Distillation Start with a partially

fermented product (containing some EtOH)

Through a process of heating, vapor production, and condensation, solution with higher EtOH% is produced…

HOW??

Ethanol-Water Phase Diagram

MagmaMagma Differentiate magma based on it’s chemical Differentiate magma based on it’s chemical

composition composition felsic vs. mafic felsic vs. mafic

Melt Composition + ‘freezing’ TMelt Composition + ‘freezing’ T

Liquid magma freezes into crystals the composition of what freezes first is governed by the melt’s composition

Analogous to the composition of seawater ice icebergs are composed of pure water; pure water freezes first, leaving the concentrated brine behind

In magmas More silica = lower T; more Ca, Mg=higher T

Silica polymerization also affected by T and how much Si there is!

Discontinous series – Structures change, harder to re-equilibrate

Continuous Series plag re-equilibrates quicker and if not is a continuum in composition rather than a change in mineral as T decreases

Liquid hotMAGMA

Ca2+ Na+Mg2+

Fe2+

Si4+

Si4+Si4+ O2-

O2-

O2-

O2-

O2- O2-

O2-

O2-

O2-

O2-

rockcooling

Mg2+ Fe2+

Mg2+

Silicate structures:Silicate structures:

nesosilicatesnesosilicates

inosilicatesinosilicates

tectosilicatestectosilicates

phyllosilicatesphyllosilicates

cyclosilictaescyclosilictaes

sorosilicatessorosilicates

Melt-crystal equilibrium 1Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 When crystal comes out When crystal comes out

of melt, some ions go in of melt, some ions go in easier easier more Ca rich more Ca rich crystals form 1crystals form 1stst

Precipitated crystals react Precipitated crystals react with cooling liquid, with cooling liquid, eventually will re-eventually will re-equilibrate back, totallly equilibrate back, totallly cooled magma xstals cooled magma xstals show same compositionshow same composition

Magma at composition X Magma at composition X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools first xstal bytownite first xstal bytownite

XXliquidusliquidus

solidussolidus

Melt-crystal equilibrium 1Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 Magma at composition Magma at composition

X (30% Ca, 70% Na) X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools cools first crystal first crystal bytownite (73% Ca, bytownite (73% Ca, 27% Na)27% Na)

This shifts the This shifts the composition of the composition of the remaining melt such that remaining melt such that it is more Na-rich (Y)it is more Na-rich (Y)

What would be the next What would be the next crystal to precipitate?crystal to precipitate?

Finally, the last bit Finally, the last bit would crystallize from Zwould crystallize from Z

XX

YY

ZZ

Melt-crystal equilibrium 1bMelt-crystal equilibrium 1b

Precipitated crystals Precipitated crystals react with cooling react with cooling liquid, eventually will liquid, eventually will re-equilibrate back, re-equilibrate back, totally cooled magma totally cooled magma xstals show same xstals show same compositioncomposition

UNLESS it cools so UNLESS it cools so quickly the xstal quickly the xstal becomes zoned or the becomes zoned or the early precipitates are early precipitates are segregated and removed segregated and removed from contact with the from contact with the bulk of the meltbulk of the melt

Why aren’t all feldspars zoned?Why aren’t all feldspars zoned?

Kinetics, segregationKinetics, segregation

IF there is sufficient time, the crystals will re-IF there is sufficient time, the crystals will re-equilibrate with the magma they are in – and equilibrate with the magma they are in – and reflect the total Na-Ca content of the magmareflect the total Na-Ca content of the magma

IF not, then different minerals of different IF not, then different minerals of different composition will be present in zoned composition will be present in zoned plagioclase or segregated from each other plagioclase or segregated from each other physicallyphysically

Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibilityMelt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility

2 component mixing 2 component mixing and separation and separation chicken soup analogy, chicken soup analogy, cools and separatescools and separates

Fat and liquid can Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if crystallize separately if cooled slowlycooled slowly

Miscibility Gap – no Miscibility Gap – no single phase is stablesingle phase is stable

SOUP of X composition SOUP of X composition cooled in fridge Y vs cooled in fridge Y vs freezer Zfreezer Z

Miscibility Gap

FatWater

% fat in soup

Tem

pera

ture

(T

empe

ratu

re ( º

C)

ºC)

-20-20

5050

00

100100

1010 9090707050503030

SOUPSOUP

XX

fatsfatsiceice

YY

ZZ

Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibilityMelt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility

2 component mixing 2 component mixing and separation and separation chicken soup analogy, chicken soup analogy, cools and separatescools and separates

Fat and liquid can Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if crystallize separately if cooled slowlycooled slowly

Miscibility Gap – no Miscibility Gap – no single mineral is stable single mineral is stable in a composition range in a composition range for x temperaturefor x temperature

Miscibility Gap

microcline

orthoclase

sanidine

anorthoclasemonalbite

high albite

low albite

intermediate albite

OrthoclaseKAlSi3O8

AlbiteNaAlSi3O8

% NaAlSi3O8

Tem

pera

ture

(T

empe

ratu

re ( º

C)

ºC)

300300

900900

700700

500500

11001100

1010 9090707050503030

EquilibriumEquilibrium Need a description of a Need a description of a

mineral’s equilibrium mineral’s equilibrium with it’s surroundingswith it’s surroundings

For igneous minerals, this For igneous minerals, this equilibrium is with the equilibrium is with the melt (magma) it forms melt (magma) it forms from or is a representation from or is a representation of the Temperature and of the Temperature and Pressure of formationPressure of formation