Diversity and Multicultural Education in Burma/ Myanmar - Thein Naing

8/14/2019 Diversity and Multicultural Education in Burma/ Myanmar - Thein Naing

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Diversity and Multicultural

Education

rwlnD uGJjym; jcm;em;r_rsm; ESif taoG;ta&mifpH,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;


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Diversity and Multicultural Education

rwlnD uGjym; jcm;em;r+rsm; ESifh taoG;ta&mifpH ,Ofaus;r+ ynma&;

odef;EdkifB.Appl.Sc Grad.Dip.EdMonashM.EdRMIT

Academic Coordinatorynma&; tpDtpOftrsKd;om;usef;rma&; ESif ynma&; aumfrwD?


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yHESyfjcif; rSwfwrf;pmtkyftrnf?Diversity and Multicultural Education

rwlnD/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;ESifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;

yxrt=udrf Zefe0g&Dv/ 2005?tkyfa&1000tultnD? aemfa0-jrefrm aumfrDwD(NBC)?rsufESmzHk; 'DZdkif;/ yef;csD? Harn LiewuGefjyLwm? cGef;ywfxm;

qufoG,f&ef?Education Programme NHEC

PO Box 178 Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50202 Thailand

Tel./Fax. +66 (053) 357 083Mob: 09 999 6135Email: [email protected]

[email protected]: http://www.nhecburma.org

&nfn$ef;csuftaoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ynma&; onf EdkifiHwGif;&Sd EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; ESifh vlr_taqmufttHkwpfckvHk;.a&wkd/ a&&Snf tuskKd;pD;yGm; ESifh 'Drdkua&pD tajccHoabmw&m; wpfckjzpfonfh vlr_w&m;r#wr_udkaz:aqmif&ef t"du &nf&G,fygonf? ,Ofaus;r_rwlnDaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m uGJjym;r_/ausmif;om;rsm;. pGrf;&nftrsKd;rsKd;/ bmomt,l0g'trsKd;rsKd;/ vlr_pD;yGm;uGm[csuf ponfwdk hESifhtjcm;tjcm;aom uJGjym; jcm;em;csufrsm;udk vlr_w&m;r#wa&;/ ESifh az;rulnDr_ tay: tajccHonfhtaumif;qHk; tajctaewpfck zefwD;jyD; tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkdif&efrSmtaoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;. tESpfom& jzpfonf? &mpkESpf0ufausmf zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ ESifhrw&m;r_rsm;udk cg;onf;pGm cHpm;cJh=u&jyd;/ cHpm;ae&qJjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vlrsdK;pk =uD;/ i,ftm;vHk;(txl;ojzifh e,fpyfa'o wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;) ESifh vGwfvyfaEG;axG;pGm ynmoif=um;cGifh r&&Sd=uaomausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; Tpmtkyfjzifh av;eufpGm tod trSwfjyK rSwfwrf;wif tyfygonf?


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rmwdumpmrsufESm

aus;Zl;wifv$med'gef;tydkif; - 121 &mpkt0if jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf ESifh ynma&;

tcef; (1) jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf; (Political Crisis)tcef; (2) jrefrmEdkifiH. wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; (Ethnic nationalities)tcef; (3) jrefrmEdkfifiH uav;i,frsm;ESifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;tcef; (4) jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;rsm; ESifh ynma&; (Women and Education)tcef; (5) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ynma&; pHepfudk

usifhoHk;&ef vdktyfjcif;

tydkif; - 2rwlnD uGJjym; jcm;em;r_rsm;

tcef; (6) ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;. rwlnD uGJjym; jcm;em;r_rsm; (Learners Differences)tcef; (&) pGrf;&nftrsKd;rsKd; (Multiple Intelligences)tcef; (8) vlrsKd;pkrsm; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm; (Cultures and Ethnicity)tcef; (9) vdifydkif;qdkif&m uGm[csufESifh ynma&; (Gender Issues in Education)tcef; (10) vlr_pD;yGm;uGm[csufrsm; (Socio-economic Status)tcef; (11) pdwfcHpm;r_ydkif;qdkif&m jcm;em;csufrsm;/ cHpm;r_udk odem;vnfEdkfifr_pGrf;&nf

(Emotional Intelligence)tcef; (12) ynmoif,la&;qdkif&m txl; vdktyfcsuf&Sdolrsm; ESifh tm;vHk;twGuf ynma&;

(Special Educational needs) & (Inclusive Education)

tydkif; - 3taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;

tcef; (13) EdkifiHwum ynma&; pHepfrsm;wGif xGef;um;vmcJhjcif;tcef; (14) ,Ofaus;r_ A[k0g' (Cultural Pluralism)tcef; (15) pmoifom; A[dkjyK ynma&; (Student-centered education)

tcef; (16) vlr_od H bmom&yfrsm; ,SufEG,faygif;pyfI oif=um;jcif;enf;pHepf(Integrated Approache of Teaching Social Sciences)

tcef; (17) 'Drdkua&pD ESifh ynma&; (Democracy and Education)tcef; (18) q&m/q&mr. wm0ef ESifh tcef;u (The role of teachers)tcef; (19) jrefrmEdkifiH taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; (DME in Burma)


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tcef; (20) t=uHjyKcsufrsm; ESifh ed*Hk;aemufqufwGJ

aemufqufwGJ (u)aemufqufwGJ (c)

aemufqufwGJ (*)aemufqufwGJ (C)aemufqufwJG (i)


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aus;Zl;wifv$m

2003 ckESpf xdkif;jrefrme,fpyf tajcpdkufa'orsm;odk hrdrdjyefvnfa&muf&SdonfrS pwifI ynma&;oifwef;rsm; wGif r[mynma&;bGJ h(M.Ed) twGuf jyKpkwifoGif;cJhaomusrf;udk ndSEd_if;jyifqifIt"du bmom&yf wpfcktaejzifh pwif rdwfqufoif=um;cJhonf? 2003 ckESpf/ ZGefv 4 &uf rS 7&ufae h txd / Elanora Heights nDvmcHae&m/ qpfNeDjrdK h/ =opa=w;vsEdkifiHwGif usif;ycJhaom'kwd,t=udrfajrmuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m jrefrm ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHYvnf; Tpmwrf;tusOf;csKyf udk wifoGif;zwf=um;cJhygonf? yHkrSefoifwef;rsm;wGif (2) ywfcef h tcsdef ,l aqG;aEG;ydk hcscJh onf? 2003-2004 ckESpftwGif; q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm; (3) =udrf/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; (3) =udrf twGif;ynma&; 0efxrf; q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ enf;jyrsm;/ EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm; ESifh tzJG htpnf;toD;oD;wdk hrSwm0ef&Sd olrsm;rS Tbmom&yf vufpGJusrf;udk bmomjyefjyD; yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg&ef t=uHjyKcsufrsm;t&xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_qkdif&m us,fjyef haom ynma&;

vkyfief;pOf rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKEdkif&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHawmf.a'o toD;oD;&Sd q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm;/ aumvdyfausmif;rsm;rS enf;jyrsm; ESifh ausmif;q&mavmif;ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfpdrfhaomiSg bmomjyef xkwfa0&jcif;jzpfygonf? tjcm;aom vkyfief;cGif q&m/ q&mr t&nftcsif;jrSifhwifr_ tpDtpOfrsm;wGifvnf;toHk;jyKEdkif&ef jzpfygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH e,fpyfa'o q&mtwwfynm oifwef;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS ausmif;ol/ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh wuf=uGpGm yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJh=uaom q&m/ q&mrrsm; tm;vHk;udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdyga=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?

trsKd;om;usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;aumfrDwD/ ynma&; tpDtpOf. ynma&; pDrHcsufrsm;udkwdkif;&if;om; a'orsm;wGif taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf ulnDyHhydk;r_rsm;ay;ae=uonfh EdkifiHwum tpdk;&rsm;ESifh tvSL&Sif tzGJ htpnf;rsm;tm;vnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdyga=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?

txl;ojzifh xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tOD;tp tultnDay;cJhonfh =opa=w;vsEkdifiH zuf'&,f ynma&; or~ (AEU)/ =opa=w;vs-jrefrm toif;(ABS)/ ESifh Tpmtkyf xkwfa0Edkif&efESifh oifwef;rsm;twGuf tultnDay;onfh 'def;rwf-jrefrmaumfrDwD (DBC) / aemfa0-jrefrm aumfrDwD (NBC) wdk htm; aus;Zl; wif&Sdyga=umif;

rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?


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ed'gef;Tpmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif uGJjym;jcm;em;aom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;

wnf&Sdaer_udk av;eufpGm todtrSwfjyKjyD; jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&;wGif taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ynma&;udk ajymif;vJtoHk;cs oGm;Edkif&ef wifjyxm;ygonf?

bmompum; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rwlnDonfh vlrsKd;pk=uD; 8 pk ESifh vlrsKd;pki,faygif; 100ausmfjzifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk zJG hpnf;xm;aomfvnf; vl h,Ofaus;r_ A[k0g' (Culturalpluralism) / taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_pHepf (Multiculturalism) ESifh taoG;ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepf (Multicultural Education)wdk hudk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; &onfh tcsdefrSpwifum ,ae htxd rnfonfh tpdk;&urS vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif; r&Sda=umif; awG h&Sd &onf?

taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; udk EdkifiHawmf. pmoifcef;rsm; rS tpjyKumtpdk;&. rl0g'txd vdkufemusifhoHk;r_ r&Sdjcif;a=umifh ausmif;om;/ausmif;olrsm;. ynma&;

wdk;wufzGH hjzdK;r_wGif =uD;rm;aom twm;tqD;ESifh &ifqdkif=uHKawG hae&onf? uav; oli,fwdk h.ynma&;qdkif&m wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&_H;epfemv#uf&SdjyD; ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;. OD;aESmufzGHjzdK;r_/ tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef av;pm;pGmqufqHEdkifr_/ rwlnD uJGjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;udk odem;vnfr_ ESifh tusKd;wl yl;aygif; vkyfaqmifEdkifr_ pGrf;&nfrsm; usqif;vmcJhonf? tusdK;quf taejzihf r=umao;rD umvrsm;rS ekdifiHwum tqifhrD zGH hjzdK; wkd;wufvmaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkfifiHrsm;. ynma&; tqifhtwef;xufrsm;pGm edrfhusaer_ESifh &ifqdkif =uHKawG hae&jyD jzpfonf?

ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;pGm&ifqkdif=uHKawGae&onfrSm tkyfcsKyfol tpdk;&tqufqufrS enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh Tynma&; qkwf,kwfr_ jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef r=udK;pm;=uao;yg? jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;'Drdkua&pD ESifh vltcGifhta&; qdwfokef;aer_. tusdK;qufwpfck jzpfonf? umv=umjrifhpGmjyKjyifajymif;vJ,l&rnfh tqdk;0g;qHk; xdckdufepfemqHk;&_H;r_wGif tem*wf. EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf=uaomausmif;om;/ausmif;ol trsm;pk. ynma&;rSm tepfemqHk;jzpfonf? xdk htjyif vuf&Sdppftpdk;&taejzihf ,if;wkdtm%m wnfhwHhaeap&ef ESifh jrefrmppfwyftodkif;t0ef; twGuf tcGifhxl;cHppfwyfynmwwf vlwef;pm; (educated military elite class) arG;xkwfaer_/ twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tay:rw&m;zdESdyfr_ ESifh =uD;rm;aomvlr_pD;yGm;uGm[csuf wdk ha=umifhynma&;qdkif&m vlwef;pm; jy\emESifhvnf; &ifqdkifae&onf? qHk;&H_; epfemr_rsm;udk jynfolvlxktrsm;pk=uD;rS cHpm;ae=u&jyD; jrdKjyESifh tvSrf; uGma0;aom aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd uav; i,frsm;ESifhjynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aeaom e,fpyfa'o&Sd wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,frsm;rSm tcsdefESifhtr# ajymif;vJ

wdk;wufaeaom EdkifiHwumynma&;ESifh rsm;pGm aemufus usefaecJhjyDvnf; jzpfonf?Ttajctaewdk hrSm jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;/ zHG hjzdK;r_ESifh trsKd;om; jyefvnf&if=um; apha&;wdk htwGuf ynma&; &_axmifhrS oHk;oyf&rnfqdkv#if tvSrf;uGma0; vsuf&SdaejyD;EdkifiHawmf tem*wftwGuf tvm;tvm vHk;0raumif;yg?


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taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;. &nfrSef;csuf tcsKd hrSm - vlr_w&m;r#wr_(Social justice) ESifh wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; tjyeftvSef av;pm;a&;/ vl h*k%fodQmESifh wef;wlnDr#pGmqufqHa&;/ wkd hjzifh rdrdESifh rwlbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh olrsm;tay:wGif *&kwpdkuf tav;r_jcif;/vufcHEdkfifjcif;/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk onf;cHEdkifjcif;/ ESifh TuJhodk hrwlnDr_rsm;udk ta&;xm;jcif;wdk hjzpfonf? cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmI ydkif;jcm;a0zefaom oif=um;r_enf;ynm (Critical Pedagogy) udk

tajccH usifhxHk;taejzihf vufudkif jyKxm;jyD; todynm/ jyefvnfpOf;pm;awG;ac:r_/ ESifh vufawG husr_wdk hudk vlr_ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; (EifiHawmf. pmoifcef;rsm;rS tpjyKum) twGuf tajccHtm;jzihf A[dkjyKxm;ojzifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepfonf vlr_w&m;r#wjcif; tay:t"du xm;onfh 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;rsm;udk ydkrdk av;eufus,fjyef haponf?

pmwrf;. yxrydkif;wGif ,ae hjrefrmEdkifiH. wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;/ ppftm%m&SifpHepfESifh jrefrmhynma&; tajctae usqHk;aer_wkd hudk tav;ay; az:jyxm;onf? Tavhvmcsufrsm;rStajccHtaqmufttHkqdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef ESifh jyifqif&ef ta&;w=uD; vkdtyfcsuf rSm taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepfudk tjrefqHk; usifhoHk;&ef jzpfa=umif;udk awG h&Sd&ygrnf? wdkif;&if;

om; vlrsKd;rsm; rsm;jym;jyef hESH hpGmwnf&Sdr_/ r[m vlrsKd;=uD;0g' ESifh vlrsKd;pki,frsm;. rme/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; tcGifhxl;cH ynmwwf ppftm%m&Sifvlwef;pm; arG;xkwfr_/ ynma&;qkdif&m wef;wl nDr#r_/az;r ulnDr_/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m wef;wl tcGifhta&;ay;r_/ ausmif;om;rsm;. rwl/ uGJjym;jcm;em; csufrsm; ESifh ynma&;qdkif&m avhvmcsufwdk hjzifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepf udk rdwfquf wifjyxm;ygonf? 1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHk pwifcsdefrS jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh twl 'Drdkua&pD jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; jzpfpOfwGif wnf&Sdaeojzifh 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif; a&;umv wGif taoG; ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepf. tcef;uudkvnf; avhvm aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepfudk jrefrmynma&;wGif rdwfqufwifoGif;&mwGif pmoifcef;wGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkyg0if aqG;aEG;apjcif;/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;jcif;/

rdrdukd,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_&djScif;/ rdrd. ,Ofaus;r_ ESifh tjcm;olrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_wkd hudk av;pm;jcif;ponfwdkjzifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepf. ynma&; vkyfief;pOfrsm; ESifh enf;vrf;opfrsm;wGif tav;ay;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&; pHepfwGif taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ynma&; pHepfudk rdwfquf wifoGif;&mwGif us,fjyef onfhoabmudkaqmifjyD; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf. trsKd;om;a&; rl0g'/ ,Ofaus;r_rsKd;pHk&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;/ bmompum; uGJjym;r_/bmomt,l0g'uGJjym;r_/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&; uGm[csuf/ ausmif;om;rsm;. pGrf;&nftrsKd;rsKd; ESifhvlrsKd;pkrsm;. b0tajctaersm;/ pmoifom;A[dkjyKynma&; ESifhh oif=um;enf;pHepfopfrsm;tay:avhvmcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf?

odef;Edkifynma&;tpDtpOf?trsKd;om;usef;rma&; ESifh ynma&; aumfrwD?

=o*kwfv/ 2004 ckESpf?


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The Union of Burma and Education at the Beginning of 21stCentury


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rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;ESifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;

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tcef; (1)jrefrmEifiHa&; t-uytwn;

Political Crisis in Burma

uav;i,frsm;pGmw rSm rdbrJuav;i,frsm; jzpf=u&jcif;/ pGef ypcHxm;&jcif;/ a&mif;pm;cH&jcif;/ vkyfief;cGi f rsm;wGif rw&m; cdif;apcH=u&jcif;/ yHkpoif;cH=u&jcif; ESif axmifoGif; tusOf;uscH&jcif;wd k jzif &Sae=u&onf?wpfcsKd aom uav;i,frsm;rSm rl;,pf aq;0g; a&mif;0,f azmufum;r_wif toH;cs apckif; cH=u&jcif;/ ESif tcs dK rSm vrsK d;a&;t& cGJjcm;cH=u&jcif;rsm;. ypfrSwrsm; jzpfae =u&onf? jynfwif;ppfyGrsm;wGif uav;i, rsm;rSm wefqmcHrsm;jzpf=u&jcif; (odk r[ w) vufeufuif yyQrsm;wGif yg0if=u&jcif; / ay:wmqGcH=u&jcif;/ a&S hwef; vom; 'dif;rsm;/vom;rdkif;&if; u&d,mrsm; tjzpf toHk;cscHae=u&onf? uav;i,fta&twGu pm&if;twdtus rod&aomfjim;vnf; owif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif r=umao;rDumvrsm;rS yd kr o&Svm&onf?

uBmhukvor~ uav;rsm; ta&;ay: &HyHkaiG?(,leDquf tpD&ifcHpm/ jrefrmEdkifiH 1992)


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jrefrmEdkifiH = at'D 2004?jrefrmEdkifiHonf ppftm%m&SifpHepf atmufwGif q,fpkESpf av;ckausmf jzwfoef;cJhjyD;

jzpfonf? wpfEdkifiHvHk;. vlr_taqmufttHk wpfckvHk;rSm tvGeftrif; ysufpD;,dk,Gif; vsuf&SdjyD;t*wd vkdufpm;r_rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf? ppftm%m&Sif tqufquftkyfpdk;r_. tusKd;qufaejzifhtm&S. pyg;usD [k wifpm;cHcJh&onfh tqifhrS uBmhtqif;&JqHk; EdkifiH jzpfcJh&jyD; jynfolrsm;pGmrSmtiwfab;'%f ESifh rw&m; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_'%fwkdjzifh a=umuf&GH h xdwfvef hpGm &dSae=u&onf? jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;ae=uol w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwD0ifrsm;/ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;rSm rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&r_rsm;/ ESpf&SnfaxmifoGif; wdkufydwftusOf;cH&r_rsm; ESifh ppfa=uma&; pcef;rsm;wGif nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufcH&r_rsm;jzifh =uHKawG h ae=u&onf?uBmhukvor~ ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh tzJG h=uD;wdkrS Tvl htcGifhta&;t=uD;tus,f csKd;azgufcHae&r_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;&Sdonf? EdkifiHwum toif;tzGJ hrsm;eSifhynm&Siftodkif;t0dkif;rSvnf; jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm; taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;ykdifcGifh ESifh vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;az:jyykdifcGifh rsm;udk t=uD;tus,f uefowf csKyfcs,f

xm;a=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyxm;=uonf?

1962 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfrS tm%modrf;,lcJhonhfaemufydkif; ydkrdk tiftm;=uD;xGm;vmcJhonfh jrefrmwyfrawmfrSm ,ae htxd EdkifiHawmftm%mudk rw&m; odrf;ydkufxm;qJyifjzpfygonf? tpOftquf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vlxktHk=uGr_rsm;rSm &ufpufpGm ESdrfESif;r_rsm;jzihf&ifqdkifcJh=u&onf? wHcg;ydwf wpfygwD tm%m&SifpHepf atmufwGif wpfwdkif;jynfvHk; txD;usefqefpGm cHpm;cJh=u&onf? 1988 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif wUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;rS pwifcJhonfhtaxGaxG oydwfarSmuf qjyr_rsm;rSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; jyef hESH hoGm;cJhjyD; &[ef;/ &Sif/ vl jynfolvlxkvlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;rS ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vl htcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf jidrf;csrf;pGm qjyawmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? T qjyr_ rsm;udk wyfrawmfrS tiftm;oHk; ESdrfESif;jzdKcGif;cJhjcif;/ wuf=uGpGmv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk zrf;qD; nSOf;yrf; jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufwGifwyfrawmfrS xyfqifh tm%modrf;cJhjyD; qjyyGJrsm;udk t=urf;zuf &yfqdkif;cJh=uonf? tjypfrJhausmif;om;/ jynfol 3000 ausmf touf qHk;&H_; cJh&ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;pGmrSmvnf;e,fpyfa'orsm;odk h wdrf;a&Smif xGufajy;cJh=u&onf?

T qjyyGJrsm;. tusKd;quftaejzihf jrefrmudk uBmrS ydkrdkod&SdvmcJhjcif;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxk taejzifh 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vl htcGifh ta&;udPrsm; ESifh qdwfokOf;aer_udk ydkrdkod&dSem;vnfvmcJhjcif;/ 26 ESpfwdkifwdkif zdESdyftkyfcsKyfcJhol AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. rqvygwD ESifh tm%m& tpdk;&wdk hudkjzKwfcs EdkifcJhjcif;ESifh w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zJG hpnf;cGifh&&Sdjcif;wkd h &SdcJhonf? xdk htjyif 1990 jynfh

ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm;qDodk hvnf; OD;wnfcJhygonf?

vlOD;a& 52 oef; cef h&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfolvlxkrSm ta=umufw&m;rsm;jzifh aexdkifae=u&onf? jrefrmhwyfrawmf xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tvdkqtwdkif; tm;vHk;rS vdkufem


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jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;

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vkyfaqmif=u&jyD; vl htcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDta&; udP&yfrsm;twGuf tjyKoabm aqmifonfhwdk;wufajymif;vJr_rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgur# xnfhoGif; rpOf;pm;=uao;yg? uBmhjidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk csD;jrSifhjcif;cH&aom a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&; ESifh vl htcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk t"du OD;aqmifaeygonf? 1990 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJta&twGuf80 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhaom olr taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,l

aqmif&Gufonfh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJcsKyf (NLD) ESifh tjcm; w&m;0if twkduftcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh jynfol hvGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; udk ppftpdk;&rS EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk vJGajymif;ay;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? olrudk,fwdkifvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsKyftaESmifcH&jcif;/ xdrf;odrf; cH&jcif;rsm;jzifh&ifqdkifae&onf? 2002 ckESpf arvwGif aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS 'kwd,t=udrf jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvmjyD; aemufydkif;wGif jynfolvlxktrsm;pkrS 'Drkdua&pDESifh vltcGifhta&;qkdif&m EdkifiHa&; wdk;wufajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh tm;xm;cJh=uonf? odk&mwGif 2003 ckESpftpydkif;umvtwGif; EdkifiHESifh t0Srf;olr. pnf;&Hk;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;Y Tar#mfvifhcsuf=uD;ysufpD;cJh&avonf? 2003 ckESpf arv 30 wGif 'DyJ&if;jrdK hteD; usnf&Gmem;wGif olrESifh tzGJ h0ifjynfolvlxkrsm;pGmwdkrSm jcHKckdwkdufcdkufjcif;cHcJh=u&onf? vlaygif; &0 cef htoufqHk;&H_;cJh&jyD;

a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if jynfol 100 ausmf tzrf;cHcJh=u&onf? wpfESpf ausmfvGefcJhjyDjzpfonfh ,aetxdolrtm; zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;qJjzpfonf? wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;OD;a&rSm 1500 cef h&Sdonf?

uBmhukvor~ESifh EdkifiHwumtpdk;rsm;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; v$wfay;&efawmif;qdkr_rsm; ESifh EdkifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef wdkfufwGef;jcif;/ zdtm;ay;jcif;wdk hudkvpfvsL&_jyD; wdkif;jynfudk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_rsm;jzifh qufvuftkyfcsKyfvsufyif&Sdonf? jynfoltrsm;pkrSma=umuf&GH h xdwfvef hjcif;rsm; ESifh vlr_pD;yGm; t=uyftwnf;rsm;jzifh twd'kQa&mufvsuf&Sdygonf?xdk htjyif jrefrmppftpdk;&rS tm%m&SifpHepf oufqdk;&Snfap&ef twGuf twkta,mif trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jynfoludk,fpm;vS,frsm; rygbJusif;yjcif;ESifh jynfwGif; twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pk

rsm; ESifh awG hqHk aqG;aEG;I EdkifiHa&; jy\emudk tajz&Sm&ef jiif;qdkjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvsuf &Sdaeonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf uBmwGif jynfwGif;ppf ESpft&Snf=umqHk; EdkifiHjzpfonf? tm&Swdkuf twGif;vlrsKd;pkta&twGuf trsm;qHk; ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;r_t&SdqHk; EdkifiH jzpfjyD; bmompum; ESifh,Ofaus;r_jcif; jcm;em;onfhvlrsKd;pkaygif; 100 ausmf wnf&Sdaeonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJwdkxHrSjrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonfh 1948 ckESpfuwnf;u (vlrsKd;pk=uD; tm;vHk; (8) pktygt0if)ESpf'gZifxufrenf; vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;u udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; twGufA[dktm%mydkif tpdk;&tqufqufudk vufeufudkif awmfvSefcJh =ujyD;vnf;jzpfonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh &Snfvsm;vSjyD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGm aom jynfwGif;ppfrD;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.

aus;vufESifh vlrsKd;pk tajccHa'orsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;jynfolwkd hrSm TppfyGJrsm;. t"du ypfrSwfrsm;jzpfcJh=u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; &uwnf;u pwifcJhaom TjynfwGif;ppf ydyQwdkufyGJrsm;twGif; vlaygif; 1 oef;ausmf toufqHk;&H_;cJh=u&jyD; vl 2oef;cef hrSm EdkifiHwGif; tajctaerJholrsm; tjzpf&Sdae=u&onf? vlOD;a& 5 oef;cefrSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif atmufajcodrf;


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tvkyftudkifrsm;jzifh w&m;r0if cdkvH_ aexdkif=u&jyD; ,if;wdk htxJrS vlOD;a& 2 odef;cef hrSmjrefrmEdkifiH. e,fpyfa'orsm;&Sd 'kQonf pcef;rsm;wGif t=uyftwn;frsKd;pHkESifh &yfwnf aexdkif=u&onf? jrefrmppfwyfESifh vufeufukdif twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;t=um; TjynfwGif;ppf wkdufyJGrsm;rSm vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;jynfolwkd h. tajccHa'orsm;wGif jzpfyGm;vsuf&dSonf?

q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhjyD;jzpfaom TjynfwGif;ppf ydyQwdkufyGJrsm;twGif;jrefrmppfwyf ESifh qefusifbuf vufeufukdifvlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; rnfonfhbufurS tjyD;owfatmifjrifr_ r& &Sdao;yg? odk h&mwGif iwfrGwf acgif;yg;r_ab;'%fum; ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;=uD;xGm; vmvsuf&Sdonf? ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&mursm;rSm t=uD;tus,f vpfvsL&_xm;jcif; cHae&onf?uBmhzHG h jzdK; wdk;wufr_ tenf;qHk;EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHonf w&m;r0if bdef;xkwfvkyfr_tjrifhrm;qHk; pm&if;0ifjzpfcJhjyD; tm&Swkduf twGif; attdkif'Dtuf(pf) ul;pufjyef hyGm; r_ tqdk;&Gm;qHk;ESifh &ifqdkif=uHKawGae&onf? tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;odk'kQonfrsm;qufvuf xGufajy; 0ifa&mufvsuf&SdjyD; txl;ojzifh rdef;cav;rsm; ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm wefzdk;enf; tvkyforrsm;/ jynfhwefqmrsm; taejzifh uBmt&yf&yfodk hwifydk h a&mif;pm;jcif; cHae=u&onf? tdrfeD;csif; xdkfif;EdkfifiH e,fpyf

e,ferdwfwGif;Y 'kQonfpcef;aygif; 12 ck cef h&SdaejyD; tcsKd haom 'kQonf pcef;rsm;wGif vlOD;a& 4aomif;eD;yg; txd=uyfodyfpGm aexdkifae=u&onf? pkpkaygif; 'kQonf 2 odef;cef h&Sdonf[kukvor*. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif az:jyxm;onf? xdkif;EdkifiHwGif;Yyif w&m;r0if tvkyform;aygif;5 oef;ceftxd&SdEdkfifonf[k cefrSef;xm;=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ydkrkdqdk;&Gm; vmaeaomvlr_pD;yGm;tajctaersm;a=umifh 'kQonfOD;a&ESifh w&m;r0if tvkyform; OD;a&rSm aepOfESifhtr#ydkrdkIwdk;wufrsm;jym;v#uf&Sdonf?

EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ESifh vlr_a&;qkdif&m ursm;udk zGH hjzdK;wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfhtpm; acwftqufquf tm%mydkifrsm;. pDrHr_nHzsif;jcif;/ vpfvsL&_jypfy,fxm;jcif;/ ESifh ppfwyfudktqrwef wdk;csJtm;jznhfjcif;wkd ha=umifh EkdifiHawmf. ynma&;pHepfwpfckvHk;rSm usqHk; ysufpD;

aejyDjzpfonf? ,cifu (vGwfvyfa&;r&rDESifh &jyD; q,fpkESpftwGif; twdkif;twm wpfcktxd)atmifjrifcJhaom ynma&; tqifhtwef;wkd rSm vHk;0 aysmufuG,fcJhjyD;vnf; jzpfonf?ausmif;om;rsm;. qjy oydwf arSmufr_rsm;udk pdk;a=umufonfhtwGuf umv &Snfvsm;pGmausmif;rsm;/ wUodkvf aumvdyfrsm;udk ydwfxm;r_a=umifh ausmif;om; vli,f trsm;pkrSmpHepfwus ynmoif=um;&jcif; r&SdbJ ynma&; qHk;&H_;r_ab;'%fudk cHpm; ae=u&onf? tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg;r_ ESifh ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; tqrwef=uD;jrifhr_wkd ha=umifh ynma&;udk ydkrdk xdcdkufvsuf&Sdonf? rdom;pk0ifaiG ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& zdESdyfcHae&r_wdk ha=umifh ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm rdrdwdk hoif=um;vdkonfh ynmudk oif=um;cGifh r&&Sd=uyg? tqdk;&Gm;qHk;rSm rlvwef; t&G,f uav;i,frsm;tygt0if rdom;pkwpfckvHk; aewpf"l0 0rf;pmtwGuf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm tvkyfvkyf ae=u

&jcif;yifjzpfonf?


15/217

tcef; (2)jrefrmEdkifiH. wdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;

Ethnic Nationalities of Burma

---- 1948 ckESpf jrefrmjynf vwvyfa&;&&Sjy;onf haemuf yivpmcsKyfwGif az:jyxm;onf EifiHom;wkif; vrsKd;ra&G; omwlnr#r_ &S&rnf[aom tcsufu tm%mvufuifxm;ol tqufquu csK d;azgufcJ h=ua=umif;/ (49) ESpfwm umvtwGif; tm%mvufuifxm;ol tqufquu r[mvlrsKd;=uD;0g'ud vuuifxm;jyD; wd kif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;&upu pGm ppfqif wucdkufcJjcif;rsm;a=umifh wif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;taejzif ord kif;wif r=uHKz;atmif tw 'kQa&mufcJ=u&a=umif;/ ,ckvn; wif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufppqifr_u vyf&d; vyfpOftjzpf vyfaeqJjzpfa=umif; u|Ek fyfw &jrifon? ---

r,foa&mxm xkwfjyef a=unmcsufwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyG?1997 ZM0g&Dv/ (15) &uf?


16/217


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jrefrmEdkifiH. wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;

at'D 1044 ckESpfwGif yxrjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifcJhaom taemf&xmrif; vufxufrSpwifum jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;pk =uD;/i,f uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm; ESifh ttkyfcsKyfcHwkdif;oljynfom;rsm;/ A[kvlr_ toGifvQ%m&SdjyD; tpOftquf rwlnD uGJjym;aom taoG;ta&mifpHk

,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh wnf&SdaecJhygonf? ppfvufeuftiftm;jzihf tdrfeD;em;csif; EdkifiHawmfrsm;jzpfonfh rGef/&Srf;/ &ckdif paom wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufr_rsm;a=umifh vlrsKd;pk ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmcJhjyD;,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHk a&m,Sufjzpfay:vmcJhonf? acwftpOftquf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rS vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay:wefzdk;xm;r_ r&Sdjcif;ESifh zdESdyfjcif;wdk hjzifh qufqHcJh=uavonf? xdk htwGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkfifiHordkif;wGifusK;ausmfa&; ppfyJGrsm;/ vlrsKd;a&; ppfyGJrsm; ESifh trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifhya'o&mZfacwf uwnf;u twdjynfhESufaecJhygonf? ,ae hxufxdwkdifatmifrnfonfh tm%mydkifrsm;rS TvlrsKd;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; udPjy\emrsm;udk enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh ajz&Sif;&ef r=udK;pm;=uao;yg?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;pkaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&Sdaer_ESifh bmompum; 100 ausmfudkajymqdkoHk;E_ef;aer_udk uBmu taotcsm rod=uao;yg? vuf&SdvlOD;a& 52 oef;ausmfwGifwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk ta&twGufrSm oHk;yHk wpfyHk&SdaejyD; w&kyf eSifh tdd,rsKd;EG,fzGm; 2oef;ausmfcef h vnf; EdkifiHESifh t0Srf;aexdkifv#uf&Sd=uonf? vlOD;a&. trsm;pk (85 &mckdifE_ef;) rSmAk


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jrefrmEdkifiH uav;i,frsm;ESifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;

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ponfjzifh jynfolvlxk twGif; tpOftjrJ 0g'jzef h vkyfaqmifaeonf? xdk htjyifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; rsm;jym;pGm wnf&Sdaer_udk ppftkyfpk tm%mwnfwHha&; ESifh ppftiftm;wdk;csJ hEdkifa&;wdk htwGuf acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfjyD; tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm;tjzpf &yfwnfaea=umif;awG h&SdEdkifonf?

Ttcsufudk ,ae hjrefrmhwyfrawmf. t"duaqmifyk'fwpfckjzpfaom wyfrawmftiftm;&Sr wif;jynf tiftm;&S drn [laom tcsufu twdtus axmufjyxm;onf?aqmifyk'ftwdkif; jrefrmppftkyfpkonf wkdif;jynf. o,HZmw ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkEdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ynma&; qkdif&m zGH hjzdK; wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh ae&mwGifppftiftm;udk tpOfwpfpdkuf wdk;csJjyD; ppftkyfpk. xdyfwef; acgif;aqmifydkif;ESifh ,if;wdk h.rdom;pk0ifrsm;. aumif;pm;a&;udkom a&S;&_ vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&; twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;udkrl EdkifiHa&; ESifh vlr_a&;qkdif&m zdESdyfr_rsm;/ jypfy,f xm;&Sdr_rsm;jzifhppftkyfpkrS jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; rsufESmpmrsm;rS aysmufuG,fatmif vkyfaqmifvsuf &Sdonf? EdkifiHwumvGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh tzGJ=uD;rS vlOD;a&. oHk;yHkwpfyHkausmf&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;rSm

vltcGifhta&; csKd;azgufaer_rsm;udk tcsKd;tpm; rr#wpGm qufvufcHpm; ae&a=umif; xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlodtrsm;qHk; vlr_ynmay; trsKd;orD; pma&; q&mr=uD;jzpfol vlxk a':trmrS jrefrm wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh Arm vlrsKd; rsm;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&;udk rcHpm;=u&a=umif;jzifh olr. pdk;&drfylyefr_udk zGifh[aqG;aEG;cJhonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;udk qGwfcl;ay;EdkifcJhonfh 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufaewGif vGwfvyfa&; Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; oabm wlnDcJh=uonfh yifvHkpmcsKyf tydk'f (7) wGif e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,fole,fom;wdk honf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;jyD;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;wdk h udk cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf?[lI az:jyyg&Sdonf? odk&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhjyD; tESpf (50) ausmf=umonf txd

jrefrmEdkifiH. wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm jynfwGif;ppfrD;atmufwGif twd'kQ a&mufvsufyif&Sdaeao;onf?

xkdif;jrefrm e,fpyfa'o rJoa&mxme,fajrwGif 1997 ckeSpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (7) &uf rS (14)&uf txd usif;ycJhaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;lpk 16 zGJ h yg0ifonfh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ=uD;rS atmufyga=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygonf?

1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&onfh tcsdefrS pwifum tm%m& ppftkyfpktqufqufwkd honf yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif az:jyxm;onfh EdkifiHom;wkdif; vlrsKd;a&;omwlnDr#r_ &Sd&rnf[laom

tcsufudk tm%m vufudkifxm;ol tqufqufu r[m vlrsKd;=uD;0g'udk vufudkifxm;jyD;wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm; &ufpufpGm ppfqif wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh ordkif;wGif r=uHKpzl; twd 'kQa&mufcJh&a=umif; ponfjzifh az:jyyg&Sdygonf?Ta=unmcsuf ESifhtwl oabmwlnDcsufudk a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS 1997 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12)


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&uf aewGif usif;yaom tESpf (50) jynfh jynfaxmifpkae tcrf;tem; rdef hcGef; wGif ukd;um;Ixyfqifh az:jycJhayonf?

jynfol vGwfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrDwD(CRPP). wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pka&;&m aumfrDwDrS vlr_A[k0g' ESifh A[k,Ofaus;r_pHepf (odk h) taoG;ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;r_ pHepf udk tpdk;&.

rl0g'wpf&yftaejzifh xnfhoGif;I taumiftxnf az:aqmif&Guf&ef twGuf tqdkjyKwifoGif;xm;onf? trsKd;om;a&; vkyfief;pOf wpf&yf taejzifh OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&efvnf;wkdfufwGef;xm;a=umif;awG h&Sd&onf? trsKd;om; aoG;pnf; nDnGwfa&; twGuf'Drdkua&pDpHepfwGifvlrsKd;pkaygif;pHk qdkif&m ckdifrmonfh trsKd;om;rl0g'wpf&yfvdktyfonf? twdwfumv rsm;wGif ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;twGuf t"dujzpfaom trsKd;om;a&;rl0g'rsm;udk ArmvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSusifhoHk;cJh=uonf? Tvkyf&yfonf tjcm;aomwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; tay: EdkifiHa&;t&csKyfcs,fuefowf&m &mufcJhjyD wkdif;&if;omwdk. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk =uD;xGm;vmapcJhonf?vlrsKd;pkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif; ESifh 'Drdkua&pDpHepf wnfaqmufusifhoHk;jcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH.vwfwavm EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;jzpfonf? ESpfckcJGI az: jyaomfvnf; Tjy\emrsm;rSm cJGjcm;I

r&ygacs? (vlrsKd;pka&;&maumfrDwD-CRPP)?

CRPP . xkwfjyefa=unmcsufonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef jrefrm twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm; ESifh ukvor~rS =uD;rSL;onfh EdkifiHwum oabmxm;udk xif[yfay:vGifatmiftqdkjyKxm;onfh oHk;yGifhqdkifawG hqHk aqG;aEG;a&; (Tripartite Dialogue) ESifh tajccHrltm;jzifhudkufnDa=umif; awG hjrifEdkifygonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ta&;udk OD;pm;ay;ajz&Sif;&eftwGufta&;=uD;a=umif;udk axmufjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

ynma&; okawoepmwrf;rsm;. avhvmawG&SSdcsufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;pkrsm;.,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_/ =uG,f0rsm;jym;r_ wdkudk wefbdk;xm;onfh oif&dk;

n$ef;wrf;udk a&;qGJoif=um;jcif;r&Sdao;a=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyxm;=uonf? txl;ojzifh ynma&;avhvmawG&Sdcsufrsm;rS vuf&Sd oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. pmay/,Ofaus;r_ ESifh"avh&dk;&m pHE_ef;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;rnfh ta&;udk vpfvsL&_um Armpmay ESifh ,Ofaus;r_v$rf;rdk;r_tm; tvGeftrif; tav;ay;xm;a=umif;/ vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhonfh 1948 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpfygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf umvwGifvnf;aumif;/ 1962 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modrf;onfhtcsdefrSpwifum 1988 ckESpf vlxkta&;awmfyHk umvonfhwdkif oif&dk;nGef;wrf; ta=umif;t&m/pmar;yGJppfaq;r_pHepf ESifh Arm pum;/pmayudk tjcm;wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; xuf ydkrkdta&;ay;rlwdk hrSm twlkwlyifjzpfonf/ [k aqG;aEG; wifjyxm;=uonf? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk rsm;rS rdrdwdk h.bmompmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m xHk;wrf; tpOftvm rsm;udkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm

az:xkwfvkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh r&Sd=uacs? vkyfief;cGifrsm;wGifvnf; wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; twGufwdk;wuf&efESifh ynmoif=um;cGifhwdkrSm ydkrdkqHk;&H_;epfemr_rsm;&Sdaeygonf? wpfEdkifiHvHk; acwftqufquf ppf tm%m&Sifwdk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif usa&mufae&mwGif wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;prsm;rSm vlrsm;pk Arm vlrsKd;rsm;xuf ydkIvlrsKd;a&;t& qHk;&H_;epfemr_&Sda=umif; udk T avhvmawG&Sdcsufrsm;rS rD;armif; xkd;jyvsuf &Sdonf? tqdk;&Gm;qHk;rSm ,ae h 21 &mpktpydkif; jynfaxmifpk


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jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif; aexdkifvsuf&Sd=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;rS vlrsm;pk ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tay: em=unf; rkef;wD;aer_ ESifh vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif; tusKd;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef ,Hk=unfr_uif;rJhaejcif;wdk hyif jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfudk ppftm%mjzifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ ESifh ynma&; qdkif&m usqHk;ysufpD;aer_wdk h. tusKd;qufrsm;yifjzpfonf?

vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&; ESifh vlrsKd;pk ynma&;

vl htcGifhta&; csKd;azgufcH&r_rsm;

1948 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&; &&Sdonfh tcsdefrS pwifum vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; 17 zJG htxd&SdaejyDjzpfonf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhwdktwGuf tm%mydkif tpdk;&tqufqufudk awmfvSefwdkufyGJ0if=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifckESpf'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk=uD;udk t=urf;zufESdrfESif;vsuf ppftm%mxyfrH odrf;ydkufjyD;aemufvlrsKd;pk tzGJ h tpnf; rsm;udk jyif;xefaom xkd;ppfrsm;jzifh acsr_ef;cJhonf? TjynfwGif;ppfrD;twGif;

ppftkyfpk tquf qufwdk hrS vlrsKd;pk awmfvSefa&; tzGJ htpnf;rsm;udk wkdufcdkuf&mWGif t&yfom;a'ocH wdkif;&if;om; rsm;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk axmufcHonf[k pGyfpGJcsufrsm;jzifht"du ypfrSwfrsm;tjzpf t&m,fjyKcJh=uonf? aus;vufa'orsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkwkdif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;udk tjzLa&mif/ tndKa&mif/ teufa&mif ponfjzihf cJGjcm;owfrSwfxm;onf?jrefrmppfwyfrS xdef;csKyf xm;EdkfifjyD; ppfyGJrsm;r&Sdonfha'orsm;udk tjzLa&miftjzpfowfrSwfjyD;/awmfvSefa&;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;rS xdk;azguf0ifa&mufEdkifonfh a'orsm;udk tndKa&mife,fajr[kowfrSwfI ppfwyfrS rxdef;csKyfEdkifonfh vlrsKd;pke,fajrrsm; ESifh awmfvSefa&; tzGJtpnf;rsm;v_yf&Sm;vsuf&Sdonfh a'orsm;udk teufa&miftjzpfowfrSwfjcif;jzpfonf? tndKa&mifESifhteufa&mif e,fajrrsm;&Sd jynfolvlxkrSm ppfwyftwGuf &dQmyPnf;rsm;ay;&jcif; ESifh twif;t"Rvkyftm; apckdif;jcif;rsm; cH=u&jyD; txl;ojzifh teufa&mif e,fajrrsm;wGif Todk hawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk

rvdkufavsmEdkifygu aus;&Gmvl=uD;rsm;/ ESifh &Gmol/ om;rsm;/ udk rw&m; zrf;qD;jcif;/ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk usL;vGef=uavonf? teufa&mife,fajrrsm;&Sd &Gmrsm;udk r=umc% rD;&d_jcif;/ awGor#vlrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif; ESifh twif;t"Rajymif;a&Gapckdif;jcif;rsm;udk vnf;&uf&ufpufpuf jyKrl=uonf?

u&if/ u&ifeD/ &Srf; ESifh csif; wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pka'orsm;&Sd vufeufudkif ydyQrsm;wGifvl htcGifh rsm;udk t=uD;tus,f csKd;azgufvsuf&Sd=uonf? vlrsKd;pk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm a&S hwef;ay:wmrsm;tjzpf zrf;qD; ac:aqmifjcif; cH=u&onf? xdkolrsm;udk tusOf;csjcif;/ nSnf;yrf;ESdfyfpufjcif;rsm; ESifh apmfum; jcif;rsm;udk w&m;rJhjyKvkyf=uavonf? apckdif;onfh tvkyf=urf;rsm;udk

rvkyfEdkifyguvnf; &uf&uf pufpuf nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk cH=u&onf? Todk hnSOf;yrf;r_rsm;wGif aoewf'ifrsm;/ 0g;wkwfrsm;jzifh &dkufESufjcif;/ tpm/ a& / aq;0g; vHk;0 ray;jcif; ESifh tem;,lapjcif;wdk hvHk;0r&Sdjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;wkd hyg&Sdonf?


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vrsKd;pbmompum;/ pmayrsm; ud ausmif;wif oif=um;cGif hr&Sjcif;vlrsKd;pk toD;oD;wGif xif&Sm;aom ,Ofaus;r_ oGifjyifvQ%mrsm; ESifh oD;oef hpum; ESifh

pmayrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfwpf0Sef;vkH;&Sd ausmif;rsm;wGif Armpum;ESifh pmudk t"dutm;jzifh toHk;jyKoif=um;onf? vlrsKd;pka'orsm;&Sd rlvwef;/ tv,fwef; ESifh txufwef;

ausmif;rsm;wGif rnfonfh twef;wGifrS rdcifbmompum;ESifhpmudk oif=um;cGifh/ oif,lcGifh rjyKacs?'kwd, bmompum;ESifhpm tjzpfyif oif,lcGifhr&&Sd=uyg? oU&mZf 2000 ckESpf {jyDv 5 &ufae hwGif uBmhukvor~ vl htcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk hay;ydk haompmwGif jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfrS rGeftrsKd;om;ynma&;ESifh rGeftrsKd;om; ausmif;rsm; udk uef howf csKyfcs,fjcif; rsm; ESifh twif;ydwfypfjcif;udk Todk hwifjycJhygonf?

,ae hjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppftm%mydkifrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufEdkifjyD[k a=uG;a=umfae=uaomfvnf; trSefrSmrl usrwdk. wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh zdESdyf tkyfcsKyfjcif;rsm;udk t=uD;

tus,f cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? om"u taejzifh rGefjynfe,fwGif ppftm%modrf;ydkufjyD; aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif rGefpmay oif=um;jcif;udk ydwfyif wm;jrpfcJhygonf? TonfrSm wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk. ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifh ta&;udkcsKd;azgufr_[k trnfrwyfygu tjcm; rnfonfht&mudk ac:rnfenf;? bmompmayonf vGefpGm ta&;=uD; ygonf?

bmompum;ESifh pmayrSm vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;twGuf tajccHtrSwftom; wpfckjzpfygonf? vlrsm;onf rdrdwdk. b0rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_udk ta&mifcs,f&eftwGuf yifr ud&d,myifjzpfavonf? jrefrmhvlr_todkif;t0dkif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf. pmoifausmif;toD;oD;wGif bmompum;aygrsm; =uG,f0 jcif;rSm trSefw&m;jzpfaomfjim;vnf; bmompum;ESifh pmayrsm;pGmwdkrSmrl wefzdk;

xm; cH&jcif;ESifh xif&Sm; ay:vGifapjcif;wkd htwGuf r&Sdygacs?

bmompum;ESifh pmayrSm ,Ofaus;r_. t"du yifr a&aomufjrpfyifjzpfonf? odk hjzpfIvlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;twGuf bmompmay ynma&;rSm taoG;ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;r_ynma&;.ta&;=uD;aom tpdwftydkif;=uD;wpfckjzpfygonf? bmompum; (2) rsKd;oif,ljcif; (Bilingual)ESifhtaoG;ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;r_ynma&; (Diversity and Multicultural Education) rSm ordkif;a=umif;t&ESifh yPK`efb0vufawG husr_wdk htwGuf cGJjcm;I r&Edkifygay? bmompum; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;qdkif&mudP&yfrsm;rSm bmompum; rsm;jym;&Hkoufoufomr[kwfbJ omrefxuf ydkrdkeuf&d_if;vSygonf? ta&;t=uD;qHk; rSm ynma&;qdkif&m

az;rulnDr_(educational equity) udP&yfyifjzpfygonf?


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tcef; (3)jrefrmEdifi uav;i,rsm; Eif ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;

Education of Children and Students in Burma

tydk'f 24(1) uav;oli,fwdif;onf 4if;. od r[kwf 4if; rdom;pk. vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mif/ vdif/bmompum;/ EdifiHa&;ESifh tjcm;xifjrif,lqcsuf/ rsKd;&d;Zmwd ok hr[kwf vlrsKd;/rsKd;&dk;Zmwd od r[kwf yPonf;OPm tp&Sdonftjcm; tqiftwef;rsm;tay:tajccHI cJGjcm;qufqHr_rjyKbJ 4if;. t&G,fra&mufao;aom tqiftwef;t&4if;. rdom;pk/ todif;t0dif;ESif EdkifiHtaeESif vdtyaomumu,fay;rud&ydifcGifh&Sdonf?(2)uav;oli,fwdkif;onf arG;zGm;csdefrSpI rdrd. trnfudk rSnfac:I arG;pm&if;wGifrSwfyHwif&rnf?(3) uav;oli,fwdkif;onf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;taeESif cH,lydkifcGif&Sonf?

tjynfjynfqdif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh EdifiHa&;tcGifta&;qdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. ICCPR


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jrefrmEdifiH.uav;i,frsm;1993 pm&if;Z,m;eJ htwdtusajym&&if oli,fwef;udk 0ifvmwJh ausmif;om;100 [m rlvwef; tqHk; pwkWwef; a&mufvm&if 28 a&mufyJ&Sdawmhw,f?&2 &mckdifE_ef; ta[moduHyJ? tv,fwef;tqHk; tXrwef;a&mufawmh 11a,mufyJ usefawmhw,f? wUodkvfudk 2 a,mufyJ a&mufw,f? q,fwef;udk8 OD;a&mufjyD; 2 OD;om atmifw,f?

OD;jrifh[efOUX (jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&; okawoe)

ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; ynma&;aqmif;yg;rsm;/Om%f=u ;ouatmifEdif jcif;/ 2003

21 &mpkudk ynmacwf [lI ac:a0:oHk;pGJvsuf&Sdygonf? TonfrSm vl h b0. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;wGif ynm.wefzdk;ESifh ynma&;. tcef;u y"me usaer_udk ay:vGifapygonf?EdkifiHwumwGif tajccHynma&;rSpwifum bJG hvGefoifwef;rsm;txd tqifhqifhaom ynma&;taqmifttHkudk tpGrf;ukefjrSifhwifvsuf&Sd=uonf? pOfqufrjywf jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;/ opfvGifqef;opfr_rsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;vsuf acwfESifhtnD tcsdefESifh wajy;wnf; wnfaqmufae=uonf?ynma&;t& aemufusjcif;onf vlr_pD;yGm;tqifhtwef;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;udkyg rsm;pGm xdcdkufepfema=umif;vnf; avhvmwifjyxm;=uonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. ynma&;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;pGm usqif;vsuf&Sdaeonf? txl;ojzifh rlvwef;ynma&; oif=um;cGifh vHk;0 r&&Sdaom uav;oli,f ta&twGufrSm vGefpGmjrifhrm;aeonf? 1995ckESpf ukvor~ ,leDquf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& 39 &mckdifE_ef;aom jrefrmEdkifiH uav;i,frsm;rSmrlvwef;ynma&; oif=um;cGifhr&&Sd=uyg? touf 9 ESpft&G,f rlvwef;aemufqHk;ESpf pwkWwef;ra&mufrDrSmyiff 34 &mckdifE_ef;rSm ausmif;xGuf=u&onf? wpfEdkifiHvHk;. uav;i,f 27 &mcdkifE_ef;om rlvwef;ynma&; jyD;qHk;cGifh&&Sd=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&; okawoe OUX q&m=uD;OD;jrifh[ef. tqdkt& 11 OD;om * wef;a&mufjyD;v#if 2 &mcdkifE_ef;om wUodkvfqufwufcGifh&&Sd=uonf? Tpm&if;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH. ynma&;qkwf,kwf usqif;aer_udk txift&Sm;avhvmawG h&SdEdkifonf? tdrfeD;csif;xdkif;EdkifiH. wUodkvf wufa&mufEdkifol ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rSm 40 &mckdifE_ef;&Sda=umif; od&Sd&onf? rlvwef; uav;i,f 90 &mckdifE_ef;ausmftxd vHkjcHKaEG;axG;pGm ausmif;aecGifh&&Sd=uonf?

avhvmawG h&Sdcsufrsm;t& arG;uif;puav; aoqHk;E_ef;rSm 77 OD;jzpfjyD; ta&S htm&S-ypdzdwfEdkifiHrsm;wGif 33 OD;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. taxGaxG vlr_ tqifhtwef;ESifh t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGm &Sdaer_udk az:n$ef;vsuf&Sdonf? odk h&mwGif tm%mydkiftquftqufrS T pm&if;rsm;udkrnfonhftcgurS wdkif;jynfodk hwifjyjcif;/ vdktyfonfh yHhydkf;ulnDr_rsm;ESifh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;udk


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vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; r&Sdyg? uav;i,frsm;pGmwdk hrSm tpmtm[m& csKd hwJhjcif; ESifh aq;0g; ukocH,lydkifcGifhwdk hr&Sdjcif;rsm;a=umifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m qkwf,kwfusqif;aer_rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif ae=u&onf?tusKd;quftaejzifh rlvwef;rSpwifI ynma&;wGif zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufr_ aESmifhaES;jcif; rsm;/ tm[m&csKd hwJhr_a=umihf OD;aESmufzGH hjzdK;r_ r&Sdjcif;rsm;jzifhvnf; &ifqdkif ae=u&onf?

uav;i,frsm;pGmwdk hausmif;aecGifhvHk;0r&&Sdjcif; ESifh rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifhtxufwef;tqifhwdkfif;wGif ausmifxGufE_ef;rsm; vGefpGmrsm;jym;aer_udk tm%mydkifrsm;rS ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdao;yg? uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;qdkif t=uD;tus,f csKd;azguf usL;vGefjcif;yifjzpfonf? jynfraus;vufa'orsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pk wdkif;&if;om;wdk h. e,fajrrsm;&Sd uav;i,frsm;rSm vlr_ pD;yGm;t=uyftwnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;rwnfjidrfr_rsm;/ vl htcGifhta&; csKd;azgufcH&r_rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;rsm;a=umifhtajccHynmoif=um;cGifh&&Sda&; ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; rsm;pGm qHk;&H_;epfemvsuf&Sdaeonf? TjzpfpOfrSm q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhjyDvnf;jzpfonf?

1989 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 20 &ufae hwGif ukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcHuaeI uav;tcGifhta&;

qdkif&m oabmwl pmcsKyf (Convention on the rights of the child-CRC) udk jyXmef;cJhjyD;,ae hwGif pmcsKyftzGJ h0if 191 EdkifiHu twnfjyK vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfh pmcsKyftzGJ h0if trsm;qHk;pmcsKyfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf TpmcsKyfudk 1991 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae hwGif twnfjyKvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf?

pmcsKyfwGif tydk'faygif; (54) ydk'fyg0ifjyD; EdkifiHom;wdk h. tcGifhta&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/,Ofaus;r_/ ynma&; ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom ta&;udPrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonf?pmcsKyf. tydk'f (28) (29) ESifh (30) wdk hwGif uav;oli,frsm;. ynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;/ynmoif=um;cGif/h wefzdk;&Sdaom t&nftaoG;jynfhrSDonfh ynma&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;uav;i,frsm;. tcGifhta&; wdk hudk tus,fw0ifh az:jyxm;&Sdonf?


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tydk'f (28)(1) pmcsKyftzGJ h0if EdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;. ynmoif=um;cGifhudk todtrSwfjyK&rnfhtjyifxdktcGifhta&; wdk;wufr_&Sd&Sdjzifh atmifjrifap&efESifh wef;wltcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay: tajccHEdkif&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh -

(u) tajccHynmtqifhudk roifrae&ESifh vlwdkif;tcrJh wufa&mufEdkifapatmifvkyfaqmif&ef/

(c) tv,fwef;ynmudk taxGtaxGESifh oufarG;0rf;a=umif; ynm&yfrsm;tygt0iftjcm;aom enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;;wdk h wdk;wufvma&;twGuf tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef/ xdktcsufrsm;udk uav;wdkif; tvG,fwul oif=um;Edkifap&ef/vdktyfaom uav;rsm;twGuf tcrJh ynma&;ESifh ynmoif axmufyHh a=u;rsm;ay;jcif;/ ponfwdk hudk oifhavsmfovdk vkyfaqmif&ef/

(*) ynmoif=um;&ef owfrSwfxm;aom vdktyfonfh t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkolrsm;tm;vHk; tqifhjrifhynma&;udk oif=um;Edkifapa&;twGuf vkyfaqmif&ef/

(C) ynma&;ESifh oufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm&yfqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh

vrf;n$efr_rsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;vHk; &&SdtoHk;jyKEdkifap&ef twGuf vkyfaqmif ay;&ef/(i) ausmif;yHkrSefwufr_udk tm;ay;jcif;ESifh ausmif;xGufE_ef;rsm; avsmhusa&;twGuf

vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&ef/

(2) ausmif;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKaeaom ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;onf uav;. *k%fodQmESifhudkufnDjyD; ,ck oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif az:jyxm;onfh tcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsm nDaxG &Sdap&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzGJ h0ifEdkfifiHrsm; taejzifh oifhavsmfaom vkyfaqmifr_rSefor#udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?

(3) pmcsKyftzGJ h0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ynma&;ESifh ywfoufI txl;ojzifh wuBmvHk;wGif vpfvsL&_r_rsm;ESifh pmrwufolrsm; yaysmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaom tusKd;jyK vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;ESifh od HESifhpufr_enf;ynmqdkif&m A[kokwrsm;ESifh acwfrDoif=um;a&; enf;pHepfrsm;udk yhHydk; ay;jcif; rsm;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum. yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_ wdk;wufatmifvkyfjcif;/ tm;ay; tm;ajrSmufvkyfjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?

uav;tcGifhta&; pmcsKyf(CRC)vl htcGifhta&; ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH) uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfta=umif;odaumif;p&m

pmtkyfrS xyfqifhul;,laz:jyonf?

1993 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (4) &ufae hwGif uav;oli,f Oya'wpf&yfudkjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH/ EkdifiHawmf jidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&; tzGJ hrS jyXmef;xkwfjyefcJhonf?

EdkifiHwumuav; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl pmcsKyfudk 1991 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhjyD; ESpfESpf t=umwGif T uav;oli,f Oya'udk jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? q,fpkESpf wpfckausmfcJhjyDjzpfonfh ,ae h umvtxd tcef; (19) cef;yg&Sdaom TOya'rsm;rSm uav;oli,frsm;tm; rnfodk h rS tumtuG,f ray;Edkifao;a=umif; avhvmawG h&Sd&onf (csKd;vif;jym trsKd;orD;r~Zif;/ Zlvdkifv/ 2004)? uav; oli,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udk taumif;qHk; taumiftxnfaz:


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aqmif&Guf&ef[lI t"du &nf&G,fcsufrsm; xm;&Sdaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;onf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh qef husifpGm uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 4if;wdk h udk,fwdkifu csKd;azgufusL;vGefvsuf&Sdaeonf?

rdom;pk. pD;yGm;a&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh vlrr,f uav;i,frsm;rSm

rdbrsm;ESifhtwljzpfap/ 4if;wdk hbmomjzpfap 0ifaiG&&Sd&ef &&m tvkyfudk vkyfudkifae=u&onf?ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; tqrwef jrifhrm;r_ESifhtwl tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg;r_wdk ha=umifh rdom;pktrsm;pkrSmpm;/0wf/ aea&; rsm;pGm =uyfwnf;vsuf&Sdonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ynma&;qdkif&mukefusp&dwfrsm; tqrwef jrifhrm; vmonf? rlvwef; ausmif;0ifcGifh&&Sda&;rSmyif ausmif;tkyf/twef;ydkifq&m/ q&mrwdk htm; aiGay;&onf? taxGaxG ukefusp&dwfrsm;a=umifhvnf; rdbrsm;rSmESpfpOf om;orD;tm;vHk;udk ausmif;rxm;Edkif=uyg? tusKd;quftaejzifh ausmif;raeEdkifoluav;i,f OD;a&rsm;jym; vmjcif; jzpfonf?

uav;i,frsm; vkyfudkif&onfh tvkyftudkifrsm;rSmvnf; atmufajcodrf; tvkyftudkif

rsm;jzpfjyD; wpfaeukef/ wpfaecef; tvkyfvkyf=u&onf? tcsKd hrSm awmif;&rf; pm;aomufonfh b0rsm;odk h a&muf&SdoGm;=u&onf? q,fausmfouf uav;i,frsm;rSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk h wefzdk;enf; tvkyform;rsm; taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfhwefqm vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;a&mif;pm;jcif;/ vlukeful;jcif;rsm;cHae=u&onf? Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif oufqdkif&m tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhyGJpm;rsm; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sda=umif;vnf; EdkifiHwumavhvmcsufrsm;t& od&Sd&onf?jrefrmEdkifiHonf uBmwGif uav;ppfom;OD;a& wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeonfh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf?

1987 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif uBmhukvor~rS jrefrmEdkifiHudk uBmhtqif;&JqHk; EdkifiH q,fEdkifiH pm&if;wGif oGif;cJhygonf? xdkpOfu wnf&SdaecJhonfh vlr_pD;yGm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;rSm q,fpkESpf ESpfckeD;yg; =umjrifhcJhjyDjzpfonfh ,ae humvwGifrl ydkrdkqdk;&Gm; vmvsuf&Sdonf?

aus;vufae jynfolrsm;ESifh awmifay: wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm Tab;'%fudk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;pGmcHpm; ae=u&qJjzpfygonf? tm[m&csKd hwJhr_ab;'%frSm jrefrmEdkifiH. jrdK h=uD;rsm;ESifh aq;&Hk=uD;rsm;wGifvnf; &ifqdkif=uHKawG hae&onf?

ppftm%mjzifh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfr_. tusKd;qufrsm;jzpfonfh vlr_'kQrsm;pGmxJrS 21&mpktpydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHuav;i,frsm; &Sifoefaexdkif=u&onfh jrefrmjynf. vlr_tedXm&Hk (5) ckudkwifjyvdkygonf? ,if;wdk hrSm (1) rkl;,pfaq;0g; jy\em/ (2) attdkif'Dtuf (AIDS) / (3)'kQonfrsm;/ (4) jynfwGif;ppfab;'%f/ ESifh (5) obm0ywf0ef;usif zsufqD;cH&r_rsm; jzpf=uonf?(rmwifprpf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;?) Tjy\emrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl htcGifhta&;

rsm; qHk;&H_;ae&r_rsm;. aemufqufwGJ jy\em rsm;pGmxJrS ydkrdkpdk;&drfzG,f vlr_ tedXm&Hkrsm;jzpfjyD;enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh ajz&Sif;&ef r=udK;pm;=uao;yg? EdkifiHwumrS pdk;&drfzG,f&m Ttajctaersm;onfwpfuBmvHk;udkvnf; jcdrf;ajcmuf vsuf&Sdaeygonf? vlvm;ajrmuf &Sifoefae=uonfh jrefrmuav;i,frsm;. ywf0ef;usifrSm jifrf;csrf;om,ma&;/ ESifh todynmzGH h jzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdk hrS


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uif;a0; vsuf&Sdaeonf? wpfOD;csif;. tcGifhtvrf;rsm; aysmufqHk;aeonfrS pI vlr_ todkif;t0ef;wpfckvHk;. tem*wfrSm t"d g,frJh vsuf&Sdaeonf?

ausmif;aeEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;enf;yg;onfhtjyif ynma&;qdkif&m t&nftaoG;rsm;vnf;tvGeftrif; usqif;vsuf&Sdygonf? jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; &&SdjyD;onfh ynma&;c&D; ESpfig;q,ftwGif;

tm%m& tpdk;&qufqufrS oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;udk txyfxyf t=udrf=udrf jyKjyifajymif;vJcJh=uonf?Tajymif;vJr_rsm;rSm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wdk;wufa&;ESifh todynmwdk;yGm;a&;/ acwfESifhtnD ynma&;pHepf jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf r[kwfrlbJ tm%m&SifpHepf. axmufwdkifjzpfapa&; twGuftm%m&Sifrsm;. tvkdt& ajymif;vJcJhjcif;rsm;jzpfonfudk avhvmawG h&Sd&onf? tajccHynmOD;pD;Xme n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfcJhol q&m=uD; OD;oef;OD;. avhvmoHk;oyfcsuft& vGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif b0opf zefwD;r_ ynma&; pDrHudef;umv (1952-1966) twGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;ESifh zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufa&;rsm;udk OD;wnfxm;cJhaomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;ydkufjyD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif tqHk;owfraumif;jzpfcJh&a=umif; wifjyxm;onf (jrefrmEdkfifiHynma&; ordkif;/ OD;oef;OD;/ &efukef)?

acwftqufquf ynma&;pHepfonf Avig;wefjynfh0a&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynma&;twGuf vrf;oG,fvrf;ajymif;rsm; (Diversifications) odk hOD;wnfcJhaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_r&&Sdao;yg? acwftqufquf tm%m&Sifrsm;. pDrHcef hcJGr_ nHhzsif;jcif;ESifh ynma&;udk vpfvsL&_jcif;rsm;. tusKd;qufrsm;jzpfygonf?

4if;aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif pm&dWrdKif ,drf;,dkifjydKvJvmjcif;ESifhtwl ynma&;wGif usL&Sif/ =udwf0dkif;rsm; a&;yef;pm; vmcJhonfudkvnf;avhvmawG h&Sd&onf? ynma&; oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;udk vdktyfcsuftay:wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;r[kwfa=umif;vnf; awG h&SdEdkifonf? pmoif,ljcif;ESifh pmoif=um;jcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGifvnf; t&nftaoG;rSm EdkifiHwum ynma&;rS rsm;pGm tvSrf;a0;vsuf&Sdaeonf?

ausmif;om;rsm;. qjy oydwfarSmufr_rsm;a=umifh tajccHausmif;rsm;tygt0if wUodkvfaumvdyfrsm;udk ESpfjzifhcsDI ydwfxm;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf? t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;a=umifhynma&;pHepfwpfckvHk;rSm tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ursm;ESifhtwl qkwf,kwf/usqHk; ysufpD;aejyDvnf;jzpfonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&Sdynma&;pHepfonf 'Drdkua&pD/ vl htcGifhta&;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkxGef;um;a&;wdk htwGuf jyifqifay;r_r&Sdonfhtjyif vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh pGrf;&nfrsm; wdk;wufa&;twGufvnf; axmufulay;jcif;tvsOf;r&Sdyg? tcGifhxl;cH tenf;pktwGuf ynma&;pHepfjzpfonfudk0rf;enf;zG,f&m avhvmawG h&Sd&ygonf?

21 &mpk od H/ enf;ynm ESifh todynmacwf. a&pD;a=umif;wGif vdkufygEdkifjcif;r&SdyguzGH hjzdK; wdk;wufr_/ trsKd;om;EdkifiH. *k%fodQmESifh jidrf;csrf;om,mr_rsm;rSm rsm;pGm ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfygonf? uav;i,frsm;. ynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;qHk;&H_;aejcif;ESifh t&nftaoG;jynfhrSDonfh ynma&;udk rjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifjcif;rSm tem*wf vlr_todkif;t0dkif; twGuf rnfodk hr#


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tvm;tvm raumif;yg? oufqdkifolrsm; tm;vHk;rS Tta&;udPudk trsKd;om;a&; wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmif&ef txl;vdktyfygonf?


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29/217

tcef; (4)jrefrmEdifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;ESif ynma&;

Women and Education in Burma

trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tqufrjywf csKd;azgufvsuf&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifht"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;/ vlukeful;jcif;rsm;/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m usK;vGefapmfum;r_rsm;/ acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm;udk ppfwyfrSaeI jyKrlaejcif;jzpfonf? Xmaeodk h jyefvmonfh 'kQonfrsm;/ jynfwGif; tajcrJh jynfolrsm;/vlrsKd;pk (odk h) twkduftcH EdkifiHa&; tzGJ htpnf;rsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm t"duypfrSwfrsm;jzpf=uonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ukvor~ 'kQonfrsm;qdkif&maumfr&Sif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;


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jrefrmEdifiH trsKd;orD;rsm; ESihf ynma&;ynma&;wGif wef;wloif=um;EdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;

tpdk;&taejzifh ynma&;wGif cJGjcm;zdESdyfxm;r_ yHkpHtm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;

ypf&eftwGuf jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfonf? (4if;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ynma&;wGif wef;wlnDr#pGm yg0ifEdkifcGifh&Sda&;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;wGif n$ef=um;Edkifa&;/ oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;rsm;wlnDa&;/ pmar;yGJrsm;wlnDa&;/oif=um;a&; qdkif&mESifh taxmuftuljyKa&;wdk htwGuf tqifhtwef;rsm;/ cGifhjyKonfh yPnf; (cGifhjyKcsuf) rsm;ESihf ynm oif=um;a&;twGufav#mufxm;&mwGif wlnDpGm &ydkifcGifh?)

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm; tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;qdkif&moabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (pD;a'g pmcsKyf)

jrefrmEdkifiH. vlOD;a&. wpf0ufausmfcef h (52 &mcdkifE_ef;- 1991 oef;acgifpm&if;t&) rSm trsKd;xkjzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;aemufydkif; tpOftquf tm%m& tpdk;&rsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&; tjynfht0&Sda=umif;ESifh TonfrSm a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u yifjzpfa=umif;udk ajymqdkwwf=uygonf? odk haomf 1988 ckESpfaemufydkfif;twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm;. avhvmawG h&Sdcsufrsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm vl htcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf cH&r_rsm;udk tqrwef cHpm;ae=u&a=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh wifjyaqG;aEG;vmcJh=uygonf? udkvdkeDacwf vGwfvyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ynmwwf trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifcJh=ujcif;/vGwfvyfa&; &&SdjyD;aemufydkif; ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDacwfwGif trsKd;orD; toif;tzGJ hrsm;zGJ hpnf;I

v_yf&Sm;cJh=ujcif;rsm; &&SdcJhaomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;ydkufjyD;aemufydkif; rnfonfhtrsKd;orD; toif;tzGJ hrS zGJ hpnf;cGifh r&&SdcJhyg? odk hjzpfI trsKd;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&; b0 zGH hjzdK; wdk;wufcGifhrsm; twGuf yg0ifv_yfaqmifcGifhvHk;0 r&&SdcJh=uyg?

1988 ckESpf vlxk ta&;awmfyHk=uD;wGif trsKd;orD; toif;tzGJ hrsm;ay:xGef;vmcJhjyD; vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD;rS axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom trsKd;orD;rsm; wuf=uGpGm yg0ifcJhygonf? 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk pwifcJhonfhumvrsm;wGif wUodkvfausmif;ol trsKd;orD;trsm;pkvnf; a&S hwef;rSyg0ifcJhjyD; zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;/ ESpf&SnfaxmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&jcif;rsm;udk cHpm;cJh=u&onf? jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfrSm uBmausmf trsKd;orD; wpfOD;jzpfaomfjim;vnf;

jrefrmppfwyf. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tusOf;pHtaejzifh zrf;qD;cHae&qJjzpfygonf? tjcm;aomtrsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ trsKd;orD; jynfol hv$wfawmftrwf trsm;tjym;rSmvnf; tzrf;tqD;cH&vsuf &Sdaeonf?


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jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orDrsm;ESifh ynma&;;

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wpfEdkifiHvHk; ppftm%m&SifatmufwGif usa&mufae&m vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; qHk;&H_;aejcif;ab;'%fudk jynfolwpf&yfvHk;rS cg;pnf;I cHpm;ae&onfh tcsdefjzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;/ ydyQrsm; ESifh =urf;wrf;vSonfh jynfwGif;ppfrD;atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH uav;oli,frsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_rsm;udk touft&m,f qHk;&H_;&onftxd t=uyftwnf;rsm;rsKd;pHkESifh &ifqdkif=uHKawG hcJh=u &jyD;/ ,ckxufxdwdkif &ifqdkifae=u&qJjzpfygonf?

avhvmawG h&Sdxm;csufrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/ usef;rma&; ESifh ynma&;tp&Sdonfh u toD;oD;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m jcm;em;csuft& cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;rsm;udk usifhoHk;vsuf&Sda=umif;vnf; wifjyxm; =uygonf?

1995 ckESpf avhvmr_wpfckt& ouf=uD;pmwufajrmufol OD;a& 79 &mckdifE_ef;&SdonfhteuftrsKd;om;rsm;. pmwwfajrmufr_rSm 88 &mcdkifE_ef; &SdjyD; trsKd;orD; pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;rSmrl 69&mcdkifE_ef;om&Sda=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? ynma&;qdkif&mwefzdk;rsm; edrfhusvsuf&Sdonfh rsufarSmufumvwGif TuGm[csufrSm ydkrdk =uD;rm;vmzG,f&momjzpfygonf? tpOftquf jrefrmvlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;. trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ausmif;aep&mrvdk/ ynmwwfp&m rvdk/ tdrfr_udPrsm;

xdef;odrf;Edkifr_om ta&;=uD;onf[laom cH,lcsufrsm;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;. ynmoif=um;cGifhudktajccHusus csKd;azgufaer_rsm;yifjzpfonf? Ttjrifrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; vHk;0ausmif;wufcGifhyif r&&Sdao;onfh a'orsm;pGm &Sda=umif;vnf; avhvmawG h&Sd&ygonf? txl;ojzifhEkdifiHawmf. aus;vufESifh awmifay:wdkif;&if;om; trsKd;orD; trsm;pkrSm tajccHynma&;udkoif=um;cGifh&&Sd&ef tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae=u&qJyif jzpfygonf?

ausmif;wufcGifh &&Sdaomfvnf; rdef;uav;rsm;onf olwdk h. tpfudk/ armifrsm;xuf apmjyD;ausmif;xGuf&onfhenf;jzifh vdifcGJjcm;qufqHr_udk cH=u&onf? trsm;pkrSm rlvwef;jyD;v#ifausmif;ynma&; tqHk;owfjcif;rsm;jzifh ynmoif=um;cGifh qHk;&H_;vsuf&Sdaeygonf?om;a,musfm;av; rsm;om vkyfoifhonf[k ,lqaom tr_udPrsm;udk orD;rdef;uav;rsm;

vkyfudkifcGifhr&=uay? tu,fI orD;rdef;uav;rsm;onf txufwef;atmifjyD; wUodkvfodk hqufvuf wufa&mufoif=um;vkdygu a,musFm;av;rsm;xufydkjyD; trSwf&&ef vdkovdkrdbrsm;uvnf; tif*sifeD,m/ pufjyif tp&Sdaom tvkyfrsm;onf a,musFm;av;rsm;twGufomjzpfonf[k rSwf,l=uayonf? a,musFm;av;rsm; ausmif;pmudk at;at;oufom avhvmaecsdefwGif orD; rdef;uav;rsm;rSm rdbrsm;udk ulnDvkyfudkif ay;ae=u&onf? rdef;uav;rsm;urdbrsm;udk 0dkif;vkyfay; &rnf[k t&dk;pGJ ,Hk=unfae=uaom tjrifrsm;uvnf; raysmufysufao;aoma=umihf xdkudPonfvnf; rxl;qef;aom udPom jzpfaeavonf? a,musFm;av;wa,mufu tdrftvkyfudk 0dkif;vkyfay;jcif; onfom txl;tqef; ozG,f jzpfaeavonf? xdk ha=umihf tdrftvkyf wm0efrsm;a=umifh usefA[kokw&SmazG&onfh tajctae bufwGif rdef;uav;

wdk h. pGrf;tm;onf avsmhenf;vm&jyD; pmrwwfr_E_ef;rSmvnf; ydkrdkjrifhrm; vm&ayonf?trsKd;orD;rsm;. ynma&; tqifhtwef;onf rdom;pk usef;rma&; tajctaeESifhywfoufqufEG,faejyD; trsKd;orD;ynma&;onf qif;&JrGJawr_. t"du tcef;uESifhvnf;qufEG,f aeonf? (trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;vufpGJ/ jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or~ 2000)


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jrefrmEdkifiH. wUodkvfynm qufvufoif=um;EkdifolrSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; 2 &mckdifE_ef;om&Sd&mtrsKd;orD; trsm;pkrSm tqifhjrifhynm qufvuf oif=um;EkdifcGifhESifh ywfoufI t uef htowfrsm;pGmjzifh ydwfyifjcif; cH=u&onf? txl;ojzifh oufarG;wUodkfvf/ aumvdyfrsm;/ESifh tcsKd haombGJ h'D*&D rsm;twGuf 0ifcGifh&&efrSm =uD;rm;aom vdifydkif;qdkif&m cGJjcm;r_rsm;jzifh &ifqdkif=u&onf?(Auo/ ynma&; tpD&ifcHpm/ 2002)

rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef; oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;rsm;/ zwfpmtkyfrsm;ESifh oif,lr_-oif=um;r_vkyfief;pOfrsm; wGifvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&m rSefuefaom todynmay;r_rsm;/ cGJjcm; qufqHr_rsm;yaysmufapa&;wdk htwGuf xnfhoGif; xm;jcif;r&Sdyg? zwfpmtkyfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;. yHk&dyfrsm;tvGeftrif; v$rf;rdk;aeavh&SdjyD; ta=umif;t&mydkif;qdkif&m rodom/ rxif&Sm;aom cGJjcm;r_rsm;vnf; yg&Sdaeavonf? vdifydkif;qdkif&m uJGjym;/ jcm;em;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jyD; rwlnDaomZD0zGJ hpnf;r_t& yifudk,ft&nftaoG;rsm;/ udk,fpD pGrf;&nfrsm; tjrifhrm;qHk; zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufcGifh&&Sdap&ef ESifh todtjrif rSefuef av;eufap&ef ynma&;rS axmufulay;&rnfjzpfygonf?

ynma&;0efxrf; trsm;pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonfh q&mrrsm;jzpf=uygonf? odk h &mwGif vlr_pD;yGm;t=uyftwnf;rsm;ESifh tm%mydkiftqifhqifh. t*wd vdkufpm;r_rsm;. tusKd;quftaejzifhynma&;0efxrf; ausmif;q&mr tvkyfrSm wefzdk;rsm;ESifh *k%fodQmrsm; usqif;vsuf&Sdygonf?rdom;pk 0ifaiGrr#wjcif;rsm;a=umifh q&mrrsm;rSm tjyifvkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; vkyfudkif=u&ygonf?uav;i,frsm;twGuf pHjyjzpfoifhonf[laom ynma&; tawG;tac:t& ausmif;q&mr tvkyf.wefzdk;rsm; usqif;aejcif;onf tem*wf uav;i,frsm;/ txl;ojzifh rdef;uav;rsm;twGufpdk;&drfzG,f&mrsm; jzpfygonf?

xxx


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tcef; (5)jrefrmEdifiHwGif taoG;ta&mifpH ,Ofaus;r+ ynma&; pHepfud usifoH;&ef vdktyfjcif;The need to practice diversity and multicultural

education in Burma


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jrefrmEdifiHwGif taoG;ta&mifpH ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepfud usifoH;&efvdtyfjcif;EdkifiHawmf. vGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;onfhaemuf ,aetcsdeftxd ynma&;ESpfig;q,fc&D;wGif

acwf tqufquf tm%m& tpdk;&rsm;. EdkifiHa&; rl0g'twdkif; ynma&;udk =udK;udkif cs,fvS,fcJhonf? vkdtyfonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgur# vufawGusus xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;cJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg? wkdif;&if;om;jynfolwpf&yfvHk;. vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ taxGaxG o[Zmw jzpfa&;(working in diversity) ESifh todynm wdk;yGm;a&; twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&; pHepfrS jyifqifay;r_ r&SdcJhyg? vlr_ pD;yGm;zGHjzdK;wkd;wufap&efvnf; ynma&;pHepfrS axmufulay;jcif; tvsOf; r&Sdacs?wpfOD;csif;. b0tcGifhtvrf;rsm;twGuf ynma&; pHepfrS yHydk;ulnDr_rsm; jznfhqnf; ay;r_rsm;r&SdcJhyg? wdkif;&if;om;wdk h. bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh pmayrsm; aysmufuG,f vkeD;yg;ESifh =uHKawG hae&onf?

1947 ckESpf zJG hpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'wGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS jynfaxmifpkpHepfESifh taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepf

(Multicultural education system) udk wkdif;jynfwGif usifhoHk;&ef ar#mfrSef;csufrsm; xm;&SdcJh=uonf? odk&mwGif ArmpmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_wpfckwnf;udkom tvGeftrif;OD;pm;ay;cJhjyD; wkdif;&if;om;wdk. bmompmay/ &dk;&m/ tpOftvmrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;rSm vpfvsL&_ cH&jcif;rsm;ESifh zdESdyfr_rsm;cH&jcif;wdkjzifhom =uHKawG h=u&onf? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpkajrmufjrm;pGm wnf&Sdaeonfh jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf. ynma&; pHepfwGif ododomom jzpfap/ rodromjzpfapwdkif;&if;om;wdk h. ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&; rsm;udk ydwfyifcJh=uonf? 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif wdkif;&if;om;wdk h. bmompmaywdkudk ausmif;rsm;wGif oif=um;cGifh jyKcJhaomfvnf;,aeumvwGif EdkifiHawmf. rnfonfh tpdk;& ausmif;rsm;wGifrS w&m;0if oif=um;cGifh r&Sdyg?xdktjyif tqifhjrifhynmu wUodkvfrsm; wGifvnf; avhvmcGifhESifh okawoe jyKvkyfcGifhrsm;udkydwfyifxm;onf? Armpmwpfckwnf;udkom EdkifiHawmf&Hk;oHk;ESifh ynma&;wGif t"du oif=um;r_rdKiftjzpfxm;&Sdr_a=umifh wdkif;&if;om; uav;i,frsm;rSm Armpmudk OD;pm;ay; oif=um;=u&onf?pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H_l;ae&jcif;a=umifh wkdif;&if;om;wdk h. bmom pmayrsm;pGmrSm &Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&ef tcuftcJrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifae&jyD; vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m ydyQrsm;udk ydkrdk=uD;xGm;apvsuf&Sdonf?

EdkifiHawmf. wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk jynfe,frsm;wGif wUodkfvfrsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwnfaxmifcGifh rsm;rjyKcJhyg? jynfe,f aumvdyftqifhomxm;&SdcJhjyD; tqifhjrifhynma&; oifwef;rsm; bJG h/ 'D*&Drsm; udk jynfrjrdK h =uD;rsm;&Sd wUodkvfrsm;wGifom xm;&SdcJhojzifh aus;vufESifh e,fpyfa'o wkdif;&if;om; jynfol trsm;pkrSm tqifhjrifhynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; qHk;&H_;aecJh

onf? q,fpkESpf rsm;pGm wpfckwnf;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; zGH h jzdK; wdk;wufa&; od H (ppfudkif;)onf tpdk;&. wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf ynma&;qdkif&m vkyf&yfjzpfonf? 1964 ckESpfwGifArm trsm;pk &Sdonfh tv,fydkif; a'owGif wnfaxmifcJhjyD; jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf udk wkdif;&if;om; e,fajrrsm;wGif 0g'jzef hcsDa&; twGufom &nf&G,f&if;&SdcJhygonf?


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jrefrmEdkifiHwGif taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepfudk usifhoHk;&ef vdktyfjcif;

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1990 aemufydkif;wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk jynfe,frsm;wGif wUodkfvfrsm;udk zGifhvSpfcJhaomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om;wdk h. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;udkrl zGifhvSpfjcif;r&Sdao;yg? xkdtjyif ynma&;ESifh ynm&yftvdkuf t&nftaoG;ydkif;qdkif&mrSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&mrsm;pGm&Sdaeonf?wdkif;&if;om;ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wufa&mufEdkifr_udkvnf; avhvmppfwrf; jyKoifhygonf? EdkifiHa&; zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufr_ avhvmolrsm;rS axmufjyxm;onfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;. qjy

yJGrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkif&efESifh vlpkvla0;rsm; rjyKvkyfEdkif&efwdk htwGufjzpfa=umif; avhvm aqG;aEG;csufrsm;&Sdonf? jrdK hjyifrsm;wGif wnfaxmifxm;&Sdonfh wUodkvf topfrsm;rSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJjyD; taqmuftOD;ESifh oifaxmufulyPnf;rsm; rjynfhpHkr_rsm;/ t&nftaoG; rjynfhrSDonfhjy\emrsm;jzifh =uHKawGae&onf? odkaomf tkyfcsKyfol ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rS ta&twGufudef;*%ef;rsm; rsm;jym;vmr_udkom zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufr_taejzifh wifjyavh&Sdonf? t&nftaoG;ydkif;qdkif&mudk rnfonfhtcgur# xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg?

ynma&;pHepfw&yfudk atmifjrifpGm wnfaqmufEdkif&efrSm tajccHynma&;jzpfonfhrlvwef;rS pwifI tpDtpOfwus jrSifhwif&onf? tajccHynma&; edrfhusaejcif;/ tqifhrrSDjcif;/

ynma&; wef;wltcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;/ w&m;r#wr_ uif;rJhjcif;/ ausmif;wufE_ef; tvGeftrif;usqif;jcif;/ ausmif;xGufE_ef; jrifhrm;jcif; wdkrSm ta&;=uD;onfh ynma&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;jzpfonf? ynma&; pHepfwpfckvHk;twGuf atmifjrifEdkif&eftwGuf =uD;rm;onfh twm;tqD;rsm;vnf; jzpfonf? tajccHynma&;uudk pHepfwusjzifh jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;/ oifaxmuful yPnf;rsm;tqifhtwef;ESifh t&nftaoG;rSDrSD jznfhqnf;Edkifjcif;/ uav;rsm; tm;vHk;ausmif;aeEdkifjcif;/ q&m/q&mr tiftm;ESifh t&nftaoG;jrSifhwifEdkifjcif;wdk hudk tpDtpOfwus jyKvkyf&ef txl; vkdtyfaeonf? TtcuftcJrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkifygu ynma&;wdk;wufr_qdkonfrSm ar;cGef; xkwfzG,fjzpfygonf? tajccHynma&;udk rjrSifhwifEdkifygu ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;trsm;pk twGuf ynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ynmoif=um;cGifhwdkrSm qHk;&H_;aejrJyifjzpfygvdrfhrnf? tusKd;quftaejzifh EdkifiHawmf. ynma&;rSm wdk;wufr_rsm;qDodk h OD;wnfaejcif; r&SdEkdifygacs?

xdk htjyif jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&Sd ynma&;pHepfonf 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl htcGifhta&;rsm; zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufa&;/ todynmwdk;wuf odjrifa&; ESifh vlr_ b0 vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ vlom;t&if;tjrpf zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufa&;rsm;twGuf jyifqifay;r_r&Sdyg? tajccHynma&;rS tpjyKum tqifhwkdif;wGif Ttcsif;t&mrsm; xif[yfay:vGifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf jrefrmhvl habmif. tem*wf &Sifoefr_rSm rsm;pGmpdk;&drfzG,f&mjzpfygonf? 'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftwGuf ynma&; pHepfrSjyifqifay;r_r&Sdyg? vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wpfckvHk; twGuf ynma&; pHepfudk usifhoHk;jcif; tvsOf;r&Sdyg?

ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;pGm vufcH usifhoHk;aeonfrSm ppf0g't"Gef h&Snfaprnfh ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk

(cGJjcm;xm;&Sdaom rlrsm;jzifh) jzpfygonf? ppfwyfESifh eD;pyfol todkif;t0dkif;twGuf ynma&;tcGifhta&;rsm; zefwD;xm;&Sdjcif;/ tqifhjrifhynma&;qdkif&m oD;oef hwUodkvfrsm; wnfaxmifxm;jcif;wdk hrSm ynma&;w&m;r#wr_ r&Sdjcif;rsm;udk n$efjyaeayonf? ynma&;&_axmifhrS Todk hw&mr#wr_uif;pGm oD;oefcGJjcm;I vkyfaqmifaejcif;rsm;udk vHk;0 vufrcHEdkifygacs? tcGifhxl;cHppfwyf ynmwwf vlwef;pm;arG;xkwfaer_rSm EdkifiHawmf tem*wftwGuf tvm;tvmraumif;yg?


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vGefpGm acwfaemufjyefqGJaeonfh ya'o&mZf tawG;tac:rsm;jzpfjyD; 21 &mpk ynmacwftwGufjynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;. ynma&;qdkif&m wefzdk;rsm;twGuf pdk;&drfzG,f&mjzpfygonf?

tajccHynma&;rSpwifum EdkifiHawmf. pmoifcef;rsm;wGif usifhoHk;aeonfh pmoif,ljcif;ESifh pmoif=um;jcif; usifhpOf/ vkyfief;pOfwkdrSm 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;rsm;/ taoG;ta&mifpHk

,Ofaus;r_ oabmw&m;rsm;xif[yfaejcif;/ tajccHxm;jcif;rsm;r&Sdyg? vGefpGm acwfaemufusaejyDjzpfonfh tm%m&Sifqefaom ynma&;tpDtpOfrsm;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm;jzifhom ynma&;pHepfudk zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufxm;&Sdonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif tajccHusus jyKvkyf&onfjzpf&m EdkifiHawmf.pmoifcef;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD pmoifcef;rsm;jzpfvmapa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftwGuf y"meusonfh tcsufwpfcsufjzpfygonf? TwGif ynma&;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh i,f&G,f/ EkkysKdaom pdwfESvHk;om;rsm;udk yHkaz: xkqpf&mwGif toHk;jyKonfh ud&d,mrsm;jzpfaom oif,ljcif;-oif=um;jcif;enf;pHepfrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pD jzpf&ygrnf?

jynfaxmifpk EdifiHawmESif taoG;ta&mifpH ,Ofaus;r+ynma&;EkdifiHawmf. ynma&;pHepfjyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef twGuf t"dutm;jzifh vkdtyfonfrSm taoG;

ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepfudk usifhoHk;&efjzpfygonf? tESpfom&tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf wnfaqmuf&mwGif Tynma&; pHepfopfrSm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf?EdkifiHawmf. pmoifcef;rsm;rS tpjyKum jynfaxmifpktpdk;&/ jynfe,fESifh txl;a'o tpdk;&rsm;tqifhqifhwdk hrS taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;pHepfudk usifhoHk;=u&ayrnf?

,Ofaus;r_rsm;pGm &Sdonfh jrefrmhvltzGJtpnf;. &Sifoef &yfwnfEdkif&ef twGufvnf;aumif;/ todynm wdk;wufjrifhrm;&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;/ uBmhtv,fwGif EdkifiHwumESifh&ifabmifwef; vdkufEdkfif&eftwGufvnf;aumif; taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; pHepfudktaumiftxnf az:I vufawG husifhoHk;=u&ygrnf? txl;ojzifh vl h,Ofaus;r_ A[k0g'ESifh'Drdkua&pD pHE_ef; wefzdk;rsm; tay: tajccHxm;onfh pmoif,ljcif;ESifh pmoif=um;jcif;pHepfrSmjrefrmEdkifiH taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfygonf? &nfrSef;csuftaejzifh wpfOD;csif;pD. vl htcGifhta&;&&Sdap&efESifh/ tjrifhrm;qHk;aom todynm/ twwfynmqdkif&m wddk;wufodjrifI atmifjrifEdkifa&;wdk htwGuf todynm/ vlr_a&;ESifh bufpHkwdk;wufa&;wdktwGuf vlxkynma&; t,ltq xm;&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

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tajccHtm;jzifh Twefzdk;rsm;rS jzpfwnfqif;oufvmonfrSm 1948 ckESpfwGif uBmhukvor~rS twnfjyKcJhaom vl htcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;=uD;yifjzpfygonf? 1993 ckESpfwGif/AD,ifemjrdK/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m vltcGifhta&; nDvmcHY xyfavmif;twnfjyKcJh=uonf?EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f. bHkpHE_ef;rsm;atmifjrifr_taejzifh wnf&Sdaeonfh Ta=unmpmwrf;=uD;rS vlom;wdkif;onf vGwfvyfpGmjzifh vl h*k%fodQmESifh tcGifhta&;qdkif&m wef;wlpGm arG;zGm;vm=uonf[k wifjyxm;jyD; EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkaz:jyxm;avonf?

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T t"du pHE_ef;wefzdk;rsm;rSm taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ ynma&; jzpfonfh pmoif,la&;ESifh pmoif=um;a&;wGif q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ ynma&;qdkif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;/ rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;rStajccHxm; &Sd&rnfh tcsufrsm;yifjzpfygonf? taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_. tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfaom vl htcGifhta&; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;wdk hESifhywfoufonfh udP&yfrsm;wGif

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vlr_jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;rSm a&&Snfvlr_todkif;t0dkif;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rsm;pGm ta&;ygv#uf&Sdonf? EkdifiHawmf. pmoifausmif;rsm;/ pmoifcef;rsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDESifh taoG; ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;r_ oabmw&m;tjrifrsm; tpOfoufa&mufI aejcif;onf'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmf twGuf tmrcHcsuf t&SdqHk;aom vkyfaqmifcsufyifjzpfonf?


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Diversity


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Learners Differences


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Documents

Diversity and Multicultural Education in Burma/ Myanmar - Thein Naing