxa level: the ________________

There are ___ Kingdoms for all organisms

Before We Examine the Kingdoms...

Remember the CELL?????

Let’s Review:http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

Two Types of Cells:Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

A type of cell A type of cell

Simple cell; were here first and for billions of years

Complex cell; evolved from a prokaryote-like ancestor

Are extremely successful as organisms

Many are successful; some organisms made of eukaryotic cells become extinct

Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ions and ribosomes, floating freely inside the cell membrane

Cytoplasm has suspended membrane – surrounded organelles such as a nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles and ribosomes

DNA has no membrane separating this area from the rest of the cell

Is a ‘true’ nucleus surrounded by a membrane that contains DNA. A nucleolus contains RNA.

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Kingdom Eubacteria

Have classified ______________of 4 000 000

Are ______________________

Found everywhere; often called ‘true bacteria’

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Live in ______________ conditions and volcanoes

The __________________ of life

Are ______________________

Only realized to be different from Eubacteria in ______ due to advances in genetics

Kingdom Protista

Single celled __________________

115 000 species, all very _____________ in cell structures, patterns of nutrition, reproduction and habitats

A ‘____________’ of organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms! Some are animal-like, fungus-like or plant-like

Examples of Protista

Zooflagellates are _____________________ Sleeping sickenss is caused by a parasitic

zooflagellate called ____________________________ Humans contract the disease if ___________ by a

tsetse fly infected with it Once inside, zooflagellate multiplies in the

bloodstream, destryoing ______________ and attacking other tissue

Symptoms: ______________________ Disease can be fatal

Smear of Trypanosoma gambiensis

Examples of Protista

____________is a plant-like protista Resemble plants because they have

____________ Some species are single celled, others

are multicellular Algae perform __________ of all

photosynthesis on Earth = free oxygen

Plant-Protista Debate

Some algae can be classified as both

Depends on how ‘_____________’ are defined

But most plants have adaptations for living on land (______________) and all multicellular algae are marine; they don’t have these _____________

Algae are therefore considered ____________

Kingdom Fungi

_____________ that build cell walls but not with cellulose like plants: ______________________!!!

No __________________; they depend on ______ organisms for nutrients

Examples:

Examples of Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Unicellular, mostly ______________ organisms; ____________________

Cell walls contain __________________ (a complex carbohydrate that forms the main part of plant cell walls)

Have _________________ (an organelle present in algae and plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis) & carry out _____________

Examples of Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular organisms; _________________

Have cell membranes not ___________________

Cells are organized into ____________________ (e.g. – respiratory or digestive system)

Divided into ______________ (backbone) and ____________________ (no backbone)

Examples of Animals