Upload
lebao
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs
Distributed Wind – Tribal Opportunities for Self-
Generation
Robi RobichaudNational Renewable Energy
Laboratory
Distributed Generation Opportunities
Topic Overview Distributed Wind Market Overview Appropriate-sized Wind Assessment for DG
Wind Community Support Issues – Sound, Visual, Environmental
2
NREL - Outreach & Market Support – All Sizes
Small (100 kW)
HomesTribal BuildingsFarmsRemote
ApplicationsSchoolsBusinessesCommunity Wind
Mid-Sized (100 - 2000 kW)Distributed EnergyTribal CommunitiesVillage PowerBusinessesCommunity Wind
Large >2MWUtility-scaleCommunity Wind
3
Distributed Wind – Then & Now
Source: http://distributedwind.org/ 4
U.S Distributed Wind Capacity by Turbine Type
Source: 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applicationshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/2012_distributed_wind_technologies_market_report.pdf 5
Types of Turbines & Towers in U.S. - 2012
Source: 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applicationshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/2012_distributed_wind_technologies_market_report.pdf
6
Installed Costs for DG Turbines 2012
Source: 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applicationshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/2012_distributed_wind_technologies_market_report.pdf
7
Distributed Wind O&M Costs
8
Larger turbines >100kW --> annual contractSmaller turbines < 10 kW --> serviced as needed
Small Wind O&M Estimate per JEDI Assumptions
Source: 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applicationshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/2012_distributed_wind_technologies_market_report.pdf
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cost
of C
ompe
ting
Elec
tric
it ($
/kW
h)
Wind Speed (m/s)
Cost of Competing Electricity vs. Wind Speed Curve
Cost of Competing Electricity vs. Wind Speed
Curve
Is Wind Economic? It Depends
Factors to shift curve down-left (good):• Taller tower• Low wind speed turbine• Utility-scale vs. distributed turbine• PTC (production tax credit) or other
incentives• Streamlined permitting
Factors that shift curve up-right:• Increased financing costs• Increased interconnection
costs• Permitting/zoning costs
9
Wind Project Development Process
Site Selection
Fatal Flaw Analysis
Land Agreements
Wind Assessment
Environmental Review – sound, visual, etc..
Community Support
Economic Modeling
• Permitting
• Financing
• Interconnection Studies
• Sales Agreements
• Turbine Procurement
• Construction Contracting
• Operations & Maintenance• 3-7 year process• Lots of moving parts -
no guarantee of success10
Derived from K.E. = ½ mv2
P = A * * V3/2
P = Power of the wind [Watts] A = Windswept area of rotor (blades) = pD/4 = pr2 [ m2] = Density of the air [kg/m3 ] (at sea level at 15°C) V = Velocity of the wind [m/s]
Wind energy is proportional to velocity cubed (V3):– 25% higher wind speed ≈ 2x’s the power available– If velocity is doubled, power increases by a factor of eight (23 = 8)!
Small differences in average speed cause big differences in energy production!
Power in Wind EquationWind energy is kinetic
energy -- mass and momentum D
11
Turbine – Sized to Economic Project Goals
Bergey Excel 10kW ~ 1 home
Vestas V47600kW~ 200 homes
GE 1.5sle1.5MW~ 500 homes
Vestas V-903MW~ 1,000 homes
12
Relative Size of Swept Area
A = Pi D2 / 4
Credit: Paul Gipe
13
Wind Resource Assessment1st Step - Maps of Resources
NREL http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/windmaps/
14
Maps for Distributed Scale 80 – 50 – 30m
Residential – 30m
Community Scale – 50m
15
Wind Resources and Opportunity on Tribal Lands
16
Map vs. Purchased Data vs. Met Tower vs. SODAR
Turbine Size Project Cost Range Assessment Recommendation Est. CostkW $
$6-20,000 - map & free data $0$20-60,000 - purchase validated data set $3-8k
10-50 $60-300k$60-200,000 - purchase validated data set
or free met tower loan program $8-20k50-500 $300k - 2.5 mil met tower loan or purchase $20-60k
500-2,000 $2.5-10 mil met tower and/or SODAR $50-100k
1-10 $6 - 60k
17
Permitting Path and Timeline
Cultural Resource Clearances Tribal, local, state and federal permitting support
(FAA, DoD Radar & Operations) Human health and environmental effects
assessments Biological assessments and ecological impact
analyses Threatened and endangered species clearances Noise and visual impact analyses (use existing
guidance) Tribal Leadership approvalThe timeline of getting appropriate clearances and permits must coincide with the project construction schedule
18
Visual Impacts
19Use existing resources- web source: http://www.cleanenergystates.org/resource-library/resource/a-visual-impact-assessment-process-for-wind-energy-projects
• Visual characteristics - surrounding landscape & scenic value
• Project Map – with key Natural & Cultural Resources • Viewshed Mapping – distance, angle and scale• Identification of Viewpoints• Simulations – with and without turbines• Shadow Flicker – identify when and where, use
appropriate setbacks
• Zoning may define the setbacks and rules for property lines, structures, roads, river beds, etc.
• State Siting Board or other regulatory reviewer• Public input
Visual – Perception - Surroundings
20
Wind and Sound/Noise
Turbine at 225-300m setback
Noise and Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Distance to turbine (m)
Soun
d Le
vel (
dB)
Noise Level of a Turbine
Background noise makes a differenceSound and perceptible sound can vary
Types of Wind Turbine Noise Mechanical
Mostly tones Gearbox Generator Tower resonance Blade movement
Aerodynamic Blades & tips
• Proportional to Vtip5
• Higher frequency and broadband
Tower wake• Rotational (low
frequency)• 1-3 per rev
Noise Regimes
3 different regimes
• Human perception
Noise Reduction
Move turbines farther away Low frequencies travel farther
Mechanical Isolation Insulation
Aerodynamic Lower tip speed (Noise Reduced Operation) Modify Blade Shape
• Sharp trailing edges
Noise & Site Contour Studies/Maps
26Source: Rose Forbes, ASFCEC, MMR, Wind Project Manager
Building Community Support
Develop communication plan early Identify key tribal and community
members and educate them on all aspects of the project
Clear, straightforward messages – public oration, response to inquiries and in the press
Be sure the whole team has training and can speak effectively to any issues raised
Focus on educating people on the issues, mitigations, benefits
Take people to see turbines up close
27
Building Community Support
28
Be ready to counter mis-informationFocus on fact-based information, not emotional pleasFocus on benefits:
ERevitalizing the communityLocal ownershipWater conservation (vs. coal or nuclear
power)Economic – royalties or energy
Be able to address issues such as:IntermittencyPotential impacts to wildlifePotential impacts to radar, FAA, DoDAesthetics, sound, flicker
Resources & Contact Information
For More Information: DOE Office of Indian Energy Website: www.energy.gov/indianenergy
Services offered, resources for TribesDOE Wind & Water Program – Distributed Wind Energy
http://wind.energy.gov/wind_dist_tech.html NREL Wind Technology Websites: http://www.nrel.gov/wind/midsize_wind.html DSIRE: http://dsireusa.org/
Grants, interconnection, net metering, rebates, tax credits, loansWindustry: http://www.windustry.org/
Wind Basics, project development, community – farm wind, economicsDWEA: http://distributedwind.org/ Zoning & permitting, conferences Small Wind Certification: http://www.smallwindcertification.org/
Robi [email protected] Tel: 303-406-
1603
29
Additional Information
30
Intended for the web site, but not part of the presentation
New Turbines (HAWT or VAWT)
• Is the turbine certified by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards?
http://www.awea.org/standards/iec_stds.html (If not certified, do you regularly purchase equipment that is not certified or UL listed? Do you buy back-up generators or other power equipment that is not certified?)• What are its performance specs?
1) What does the power curve look like? 2) How did they arrive at it – by modeling or gathering data from a system operating in the
field?3) How many kilowatts hours per year will it produce if the average wind speed is 6 m/s? 5
m/s? (how do they know? Is it from testing or modeling performance?)• What is its track record of the turbine?
1) How many years has it been out?2) Are they still running? What % are still running?3) Has it performed as expected or touted?4) Can they share field data?
• Conduct some due diligence with customers who own them 1) How is the warranty service?2) Does the company provide add-on O&M after warranty expires? If so, at what cost?3) Parts availability?4) Turbine availability percentage?
• What does it cost? 1) What does the actual turbine cost?2) What do the financials of the company look like?3) Will they be around to service your turbine in 3 years? 20 years?
Five things to ask about wind turbine companies and their products
31
Native American Anemometer Loan Program
Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/anemometerloans/projects.asp
Currently 21 of 70 sites are posted – mostly 20-m data sites
32
DSIRE - Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
33Source: http://www.dsireusa.org/
Info on:• Tax Credits• Net Metering• Interconnecti
on• Rebates• Loans• Public
Benefits Funds
• RPS
Incentives Can Provide Opportunities for Cost ReductionsDSIRE - Information on All Types of Incentives:To Finance Projects:• PTC - 2.3 cents/kWh for 1st ten years + accelerated
depreciation • ITC – 30% cost recovery tax credit
Utility Incentives to do Renewables: RPS – varies state to state, utility to utilityNet Metering – provides full retail value of electricity generated
Other Sources for Financing:• USDA REAP – Grants (25%) & Loans (75%) • New Market Tax Credits• Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds
Source: http://www.dsireusa.org/ 34