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iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
n i n o l a R i Z e
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura da Secvla
fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori revaz qvarcxava
Tbilisi
2009
sarCevi :
Sesavali
Tavi 1 socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi
1.1. sakiTxis istoria
1.2. socialuri ganwyobis struqtura
1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba
1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqtura
1.3. socialuri ganwyoba da qceva
1.3 a) rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas
1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis
eqsperimentuli Seswavlis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi
Tavi 2 socialuri ganwyobis struqtura (empiriuli kvleva)
Tavi 3 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
3.1. komunikatori
3.2. komunikacia
3.3. obieqti
3.4. situacia
Tavi 4 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla (empiriuli kvleva)
zogadi daskvnebi
gamoyenebuli literatura
danarTi
3
10
10
20
21
34
46
48
61
62
70
79
79
83
92
96
101
112
113
121
2
Sesavali
socialuri ganwyobebis* kvleva socialuri fsiqologebis
fundamentur interess warmoadgens, rac savsebiT bunebrivia _
socialuri ganwyoba xom centraluri cnebaa sxva adamianebTan,
situaciebTan da ideebTan mimarTebaSi Cveni fiqrebis, SegrZnebebis da
qcevis asaxsnelad.
jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi gordon olportma (olporti
1935) SeniSna, rom Tanamedrove eqsperimentul da Teoriul literaturaSi
arcerTi termini ar Semosula ase swrafad. es popularoba gasagebia:
adamianis qcevaze socialuri garemos gavlenis asaxsnelad fsiqologiis
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod individebis
Tandayolil Tvisebebze miTiTeba; saWiro gaxda iseTi hipoTeturi
cvladis daSveba, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda rogorc upirovno
socialuri Zalebis abstraqtuli Sinaarsebisagan, ise Tandayolilobis
ideisagan. aseTad miiCnies socialuri ganwyobis cneba. is mravali
mecnieris mier iqna gaziarebuli, radgan fsiqologiis sxvadasxva
mimdinareobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira da amitom SesaniSnavad
emsaxureboda maT miznebs.
socialuri ganwyoba nebismieri proporciiT SeiZleba Seicavdes
rogorc instinqts, aseve Cvevasac, SeniSnavs g. olporti. amis gamo igi ar
xdeba arc instinqtTeoriebis da arc mxolod garemoseuli gavlenis
Teoriebis kuTvnileba. socialuri ganwyobis aseTma bunebam gansazRvra
am cnebis sakmaod didi popularoba Tanamedrove socialur
fsiqologiaSi.
ise rogorc Cveva, ganwyobac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi CaTvlili iyo
sagnebis mimarT individis ara pirvelad reaqciad, aramed Semdgom
SemuSavebulad, sxva fsiqikuri procesebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul
movlenad.
cnobierebis aqtivobis mimarT ganwyobis pirveladi Rirebulebis
aRiarebis safuZvelze agebulia ganwyobis uznaZiseuli Teoria.
* socialuri ganwyobis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT inglisurenovan literaturaSi gavrcelebul termins Attitude.
3
fsiqologTa Soris dResac gavrcelebulia debuleba, rom Tu
romelime fsiqikur movlenas sxva fsiqikuri procesebis mimarT
pirveladad CavTvliT, maSin igi Tandayolil movlenad unda miviCnioT.
Tumca savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ganwyoba moTxovnilebis mqone individisa
da Sesatyvisi garemos Sexvedris safuZvelze aRmocenebul pirvelad
fsiqikur movlenad CaiTvalos da amavdroulad ar iqnes miCneuli
Tandayolil instinqtur movlenad.
socialuri ganwyobis cnebam popularobis piks 1930-ian wlebSi
miaRwia, Semdeg interesi ganelda da daaxloebiT 1950-ian wlebidan kvlav
iqca socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis mniSvnelovan sferod. Tumca
unda iTqvas, rom moxda aqcentebis mcired gadanacvleba. ,,axla Cven
ufro dakavebulebi varT ganwyobis cvlilebis dinamikis sakiTxebiT,
vidre ganwyobis gazomviT... meti interesia ganwyobebis, rogorc
sistemebis mimarT: amis magaliTia sxvadasxva sakiTxebis irgvliv
ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobebis kvlevis Tanamimdevruli Teoria,
romelic ikvlevs urTierTobebs sxvadasxva sakiTxebis mimarT ganwyobebs
Soris an rwmenasa da qcevas Soris, agreTve rogor funqcionirebs
ganwyobebi pirovnebis SigniT” _ miuTiTebda uiliam mak-guaieri (mak-
guaieri 1969: 141).
u. mak-guaieris socialuri fsiqologiis saxelmZRvanelos mesame
gamocemam (1985w.) TvalnaTeli gaxada fsiqologiaSi socialuri
ganwyobebis mniSvnelobis STambeWdavi zrda. ganwyobis fsiqologiis
Sesaxeb alis iglim da Seli Ceikenma 1993 wels gamoaqveynes naSromi (The
Psychology of Attitudes), romelic sxva msgavsi Sromebisagan gamoirCeva
sakiTxis ufro detaluri da farTo gaSuqebiT (albarasini ... 2005).
Semdgom dekadaSi igi Zlieri stimuli aRmoCnda socialur ganwyobasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis, risi Sedegicaa uamravi naSromi
da kritikuli mimoxilva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli interesi periodulad icvleboda,
dReisaTvis kvlav aqtualuria fsiqologiis im obieqtis kvleva, rasac
socialuri ganwyoba ewodeba. amas asabuTebs Semdegi: adamianis
socialuri arsisa da cxovrebis gagebisaTvis mocemuli fsiqikuri
4
struqturis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba da misi Znelad gansazRvra
(druJinini 1999).
ganwyobis cnebis gareSe fsiqologiaSi dRes ukve SeuZlebelia
adamianis qcevis mimarTulebis, faruli motivebis, aracnobieri
tendenciebis ganxilva; aseve, warmoudgenelia iseT sakiTxebze msjeloba,
rogoricaa: sazogadoebrivi azris formireba, socialuri gavlena,
RirebulebiTi orientaciebi da sxva.
1999 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi p. Sixirevi socialur ganwyobas
momaval aTwleulSi kvlevis centraluri obieqtis rols
uwinaswarmetyvelebs. is amtkicebs, rom ,,socialuri ganwyobis (anu
atitudis) kvlevebi _ amerikuli socialuri fsiqologiis miniaturuli
aslia...” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).
didma qarTvelma fsiqologma dimitri uznaZem Teoriuli da
eqsperimentuli muSaobis safuZvelze Camoayaliba ganwyobis Teoria,
romelSic gaaerTiana im droisaTvis fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli monapovrebi. rogorc aRniSnavs S. nadiraSvili: ,,dReisaTvis
ukve momzadebulia myari Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli monacemTa baza,
romelSic SeiZleba gaerTiandes bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebuli
monacemebi ganwyobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb” (nadiraSvili 2001: 5-6).
dRes, zemoaRniSnulisa da mravali samecniero Sromis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mosazreba, rom socialuri ganwyoba kvlav saWiroebs Seswavlas.
amis erT-erTi dadasturebaa socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis problema.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi raodenobis empiriuli masala
moipoveba, Tumca bevri urTierTgamomricxavi daskvnaa gakeTebuli.
qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebidan mocemul
problemaze muSaobdnen: S. nadiraSvili, d. Carkviani, m. baliaSvili,
r. qvarcxava, b. aruTinova, d. nadiraSvili, T. CxeiZe.
zogadad, kvlevebis Sedegad gamoyofilia sxvadasxva faqtori,
romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis arxs, Setyobinebas,
informaciis mimRebs da situacias. arsebuli masalebis gacnobis
Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom sakiTxi
amowurulia, yvelaferi garkveulia. Tumca, Tundac is faqti, rom
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,
5
TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobasa da sakiTxis aqtualobaze.
marTlac, Tu kargad gavecnobiT sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT,
rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi araa miRebuli. faqtia isic, rom rig
SemTxvevebSi laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebi araa
grZelvadiani, anu pirovneba drois mcire monakveTSi ubrundeba
eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare gagviCnda interesi, CavRrmavebodiT
aRniSnul problematikas. miT ufro, rom socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
dakavSirebulia iseT TemebTan rogoricaa: winasaarCevno kampaniebi,
propaganda, socialuri gavlenebi, rac Cveni azriT, kidev ufro
aqtualurs xdis sakiTxs.
rogorc cnobilia, socialuri ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da
ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis
formirebis gansxvavebul gzebs. kerZod, socialuri ganwyobis Sida
struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT, ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an
iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi reaqciis safuZvelze. meores mxriv,
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura formirdeba
gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris kavSiris
saSualebiT. amdenad, Cven viziarebT mosazrebas, rom ganwyobebi
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar arseboben. isini qmnian garkveul
sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs
(clusters). TanavarskvlavedebSi xdeba socialuri ganwyobebis
urTierTqmedeba, Tumca ara erTnairi ZaliT, rac asaxavs socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.
Cveni mosazrebiT, socialuri ganwyobis Secvla unda
eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis
kanonzomierebebs. anu socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda
iyos ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilTan, mis
faqtorul wonasTan.
sakiTxis aqtualobidan gamomdinare gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis specifikis ufro safuZvliani Seswavla.
6
davuSviT Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri ganwyobebis struqturaSi
centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan
dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad davisaxeT Semdegi miznebi:
eqsperimentulad gvekvlia: 1. ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis kanonzomierebebi; 2. socialur ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis gavlena socialuri ganwyobis Secvlaze.
amisaTvis CamovayalibeT amocanebi:
1. Rirebulebebisadmi arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebis
faqtorebis mixedviT dajgufeba;
2. TiToeul faqtorTan korelirebuli Rirebulebebisadmi
arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis faqtoruli wonebis
gansazRvra;
3. TanavarskvlavedSi faqtoruli wonis safuZvelze
centraluri (anu sabaziso) da periferiuli socialuri
ganwyobebis dadgena;
4. cdispirebis dajgufeba mcire sadiskusio jgufebad
sakvlevi Rirebulebisadmi socialuri ganwyobebis
valentobis identurobis mixedviT;
5. socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonis gavlenis dadgena
Tanavarskvlavedis danarCeni socialuri ganwyobebis
Secvlaze.
dasacavad gamotanili debulebebia:
1. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas gansazRvravs socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebi;
2. socialuri ganwyobebis urTierTqmedeba araerTgvarovania.
kerZod, TanavarskvlavedSi zogierTi maTgani ufro met
zegavlenas axdens sxva danarCenebze;
3. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis mizezi, garda ukve dadgenili
kanonzomierebebisa SesaZlebelia iyos Sinaarsobrivad
dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebac;
7
4. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlaze agreTve gavlenas axdens
eqsperimentis mimdinareobis dros Seqmnili situacia;
5. socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi jgufdebian faqtorTan
korelirebis mixedviT;
6. rac metia Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli socialuri ganwyobis
faqtoruli wona, miT meti zegavlena aqvs mas Tavis
TanavarskvlavedSi gaerTianebul sxva socialur ganwyobebze.
anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona pirdapirproporciulia
Tanavarskvlavedis sxva ganwyobebze misi zemoqmedebis Zalisa.
aqtualobis miuxedavad, aRniSnul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli
monacemebi moipoveba. amasTanave, socialuri ganwyobis struqturaze
dasavlur socialur fsiqologiaSi dRemde Catarebul kvlevaTagan arc
erTs ar aqvs fundamenturobis pretenzia.
yvelaze axlos Cvens mier dasmul sakiTxTan dgas l. fergiusonisa
(fergiusoni 1939) da T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985) kvlevebi, Tumca bolomde
naTels ver hfens mas. l. fergiusonis mier Catarebuli muSaobis didi
mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo
farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT Semoifargla. amave dros,
ar dainteresebula ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis
kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis eqsperimentuli
kvleviT. T. CxeiZem kvleva Caatara agreTve mcire raodenobis (oTxi)
socialur obieqtebze, romlebic, misi azriT, Sinaarseulad iyvnen
msgavsebi. am SemTxvevaSi T. CxeiZis ZiriTadi interesi iyo konsistentobis
tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.
dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla
naklebia.
mocemuli problemis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben
socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adre
monacemTa damuSavebis mwiri SesaZleblobebis gamo Zneli iyo
srulyofili Sedegebis miReba, Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis
gamoyenebiT ki monacemTa statistikuri damuSavebis xarisxi gacilebiT
8
maRalia, naTeli xdeba aseTi kvlevis aucilebloba, mniSvneloba. swored
amis gamo davinteresdiT aRniSnuli problemiT.
Cven, 44 Rirebulebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis semantikuri
diferencialis meTodiT kvlevis Sedegad, faqtoruli analizis
gamoyenebiT gamovyaviT socialur ganwyobaTa Tanavarskvlavedebi;
davadgineT TanavarskvlavedSi TiToeuli Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonebi, ris safuZvelzedac gamovyaviT
centraluri da periferiuli socialuri ganwyobebi.
mocemuli Sromis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi: eqsperimentulad
davasabuTeT, rom socialuri ganwyobis Secvla damokidebulia
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilze, mis
faqtorul wonaze. kerZod, rac metia Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona, miT meti zegavlena aqvs mas
Tavis TanavarskvlavedSi gaerTianebul sxva socialur ganwyobebze.
vfiqrobT, miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia yvela im
sferoSi, romelic exeba socialuri ganwyobebis Secvlas (socialuri
gavlena, reklamis fsiqologia, propaganda, pedagogiuri fsiqologia),
agreTve, maTi Setana SeiZleba socialuri fsiqologiis swavlebis
kursSi, rac warmoadgens mocemuli Sromis praqtikul Rirebulebas.
winamdebare Sroma Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan: Sesavali, oTxi
Tavi, zogadi daskvnebi, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvali,
danarTebi. pirveli Tavi _ socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi _
Seexeba socialur ganwyobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Teoriul
analizs, kerZod, fsiqologiaSi socialuri ganwyobis Semotanis
istorias, socialuri ganwyobis struqturas, socialuri ganwyobisa da
qcevis urTierTobas. meore Tavi warmoadgens socialuri ganwyobis
struqturis empiriul kvlevas. mesame Tavi eZRvneba Cveni kvlevis
mizanTan dakavSirebuli literaturis Teoriul analizs, kerZod,
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas. meoTxe Tavi ki warmoadgens socialuri
ganwyobis Secvlis empiriul kvlevas.
9
Tavi 1
socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi
1 . 1 . s a k iTx i s i stori a
socialuri ganwyobis (attitude) cneba socialur mecnierebebSi
pirvelad u. Tomasma da f. znaneckim Semoitanes. maT Seiswavles
poloneli glexebis aSS-Si gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri
Seguebis problema. u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis azriT (Tomasi ... 1972),
socialuri adaptaciis procesi ori mniSvnelovani faqtoris, kerZod,
sazogadoebrivi struqturis mimarT adamianis damokidebulebis da TviT
individisadmi socialuri sistemis TaviseburebaTa mimarTebis
gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad, pirovnebasa da
sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli mimarTebis specifikis Sesaxeb
msjelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. aRniSnuli kavSiris aRsawerad avtorebi
socialuri Rirebulebis da socialuri ganwyobis cnebebs iyeneben.
pirveli cneba am avtorebis mier SemoTavazebulia, rogorc socialuri
struqturis aRmweri, xolo meore, rogorc calkeuli adamianis
maxasiaTeblis gamomxatveli. u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mixedviT,
socialuri ganwyoba ,,individis mier socialuri Rirebulebis
subieqturi mniSvnelobis gancdas”, anu ,,garkveuli socialuri
Rirebulebisadmi individis cnobierebis mimarTebas” warmoadgens.
amdenad, socialuri ganwyobis pirvelive ganmartebaSi igulisxmeboda
socialuri obieqtisadmi adamianis mimarTeba, anu damokidebuleba.
u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mier socialuri ganwyobis cnebis
Semotanis Semdeg daiwyo misi intensiuri kvleva, rac amJamadac
grZeldeba. arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi zogadad imaze metyvelebs,
rom socialuri ganwyobis formirebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
subieqtis gamocdilebas, xolo misi amoqmedeba aqtualuri
moTxovnilebebiT da arsebuli socialuri situaciis Ria da faruli
maxasiaTeblebiT ganisazRvreba. socialuri ganwyoba subieqtis mier
garesamyaros aRqmis, gaazrebis da Sefasebis sakmaod efeqturi
saSualebaa. subieqtis fsiqikuri aqtivobis procesSi socialuri
10
ganwyobis amoqmedeba, saboloo jamSi, misTvis mniSvnelovani
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas ganapirobebs.
ganwyobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia g. olportis (1935),
j. daSilis (1940), j. gibsonis (1941), f. olportis (1955), s. moskoviCis
(1962), u. mak-guaieris (1969), m. rokiCis (1968) da sxva mravali avtoris
Tvalsazrisebi (asmolovi ... 1977). xSirad xdeba u. mak-guaieris sityvebis
citireba ,,kvlevis sagnis Sinagani momxibvlelobis” Sesaxeb, romelic
yovelTvis iqneba mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi (mak-guaieri 1969).
asxvaveben erTmaneTisagan ,,mentaluri” da ,,motoruli” ganwyobis
cnebebs. mentaluri ganwyobis cneba erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena
herbert spenserma ,,pirvel principebSi” 1862w. h. spenseri werda, rom
garkveuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis dros swori msjeloba ZiriTadad
damokidebulia im sulier ganwyobaze (Attitude of mind), romelsac adamianebi
ikaveben sawinaaRmdego azris mosmenis dros. am swori ganwyobis
SenarCunebazea damokidebuli msjelobis mimarTuleba, misi saSualebiT
xalxi arkvevs WeSmaritebasa da siyalbes. ufro gvian, roca fsiqologiam
uari Tqva mkacr mentalistur Tvalsazrisze, popularuli gaxda
motoruli ganwyobis cneba (nadiraSvili 1983).
motoruli da sensoruli reaqciis dros Seiswavlida l. lange. igi
ganwyobas ganixilavda, rogorc warsuli gamocdilebiT ganpirobebul
mzaobas (deviatkini 1999).
Semdgom eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyoba Seiswavleboda ara
rogorc motoruli aqtivobisaTvis aRmocenebuli mzaoba, aramed rogorc
adamianis yovelgvari aqtivobisaTvis mosamzadebeli fsiqofizikuri
mdgomareoba.
viurcburgis skolis eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyobis cnebam
ukiduresi subieqtivisturi da fsiqologisturi elferi miiRo (n. axi,
a. meseri, o. kiulpe) (nadiraSvili 1983). maT SromebSi xazi gaesva ara
individis motoruli momzadebis faqts, romelic gansazRvravs samoZrao
reaqciebis aRmocenebas, reaqciis dros da sxva msgavs motorul
aqtivobas, aramed subieqtis cnobierebis organizacias.
viurcburgis skolis warmomadgenlebis mier ganwyoba sabolood
gagebuli iyo, rogorc cnobierebis daxasiaTebisaTvis gamosadegi, magram
11
cnobierebis TvalsaCino Sinaarsebis gareSe mocemuli gancda. igi
cnobierebisa da aracnobierebis sazRvarze mdebare fsiqikuri
mdgomareobaa. ganwyobis fenomeni cnobierebaSi warmodgenili TvalsaCino
monacemebiT ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes da amoiwuros.
g. olporti aRniSnavs, rom (nadiraSvili 1983), ganwyobis fenomeni
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenaTa sferos pirvelad z. froidma miakuTvna
da fsiqologiaSi am cnebas fundamenturi mniSvneloba mianiWa. fsiqikuri
cxovrebis energetikul bazas, z. froidis azriT, swored es aracnobieri
fsiqikuri qmnis, romlis Sinaarsis wvdoma, cnobierebaSi amotana
specifikur muSaobas, fsiqikis sagangebo analizs moiTxovs.
iTvleba, rom mTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, socialuri
ganwyobis koncepcia jerovnad ver iqna da verc iqneboda damuSavebuli
fsiqologiis Semdeg mimarTulebebSi: fenomenologiur fsiqologiaSi,
egzistencialur, humanistur fsiqologiaSi, aqtebis fsiqologiaSi,
u. jemsis funqcionalur mimarTulebaSi. Tuki g. olporti Tvlis, rom
erT-erTi pirveli adreuli fsiqologi, romelmac gamoiyena termini
“Attitude” iyo g. spenseri _ pozitivizmis fuZemdebeli, a. deviatkini am
upiratesobas a. bines aniWebs (deviatkini 1999). aq mniSvnelovania ara
imdenad prioritetis istoriuli faqti, ramdenadac is, rom a. bines
pozicias n. lange ganixilavs f. brentanos funqcionaluri fsiqologiis
aqtebTan, e. huserlis fenomenologiasTan mimarTebaSi, sadac
intencionalobis cneba erT-erT centralur rols asrulebs.
araferi msgavsi ar aris u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mier
mowodebul terminSi “Attitude”, romelic maT gamoiyenes Cvens mier
zemonaxseneb cnobil SromaSi amerikaSi poloneli glexebis Sesaxeb.
wesad iqca ganwyobis problemebis ganxilvis dawyeba aRniSnuli naSromis
moxseniebiT. Znelia raime axlis Tqma amasTan dakavSirebiT, magram
mniSvnelovania, yuradReba mivaqcioT TviT socialuri ganwyobis
konstruqcias: ,,Rirebuleba” + ,,Rirebulebisadmi damokidebuleba”.
u. mak-guaieri SeniSnavs, rom Tu kvlevis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebi
dakavebulni iyvnen ganwyobis gansazRvris sakiTxebiT, 20-30-ian wlebSi
gazomvis problema gaxda ufro aqtualuri. Semdeg dadga socialuri
12
ganwyobis formirebisa da Secvlis kanonzomierebebis kvlevis jeri.
bolos ki _ ganwyobis komponentebis da funqciisa (mak-guaieri 1969).
ase da amgvarad, pirveli problema, romelsac met-naklebad ixilavs
TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari, gaxlavT ganwyobis gansazRvris problema. am
sakiTxs uamravi Sroma eZRvneba. u. Tomasi da f. znanecki gansazRvravdnen
ganwyobas ,,rogorc fsiqologiur process, romelic ganixileba
socialur samyarosTan mimarTebebSi da pirvel rigSi, socialur
RirebulebebTan kavSirSi” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).
g. olportma ganwyobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis ganzogadebis
safuZvelze gaakeTa Semdegi gansazRvreba: ganwyoba aris mzaobis
mentaluri da nervuli mdgomareoba, organizebuli gamocdilebiT,
romelic individis reaqciebze yvela obieqtis Tu situaciis mimarT,
romelTanac is aris dakavSirebuli, axdens mimarTulebis mimcem an
dinamikur gavlenas (olporti 1935). g. olporti definiciaSi xazs usvams
ganwyobis qceviseul tendenciebs, upasuxos situacias garkveuli maneriT.
es aris mdidari da yovlismomcveli definicia, jer isev mniSvnelovani
da arsebiTi, imis miuxedavad, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravali
definicia arsebobda (horovici ... 1995).
g. olportis pozicia bevrwilad uaxlovdeboda l. terstounis
(deviatkini 1999) Sexedulebebs, romelic Tvlida, rom informacia
kombinirdeba da am procesis msvlelobaSi formirdeba saboloo
socialuri ganwyoba.
socialuri ganwyobis gansazRvrebis mcdelobaTa klasificireba
moaxdina antoni grinvaldma (grinvaldi ... 1968: 362) yvela zemoaRniSnuli:
,,ganwyobis winamorbedi definiciebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT erT-erTs
Semdegi oTxi klasidan: 1. avtori warmoadgens da amtkicebs ganwyobis
Sesaxeb sakuTar gansazRvrebebs. amasTan igi amtkicebs, rom es
gansazRvreba SeiZleba ar iyos ukve cnobilis identuri (l. dubi (dubi
1947); C. osgudi (osgudi ... 1955). 2. avtori ganixilavs sxva gansazRvrebebis
uamrav variants da erT-erT maTgans aZlevs upiratesobas (C. insko (insko
1967) an gvTavazobs axal gansazRvrebas (g. olporti (olporti 1935).
3. avtori uSvebs ganwyobis gansazRvrebis mravalferovnebas, radgan
sxvadasxva gansazRvrebaTa Soris konsensuss ver poulobs (u. mak-guaieri
13
(mak-guaieri 1969); m. smiti (deviatkini 1999). 4. avtori, romelic cdilobs
ganwyobis sxvadasxva gansazRvrebebis Cveulebriv sasaubro enaze
gadatanas da misi meSveobiT sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis konvergenciis
saSualebis SemuSavebas (d. kempbeli (kempbeli 1963)”. Tavad a. grinvaldi
ki cdilobda ganwyobis yvela cnobili Teoriis gaerTianebas im mizniT,
rom Seeqmna ,,kompleqsuri fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelic Sedgenili
iqneboda bazisuri fsiqologiuri Teoriebis safuZvelze” (grinvaldi ...
1968: 386).
p. Sixirevis azriT, ,,socialuri ganwyoba aris obieqtis an
situaciis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebis mimarT individis
winsawarganwyobis myari, latenturi mdgomareoba, romelic am obieqtis
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT iqmneba da axdens maregulirebel,
maorganizebel gavlenas perceptualur, emociur, azrovnebis procesebze
da gamoixateba mocemul situaciaSi mocemul obieqtTan mimarTebaSi
qcevis TanamimdevrulobaSi (rogorc verbalurSi, aseve araverbalurSi)”
(Sixirevi 1973).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom dReisaTvis mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
socialuri ganwyobis Semdeg ganmartebas iziarebs: socialuri ganwyoba
gamoxatavs socialuri movlenebisadmi adamianis SefasebiT
damokidebulebas, romelic mis SexedulebebSi, grZnobebSi da
mizanmimarTul qcevaSi mJRavndeba (maiersi 2001).
Tu socialuri ganwyoba aris gamocdilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili,
is, savaraudod, daswavliT unda formirdebodes sxvadasxva
gamocdilebebidan da gavlenebidan. Sexeduleba, rom Cveni ganwyobebi
Cndeba mxolod gamocdilebidan, zogierT avtors sakiTxis gamartivebad
miaCnia, vinaidan, sul ufro meti faqti grovdeba, sadac Cans, rom zog
ganwyobas aqvs genetikuri elementi (teseri 1993).
am periodamde socialuri ganwyoba ufro universalurad da
aragamokveTilad moCanda, axla ki am cnebam SeiZina ufro meti
struqturirebuloba.
sanam socialuri ganwyobis miseul gansazRvrebas SemogvTavazebda,
g. olportma gaaanaliza manamde arsebuli 16 definicia. misma kolega
14
h. nelsonma 1939w. gaaanaliza ukve 30 msgavsi gansazRvreba da es moxda
mxolod oTx weliwadSi! (deviatkini 1999).
f. olportis azriT, qcevis aracnobier Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba, romelic amzadebs qcevas da aZlevs
mas mimarTulebas, amave dros axdens zogi reaqciis aqtivizirebas da
zogis _ damuxruWebas (deviatkini 1999).
m. smiti, j. bruneri da r. uaiti Tvlian, rom ganwyoba _ ,,es aris
gamocdilebisadmi predispozicia, romelic iwvevs obieqtebis mimarT
garkveuli moqmedebebisadmi individis motivirebas” (deviatkini 1999: 6).
Carlz osgudi socialuri ganwyobis mTavar Tvisebad xedavs:
,,winaswarganwyoba reagirebaze, romelic damokidebulia sxva
mdgomareobebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa: SefasebiT pasuxze
winaswarganwyobis mzaoba” (osgudi ... 1957).
i. sarnofi gansazRvravs ganwyobas, rogorc obieqtTa garkveul
klasze dadebiTad an uaryofiTad reagirebis midrekilebas (deviatkini
1999).
daswavlis Teoriis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, romlebic
fsiqologiaSi umetesad bihevioristul Tvalsazriss icaven, ganwyoba
aris gamocdilebis procesSi SeZenili iseTive fsiqikuri fenomeni,
rogoricaa codna da Cveva. am Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, individis qaoturi
elementaruli aqtebidan daswavlis kanonebis mixedviT xdeba garkveuli
moqmedebebis Camoyalibeba, maT Soris, ganwyobis formirebac.
erT-erTi pirveli avtori, romelmac daswavlis Teoriis principebi
gadaitana socialuri ganwyobis kvlevis sferoSi, iyo leonard dubi
(1947). man 1947w. gamoaqveyna statia “The bahavior of attitudes”, romelSic
socialuri ganwyoba gansazRvra, rogorc daswavlis implicituri
mosalodneli reaqcia. am gansazRvrebaSi ufro xazgasmulia is, Tu ra
aris TviT socialuri ganwyoba da ara is, Tu ra tendenciebs Seicavs igi.
definicia ar Seicavs Ria qcevas, Tumca uSvebs, rom socialuri ganwyoba
gavlenas moaxdens individis qcevaze. es definicia gamomdinareobs
daswavlis stimul-reaqciis tradiciebidan da socialuri ganwyoba
konceptualizirebulia, rogorc reaqcia (Tumca ufro implicituri,
vidre eqsplicituri). l. dubi, g. olportis msgavsad, socialur
15
ganwyobas miawers rogorc dinamikur, ise mimarTulebis mimcemis
Tvisebas, romelic axdens qcevis Camoyalibebasac da mimarTulebis
micemasac. ganwyobis bihevioraluri Teoriebis umravlesoba Tanxmdeba
maTi formirebis gzebis gagebaSi. l. dubis Teoria gaxda fundamenti sxva
mkvlevarebisaTvis (m. fiSbeini, k. hovlandi, i. jainisi, h. keli, a. loti
da sxva).
karl hovlandma masobrivi komunikaciebis kvlevisas daiwyo
socialuri ganwyobebis problemebis Seswavla. komunikaciuri procesi
mas esaxeboda, rogorc individis stimulebi da reaqciebi da maTi
gamaSualebeli fsiqikuri procesebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis cnebas aRiarebda mravali mecnieri,
arsebobda am cnebis sxvadasxva definicia, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic
cdilobdnen ganwyobis cnebis gandevnas. aq pirvel rigSi unda
davasaxeloT velisa da fenomenologisturi Teoriebis warmomadgenlebi,
romelTac surdaT misi Secvla iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: velis
efeqtebi, ganzraxva da sxva. velis Teoriis mimdevrebi _ v. keleri da
m. verthaimeri _ cdilobdnen aRqmisa da azrovnebis procesSi
gamovlenili ganwyobiseuli kanonzomierebis dayvanas velis efeqtebze.
velis Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma _ k. levinma (levini
1951) velSi (rogorc erT-erTi ganzomileba) Semoiyvana pirovneba Tavisi
warsuli gamocdilebebiTa da moTxovnilebebiT, romlebic garkveul
daZabulobas qmnian adamianis sasicocxlo velSi. adamianis qceva am
daZabulobaTa moxsnas emsaxureba da Tavisi funqciiT es cnebebi iseTive
rols asruleben adamianis fsiqikaSi, rac ganwyobis cnebas ekisreba. am
gziT k. levins surda fsiqologiuri cnebebis sistemidan ganwyobis
cnebis amogdeba da misi Sesatyvisi kanonzomierebis gagebas cdilobda
sasicocxlo velis cnebiT.
iyo mcdeloba, ganwyobis cneba daeyvanaT iseT cnobierebis
Sinaarsebze, romlebic garkveuli mimarTulebiT moqmedebis
ganzraxvasTan arian dakavSirebuli. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ganwyobis
Sinaarseuli mxare cnobier-fsiqikuri movlenaa, xolo im meqanizmis
aqtivoba, romlis safuZvelzedac am Sinaarsebis realizacia xdeba da
saTanado qceva aRiZvreba, fiziologiur procesebs warmoadgenen. es
16
Tvalsazrisi adamianis qcevas cnobier fsiqikur da aracnobier
fiziologiur procesad yofs. mas aRiarebdnen iseTi mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa: fenomenologisturi
Sexeduleba fsiqikaze (a. boWoriSvili, (boWoriSvili 1966) da
biheviorizmi (d. mileri, i. galanteri da k. pribrami (mileri ... 1965).
dReisaTvis socialur fsiqologiaSi uamravi literatura arsebobs
im faqtorebze, romlebic exeba ganwyobis aRmocenebas, fiqsirebasa da
cvlilebas, aseve, adamianis aqtivobaze ganwyobis zegavlenis
kanonzomierebebs.
ganwyobis maformirebeli faqtorebidan t. niukombma sagangebo
yuradReba miaqcia socialur faqtors (deviatkini 1999). misi azriT
ganwyobis Camoyalibebisa da SecvlisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
adamianTa Soris urTierTobas.
m. Serifma da h. kentrilma ganwyobebis SemuSavebisa da ganmtkicebis
kanonzomierebaTa Seswavlis dros yuradReba gadaitanes gare stimulebis
aRqmisa da Semecnebis Taviseburebebze (nadiraSvili 1983).
f. haiderma ganwyobis emociur-afeqturi mxare Seiswavla. adamianis
qcevis gagebas f. haideri geStaltTeoriis poziciebidan fiqrobda. amave
dros, k. levinis msgavsad, igi cdilobda sasicocxlo velis
Taviseburebidan gaerkvia adamianis qcevis mimarTuleba da am
mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli is ganwyobebi, romlebic mas Seeqmneba
sinamdvilis movlenebis mimarT (nadiraSvili 1983).
adamianTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebSi f. haiderma win
wamowia ganwyobis emociur-afeqturi mxare. amis gamo xSirad mis
gamokvlevebs adamianTa ganwyobebis kvlevad ar Tvlidnen, magram
rodesac es gamokvlevebi ganwyobis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneboda, ganwyobis
cnebaSi mxolod emociur-afeqturi aspeqti igulisxmeboda, rac ganwyobis
cnebis calmxriv, araswor gagebas iwvevs.
d. kreCma, r. kraCfildma da e. balaCim (nadiraSvili 1985) mogvces
ganwyobis sistemuri ganxilvis nimuSi. maT ganwyobis cnebaSi gaaerTianes
yvela is aspeqti, romelic sxva mkvlevarebis mier fragmentulad,
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad Seiswavleboda. d. kreCis, r. kraCfildisa
da e. balaCis mixedviT, socialuri ganwyoba izolirebul movlenas ar
17
warmoadgens, igi ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis elementia. yoveli calkeuli
ganwyoba, maTi azriT, aris obieqtis pozitiuri an negatiuri Sefasebis,
sasiamovnod an usiamovnod gancdis, misadmi mtrulad an sasikeTod
moqmedebis tendenciebis mTeli sistema (baliaSvili 1980). adamianis
yoveli qceva garkveuli ganwyobis zemoqmedebas ganicdis da qcevis
Sesrulebis Semdeg xdeba masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobis gaZliereba,
Sesusteba an Secvla. Tu gvinda adamianebze sasurveli gavlenis moxdena,
saWiroa, vicodeT maTi ganwyobebi da am ganwyobebis gaZlierebis,
Sesustebisa da Secvlis kanonebi.
ueWvelad didia socialuri ganwyobis Teoriaze biheviorizmis
gavlena. S. nadiraSvili Tvlis, rom g. olports, r. kraCfilds, g. merfs,
d. kreCs, a. laCinss, t. niukombs da sxvebs bihevioristuli pozicia
ukaviaT, amasTan, ebrZvian elementarizms da ganixilaven ganwyobas,
rogorc gancdaTa safuZvelze warmoSobil meorad fsiqikur fenomens
(nadiraSvili 1974).
j. gibsonis cnobil SromaSi (nadiraSvili 1983), mocemulia
ganwyobis cnebis kritikuli analizi. a. asmolovis Tanaxmad ,,ucxour
fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cnebaSi Cadebuli sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis
klasifikaciis mcdeloba swored j. gibsons ekuTvnis (asmolovi 1977).
j. gibsonis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze a. frangiSvilma
(frangiSvili 1967) da a. asmolovma (asmolovi 1977) SemogvTavazes
ganwyobis kvlevebSi ZiriTadi poziciebis klasifikacia.
j. gibsonis klasifikaciis bazaze a. asmolovi gamoyofs ramdenime
ZiriTad pozicias: 1. o. kiulpe, XX saukunis dasawyisSi, atarebda ra
aRqmaze eqsperimentebs, ganwyobis cnebis qveS gulisxmobda ,,obieqtebis
Tvisebebis an urTierTobebis winaswar Seqmnil molodins”;
2. o. zangvilis pozicia bevrwilad ganagrZobs o. kiulpes xazs. ganwyoba
aq gagebulia, rogorc ,,konceptualuri sqema, ara mosalodneli, aramed
gamowveuli stimulis paterniT”; 3. reaqciis droze eqsperimentTa
seriebSi ganwyoba warmodgenilia, rogorc ,,specifiuri moZraobiT
reagirebis ganzraxva”; 4. karl kofkas ganwyoba warmoudgenia, rogorc
,,Cveuli fsiqikuri operaciebis Sesrulebis ganzraxva”; 5. sipola,
a. laCinsi aRniSnavdnen, rom ganwyoba aris ,,fsiqikuri operacia an
18
meTodi amocanebis Seswavlisa an gadaWris procesSi aqtualizirebuli
da ara ganzrax warmoSobili”; 6. kurt levini Tvlida, rom ganwyoba
,,Sewyvetili aqtivobis damTavrebis tendenciaa”; 7. mak-farlendi
ganwyobis cnebis qveS gulisxmobda ,,Sesabamisi” pirobebis gaqrobis
Semdeg aqtiurobis gangrZobis tendencias (perseveracia)” (asmolovi 1977:
61-65).
arsebobs d. sirsis (fridmeni ... 1981) klasifikacia: 1. definiciebi,
romlebSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis qceviseuli tendenciebi. am
mxriv tipiuria g. olportis mier mocemuli definicia; 2. definiciebi,
romelSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis draiviseuli buneba, e.i. is,
Tu ras warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba da ara maTi tendenciebi. am
mxriv tipiuria l. dubis definicia; 3. definiciebi, romlebic aerTianeben
zemoT miTiTebul orive princips. magaliTad, d. kreCisa da
r. kraCfildis definicia.
S. nadiraSvili, ganixilavs ra yvela zemoaRniSnul Sexedulebas,
aRniSnavs, rom aq SeimCneva ,,ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri gagebis
gaxleCvis tendencia” sxvadasxva fsiqikuri warmonaqmnebis formiT _ imiT,
rasac hqvia “set” da “Attitude”. S. nadiraSvili miuTiTebs, rom saubaria
saerTo kanonzomierebis mqone erTi da igive meqanizmis sxvadasxva
aspeqtze, Tumca aseTi midgomiT es saerTo kanonzomiereba ikargeba da
cneba “set” sensomotorul sferoSi da cneba “Attitude” socialuri
aqtivobis sferoSi dispoziciuri ganwyobis moqmedebas miekuTvnebian
(nadiraSvili 1987).
ganwyobis integrirebul TeoriebSi ganwyobas dakisrebuli aqvs
qcevis aRmZvreli TiTqmis yvela faqtoris gaerTianebis funqcia, magram
sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cneba mainc ver iqca adamianis
qcevis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel da amxsnel cnebad.
socialuri ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi yvela kvleva pirobiTad
SeiZleba movaTavsoT fsiqologiis ori mTavari mimarTulebis sazRvrebSi
_ bihevioristuli da kognituri. calke unda gamovyoT d. uznaZis skola,
romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.
19
1 . 2 . soci aluri g a n w yob i s struqtura
socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura aris ganwyobis Teoriis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
socialuri ganwyobis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT adamianebis gonebaSi
pozitiuri da negatiuri gamocdilebebia Senaxuli. amdenad, adamianebi
kavSirs amyareben socialuri ganwyobis obieqtsa da Sesabamis wina
gamocdilebas Soris. aseT kavSirebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes garkveuli
kanonzomiereba, rac fsiqologebs saSualebas aZlevs, miaweron maT
sxvadasxva struqturuli Tviseba. socialuri ganwyobis Sida
struqturaSi (intra-attitudinal structure) swored es aspeqti igulisxmeba. amas
garda, vinaidan adamianebs uyalibdebaT mravalricxovani socialuri
ganwyobebi, SesaZlebelia es ukanasknelni gonebaSi daukavSirdnen
erTmaneTs. aseT, ufro globalur struqturebs, romlebic erTze met
socialur ganwyobas moicavs, ewodeba ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturebi (inter-attitudinal structure) (igli ... 1998; qvarcxava ... 1985).
socialuri ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da ganwyobebs Soris
urTierTobis struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis kontrastul
gzebs. socialuri ganwyobis Sida struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT,
ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi
reaqciis safuZvelze. am dros xdeba informaciis Senaxva, romelic
gulisxmobs ganwyobis obieqtsa da masze reaqcias Soris kavSirs.
Sefaseba ganzogaddeba am kavSiridan da socialuri ganwyoba Sesabamisad
formirdeba SedarebiT martivi kavSirebis generalizaciiT.
arsebobs socialuri ganwyobis Camoyalibebis sxva, alternatiuli,
saSualebac _ gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris
kavSiri. aRniSnuli kavSirebi inaxeba TviTon socialur ganwyobasTan
erTad. socialuri ganwyobebis struqturebis umetesobas rogorc wesi
aqvT orive aspeqti _ ganwyobis Sida da ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis.
is, rom socialur ganwyobebs aqvs struqturis sxvadasxva formebi,
srulebiTac ar niSnavs maT statikurobas. Tu gaviziarebT azrs, rom
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura aris aspeqti mentaluri mdgomareobis,
romelic warmoSobs socialur ganwyobas, obieqtis mimarT individis
20
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura SesaZlebelia savsebiT gansxvavebuli
iyos drois sxvadasxva momentSi, obieqtTan dakavSirebiT axali
gamocdilebis arqonis pirobebSic ki.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratomaa calkeuli socialuri ganwyobis
struqtura cvalebadi, saWiroa gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan arsebuli
(available) da xelmisawvdomi (accessible) struqturebi (higinsi 1996).
struqturis arsebuloba gulisxmobs mis Senaxvas mexsierebaSi, anu
potenciurad misi gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobis arsebobas, xolo
struqturis xelmisawvdomoba aris misi aqtivaciis potenciali, anu
zustad droulad gaaqtiurebisaTvis mzaoba.
1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba socialuri ganwyobis struqturis Semadgeneli komponentebi
SemecnebiT, grZnobad da qceviT Tvisebebs moicavs (brekleri 1984).
socialuri ganwyobis es Semadgeneli nawilebi gancalkevebulad ki ar
moqmedeben, aramed isini raime socialuri obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis
urTierTdakavSirebul SemecnebiT, grZnobad da qceviT sistemur
mTlianobas qmnian da imave obieqtis mimarT adamianis tendenciis,
winaswari mzaobis saxiT warmodgebian.
ganwyobis kognituri komponenti, romelsac perceptualurs,
informaciulsa da stereotipul komponentsac eZaxian, dakavSirebulia
imasTan, Tu rogor aRiqmeba obieqti, misi konceptualuri konotacia, an
obieqtis ,,stereotipi”. esaa ganwyobis obieqtis Sesaxeb adamianebis
rwmenebi. am Sexedulebis mixedviT xdeba obieqtisadmi sasurveloba-
arasasurvelobis, sargebloba-mavneblobis da a.S. TvisebaTa miwera.
mocemuli komponenti Seicavs pirovnebis Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra xasiaTis qceva aris am obieqtis Sesatyvisi, mowonebas imsaxurebs igi,
Tu gakicxvas. kognituri komponenti azrovnebis, anu mizansa da
saSualebas Soris mimarTebis damyarebis process efuZneba, ufro zustad,
_ obieqtis Tvisebebsa da adamianis miznebs Soris, rogorc es saerTod
RirebulebiTi msjelobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
21
am komponentis tipiur sazoms warmoadgens zedsarTavebis
sakontrolo sia _ eTnikuri jgufebis stereotipebis gamosamJRavneblad
(gilberti 1951). d. kacma da e. stotlandma 1959w. SemogvTavazes
socialuri ganwyobis kognituri komponentis gaanalizeba Sexedulebebis,
maTi elementebis raodenobis, struqturis donisa da am elementebis
ierarqiis da im obieqtebis intensiobis saSualebiT, romlebzedac
mimarTulia kognituri elementi (igli ... 1998).
kognituri komponentis gaanalizebis odnav sxva xerxi SemogvTavaza
m. rokiCma 1960w. (fridmeni ... 1981), romlis arsic mdgomareobs
darwmunebis gradientis centralizaciis, SeRwevadobis ganxilvaSi.
C. osgudis (osgudi ... 1957) semantikuri diferencialis Tanaxmad misi
Sefasebis faqtori konotaciuri analizis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes afeqturi komponentis sazomad, xolo sxva faqtorebs SeuZliaT
asaxon kognituri komponenti. esenia Zalis, aqtivobis da sxva faqtorebi.
ganwyobis afeqturi (anu ,,grZnobadi”, anu ,,emociuri”) komponenti
gamoxatavs, upirveles yovlisa, mocemuli obieqtisadmi subieqtis
grZnobebs: siamovneba-usiamovnebas, simpaTia-antipaTias, mowoneba-
armowonebas, siyvarul-siZulvils da a.S. iTvleba, rom emociuri
datvirTva aZlevs socialur ganwyobas motivaciur Zalas. zogierTi
mkvlevari afeqtur komponents mxolod SefasebiT komponentad Tvlis da
amitom mas ganixilavs, rogorc ganwyobis birTvs, maSin, rodesac
kognitur da qceviT komponentebs ganixilavs, rogorc Tavisebur
,,wamonazards”, romelic formirdeba mis irgvliv matricis msgavsad,
romlisganac isini amoizrdebian (mak-guaieri 1969: 156).
ganwyoba yovelTvis aucileblad unda ganixilebodes konkretuli
individisa da misi garemomcveli samyaros CarCoebSi. is yovelTvis aris
,,ganwyoba mimarTuli raimeze”. ganwyoba ar SeiZleba iyos ,,ubralod”
ganwyoba, ,,Teoriuli konstruqcia”. socialuri ganwyobis samkomponentian
struqturad dayofas ar iwoneben a. asmolovi, m. kovalCuki, p. Sixirevi
(asmolovi ... 1977; Sixirevi 1979).
qceviTi (moqmedebis tendenciis) komponenti Seicavs socialur
sferosTan dakavSirebul qceviT mzaobebs _ daxmarebis, dacvis, zianis
miyenebis, dasjis da sxv. moqmedebis tendenciis komponenti niSnavs
22
mzaobas da ar emTxveva, ar faravs realur qcevas. Tumca avtorebi
Tvlian, rom socialuri ganwyobis wvlili qcevaSi didia, saWirod
scnoben, xazi gausvan aSkara qcevasa da moqmedebis tendencias Soris
gansxvavebas, rasac asabuTeben im debulebaze dayrdnobiT, rom qcevas,
garda socialuri ganwyobisa, aqvs iseTi determinantebi, rogoricaa
garegani socialuri Tu fizikuri viTarebebiT iZuleba. garda amisa,
socialuri ganwyobebi erTnairad ar saWiroebs qcevaSi gamovlinebas,
realizacias _ arseboben socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic emsaxurebian
pirovnebis iseT funqcias, romelsac aSkara gamoxatva ar sWirdeba. es
funqcia socialuri ganwyobis mxolod arsebobiTac kmayofildeba.
amrigad, socialuri ganwyobis qceviTi komponenti mkveTrad unda
gaimijnos realuri qcevisagan.
qceviT komponents a. deviatkini (deviatkini 1999) aRniSnavs, rogorc
moqmedebisaken ganwyobis tendencias da gamotanili aqvs socialuri
ganwyobis cnebis sazRvrebidan. a. deviatkinsac socialuri ganwyoba
samkomponentianad aqvs warmodgenili, magram qceviTi komponenti mas
Canacvlebuli aqvs ekologiuri komponentiT da Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli
avtoris mixedviT, socialuri ganwyoba Sedgeba Semdegi sami
komponentisagan: ekologiuri, kognituri, afeqturi. amasTan dakavSirebiT
a. deviatkinma Camoayaliba socialuri ganwyobis struqtura. socialur
ganwyobas aqvs sami done:
1. ganwyobis ekologiuri komponentis done;
2. socialuri ganwyobis ,,atituduri” komponentis done;
3. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done.
pirveli _ ekologiuri komponentis done _ uzrunvelyofs gare
samyaros SesaZleblobaTa analizis funqcias da SesaZleblobaTa
arCevans. es aris sakuTriv ganwyobis done, sadac xdeba moTxovnilebisa
da SesaZleblobis ,,Sexvedra”. socialuri ganwyobis ekologiuri
komponentis dones aqvs samyaros Sesaleblobebis pirveladi
(ekologiuri) arCevanis Tviseba, individis socialuri ganwyobis saerTo
struqturaSi formirebuli ganwyobebis CarTvis Tviseba. socialuri
ganwyobis ekologiur komponents aqvs intencionalobis Tviseba, romelic
23
mas aZlevs individis socialur-ekologiur niSaSi arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis gaanalizebis saSualebas.
meore done _ ,,atitudis” done, afeqturi da kognituri
komponentebis done. am dones aqvs ,,atitudis” yvela funqciis Tviseba,
amave dros tradiciulad Tavis TavSi Seicavs kognitur da afeqtur
komponentebs.
mesame done _ moqmedebisaken tendenciis done. es ukve mTlad
socialuri ganwyoba araa, magram arc qcevaa, rogorc misi realizacia. aq
SeiZleba moqmedebdes rogorc ganwyobiTi, aseve ganwyobisgare
meqanizmebi. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done a. deviatkinma calke doned
gamoyo imitom, rom xazi gaesva misi gansakuTrebuli kavSirisaTvis
individis qcevasTan.
socialuri ganwyobis gansazRvrebis amgvari poziciebidan
gaanalizebam avtori miiyvana daskvnamde, rom socialuri ganwyoba unda
iyos organizmis fsiqosomaturi funqcia, romelsac aqvs garemomcveli
samyaros SesaZleblobebis analizis Tvisebebi, socialuri ganwyobebis
konsistentur sistemaSi ukve formirebuli socialuri ganwyobebis
CarTvis Tvisebebi.
socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebiTi struqtura
tradiciulad, socialuri ganwyobebi izomeba bipolarul
ganzomilebaze, romelic varirebs ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT ukiduresi
keTilganwyobidan arakeTilganwyobamde. socialuri ganwyobis Sida
struqturis codna gvexmareba ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT reaqciebis ukeT
winaswarmetyvelebaSi.
debatebis (ZiriTadad _ socialuri da politikuri) dros
adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maTi sakuTari socialuri ganwyobebi
zemoaRniSnuli ori sapirispiro polusidan erT-erTs warmoadgenen.
amitomac, am SezRuduli mimarTulebiT aRiqvamen TavianT pirad
ganwyobebs. am Tvalsazrisis gaziarebiT, C. judma da j. kulikma (judi ...
1980) scades daemtkicebinaT, rom sakuTar socialur ganwyobebs
adamianebi iazreben TavianTi gagebis bipolaruli kontinuumis
24
farglebSi da gamomdinare aqedan, erT polusze ganaTavseben socialuri
ganwyobis relevantur informacias, romelsac isini eTanxmebian da
sawinaaRmdego polusze _ informacias, romelsac ar eTanxmebian, magram
amis miuxedavad, mxars uWeren, rasac sxvebi iwoneben.
ganzomilebiTi struqturis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba ganavrco
a. pratkanisma (pratkanisi 1989). kerZod, _ is azri, rom socialur
ganwyobas SeiZleba hqondes bipolaruli an unipolaruli struqtura,
anu adamianebma SeiZleba warmoadginon TavianTi codna socialuri
ganwyobis kontinuumis orive mxares erTdroulad, an mxolod im erT
mxares, romelsac isini emxrobian. Tu davuSvebT, rom adamianebi arian
unipolarulebi, amis gamo ZiriTadad floben codnas, romelic
SesabamisobaSia maT sakuTar poziciasTan, maTTvis rTuli iqneba
ganwyobisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis kodireba (igli ... 1998). amis
sapirispirod, Tu davuSvebT adamianebis bipolarulobas, igulisxmeba,
rom maTTvis nacnobia rogorc misaRebi, ise sapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi.
ankongenialuri (Seusabamo) informacia SeiZleba gadamuSavdes iseve
iolad, rogorc kongenialuri (Sesabamisi). a. pratkanisis monacemebis
mixedviT, bipolaruli struqturebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo iseT sadao
socialur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa aborti, maSin, roca unipolaruli
struqturebi SeiZleba saerTo iyos sxvadasxva saxis TemebisaTvis (mag.;
sporti, musika), romlebze ganwyobebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas adamianebi
naklebad ganicdian. a. pratkanisma agreTve warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi,
rom socialuri ganwyobis struqturis bipolaruloba, gansxvavebiT
unipolarulisagan, gavlenas axdens ganwyobisaTvis relevanturi
informaciis gadamuSavebaze.
azri, rom socialur ganwyobebs xSirad aqvs sadao sakiTxebze
bipolaruli struqturebi, arsebiTia m. Serifisa da k. Serifis
socialuri gansjis TeoriisaTvis (Serifi ... 1961) Serifebma ivaraudes,
rom adamianebi sakuTar socialur ganwyobebs warmoadgenen
ganzomilebiTi sqemis pirobebSi, rasac maT uwodes fsiqosocialuri
skala anu Sinagani (internaluri) Sesabamisobis skala. Semdgom maT
SemogvTavazes, rom adamianebi socialur ganwyobasTan dakavSirebul
kontinuums yofen sam zonad: miRebis-Tanxmobis, uaryofis-armiRebis da
25
Caurevlobis (neitralobis) diapazonad. miReba-Tanxmobis diapazoni
Seicavs informacias im sakiTxze, romelic pirovnebas misaRebad miaCnia,
uaryofisa _ Seicavs misTvis miuRebel informacias, xolo Caurevlobis
(neitralobis) _ Seicavs iseT informacias, romelic arc misaRebia da
arc miuRebeli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri ganwyobis kvlevaSi
samdiapazonianma midgomam gauZlo xangrZlivi drois gamocdas (jonsoni
... 1995), es dayofa unda miviCnioT socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebis
mxolod erT-erT versiad ufro zogad struqturul TvisobriobaSi.
f. kerlingerma da ramdenime sxva mkvlevarma (igli ... 1998) aCvenes,
rom opoziciuri socialuri ganwyobebis mqone adamianebi umeteswilad
sakuTar ganwyobebs afuZneben sxvadasxva mosazrebebze. isini SesaZloa,
arc ki uaryofdnen sxva opoziciuri banakis rwmenebs. es umetesad
aSkarad socialuri konfliqtis dros SeiZleba gamoikveTos iseT
sakiTxze, sadac adamianebis socialuri ganwyobebi xdeba bipolaruli, im
gagebiT, rom isini yofen codnas kongenialuri da arakongenialuri
ideebis Tanavarskvlavedebad ise, rogorc amas gvTavazobs miReba-
uaryofis ganzomilebis cneba.
socialur ganwyobebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi
iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi asaxavs adamianTa rwmenebs
ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT. amdenad, socialuri ganwyobis TeoriaSi
rwmenebi ganwyobis fundamentur safuZvels warmoadgens. am
TvalsazrisiT, rwmenebi aris kavSirebi, romelsac pirovneba amyarebs
ganwyobis obieqtsa da sxvadasxva atributebs Soris.
socialuri ganwyobis zogierTi Teoretikosi interesdeba,
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli socialuri ganwyobis winaswarmetyveleba
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobidan. am mxriv yvelaze popularulia
miCiganis universitetis socialuri fsiqologebis jgufis (rozenbergi
1956) molodini-Rirebulebis modeli, rac gulisxmobs, rom socialuri
ganwyobebi rwmenebis funqciaa. socialuri ganwyoba = ∑molodini X
Rirebuleba.
26
algebruli midgomebi, rogoricaa n. andersonis informaciis
integraciis Teoria (andersoni 1981), rwmenebis socialur ganwyobebTan
urTierTobis warmosaCenad uzrunvelyofen maTematikuri modelebis
ufro farTo speqtrs. am mxriv, molodini-Rirebulebis modeli erT-erTi
im gantolebaTagania, romelsac SeuZlia asaxos rwmenasa da ganwyobas
Soris urTierToba adekvaturi maTematikuri modeliT.
ganwyobis Sida struqturis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens
rwmenebis SefasebiTi konsistentoba an SeWiduloba (kohesiuroba).
obieqtis yovlismomcveli Sefaseba, romelic vlindeba pirovnebis
rwmenebSi, SeiZleba iyos met-naklebad konsistenturi pirovnebis
abstraqtul SefasebasTan an saerTo ganwyobasTan. amasTanave, pirovnebis
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan met-naklebad
konsistenturni iyvnen.
am or struqturul TvisebaSi, romlebSic rwmenaTa Sesabamisoba
mxedvelobaSia miRebuli, ar aris mTlianad amowuruli SefasebiTi
ganwyobisSida Sesabamisobis problema, radgan ganwyobebi SeiZleba
dafuZnebuli iyos ganwyobis obieqtTan afeqtur da qceviT
gamocdilebaze iseve, rogorc kogniturze. amitom, socialur ganwyobebsa
da maT Semadgenel rwmenebs Soris konsistentobasTan erTad
mniSvnelovania ganwyobebsa da maT Semadgenel afeqtebs da qcevebs Soris
konsistentobis mxedvelobaSi miReba. amdenad, socialuri ganwyobebi
SeiZleba iyos met-naklebad Sesabamisi yovlismomcvel SefasebasTan,
romelic gamoxatulia ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi kavSirebiT an
qceviTi kavSirebiT. rogorc rwmenebi SeiZleba icvlebodes erTmaneTTan
TavianTi SefasebiTi konsistentobiT, afeqtebi, iseve, rogorc qcevebi
SeiZleba Sinaganad iyvnen konsistenturi an arakonsistenturebi. amas
garda, SefasebiTi konsistentoba SeiZleba agreTve icvlebodes
reagirebis klasebSic. mag.; pirovnebis rwmenebma ganwyobis obieqtis
mimarT SeiZleba igulisxmos sxvadasxva abstraqtuli Sefaseba obieqtze,
vidre pirovnebis afeqturma kavSirebma. ambivalentobis termini xSirad
gamoiyeneba SefasebiT pasuxSi arakonsistentobis aRsawerad, romelic
xvdeba reaqciis klasebSi, anu rodesac individi SeiZleba aRvweroT,
27
rogorc ori ganwyobis matarebeli: erTi _ dadebiTis, meore _
uaryofiTis.
konsistentoba socialur ganwyobasa da SefasebiTi reaqciebis sam klass
Soris
socialur ganwyobebsa da masTan dakavSirebul rwmenebs, afeqtebs
da qcevebs Soris absoluturi konsistentobis arsebobis varaudis kargi
mizezi arsebobs. socialuri ganwyoba xom yalibdeba ganwyobis obieqtis
mimarT kognituri, afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis bazaze da erTxel
Camoyalibebuli ganwyoba gavlenas axdens ganwyobis obieqtTan
dakavSirebuli adamianis Semdgomi fiqrebis, grZnobebis da qcevebis
ganwyobasTan Sesabamisobaze. faqtiurad, rwmena-ganwyobis urTierTobis
raodenobrivi modelis Tanaxmad, adamianebi ganwyobebs ayalibeben maTi
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobis integraciiT. arsebiTad, es modelebi
varaudoben absolutur konsistentobas rwmenebsa da ganwyobebs Soris.
amdenad, adamianebma SeiZleba Camoayalibon sakuTari ganwyobebi
ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis SefasebiTi
mniSvnelobis integraciiT. rac Seexeba am modelebSi rwmena-ganwyobis
urTierTobis ganxilvas, afeqtsa da ganwyobas da qcevasa da ganwyobas
Soris sruli kosistentoba igulisxmeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganwyobebi Cveulebriv korelaciaSi arian maTTan dakavSirebuli
rwmenebis, afeqtebis da qcevebis SefasebiT mniSvnelobasTan, es ar
gamoricxavs iseT konistentobas, rogoricaa ganwyobis struqturis
Tviseba, iyos cvalebadi. Semdgom es Tvisebebi iqneba aRniSnuli, rogorc
SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba, SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba
da SefasebiT-qceviTi konsistentoba.
SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba miuTiTebs konsistentobis
xarisxze, romelic arsebobs pirovnebis mier ganwyobis obieqtis mTlian,
abstraqtul Sefasebasa da obieqtis Sesaxeb pirovnebis rwmenebis
SefasebiT mniSvnelobas Soris. konsistentobis es forma pirvelad
SemogvTavaza m. rozenbergma (rozenbergi 1960), rogorc ganwyobis
struqturis cvalebadi Tviseba. man da misma momdevno mkvlevarebma
28
ganixiles SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba ara zogadpirovnul
Tvisebad, aramed individualur gansxvavebad, romelic specifiuria
calkeuli socialuri ganwyobisaTvis.
struqturis aRniSnul Tvisebaze kvlevebis umetesobaSi
gamoyenebulia m. rozenbergis termini _ afeqtur-kognituri
konsistentoba (igli ... 1998). m. rozenbergi termin ,,afeqts” iyenebs
,,Sefasebis” sinonimad.
struqturis am Tvisebis gamokvleviT (rozenbergi 1956) da imis
CvenebiT, rom socialuri ganwyobebi, amoqmedebulebi, rogorc zogadi
Sefasebebi, Cveulebriv, konsistenturebi arian rwmenaTa SefasebiT
mniSvnelobasTan, damtkicda ganwyobis molodini-Rirebulebis modelis
sicocxlisunarianoba. es Sroma friad mniSvnelovania _ winaswar cxadi
gaxda, rom konsistenturi ganwyobebi arakonsistenturebTan SedarebiT,
naklebad saalbaToa, rom Seicvalos socialuri gavlenis mcdelobisas
da ufro mdgradebi arian droSi. Semdgom kvlevebSi gameorda es
Sedegebi da agreTve gamoCnda, rom maRali konsistentobis ganwyobebi
ukeT winaswarmetyveleben qcevas (igli ... 1998).
marTalia, m. rozenbergma (rozenbergi 1960) dauSva, rom SefasebiT-
kognituri arakonsistentoba SesaZlebelia, radgan adamianebi floben
rwmenebs, romlebic absoluturad Seusabamoa maT sakuTar ganwyobebTan,
man meore interpretacia SemogvTavaza _ saxeldobr, rom aseTi
arakonsistentoba miuTiTebs ,,uSinaarso (cariel)” ganwyobaze an
p. konversis (horovici ... 1995) terminebiT ,,araganwyobaze”.
dabali da maRali konsistentobis ganwyobebi gansxvavdebian
struqturulad. maRali SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentobis ganwyobebi
arian Zlierebi, radganac maT Tan axlavs damxmare kogniciebis kargad
organizebuli kompleqti. Tumca, ganwyobebs dabali SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentobiT SeiZleba ar axldeT amgvari SeTanxmebuli kogniciebi,
ar SeiZleba maTi, rogorc araganwyobebis, aSkarad uaryofa (Ceikeni ...
1995).
mosazreba, rom ganwyobis komponentebi SeiZleba moicavdes afeqts
da qcevas, iseve rogorc kognicias, gulisxmobs imas, rom es damatebiTi
Tvisebebi agreTve aris ganwyobis Sida struqturis potenciurad
29
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi. pirveli am damatebiTi Tvisebebidan _ SefasebiT-
afeqturi konsistentoba _ exeba konsistentobas pirovnebis mier
ganwyobis obieqtis yovlismomcvel Sefasebasa da obieqtTan
dakavSirebuli emociebis SefasebiT Sinaarss Soris. SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentoba empiriulad gansxvavdeba SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentobisagan. maSin, roca SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba
dakavSirebuli iyo ganwyobis mimarT Seusabamo informaciis ukeT
damaxsovrebasTan, SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba ukavSirdeboda
Sesabamisi informaciis ukeT damaxsovrebas (Ceikeni ... 1995; zimermani ...
1996). sxva aRmoCenebi gvTavazobs, rom dabali SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentobis ganwyobebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnas rogorc uSinaarso
(uazro), mxolod maSin, roca isinic dabalia SefasebiT-afeqtur
konsistentobaSi (Ceikeni ... 1995).
SefasebiT-qceviT konsistentobas adgili aqvs maSin, roca ganwyobis
obieqtis yovlismomcveli Sefaseba Seesabameba masTan qceviTi
gamocdilebis SefasebiT Sinaarss. naTelia, rom am struqturuli
Rirebulebis mimarT jerovania kiTxva: axdens Tu ara ganwyoba
adamianebze gavlenas, moiqcnen am ganwyobis Sesabamisad?
r. facios gamokvlevam (facio 1989) naTelyo, rom ganwyobis
obieqtTan pirdapir gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli ganwyobebi ufro
Zlieria ramdenime mniSvnelobiT (ufro SesaZlebelia Semdgomi qmedebis
winaswarmetyveleba), vidre iribi gamocdilebis safuZvelze
Camoyalibebuli ganwyobebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miviRebT, rom pirdapir
gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli ganwyobebi maRalia SefasebiT-qceviT
konsistentobaSi, es aRmoCenebi SesabamisobaSia aRmoCenebTan, romlebic
aRniSnaven, rom SefasebiT-kognituri da SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentobebi aris agreTve ganwyobis siZlieris wyaro. amas garda,
vinaidan ganwyobis obieqtTan qceviTi urTierTqmedeba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs
mis mimarT emociur reaqciebs iseve, rogorc mis Sesaxeb informacia
(milari ... 1996), pirdapir gamocdilebas SeuZlia warmoqmnas ufro Zlieri
ganwyobebi ara mxolod ufro Zlieri qceviTi gamovlenisas, aramed
agreTve ufro didi afeqturi da kognituri gamovlenis dros,
30
gansakuTrebiT im mosazrebiT, rom gamovlenis samive tipi konsistenturia
saerTo ganwyobasTan.
sabolood, SefasebiTi konsistentobis am sami formis aRmoCeniT
miRebul iqna teqnologia ganwyobis Camoyalibebis safuZvlebis
gansxvavebis warmosaCenad. kerZod, ganwyobis upirvelesi safuZvelia
reaqciis tipi _ kognituri, afeqturi, an qceviTi, romlebic warmoqmnian
umcires SefasebiT Seusabamobas mTlian ganwyobasTan.
kognituri konsistentobis TeoriebSi aqcentia gakeTebuli
ambivalenturi (an arakonsistenturi) struqturebis arastabilurobaze
da droebiTobaze, radgan aRmqmeli upiratesobas aniWebs kognituri
struqturebis konsistentobas (abelsoni ... 1968). am perspeqtivaze uars
ambobs v. skoti (skoti 1969), romelic ambivalentobas ganixilavs,
rogorc ganwyobis potenciurad ufro mdgrad struqturul Tvisebas. am
Tvisebis Sesafaseblad k. kaplanma (kaplani 1972) Semdgom SemogvTavaza
mniSvnelovani teqnika. k. kaplanis saxeli ukavSirdeba socialuri
ganwyobis tradiciul bipolarul gazomvas. man moaxdina semantikuri
diferencialis teqnikis modifikacia, raTa mieRo erTpolusiani,
gancalkevebuli Sefasebebi respodentTa ganwyobebis dadebiTobaze da
uaryofiTobaze. erTpolusiani sazomiT k. kaplanma Seafasa
ambivalenturoba maTematikuri formuliT.
k. kaplanis Semdeg bevrma mkvlevarma gaiziara misi unipolaruli
teqnika. zogierTma maTganma ambivalentobis gazomvis alternatiuli
formulebic ki SemogvTavaza imisaTvis, rom gamosworebuliyo k. kaplanis
formulaSi arsebuli naklovanebebi (igli ... 1998).
kvlevam daamtkica, rom zogierTi adamiani ufro metad
ambivalenturia ganwyobis mravalkomponentian (an/da mravalfunqciur)
obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi (tompsoni ... 1995). Sromebis umetesobaSi
ambivalentoba ganxilulia, rogorc individualuri gansxvaveba.
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom ukiduresi ganwyobebi zogadad naklebad
ambivalenturebi arian, vidre zomieri ganwyobebi. k. kaplanis (kaplani
1972) azriT, saSualo qulebi bipolaruli ganwyobis skalebze SeiZleba
warmoadgendes rogorc ambivalentobas, aseve indiferentobas.
31
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT gazomvis Sedegad
miRebuli pozitiuroba da negatiuroba sinamdvileSi SeiZleba iyos
fsiqometruli TvalsazrisiT ekvivalenturi, adamianebis ganwyobebis
negatiurma aspeqtebma SeiZleba sabolod ufro Zlieri zegavlena iqonion
qcevaze, vidre dadebiTma (kaCiopo ... 1994). aRmoCnda, rom ambivalentoba
SeiZleba ufro metad iyos dakavSirebuli negatiurobis aqtivaciasTan,
vidre dadebiTobisa (kaCiopo ... 1997).
socialuri ganwyobis valentoba
koncefcia, rom socialuri ganwyoba aris samkomponentiani sistema,
aRZravs sakiTxs im zomis Sesaxeb, romliTac es komponentebi
Tanmimdevrulad, harmoniulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. maT Soris
konsistentobis sakiTxi dgeba. erTi komponentis valentobis xarisxi
emTxveva Tu ara danarCeni komponentebisas? erTnairia Tu ara samive
komponentis sirTulis xarisxi? sxva sityvebiT, ra korelacia arsebobs
am komponentebs Soris valentobisa da sirTulis mxriv? gamokvlevebma
daadastura valentobis mixedviT komponentebs Soris konsistentobis
tendenciis arseboba. gansakuTrebiT maRali Sesatyvisoba komponentebs
Soris napovnia kontinuumis boloebze. sirTulis Sesaxeb kvlevebis
Sedegebi orazrovania.
ganwyobis struqturis samive komponenti xasiaTdeba valentobisa da
sirTulis garkveuli xarisxiT. valentoba aris socialuri ganwyobis
komponentebis pozitiurobisa Tu negatiurobis garkveuli done,
ukiduresi pozitiurobidan nulovani valentobis zonaze gavliT
ukidures negatiurobamde yovel komponentSi _ SefasebaSi, grZnobasa da
moqmedebis tendenciaSi.
komponentis meore maxasiaTebeli _ sirTule _ exeba calkeul
komponentSi Semaval elementTa ricxvs da mravalferovnebas. iTvleba,
rom rac ufro rTulia komponentebi, miT ufro uZneldeba pirovnebas
sakuTari socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis sityvieri gansazRvrebebis micema,
gansakuTrebiT _ zustis.
sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebisa da Sesatyvisi sagnebis zemoqmedebiT
aRmocenebuli ganwyobebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis qcevebs aRZravs.
32
zogierTi ganwyobis safuZvelze sagnebisadmi miswrafebis, dadebiTi
damokidebulebis gamomxatveli qceva sruldeba, zogis safuZvelze ki
piriqiT _ uaryofiTi damokidebulebis, ganridebis qceva. garkveul
situaciebsa da sagnebze ganwyobis fiqsaciis dros adamians maT mimarT
swored amgvari dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ufiqsirdeba.
ganwyobis es niSani _ dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sagnisa da
movlenebis mimarT _ did rols TamaSobs garemoSi orientaciis saqmeSi.
misi saSualebiT xdeba individis mier sinamdvilis pirveladi
fsiqologiuri klasifikacia. sinamdvile individisaTvis dadebiT da
uaryofiT movlenebad jgufdeba, romelTa mimarT mas eqmneba Sewynarebis
an ukugdebis damokidebuleba, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi ganwyoba (maRraZe
1980).
socialur fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis sakiTxebis intensiuri kvleva
daiwyo l. terstounis mier ganwyobis sazomi skalis SemuSavebis Semdeg
(nadiraSvili 1983). am meTodis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda
pirovnebis ganwyobis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dadgena,
ramac Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebeli gaxada pirovnebis ganwyobebze
sazogadoebrivi gavlenisa da mis Sedegad ganwyobis formirebisa Tu
Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva.
,,pirovnebis formireba sinamdvilis Semecnebasa da misadmi
valenturi damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas gulisxmobs. pirovnebis
fsiqikis es momentebi misi ganwyobis komponentebs warmoadgens.
aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT maT formirebas
gulisxmobs. pirovnebis fsiqikis im momentis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
romelic ganwyobis valentobis cnebiT gamoixateba, SeuZlebelia imis
dadgena, Tu rogor moiqceva adamiani garkveul socialur viTarebaSi.
ganwyobaTa sistemaTa analizis safuZvelze, maTi valentobis
gansazRvriT, romelic aqvs pirovnebas sinamdvilis mimarT, SesaZlebeli
xdeba pirovnebis bunebis gageba. misi ganwyobaTa sistemis formirebis
funqciobisa da Secvlis kanonebis Seswavla ki SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
sasurveli gavlena movaxdinoT adamianis fsiqikaze: sasurveli
mimarTuleba mieces misi pirovnebis ganviTarebas; SevcvaloT misi
negatiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi sasurveli mimarTulebiT ... socialuri
33
ganwyobis formirebisa da Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva ZiriTadad
ganwyobis valentobisa da misi xarisxebis cvlilebis bazaze gaxda
SesaZlebeli” (nadiraSvili 1985: 196).
pirovnebis socialur ganwyobaSi asaxulia misi valenturi
damokidebuleba sinamdvilis mimarT. igi warmoadgens pirovnebis mzaobas,
moaxdinos Tavisi fsiqofizikuri Zalebis fokusireba garkveuli
mimarTulebis qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. mis safuZvelze pirovnebas
uCndeba tendencia dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Seafasos garkveuli sagnebi
da movlenebi, moimarTos maT mimarT keTilganwyobili, an mtruli qcevis
gansaxorcieleblad (nadiraSvili 2001). pirovnebis es myari mimarTuleba
gamoxatavs mis ZiriTad socialur orientacias, rac mas situaciur,
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa gavlenisagan aTavisuflebs da sinamdvilis
cvalebad mimdinareobaSi myari mimarTulebis aqtivobis mqone pirovnebad
aqcevs. misi es Tavisebureba kargad mJRavndeba adamianis socialur
saqmianobaSi. Tu situaciuri ganwyobebi uSualod gansazRvravs individis
qcevis mimdinareobas da am qcevis mimarTuleba sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli, socialuri ganwyobebi sxvagvarad
moqmedebs qcevaze. qcevasTan maTi urTierToba ufro rTulia.
1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura
socialuri ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, izolirebulad ar arian
adamianebis gonebaSi, isini dakavSirebulebi arian sxva ganwyobebTan.
socialuri fsiqologebi ganwyobebis didi sistemebis struqturasa da
dinamikas ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganixilavdnen balansis
Teoriis poziciebidan. aseve sruliad gansxvavebuli midgomebis
gamoyenebiT, fsiqologebma daaskvnes, rom ganwyobebi dakavSirebulebi
arian sxva ganwyobebTan Tematurad Sesatyvisi struqturebiT, romlebic
cnobilia, rogorc ideologiebi. orive zemoaRniSnuli midgoma _
balansis Teoria da ideologiuri analizi _ naTels hfens ganwyobebs
Soris urTierTobebs (igli ... 1998).
34
balansis Teoria
balansis Teoria dakavSirebulia fric haideris saxelTan.
gansakuTrebul popularobas socialur fsiqologTa Soris aRniSnulma
Teoriam 1960-ian wlebSi miaRwia. f. haideris azriT, adamianebi
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturas zogjer simboluri eniT
gamoxataven. es ena Seicavs elementebs, romlebic gamoxataven ganwyobis
obieqtebs da damokidebulebebs elementebs Soris. es damokidebulebebi
warmoadgenen aRmqmelis mier ganwyobis obieqtebis Sefasebebs, rasac
f. haideri uwodebs sentimentalur damokidebulebebs, xolo elementebs
Soris araSefasebiT damokidebulebebs _ erTeul damokidebulebebs.
f. haideri gamoyofs aRmqmels (P), situaciaSi meore pirovnebas (O) da
obieqturad arsebul sagans (X), romlis mimarTac orive _ P da O flobs
ganwyobebs. elementebs Soris arsebuli sentimentaluri
damokidebulebebis amsaxavi ganwyobebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an
negatiuri. aRmqmelis ganwyoba sxva pirisadmi gamoixateba
sentimentaluri damokidebulebiT, romelic akavSirebs P-s da O-s. P-s
ganwyoba obieqturad arsebuli sagnis mimarT gamoixateba, rogorc
sentimentaluri damokidebuleba damakavSirebeli P-si X-Tan. Tavis mxriv,
P-s aRqma O-s ganwyobisa X–is mimarT, warmodgenilia sentimentaluri
damokidebulebiT O-sa da X-s Soris. yvela elementi da damokidebuleba
gaazrebulia ise, rogorc es asaxulia aRmqmelis gonebaSi, Sesabamisad
ufro metad aRqmulia, vidre realurad arsebuli. am sami
damokidebulebis warmodgeniT P, O da X–s Soris, gamoikveTeba martivi
ganwyobaTaSorisi urTierTobis struqtura triadis formiT. vinaidan es
triada Seicavs sam ganwyobas _ or P-s ganwyobas da P-s aRqmas sxva
pirovnebis ganwyobis Sesaxeb _ balansis Teoriam dasva mniSvnelovani
kiTxvebi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis Sesaxeb. kidev ufro
martivi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura, romelic f. haiderma
ganixila diadaSi, moicavs mxolod or elements _ P-s da O-s da
warmoadgens P-s ganwyobas O-s mimarT da P-s aRqmas O-s ganwyobisa P-s
mimarT.
35
f. haiderma gaiazra konteqstebi, romlebic moicavs P-s da or sxva
adamians (O da Q). agreTve gaaanaliza konteqstebi, romlebic ar moicavs
sxva pirebs, aramed aRmqmels da or sagans (X da Y). es P-X-Y triadebi
struqturebis konsistentobis Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva,
struqturebisa, romlebic Sedgebian sakiTxebisadmi
urTierdakavSirebuli ganwyobebisagan.
f. haiderma aRwera ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis ori
SesaZlo mdgomareoba. esenia: balansirebuli da arabalansirebuli
mdgomareoba. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi elementebi da damokidebulebebi
harmoniuli da stabiluria, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ araharmoniuli da
arastabiluri. f. haideris Tanaxmad, arabalansirebul struqturebs aqvT
balansirebulebad gardaqmnis tendencia. balansis gansazRvrisas
mecnierma (haideri 1946) aRniSna, rom es mdgomareoba miiRweva
orelementian struqturaSi, Tu orive damokidebulebas erTnairi niSnebi
aqvs da _ samelementian struqturaSi, rodesac yvela samive
damokidebuleba dadebiTia, an ori uaryofiTia da erTi _ dadebiTi.
aRniSnuli principis axleburi, abstraqtuli formulireba
SemogvTavazes d. kartraitma da f. hararim (igli ... 1998), riTac samze met
elementian struqturebSi balansis gansazRvris saSualeba mogvces.
f. haideris balansis principi warmoadgens adamianebis socialuri
ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebis sqemas, an konceptualur kanons. adamianebs,
amgvarad, SeiZleba hqondeT principi _ Cveulebriv, eTanxmebodnen maT,
vinc moswonT da piriqiT _ ar eTanxmebdnen maT, vinc ar moswonT. am
ideas eTanxmeba kvlevis Sedegic _ informacia advilad daiswavleba da
inaxeba imis mixedviT, ramdenadac esadageba am kanons (fridmeni ... 1981).
amas garda, adamianebi ufro efeqturad gadaamuSaveben im informacias,
romelic balansirebul triadebs exeba, vidre arabalansirebuls
(sentisi ... 1979).
balansis Teoriis Tanamedrove midgoma mdgomareobs am Teoriis
principebis ufro zogad kognitur principebTan gaerTianebis
mcdelobaSi, rac arsebiTad damaxasiaTebelia mexsierebis asociaciuri
qselis modelebisaTvis da damakavSirebeli modelebisaTvis (smiti 1998).
ganwyobebis asociaciuri qselis interpretaciebma SeiZleba advilad
36
miiRos balansis principebi, radgan es perspeqtiva socialuri ganwyobis
obieqtebs warmoadgens, rogorc kvanZebs, romlebic arian
dakavSirebulebi (judi ... 1989).
asociaciuri qselis Teoriis zogierTi versia (andersoni 1983)
kvanZebs (mag.; ganwyobebs) miawers Zalis Tvisebas. Zala asaxavs kvanZis
gaaqtiurebis sixSires warsulSi. rac ufro meti aqvs nafiqri pirovnebas
ganwyobis obieqtze, miT ufro Zlieri xdeba kvanZi. kvanZebs Soris
kavSiri Zlieria imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieria sakuTriv orive kvanZi.
ganwyobis kvanZebis dakavSirebis siZliere gansazRvravs cnobierebaSi maT
dauyovnebliv amotivtivebas. C. judi da j. krosniki (judi ... 1989) Tvlian,
rom es ganwyobebi gaxdebian SefasebiT konsistenturebi balansis
principebis mixedviT. es winaswarganWvreta axali ar aris im
TvalsazrisiT, rom r. abelsonma da m. rozenbergma (igli ... 1998) bevrad
ufro adre daamtkices, rom arabalansuroba gadaiWreba mxolod im
zomiT, rom arakonsistenturi elementebi gaxdeba fiqris sagani.
damtkicebulia, rom balansis Teoria, romelic asaxavs adamianuri
logikis ZiriTad principebs, warmoadgens ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis gagebis myar dasayrdens (safuZvels, midgomas). Tumca,
Tanamedrove midgomebiT, balansi xSirad ar funqcionirebs rogorc
calke mdgomi Teoria, aramed _ integraciul kognitur modelebTan
erTobliobaSi.
balansis Teoriis ZiriTadi debuleba isaa, rom pirovnebis
arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba iwvevs masSi gansazRvruli mimarTulebis
afeqtur tendencias. arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba Seicavs Tavis TavSi
fsiqikis harmoniul, arakonfliqtur mdgomareobad gardaqmnis
tendencias.
S. nadiraSvili (nadiraSvili 1974) aRniSnavs, rom ganwyobis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa SeuTavsebadi, konfliqturi komponentebis
Tavsebad mdgomareobaSi moyvana, rasac ganwyobis reharmonizacias
uwodebs.
mravali fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba cdilobs am kanonis calkeuli
aspeqtebis gamokvlevas. aRniSnuli aspeqtebi asaxulia k. levinis ,,velis
TeoriaSi”, f. haideris ,,fsiqikuri balansis”, C. osgudisa da
37
p. tanenbaumis ,,kongruentobis”, t. niukombis ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis”
cnebisa da l. festinjeris ,,kognituri disonansis” TeoriaSi. yvela am
Teoriasa da cnebaSi wina planze wamoweulia ganwyobis zogadi Teoriis
erT-erTi aspeqti, xolo d. uznaZis zogad TeoriaSi mocemulia am
Teoriebis yvela amosavali tendencia da amitom d. uznaZis ganwyobis
Teoria Tavis TavSi Seicavs maTi gaerTianebis SesaZleblobas. d. uznaZis
ganwyobis Teoria warmoadgens zogad Teorias ara mxolod adamianis
aqtivobis calkeuli aspeqtebis, aramed mTeli fsiqofizikuri aqtivobis
Sesaxeb.
t. niukombis (nadiraSvili 1974) gamokvlevebis safuZvelze SeiZleba
gamovitanoT daskvna, rom balansirebis tendencia vlindeba ara mxolod
adamianTa emociur-fsiqikur sferoSi, aramed adamianTa ganwyobebis
organizaciasa da urTierTqmedebaSi saerTod. t. niukombis mixedviT,
adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis tendencia”
gavlenas axdens adamianebis ganwyobaze da erTmaneTs amsgavsebs im
individebis ganwyobebs, romlebic dadebiT mimarTebaSi arian
erTmaneTTan.
g. maRraZis azriT (maRraZe 1980), ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis
tendencia” warmoadgens igive balansisaken miswrafebis tendencias.
balansis Teoria ganaviTares C. osgudma da p. tanenbaumma (osgudi ...
1955) im aspeqtiT, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo adamianis ganwyobis
Secvlis mimarTulebis gansazRvra, roca adamiani arabalansur fsiqikur
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. C. osgudi da p. tanenbaumi Tvlidnen, rom
f. haideris mier miTiTebuli fsiqikis tendencia, rogorc fsiqikis
maorganizebeli Sinagani stimuli, romelic warmoiSoba arabalansirebul
mdgomareobaSi, ar saWiroebs adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis realurad
arsebobas. es tendencia warmoadgens TviT pirovnebis fsiqikis Sinagan
stimuls da gamoixateba cnobierebis gansazRvruli organizaciisaken
miswrafebaSi anu mis kongruentobaSi; roca adamianis fsiqikaSi
warmoiSveba am organizebuli mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego
inkongruentuli mdgomareoba, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT mimarTeba,
romliTac unda Seicvalos adamianis ganwyobebi da orientaciebi.
adamians yovelTvis aqvs ganwyobebis Tavisi sistema. mis safuZvelze is
38
gamoTqvams azrebs, Sexedulebebs, romlebic lagdebian garkveul
sistemebSi. C. osgudis da p. tanenbaumis azriT, adamianTa fsiqikaSi
yovelTvisaa kongruentobis tendencia, romelic aRZravs mas ukeTesi
organizaciisaken da sistemaSi mocemuli Sexedulebebisa da azrebis
ufro martivi sistemis saxiT formirebisaken. aseTi saxis Sinagani
organizaciis safuZvelze sistemebisa da movlenebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad pirovneba ganicdis iseT cvlilebebs, romlebic saboloo
angariSSi zrdian mis kongruentobas, mis harmonizacias garemosTan.
adamians SesaZloa hqondes urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi,
socialuri ganwyobebi da sxva, magram maT urTierTSesabamisobas igi
maSin ganicdis, roca isini Tavs iCenen erT gansazRvrul qcevaSi, e.i.
roca isini ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, rogorc erTi qcevis komponentebi.
socialuri ganwyobebis ideologiuri konteqsti
socialur ganwyobebs SeiZleba hqondes ierarqiuli struqtura, rac
saSualebas iZleva, rom ufro konkretuli da specifiuri ganwyobebi
warmoiqmnan ufro abstraqtuli da zogadi ganwyobebisagan. zogadad,
rogorc n. feza (feza 1996) amtkicebda, ganwyobebi xSirad Casmulia
ganwyobebs, rwmenebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris urTierTobis kompleqsur
qselSi, romelSic dominirebuli faseulobebi warmoadgenen birTvs anu
centralur elementebs im gagebiT, rom isini bevr ganwyobasTan da
rwmenasTan arian dakavSirebuli, iseve rogorc sxva RirebulebebTan.
ideologiebis kvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTda socialuri ganwyobis
struqturis ierarqiul aspeqtebze (igli ... 1998). ideologiebi gagebulia,
rogorc ganwyobebis da rwmenebis jgufebi (clusters), romlebic
urTierTdamokidebulni arian, im gagebiT, rom organizdebian
dominanturi socialuri Temis garSemo, rogoricaa mag. liberalizmi da
konservatizmi. am tipis struqturaSi ufro farTo ganwyobas SeiZleba
Tavis obieqtad hqondes liberalizmi an konservatizmi (an romelime sxva
ideologiuri Tema). rwmenebma, romlebic dakavSirebulia am zogad
ganwyobebTan, SeiZleba gamoiwvios specifiuri socialuri sakiTxebis
mimarT ganwyobis Camoyalibeba.
39
ideologiis Teoriam da kvlevam gamoavlina ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
kvlevebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, yvelgan aqcentirebulia struqturis
ierarqiuloba, romelSic socialuri da politikuri ganwyobebi
nawilobriv mainc formirdeba zemodan qvemoT ufro farTo ganwyobebis
ganzogadebis gziT.
zedapirulad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba Candes, rom ganwyobebi,
rogorc specifiurad urTierdakavSirebuli elementebi, balansis
TeoriaSi gansxvavebulad ganixileba. da mainc, rogorc n. feza (feza
1996) amtkicebda, Rirebulebebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc ukana planis
faqtorebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben ganwyobebis Zalasa da niSanze,
romlebic warmodgenilia standartul balansirebul struqturebSi.
rodesac laparakia ideologiuri da balansis midgomebis Serigebaze,
ideologiaSi nagulisxmevi ganwyobebi da Rirebulebebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kognituri elementebi (an kvanZebi) da
davuqvemdebaroT balansis analizs. amas garda, balansis Teoria aris
sruliad SeTavsebadi ideasTan, rom ganwyobebi SeiZleba formirdebodnen
zemodan-qvemoT meTodiT sxva ganwyobebTan maTi kavSirebis saSualebiT.
meti sicxadisaTvis, klasikuri P-O-X struqtura gvTavazobs, rom sadavo
sakiTxebis mimarT ganwyobebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdnen im
politikosTa mimarT ganwyobebisgan, romlebic warmatebiT icaven TavianT
poziciebs aRniSnul sadavo sakiTxebze. aseve, P-X-Y struqturebSi
ganwyobebi X-isa da Y-is mimarT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes Tavisi farTo
ganzogadebulobis gamo da savsebiT realuria amaTgan erT-erTi
ganwyobis meorisagan warmoSoba. miuxedavad amisa, ideologiuri
analizis wvlilia Rirebulebebis wina planze wamoweva maSin, roca
balansis analizma ganwyobebis zogadobisa da abstraqtulobis
miuxedavad, aqcentireba gaakeTa ganwyobebs Soris kavSirebze.
iTvleba, rom ufro mravalricxovani da SeWiduli Sinagani
struqturis mqone ganwyobebi droSi stabiluria da savaraudod, qcevas
ukeT winaswarmetyveleben (doli ... 1992; igli ... 1995). aseTi ganwyobebi
gavlenas axdenen ganwyobis Sesabamisi informaciis gadamuSavebaze.
40
maRali SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba da dabali
ambivalentoba winaswarmetyvelebs ganwyobis ufro met stabilurobas.
ambivalentoba amcirebs ganwyoba-qcevis Sesabamisobas.
konsistentobis Teoriis perspeqtividan, sxva ganwyobebTan mTavar
struqturaSi dakavSirebulma ganwyobam SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gauwios
Secvlas, amis mizezi isaa, rom aseTi cvlileba gamoiwvevs dakavSirebuli
ganwyobebis Secvlas.
ganwyoba-ganwyobis kavSiris irgvliv mimdinare diskusiebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ganwyobis dakavSireba RirebulebasTan. aq igulisxmeba,
rom ganwyobebi, romlebic ierarqiul struqturaSi dakavSirebulia ufro
abstraqtul ganwyobebTan (anu RirebulebebTan), SeiZleba iyvnen
gansakuTrebiT Zlierebi. Tu dabali safexuris ganwyobebs moicavs
maRali safexuris ganwyobebi, maSin dabali safexuris ganwyobebis
pirdapiri kritika (mag.: ganwyobis obieqtis negatiur maxasiaTeblebze
miTiTeba) iqneba uSedego, radgan dabali safexuris ganwyobis
mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs misi kavSiri maRali safexuris ganwyobasTan.
amas garda, ufro maRali safexuris ganwyobas eqneba sakuTari Sinagani
struqtura da tipiurad iqneba dakavSirebuli dabali safexuris
ganwyobebTan. Zlieri garegani struqtura Zalas aniWebs ganwyobebs. amis
mizezia uSualod ganwyobebis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari Secvlis
mimarT. am winaaRmdegobis unarma xeli unda Seuwyos stabilurobas,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs ganwyoba-qcevis ufro met
Sesabamisobas (doli ... 1992). da kidev, ganwyobis eqstensiur garegan
struqturaSi Casmam SeiZleba situaciebis farTo diapazonSi ganwyoba
gaxados gaaqtiurebuli, sadac man, SesaZloa, zegavlena moaxdinos
qcevaze da uzrunvelyos safuZveli ufro metad specifiuri ganwyobebis
Camosayalibeblad (prislini ... 1996).
socialur ganwyobaTa Tanavarskvlavedebi
Tumca socialuri ganwyoba SeiZleba SemuSavdes sinamdvilis
nebismieri movlenis mimarT, TavisTavad movlenis arseboba ar kmara, rom
pirovnebas misadmi Sesabamisi ganwyoba hqondes. socialuri ganwyoba
41
yalibdeba im obieqtebis, movlenebis mimarT, romlebic dakavSirebulni
arian pirovnebis moTxovnilebaTa _ mizanTa sistemasTan. pirovnebis
socialur ganwyobaTa srul erTobliobas socialuri ganwyobis
konstelacia ewodeba (baliaSvili 1980). konstelaciis ganwyobaTa
garkveuli raodenoba gancalkevebulia, xolo umetesoba ki qmnis
socialuri ganwyobis krebadobebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs (Attitude clusters),
ori an meti socialuri ganwyobis erTobliobebs, romlebic SedarebiT
metad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, urTierTis gavlenas ganicdian
da gamoyofilni arian sxva socialuri ganwyobebisagan.
TanavarskvlavedSi komponentebad Sesuli socialuri ganwyobebi
Sinagan harmonias eswrafvian. xSirad TviT Tanavarskvlavedebs Sorisac
harmoniuli damokidebulebaa. Tanavarskvlavedebs Soris harmoniuloba
pirovnebis integrirebulobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia. roca harmonia
srulia, laparakoben socialuri sinamdvilis mimarT erTian pirovnul
orientaciaze.
socialuri ganwyobebi SekavSirebulni arian imdenad, ramdenadac
msgavsi obieqtebi da valentobebi aqvT. obieqtebis msgavseba
Tanavarskvlavedis agebas obieqtur princips uaxloebs, xolo
valentobiT msgavseba _ subieqturs. ase magaliTad, valentobis niSniT
gaerTianebul TanavarskvlavedSi yvela obieqti, romelic pirovnebas
gansakuTrebiT uyvars, da yvela obieqti, romelic gansakuTrebiT sZuls
_ cal-calke klasSi Seva am obieqtebis sxva danarCeni niSnebiT
gansxvaveba-msgavsebis miuxedavad. amdenad, kavSiri pirovnebis socialur
ganwyobebs Soris ar aris aucileblad saganTa logikis principze
damyarebuli.
iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi sxvadasxva
poziciebs ikaveben centraluroba-periferiulobis mxriv. centralur
ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebulobis maRali done unda
axasiaTebdeT, ris gamoc maqsimalurad stabilurni da cvlilebaTa
mimarT gamZleni iqnebian. stabiluroba or garemoebas unda emyarebodes:
1. centraluri socialuri ganwyobis Secvla niSnavs mravali
periferiuli ganwyobis CarTvas Secvlisa da rRvevis procesSi da es
garemoeba inertul Zalas warmoadgens centraluri ganwyobebis mxridan;
42
2. centraluri adgili unda ekavoT iseT ganwyobebs, romlebsac aqvT
didi pirovnuli wona da agreTve maT, romelTac xSiri ganmeorebis
Sedegad fiqsacia ganicades. am mizezis gamo metad Zneli unda iyos
centraluri socialuri ganwyobis Secvla an aRmofxvra.
30-ian wlebSi friad saintereso kompleqsuri eqsperimentuli
gamokvleva Caatara leonard fergiusonma (fergiusoni 1939). mecnierma mis
mier ganxilul mraval ganwyobas Soris gamoyo ori Zireuli ganwyoba,
romelTa safuZvelzedac, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia danarCeni ganwyobebis
Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba. avtorma faqtoruli analizis Sedegad miiRo
statistikurad mniSvnelovani ori faqtori. pirveli faqtori Seicavs
damnaSaveebis, sasjelis umaRlesi zomis (sikvdiliT dasja) da omis
mimarT ganwyobebs. TiToeuli am obieqtisadmi ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg
xdeba danarCeni ori obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis ganwyobis gansazRvra.
aseTive kavSiri dadginda meore faqtorSi Semaval calkeul ganwyobebs
Soris. esenia: evoluciis, RmerTis WeSmaritad arsebobis da Sobadobis
regulirebis mimarT ganwyobebi. romelime erTi maTganis gazomvis Semdeg
SesaZlebeli xdeba danarCeni ori Rirebulebis mimarT pirovnebis
ganwyobis dadgena. amdenad, l. fergiusonma aCvena, rom adamianebs
mniSvnelovani socialuri Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobebi
urTierTizolirebulad ar gamoumuSavdebaT _ zogi ganwyoba, Tavisi
obieqtebis garda, erTmaneTsac ukavSirdeba da ganwyobaTa
Tanavarskvlavedebis sistemebs qmnis.
mogvianebiT eqsperimentulad socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura
ikvlia TinaTin CxeiZem (CxeiZe 1985). man socialuri damokidebulebebis
struqturis dasadgenad SearCia Sinaarseulad msgavsi 4 socialuri
obieqti (ganqorwineba; ojaxis instituti; mSobelTa dominantoba; qcevis
normebi) im varaudiT, rom maT mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebi
kavSirSi unda yofiliyvnen erTmaneTTan. laikertis teqnikiT aago am
obieqtebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis gasazomi skalebi.
skalebs Soris gamoTvlili korelaciis koeficientebi aRmoCnda
statistikurad mniSvnelovani, ramac aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi
aRniSnuli oTxi socialuri obieqtis mimarT urTierTkavSirSi
imyofebian, anu qmnian saerTo struqturas. T. CxeiZem eqsperimentul
43
gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom cdispirebSi garkveuli ganwyobis faruli gziT,
aracnobierad Secvlam, gamoiwvia maTTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis imave
mimarTulebiT Secvla subieqtebis gaucnobiereblad.
zogadad, socialuri ganwyobis centralurobasa da stabilurobas
Soris arsebobs pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba: rac ufro
centraluria socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluria igi.
radikaluri Secvlis mimarT met mdgradobas iCenen didi sirTulis
sistemebi martiv sistemebTan SedarebiT. sistemis cvlileba mimarTulia
harmonizaciisaken, anu imisaken, rom miRweul iqnes sistemis ufro
konsonansuri struqtura da Sesabamisad _ misi ufro maRal doneze
funqcionireba. amrigad, rogorc es socialuri ganwyobis
gansazRvrebaSic aris aRniSnuli, yoveli socialuri ganwyoba met-
naklebad stabiluria. es Tviseba (stabiluroba) damokidebulia mis
struqturul Taviseburebebze da Sinaarseul niSan-Tvisebebze.
magaliTad, ,,me”-s koncepciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri ganwyobebi
ufro stabiluria, vidre ganwyobebi SedarebiT periferiuli movlenis
mimarT” (baliaSvili 1980: 13).
S. nadiraSvilisa (nadiraSvili 1985) da Semdgom m. baliaSvilis
(baliaSvili 1980) gamokvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi cxadyofs,
rom garkveuli ganwyobiT moqmedebis dros fsiqikuri procesebis
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba individis fsiqikuri aqtivobis bunebriv
mdgomareobas warmoadgens. amis sawinaaRmdego _ konfliqturi viTarebis
aRmocenebis dros adamians eqmneba tendencia, gamovides am
mdgomareobidan, cdilobs, Seamciros es araTavsebadoba, rac
TviTorganizaciis aqtivobaSi gamoixateba. danarCeni komponentebis
Secvla moxdeba imis mixedviT, Tu cnobierebis romeli komponentia ufro
gafiqsirebuli da xasiaTdeba meti pirovnuli woniT.
C. osgudi da p. tanenbaumi miuTiTeben, rom Tavsebadobis
mdgomareobis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi gancdebis sfero adamians
saSualebas aZlevs Seeguos iseT araTavsebad mdgomareobas, romlis
Sinaarseuli gadawyveta momavlisaTvis aris gadadebuli. am gziT xdeba
araTavsebadi mdgomareobis neitralizeba. Sinagani konfliqtis
SemTxvevaSi zogjer pirovneba imuSavebs eWvisa da undoblobis gancdas
44
romelime viTarebis mimarT, rac warmoadgens erTgvar gamosavals
Seqmnili arabalansuri mdgomareobidan (nadiraSvili 1985).
eWvis, undoblobisa da sxva ambivalenturi gancdebis daxmarebiT,
roca pirovneba aseT gancdebs miawers sinamdvilis movlenaTa garkveul
klass da maTTan dakavSirebul emociur-afeqtur procesebs, Tavs aRwevs
Sinagan konfliqtur mdgomareobas, misgan gamowveul uxerxulobasa da
usiamovnebas. am dros igi Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs momavlisaTvis
gadados Tavsebadobis mdgomareobis mopoveba da amiT iadvilebs Sinagani
konfliqtis atanas. adamians yovelTvis ar awuxebs Tavis fsiqikur
procesebs Soris arsebuli SeuTavsebloba. TavisTavad SesaZlebelia,
rom mas hqondes erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego warmodgenebi, azrebi, emociebi
da moqmedebis tendenciebi, magram maTi SeuTavsebloba da
konfliqturoba maSin SeiZleba ganicados, rodesac garkveuli ganwyobis
safuZvelze moaxdens maT aqtivacias da erTi garkveuli qcevis
ganxorcielebisaTvis Tavmoyras. swored aseT situaciaSi xdeba Zalian
Semawuxebeli maTi SeuTavsebloba da adamians garkveuli ganwyobis
safuZvelze moqmedebis dros uCndeba maTi SeTanxmebis tendencia.
,,eqsperimentuli monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganwyoba, rogorc
adamianis moqmedebisa da cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli mTliani fsiqikuri
mdgomareoba, adamians calkeuli fsiqikuri procesebis urTierTTan
SeTanxmebisaken, harmonizebisaken ubiZgebs. es zogadi ganwyobiseuli
tendencia, rac ganwyobis mTlianobidan modis, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moxdes adamianis azrebis,
emociebis, nebelobisa da zogadi orientaciebis Secvla-Camoyalibeba.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom eqsperimentuli monacemebis mixedviT,
ganwyobaTa garkveul jgufs konsistentobisa da SeTanxmebis tendenciebi
aRmoaCndaT erTmaneTis mimarT. isini qmnian pirovnebis erTianobis
fsiqikur safuZvels, romelic arsebiT gavlenas axdens adamianis
fsiqikuri aqtivobis mimarTulebaze” (nadiraSvili 1985: 242).
45
1 . 3 . soci aluri g a n w yob a d a qc e v a
rodesac gvainteresebs raimes mimarT adamianis damokidebuleba,
mivmarTavT am adamianze Cvens warmodgenebs, mis mier gamowveul
grZnobebs, vakvirdebiT mis Semdgom qcevas. erTad aRebuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi SefasebiTi reaqciebi _ imisda miuxedavad, gamoxatulia isini
rwmenebSi, SegrZnebebSi, Tu qcevis ganzraxvebSi _ gansazRvravs adamianis
ganwyobas raimes mimarT (olsoni ... 1993). ganwyobebi garemomcveli
samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebulebaa. rodesac gvWirdeba swrafi
reagireba, an grZnobebis demonstrireba, miuTiTeben, rom ganwyobas
SeuZlia gansazRvros Cveni reaqcia (sanbonmacu ... 1990).
am sakiTxze muSaobda riSar la-pieri 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
romlis eqsperimentuli gamokvlevis Semdeg ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda.
socialur fsiqologebs sjerodaT, rom ganwyobebis mixedviT
SeiZleboda adamianTa qcevis winaswarmetyveleba, Tumca r. la-pierma
eqsperimentul gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom adamianis mier sityvierad
gamoTqmuli ganwyoba xSirad ar Seesabameba mis qcevas. amitom misi
ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg ar SegviZlia saimedod viwinaswarmetyveloT
individis qceva. am monacemebis safuZvelze r. la-pieri daaskvnis:
metyvelebaSi gamoxatuli ganwyobebi ar iZleva adamianis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas.
1964w. leon festinjerma daaskvna, rom gamokvlevaTa monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom qceva icvleba axali ganwyobebis
formirebasTan dakavSirebiT. l. festinjerma dauSva, rom kavSiri
ganwyoba-qceva moqmedebs sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (maiersi 2001).
am Temas agrZelebs alan uikeri (uikeri 1969), romelmac 1969w.
gamoaqveyna ramdenime aTeuli samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic
moicavdnen sruliad gansxvavebuli adamianebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtrs. a. uikerma daaskvna: Zalian saeWvoa, rom im ganwyobebis
mixedviT, romelzedac saubroben adamianebi, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi
qcevis variaciebis winaswarmetyveleba.
46
aRiSnuli monacemebis Sedegad Seirya jer kidev u. Tomasisa da
f. znaneckis (Tomasi ... 1972) mier dadgenili debuleba ganwyobisa da
qcevis Sinagani myari urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
Semdgom eqsperimentul da Teoriul gamokvlevebSi bevri axali
debuleba dadginda.
upirveles yovlisa, aRvniSnavT, rom ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis problemis gaCenis Semdeg ganwyobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli
orientacia ganviTarda ori urTiersawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. erTis
mixedviT ganwyoba gadaiqca qcevis erT-erT kerZo faqtorad, romelsac
qcevis aRmocenebisa da garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebis saqmeSi
sxva faqtorebis gverdiT mcire da mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia. meore
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ganwyoba warmoadgens pirovnebis erT-erT
ZiriTad da arsebiT maxasiaTebel niSans, magram misi bunebisa da
funqciis gageba unda moxdes ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis konteqstSi,
romelic xasiaTdeba urTierTqmedebis garkveuli kanonzomierebiT.
sayuradReboa l. dubis (dubi 1947), i. Cenis (Ceni ... 1948), m. fiSbeinis
(fiSbeini 1965) Sexedulebebi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
l. dubis gagebiT, ganwyoba aris stimulisa da reaqciebis Sinagani
gamaSualebeli cvladi, romelsac adamiani swavlobs gamocdilebis
miRebis procesSi da romelsac SeuZlia garkeuli mimarTuleba misces
qcevas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qcevaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, misi
aRZvrisa da Sesabamisi gziT warmarTvisaTvis, saWiroa ganwyoba
daukavSirdes garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevas (dubi 1947).
ganwyobis saboloo formirebiT adamiani, faqtiurad, or rames
swavlobs: 1. obieqtTa klasis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis
Camoyalibebas da 2. am ganwyobis gavleniT Sesrulebul Ria qceviT
reaqcias.
pirovnebis mxridan socialuri ganwyobisadmi araTanmimdevruli
qcevis mizezad C. kisleri (deviatkini 1999) asaxelebs: erTmaneTTan
konfliqtur damokidebulabaSi myofi ramdenime socialuri ganwyobis
monawileobas qcevaSi da realobaSi iseTi faqtorebis moqmedebas,
romlebic adamianebSi, maTi socialuri ganwyobebisagan damoukideblad,
iwveven universalur Sedegebs. rac Seexeba socialuri ganwyobisa da
47
qcevis kavSiris ganmamtkicebel faqtorebs, maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
qcevis Sesrulebis socialuri valdebuleba.
i. Ceni (Ceni ... 1948) iziarebs ganwyobebis mravalkomponentiani
Teoriis principebs. misi azriT, miuxedavad ganwyobis
mravalkomponentianobisa, igi erTiani, mTliani fenomenia, romlis
Semadgenlebi mudmivad miiswrfvian gaerTianebisa da
SeTanxmebulobisaken.
qcevis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa Sesaxeb bolodroindel
SexedulebebSi aqcenti keTdeba garegan socialur gavlenaze da
srulebiT ignorirebulia iseTi Sinagani faqtorebi, rogoricaa
ganwyobebi da pirovneba.
pirvelad Teziss, rom ganwyobebi gansazRvravs qcevas, 1960-ian
wlebSi moeZebna antiTezisi, romelSic naTqvamia, rom ganwyobebi arafers
gansazRvravs.
im aRmoCenam, rom adamianTa gamonaTqvamebi xSirad gansxvavdeba maTi
qcevebisagan, aiZula socialuri fsiqologebi, saswrafod garkveuliyvnen
am sakiTxSi.
1.3 a) rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas
s. krausi (krausi 1995) aRniSnavs, rom erTma socialurma
fsiqologma CamoTvala 40 sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic arTuleben
urTierTkavSirs ganwyoba-qceva. dgeba sakiTxi: rom SeiZlebodes garegani
zemoqmedebebis neitralizeba, SevZlebdiT Tu ara sxva Tanabar pirobebSi
ganwyobebze dayrdnobiT qcevis zustad prognozirebas.
socialuri ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, Seiswavleba maTi garegani
gamovlinebebiT. qcevis sxva tipebis msgavsad, ganwyobebis gamomxatveli
moqmedebebi ganicdian garegan zegavlenas.
m. fiSbeinis (fiSbeini ... 1974) azriT, mraval gamokvlevaSi imis gamo
ar dadasturda kavSiri ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris, rom skalebiT
izomeboda adamianis ganwyoba movlenaTa klasis mimarT da Semdgom
mowmdeboda adamianis qceva aRniSnuli klasis mxolod erTi egzemplaris
48
mimarT, romelic xSirad SeiZleba arc yofiliyo am klasis tipiuri
warmomadgeneli.
m. fiSbeinma, ganixilavda ra r. la-pieris fenomens, yuradReba
miaqcia, rom r. la-pieri faqtiurad ar ikvlevda im ganwyobebs, romlebic
mis cdispir sastumros patronebs hqondaT im adamianebis mimarT,
romlebisadmic isini garkveul qcevas axorcielebdnen. amas garda,
m. fiSbeini Tvlida, rom r. la-pieri ikvlevda cdispirebis qcevis
ganzraxvas da ara ganwyobebs. abstraqtuli qcevis ganzraxva, rac maT
gamoTqves momavali Cineli klientebis mimarT, sakmarisi araa arc
realuri qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis da arc realuri ganwyobis
dasadgenad.
m. fiSbeinis azriT, samarTliani ar iqneba arc imis Tqma, rom
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris ar arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomieri kavSiri
da arc imisa, TiTqos sruliad zedmetia sxvadasxva komponentebis
TvalsazrisiT ganwyobis gazomva zogadad ganwyobis Sesaxeb laparakis
dros.
zemoaRniSnuli aspeqtebis ganxilvis Semdeg m. fiSbeini mainc im
azrs iziarebs, rom Cveulebrivad adamianTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebis
dasadgenad sakmarisi iqneba l. terstounis an r. laikertis skalebiT
adamianis ganwyobis dadgena, saidanac sakmaod didi albaTobiT
viwinaswarmetyvelebT ganwyobis obieqtebis mimarT mis Sexedulebebsa da
qcevas.
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris kavSiris garkvevis dros mxedvelobaSi
misaRebia isic, Tu ganwyobis safuZvelze ra saxis qcevis Sesaxeb aris
winaswarmetyveleba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT r. beilsis gamokvleva
(deviatkini 1999), romlis mixedviTac adamiani, romelic cdispirs
mowonda, Sesabamisad yvelaze metad masTan muSaobas arCevda da is
adamiani, romelTanac cdispiri megobrobas amjobinebda, Cveulebriv, ori
sxvadasxva adamiania. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cveni ganwyoba erTi da igive
adamianis mimarT damokidebulia imaze, es adamiani Cveni TanamSromelia,
Tu megobari, anu ganwyoba sxvadasxvaa. aseTi monacemebi, cxadia,
arTulebs adamianTa urTierTobis Seswavlas, am adamianTa mimarT
ganwyobisa da qceviTi reaqciis daadgenis sakiTxebs. miuxedavad amisa,
49
zemoaRniSnuli sruliadac ar amtkicebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris
Sinagani bunebrivi kavSiri ar arsebobs.
mravali gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom garkveuli klasis
movlenebis mimarT adamianebis dadebiT ganwyobas, maT dadebiT emociur,
inteleqtualur Sefasebasa da maTdami sasikeTo qcevas Soris sakmaod
maRali korelacia arsebobs. sxva kvlevebma aseTi korelaciebi ar
daadastura (maiersi 2001).
ganvixiloT im gamokvlevebis Sedegebi, romlebic miuTiTeben
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris garkveuli kanonzomierebis arsebobas.
edvard jounsma, harold sigalma da riCard feijma (maiersi 2001)
sainteresod dadgmul erT-erT eqsperimentSi gamoavlines: Tu studentebs
sjerodaT, rom aparatura zustad zomavda maT ganwyobebs, isini aRar
styuodnen sakuTari Sexedulebebis da damokidebulebebis gadmocemisas.
cdispirebi simarTlis Tqmas amjobinebdnen, rom eqsperimentators ar
gamoetana daskvna maTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobis Sesaxeb. es magaliTi
cxadyofs, rom ganwyoba-qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria, Tu pirovnebis
ganwyobebi winaswar cnobilia damkvirveblisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenze zegavlenas axdenen ara mxolod Sinagani
ganwyobebi, aramed situaciac. mag.: adamianebis religiisadmi
damokidebuleba mTlianobaSi Znelad iZleva codnas imis Sesaxeb, wavlen
Tu ara es adamianebi uaxloes kvira dRes eklesiaSi (imitom rom amindi,
moZRvari, adamianis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba im momentSi da mravali
sxva mizezi SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas eklesiaSi wasvlis albaTobaze),
magram religiuri ganwyobebi sakmaod warmatebiT iZleva morwmuneTa
ricxvis prognozirebis saSualebas drois did SualedSi (fiSbeini ...
1974). aq moqmedebs agregaciis principi: qcevaze ganwyobis zemoqmedeba
ufro TvalnaTeli xdeba, rodesac ganvixilavT pirovnebas an qcevas
mTlianobaSi da ara calkeul qcevebs.
socialuri ganwyobis qceviTi komponenti warmoadgens qcevis
mxolod predispozicias. ganxorcieldeba Tu ara realurad qceva,
damokidebulia situaciur faqtorebze, gansakuTrebiT, Tavad pirovnebis
subieqtur warmodgenaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor qcevas moelian misgan.
mag.: SeiZleba adamiani zogadad ewinaaRmdegebodes marixuanis moxmarebas,
50
magram Tuki dainaxavs, rom misi megobrebi wveulebaze
erTobian narkotikiT, didi albaTobaa imisa, rom neitraluri poziciis
dakaveba amjobinos da ar aqcios es faqti kamaTis sababad; maSin, roca
gansxvavebul situaciaSi SeiZleba mZafri argumentebi moiyvanos
marixuanis moxmarebis sawinaaRmdegod da am gziT ecados narkotikisadmi
adamianTa damokidebulebis Secvalas (maiersi 2001).
sxva damatebiTi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi matulobs qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis saWiro ganwyobebis ufro zusti gansazRvris
SesaZlebloba. rogorc aRniSnaven aizek eijeni da martin fiSbeini
(eijeni ... 1980), rodesac gasazomi ganwyoba aris zogadi (mag.;
aziatebisadmi damokidebuleba), qceva ki _ Zalian konkretuli (mag.;
gadawyvetileba _ miviRoT Tu ara Cineli wyvili sastumroSi (r. la-
pieris kvlevebidan), ar unda movelodeT sityvebisa da qcevebis zust
Tanxvedras. sinamdvileSi, ganagrZoben m. fiSbeini da a. eijeni,
analogiuri 27 samecniero kvlevidan 26-is Sedegad miRebulia:
ganwyobebiT ver iwinaswarmetyveleba qceva, magram rogorc aCvena yvela
26 kvlevis monacemebma, romelTa moZiebac SesaZlebeli gaxda, realurad
ganwyobebi gansazRvravdnen qcevas, rodesac gasazomi cvladi mTlianad
Seesabameboda situacias.
amasve mowmobs r. veigelis, d. vernonis da l. tognacis masalebi
(veigeli ... 1974). Tumca pirovnebam SeiZleba gamoxatos keTilganwyobili
rwmenebi da SegrZnebebi samoqalaqo samarTlis dasacavad (Zalian zogadi
koncepti), magram nebayoflobiT ar misces 25 a.S.S. dolari samoqalaqo
samarTlis kavSirs (Zalian specifikuri qceva). SeiZleba pirovneba Zunwia
da misi keTilganwyobili SegrZnebebic namdvilia, Tumca es ar
gardaiqmneba finansuri wvlilis SetanaSi. an SeiZleba yovelgvari
mizezis gareSe hqondes negatiuri SegrZnebebi am organizaciis mimarT.
Semdgomma kvlevebma daadastura, rom specifiur saqmesTan
dakavSirebuli ganwyobebi marTlac winaswarmetyvelebdnen qcevas.
magaliTad, kontracepciasTan dakavSirebulma ganwyobebma
mniSvnelovanwilad iwinaswarmetyvela, Tu rogor iqneboda gamoyenebuli
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi. xolo meoradi nedleulis Sesaxeb
ganwyobebma (aramc da aramc zogadi ganwyobebi garemomcveli garemos
51
problemebis Sesaxeb) iwinaswarmetyvela maTi gamoyeneba (oskampi 1991).
imisaTvis, rom darwmunebis meSveobiT adamiani ganTavisufldes mavne
Cvevebisagan, unda SevcvaloT misi ganwyobebi specifiur CvevaTa mimarT
(eijeni ... 1986).
warsuli saqcielisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis Tundac
wamieri gaxseneba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, ganaxorcielos am
ganwyobebis Sesabamisi qceva (zana ... 1981). socialuri ganwyobebis
gaxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, isini warmarTaven pirovnebis qcevas.
or cvlads Soris kavSiris gaZlierebis mizniT mkvlevarebs
ganuwyvetliv uxdebaT cdispirebisaTvis maTi ganwyobebis Sexseneba (mag.;
mudmivad unda elaparako vinmes mimarT maT siyvarulze an siZulvilze).
rac ufro xSirad Seaxseneben ganwyobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro mtkice xdeba
obieqtsa da Sefasebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri da rac ufro Zlieri
iqneba es kavSiri, miT ufro advilia misi aRqma da miT ufro Zlieri
xdeba siyvarul-siZulvilis ganwyoba (facio 1995).
Cveni ganwyobebi ganapirobeben Cvens qcevebs maSinac, roca ganwyoba
Zlieria. ganwyoba ki Zlieria imitom, rom raRac gvaxsenebs mis Sesaxeb;
imitom, rom situacia aaqtiurebs aracnobier ganwyobas, romelic
SeumCnevlad warmarTavs movlenebis Cveneul aRqmas da maTze reaqcias, an
imitom, rom Cven moviqeciT swored iseTnairad, rogorc saWiro iyo
ganwyobis gasaZliereblad.
dadginda, rom socialuri ganwyoba miT ukeT winaswarmetyvelebs
qcevas, rac meti Zalisxmevaa, saWiro am ukanasknelisaTvis (Sulci ... 1996).
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganwyobasa da
qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar Cans, ganwyobis ganxilva aucilebelia
yvela misi ZiriTadi komponentis aspeqtSi. Cveulebriv, ganwyobis
komponentebs Soris erTmniSvnelovani SeTanxmebuli kavSiri arsebobs. im
dros, rodesac maT Soris ar aris Tavsebadi urTierToba, SesaZloa
dairRves pirdapiri kavSiri ganwyobis romelime komponentsa da qcevas
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba unda ganvixiloT yvela komponentis
TvalsazrisiT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba individis qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba. imaze, rom socialuri ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs qcevas, SeiZleba laparaki, rodesac gvaqvs e.w. umaRlesi
52
donis socialuri ganwyobebi, Rirebulebebi. saxeldobr, moraluri
qcevis Rirebulebebi, romlebic kategoriuli formiT moiTxovs garkveul
qcevas. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani, romelic garkveul Rirebulebebs
aRiarebs, ufro mkacrad daicavs maT, ar moeqceva SemTxveviTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS da sruliadac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom
sxvadasxva adamiani qcevaSi erTsa da imave Rirebulebas zustad
erTnairad gamoavlens (maiersi 2001).
arsebobs mosazreba, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris zog
SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri kavSiris darRveva gamowveulia ,,me”-s organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ganwyobis periferiulobiT (nadiraSvili 1985).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganwyobebi garkveul TanavarskvlavedTa
sistemas ayalibeben. sayuradReboa, rom yvelaze ufro udavo da
TvalnaTel gavlenas qcevaze axdenen SekavSirebulobis maRali xarisxis
mqone Tanavarskvlavedebi, xolo socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic
SedarebiT naklebad arian dakavSirebulebi sxva socialur ganwyobebTan,
xSirad amovardebian xolme sistemidan, rac iwvevs logikur
araTanimdevrobas da qcevaSi garkveul rigidobas.
TanavarskvlavedSi zogierTi ganwyoba ,,me”-s birTvs qmnis, ,,me”-s
sistemaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. aseTi ganwyobebi, sxvadasxva
sawinaaRmdego garemoebis miuxedavad, maTi Sesatyvisi obieqtebisa da
situaciis gamoCenis dros Sesatyvis qcevas aRZravs. ,,me”-s centralur
ganwyobebsa da qcevas Soris ar irRveva pirdapiri kavSirurTierToba.
Cveulebriv, ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris gansvlaa, rodesac adamiani
Tavisi periferiuli ganwyobis safuZvelze moqmedebs. am dros garkveul
Zalas iZens qcevis sxva faqtorebi da realur qcevas safuZvlad edeba
ganwyoba, romelic aRniSnuli faqtorebisa da periferiuli ganwyobis
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba.
zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis Semswavleli fsiqologebi, romlebic ar
iziareben ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiur Teorias, aseT axsnas
gvTavazoben: periferiul ganwyobaze moqmedi qcevis sxva faqtorebi
Trgunavs ganwyobas da individs Tavisi Sesatyvisi qcevisaken ubiZgebs. es
xdeba maSin, rodesac situacia orazrovania, Seicavs sxvadasxva
ganwyobebis aRmocenebis SesaZleblobebs da sxva (deviatkini 1999).
53
S. nadiraSvilis azriT (nadiraSvili 1985), ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxi unda gadawydes zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis
fonze.
ganwyobis erT-erT mxareSi sxvadasxva saSualebebiT garkveuli
cvlilebis Setanisas meoreSic aRmoCndeba cvlilebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
maTi urTierToba abstraqtuli ar aris. igi gaSualebulia im realuri
qcevis ganwyobiT, romelic adamians fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobisa
da qcevis sxva garegani da Sinagani faqtorebis erTobliobis
safuZvelze uCndeba. realuri qcevis win aRmocenebuli ganwyoba
aSualebs qcevasTan yovelgvar socialur ganwyobas. aRniSnuli debuleba
ganmtkicebulia eqsperimentuli kvleviT da igi aris
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi idea.
a. asmolovi (asmolovi ... 1977) gvTavazobs ganwyobis ierarqiuli
struqturis, rogorc qcevis regulaciis meqanizmis, cnebas, xolo
v. iadovi aaanalizebs dispoziciuri warmonaqmnebis ierarqiul
struqturas, romelic Sedgeba oTxi safexurisagan.
v. iadovma (iadovi 1979) kritikulad ganixila ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxebze amerikel fsiqologTa gamokvlevebi. misi azriT,
ganwyobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvleva CixSi moeqca, am
gamokvlevaTa sawyisi meTodologiuri poziciis uqonlobisa da im
gaurkvevlobis gamo, rac upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba socialuri
saqmianobis mwarmoebeli pirovnebis bunebis gagebaSi, romlebic am
gamokvlevebs edo safuZvlad. am mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad,
v. iadovis azriT, swori meTodologiuri da meToduri gzebis gamonaxvaa
saWiro. v. iadovs miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli krizisis daZlevis saSualebas
iZleva d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria. masSi daxasiTebulia fsiqologiuri
meqanizmi, qcevis ganwyoba, romelic asrulebs aqtivobisaTvis subieqtis
mobilizaciis funqcias, radgan ganwyoba, rogorc aqtivobisaTvis
pirovnebis mzaobis mdgomareoba, gulisxmobs garemosac da pirovnebis
moTxovnilebebsac, amitom igi uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis, misi warsuli
gamocdilebisa da qcevis erTianobas. ganwyobis ganmeorebiTi moqmedebis
gamo misi gafiqsireba xdeba da aseTi fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi pirovnebis
qcevaSi Tavadac monawileobs.
54
pirovnebis socialur aqtivobaSi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis
gasagebad mniSvnelovania d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis safuZvelze
damuSavebuli S. nadiraSvilis Sexeduleba fsiqikuri aqtivobis
ierarqiebis Sesaxeb. mecnierma miuTiTa fsiqikuri aqtivobis regulaciis
ara or doneze, rogorc fiqrobda d. uznaZe, aramed sam, Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebul, doneze.
v. iadovs moyavs aqtivobis sami donis daxasiaTeba im Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebul ganwyobaTa formebis mixedviT, romlebic adamianis
praqtikul, Teoriul da socialur aqtivobas ganapirobebs. v. iadovis
azriT, socialuri ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis gagebisaTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis mesame donis fsiqikuri aqtivobis
kanonzomierebas, sadac socialuri qcevis ganwyobis bazaze nebelobiTi
aqtivobis gamoyenebiT Sinagan da garegan faqtorebTan erTad
gaerTianebulia socialuri warmoSobis sxvadasxva fsiqikuri
tendenciebi. v. iadovi wers: ,,fsiqikuri aqtivobis mesame done, romelic
S.a. nadiraSvilis mier iyo gamoyofili, ukve pirovnebis socialur qcevas
exeba. es aris nebelobiTi aqtivobis done, romelic regulirdeba
RirebulebiTi orientaciebis, zneobrivi principebis sistemiT, romlebic
fiqsirebuli arian adamianis TviTcnobierebaSi da mis fsiqologiur
avtoportretSi.
amrigad, ganwyoba _ kerZod ki fiqsirebuli ganwyoba _ warmoadgens
subieqtis rogorc aracnobieri, ise cnobieri aqtivobis regulaciis
fsiqologiur meqanizms. masSi mocemulia rogorc umartivesi, ise rTuli
socialuri qcevis formebis meqanizmebi” (iadovi 1979: 20-21).
zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, rom v. iadovis azriT, socialur ganwyobasa
da qcevas Soris urTierTobis gasagebad saWiroa amovideT iseTi
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriidan, romelic garemosa da pirovnebis
Sinagani kavSiris debulebazea agebuli da amavdroulad iTvaliswinebs
fsiqikuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva doneebis diferenciaciasa da erTianobis
ideas. eqsperimentuli muSaobis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis
Camoyalibebisas v. iadovi sabolood saqmianobis Teoriisaken ixreba.
v. iadovis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda fsiqologebisa da sociologebis
didi jgufi. maT Camoayalibes adamianis socialuri saqmianobis
55
regulaciis socialur-fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelSic adamianis
socialuri aqtivobis Taviseburebani axsnilia adamianSi socialur
urTierTobaTa procesSi Camoyalibebuli RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseuli
orientaciis sistemis safuZvelze. socialuri qcevis regulaciis
aRniSnuli sistema maT esmiT, rogorc oTxi donis fsiqikuri
warmonaqmnebis struqtura. TiToeuli done gamoxatavs aqtivobaSi
pirovnebis ufro Rrma, arsebiT CarTulobas.
dispoziciuri ierarqiis pirvel dones qmnis martiv moqmedebaTa
Sesatyvisi fiqsirebuli ganwyobebis sistema. igi safuZvlad edeba
sagnebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad adamianSi aRmocebul impulsur qcevebs.
dispoziciebis am pirvel ierarqiul dones, v. iadovis azriT, qmnis im
ganwyobebis sistema, romlebsac S. nadiraSvili uwodebs praqtikuli
qcevis ganwyobebs (iadovi 1979).
dispoziciuri ierarqiis meore dones qmnis fiqsirebuli socialuri
ganwyobebis sistema. es is socialuri ganwyobebia, romlebic intensiurad
Seiswavleba sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi. isini yalibdeba sagnebisa
da movlenebis mimarT socialuri gavlenis Sedegad. dispoziciis
ierarqiis es done fsiqikuri aqtivobis nadiraSvilis mier
formulirebuli mesame donis aqtivobis ganwyobebisagan Sedgeba.
dispoziciuri warmonaqmnebis mesame dones Seadgens pirovnebis
garkveuli socialuri sferos zogadi, dominirebuli mimarTulebebi.
mimarTuleba, v. iadovis azriT, aris ufro rTuli saxis socialuri
ganwyobis sistema. S. nadiraSvilis azriT, igi warmoadgens socialuri
ganwyobis garkveul Tanavarskvlaveds.
dispoziciebis meoTxe dones qmnis RirebulebiTi orientaciebi,
cxovrebis miznebi da maTi dakmayofilebis fsiqikuri saSualebebi. isini
ayalibeben adamianis cxovrebis wess, msoflmxedvelobas, ideologias da
adamianis cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
es Teoria fiqsirebuli ganwyobis cnebis safuZvelzea agebuli.
,,uznaZis ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT, yoveli
dispoziciuri ganwyoba, romelic pirovnebis niSnad iqceva, qceviswinare
ganwyobis fiqsaciis safuZvelze iqmneba. erTidaimave xasiaTis qcevis
mravaljer Sesrulebis Semdeg am qcevaTa safuZvlad mdebare ganwyoba
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fiqsirebul ganwyobad da pirovnebis dispoziciur niSnad iqceva.
saTanado obieqtebis gamoCenis, msgavs situaciebSi moxvedris an am
mimarTulebiT Zlieri moTxovnilebis qonebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi
dispoziciuri fiqsirebuli ganwyoba isev aRmocendeba miuxedavad imisa,
rom xSirad es orive faqtori: moTxovnileba da sagani erTdroulad
araa mocemuli. ... Cveulebrivad, axali aqtualuri ganwyobis aRmocenebis
aucilebel pirobas Tu moTxovnileba, situacia da Sesatyvisi moqmedebis
saSualebebi qmnian, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis aqtivaciisaTvis xSirad erT-
erTi faqtoris zemoqmedebac sakmarisia. am dros xdeba fiqsirebuli
ganwyobis gaaqtiureba, romelic individs Tavisi Sesatyvisi qcevis
Sesrulebisaken warmarTavs.
rac ufro mtkice fiqsirebuli, dispoziciuri ganwyoba aqvs
adamians misi aqtivaciis dros, igi miT ufro am ganwyobis Sesatyvis
qcevas axorcielebs” (nadiraSvili 1985: 213-214).
garkveuli aqtualuri qcevis ganwyobis gareSe individs ar SeuZlia
fsiqikuri aqtivobis ganxorcieleba, Tavisi fsiqikuri Zalebis Tavmoyra
garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis. rodesac
aqtualizebul fiqsirebul ganwyobasa da mocemul viTarebas Soris
mcire gansxvavebaa, individi situaciis asimilacias axdens da mis qcevas
odnav Seusatyvisi viTareba ver aferxebs.
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris Sesatyvisobis gancda ar irRveva,
rodesac qcevis yoveli aspeqtis Secvla asimilaciis zonis farglebSi
xdeba. dispoziciuri ganwyobiT moqmedebis dros, rodesac ganwyobasa da
garemo sagnebs Soris Seusatyvisoba asimilaciis zonas scildeba, maTi
kontrastuli Sefaseba xdeba. aseTi kontrastuli gancdebi
aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli ganwyobis deaqtualizaciis process edeba
safuZvlad da individi axali Sesatyvisi ganwyobis SemuSavebas iwyebs.
imis mixedviT, Tu Sefasebuli debuleba ra damokidebulebaSia
ganwyobis mimarT, SeiZleba igi asimilaciuradac iyos gancdili da
kontrastuladac. amitom calkeuli movlenebis an debulebebis Sefasebis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ver miviRoT swori cnoba mis safuZvlad
mdebare ganwyobis Sesaxeb. adamianis dispoziciuri ganwyobis
57
dadgenisaTvis saWiroa ganwyobis gasazomi mravaldebulebiani meTodebis
gamoyeneba.
yvela komponentTan SedarebiT yvelaze ufro myari da
erTmniSvnelovani kavSiri, rogorc Cans, mainc ganwyobasa da qcevas
Soris arsebobs. amitom adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb Cvens prognozebSi
Secdomebi xSirad gamowveulia ara ganwyobasa da qcevis zogad
mimarTulebas Soris erTmniSvnelovani da pirdapiri kavSiris
uqonlobiT, aramed imiT, rom zustad ver davadgineT misi ganwyobis
Sinaarsi. am debulebas adasturebs S. nadiraSvilis eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevebi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen sensomotoruli ganwyobis bunebas
(nadiraSvili 1971).
socialuri ganwyobebi realur qcevaze ufro pirdapir gavlenas
axdenen, vidre masTan dakavSirebuli obieqtebis Sefasebaze. amitom ufro
rTulia kavSiri socialuri obieqtebis Sefasebasa da qcevas Soris,
vidre ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris. swored es viTareba unda iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli ,,la-pieris paradoqsis” ganxilvisas. masSi ganxilulia
ara ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris urTierToba, aramed kavSir-urTierToba
socialuri obieqtebis Sefasebasa da qcevas Soris. am sakiTxis
ganxilvisas ZiriTadad xdeba qcevisa da misi romelime faqtoris
urTierTobis analizi pirovnebisa da qcevis kategorialur cnebaTa
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sastumros mepatroneebis mier gamoTqmuli
uaryofiTi azri Cinelebis miRebis Sesaxeb miCneulia sastumroSi
klientis miRebis qcevis safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobad, romelic TiTqos
ratomRac zogierT situaciaSi ar moqmedebs. ,,namdvilad, Tu Cven kargad
gavaanalizebT am eqsperimentis situaciebs, vnaxavT, rom aq faqtiurad
ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierToba araa ganxiluli. misi Sedegebi imaze ar
miuTiTebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris araa garkveuli urTierToba”
(nadiraSvili 1985: 218).
fiqsirebuli ganwyobis safuZvelze obieqtebis mTeli seriis
SefasebaTa kompleqsuri monacemebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobis dadgena. specialuri eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevebiT, romlebSic cdispirebs evalebodaT sxvadasxva sididis
moZraobebis gameoreba, naCvenebia, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli
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individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velis bazisetalonis dadgena, romelic
faqtiurad misi sensomotoruli velis sayrden fiqsirebul ganwyobas
warmoadgens. amis mixedviT xdeba yvela danarCeni sididis Sefaseba.
,,rogor unda gavigoT qcevasa da socialur ganwyobas Soris
Seusatyvisobis dros socialuri ganwyobis Secvla Sesrulebuli qcevis
mimarTulebiT? _ SesaZloa, rogorc imis sabuTi, rom mxolod winaswari
dispoziciis (socialuri ganwyobis) codna ar aris sakmarisi piroba
qcevis gagebisaTvis, aramed yoveli qcevis win xdeba subieqtis arsobrivi
Zalebis organizacia im garemo situaciis Sesatyvisad, romelSic unda
gaiSalos qceva. vfiqrobT, rom socialuri fiqsirebuli ganwyobis
Secvla am organizaciis Sedegia” (baliaSvili 1980: 27).
adamianebs SeuZliaT Cawvdnen erTmaneTis ganwyobebs da moaxdinon
maTze zemoqmedeba. aRmoCnda isic, rom komunikaciis procesSi
arasemantikuri lingvisturi saSualebiTac ki, rogoricaa winadadebis
sigrZe, siRrme, tipi da sxva, swvdebian erTmaneTis ganwyobebs (mSvidobaZe
1990). amdenad, debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom verbaluri Sefasebebis
safuZvelze SeuZlebelia adamianis sensomotoruli da socialuri
ganwyobebis dadgena, mcdarad da miuReblad unda CaiTvalos.
r. la-pieris eqsperimentis situaciis ganxilva ganwyobis
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT
S. nadiraSvili (nadiraSvili 1985) ,,la-pieris paradoqsis”
asaxsnelad ganixilavs or situacias. pirvel situaciaSi Cinel
studentebTan erTad r. la-pieris sastumroSi misvla sastumros
mepatroneebSi iwvevs erTdroulad ori saxis ganwyobas: erTis mxriv
zogadad dadebiTs (klientebis miRebis da ganTavsebis), meores mxriv _
konkretulad Cinelebis mimarT uaryofiTs (radgan im periodSi amerikaSi
zangebisa da feradkanianebis mimarT crurwmenebi iyo gavrcelebuli).
magram mocemuli situaciisadmi arsebuli Cveuli ganwyoba (stumrebis
59
Tavazianad miReba) gamoirCeva ra siZlieriT da simyariT (es mepatroneTa
ZiriTadi profesiuli ganwyobaa!), rCeba ucvleli.
meore situaciaSi ganixileba sastumros mepatroneebis ganwyobebi
r. la-pieris werilis Sinaarsze. am SemTxvevaSi klientebis misvla
(Cveuli fiqsirebuli situacia) gamoiwvevda mepatroneebSi fiqsirebul
ganwyobebs, magram radgan situacia mepatroneebs aZlevda arCevanis
saSualebas _ miiRebdnen Tu ara Cinel mgzavrebs, maT mxolod sakuTari
damokidebuleba unda gamoexataT Cineli turistebis mimarT, Sesabamisad
gamoxates kidec uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba, sastumros mflobelebs cxadia
pirvel situaciaSic hqondaT, magram am ganwyobam ver moaxdina maTi
ZiriTadi ganwyobis gandevna, romelic ufro Zlieri da aqtualizebuli
iyo pirvel situaciaSi. Tu yovelive amas gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli
gaxdeba, rom ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis is interpretacia,
romelic r. la-pieris eqsperimentis safuZvelze xdeba, marTebuli araa.
aRniSnuli monacemebis safuZvelze keTdeboda daskvna, rom zog
SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas iwvevs da zogSi _ ara.
maSasadame, ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad ar iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas.
aseTi msjelobis dros mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli is viTareba, rom
pirvel SemTxvevaSi am situaciis Sesatyvisi, klientebis miRebis
aqtualizebuli ganwyoba iseve iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas, rogorc
meore SemTxvevaSi Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba _ werilobiT maT
miRebaze uaris Tqmas. orive SemTxvevaSi aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli
socialuri ganwyobis safuZvelze pirovneba ganwyobis Sesatyvis qcevas
axorcielebs.
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris bunebrivi urTierTobis darRvevas maSin
eqneboda adgili, rom identur SemTxvevebSi Cinelebi, maTdami uaryofiTi
ganwyobis miuxedavad, zogjer mieRoT sastumroSi, zogjer _ ara; an
sastumros patronebs ori Tavisufali adgilis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
TeTrkaniani klientebi uariT gaestumrebinaT Cinelebis sasargeblod.
r. la-pieris efeqtisa da Cvens mier samagaliTod motanili
eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis
fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobis codna garkveul situaciebSi Zalian
60
didi albaTobiT gvaZlevs misi momavali qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas. rodesac viciT individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi da is, Tu
romeli maTgania aqtualizebuli konkretul situaciaSi, TiTqmis sruli
darwmunebiT SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, pirovnebis mier
ganxorcielebuli qceva.
1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis eqsperimentuli Seswavlis
ZiriTadi Sedegebi
marTalia, zogjer vicavT im azrs, risac gvwams da gvjera, magram
isic marTalia, rom Cven gvwams da gvjera imisa, rasac vemxrobiT.
socialur-fsiqologiurma Teoriebma warmoSva kvlevebis didi
raodenoba, romelTac safuZvlad edo zemoaRniSnuli daskvna.
socialuri rolebiT ganpirobebuli qcevebi warmoSoben rolebis
SemsrulebelTa ganwyobebs. amas mowmobs f. zimbardos (maiersi 2001)
eqsperimenti. agreTve cnobilia faqtebi, rodesac msaxiobebi veRar
gamodian rolidan da realur cxovrebaSic ganagrZoben Sesabamis qcevas.
rolis Sesruleba ganapirobebs adamianTa ganwyobebs.
rolSi Sesvlis efeqtTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia efeqti,
romelsac hqvia ,,mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad”.
tori higinsma kolegebTan erTad Caatara eqsperimenti, sadac
naTlad gamoCnda, Tu rogor iqceva mtkicebuleba rwmenad. daskvna aseTi
iyo: adamianebi cdiloben informaciis morgebas msmenelze, Semdeg ki
Tavad iwyeben sakuTari naTqvamis dajerebas (maiersi 2001).
eqsperimentebma (grinvaldi ... 1987; leipe ... 1994) cxadyo, rom
rodesac adamianebi saxalxod iReben Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs, ufro
meti rwmeniT ekidebian saqmes.
eqsperimentebiT dadginda agreTve, rom adamianebi, romlebic
iZulebulni arian miscen zepiri da werilobiTi Cvenebebi imis Sesaxeb,
raSic ar arian mTlad darwmunebulni, sicruis gamo Tavs sakmaod
uxerxulad grZnoben. miuxedavad amisa, isini iwyeben imis dajerebas,
rasac amboben, erTi pirobiT _ Tu ar aris mcdeloba maTi mosyidvis an
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iZulebis. rodesac mosaubreze ar xdeba garegani zegavlena, misi
mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad (maiersi 2001).
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba rom efeqturi iyos, aucileblad
saWiroa avtoritetis yofna mocemul situaciaSi, radgan adamianebs ar
axasiaTebT iZulebiTi qcevis gaSinagneba.
principi ,,ganwyobebi qcevis Sedegia” damaxasiaTebelia agreTve
uzneo qcevebis umravlesobisTvisac. xSirad boroteba mudmivad mzardi
daTmobebis Sedegia. umniSvnelo cudma saqcielma SeiZleba gaaadvilos
ufro mZime danaSaulis Cadena.
qcevebi da ganwyobebi erTmaneTs asazrdoeben.
Tuki uzneo qcevebi ayalibebs pirovnebas, eqsperimentuli
monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom igivenairad moqmedebs zneobrivi saqcielic
(maiersi 2001).
am faqts adasturebs aSS-s istoriuli monacemebic _ sxva eTnikuri
jgufebis mimarT pozitiurma qcevam Seamcira rasobrivi uaryofiTi
winaswarganwyobebi, anu zneobrivi qceva asazrdoebs zneobriv ganwyobebs
(maiersi 2001).
cdebi adasturebs, rom vinmes mimarT pozitiuri qceva iwvevs am
adamianisadmi keTilganwyobas (maiersi 2001).
1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi
qcevaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa gavleniT socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis kvlevaSi or ZiriTad Temas arCeven: socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlas konfliqtis gadaWris, gadawyvetilebis gavleniT da socialuri
ganwyobisagan Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebuli qcevis damarwmunebel
zemoqmedebas pirovnebaze.
ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebas xsnian: TviTprezentaciis, kognituri
disonansis, TviTaRqmis, gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis,
daswavlis bihevioristuli TeoriebiT.
62
TviTprezentaciis Teoria Tanamimdevruli adamianis STabeWdilebis moxdenis survili yvelas
aqvs. am mizniT isini gamoxataven sakuTari qcevebis Sesabamis ganwyobebs.
Tanamimdevruli adamianis STabeWdilebis datovebis mizniT mravali
maTgani im ganwyobebis simulaciasac ki axdens, romlebisac sinamdvileSi
ar sjera. ra Tqma unda, es gulisxmobs garkveul aragulwrfelobas an
farisevlobas, samagierod, saWiro STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas
iZleva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase miaCniaT TviTprezentaciis Teoriis
mimdevrebs. zogierTi adamianisaTvis kargi STabeWdilebis moxdenis
survili cxovrebis wesia. akvirdebian ra mudmivad TavianT qcevas da
sxvaTa reaqcias am qcevaze, es adamianebi cvlian TavianT qcevebs,
rodesac es ukanasknelni ver axdenen sazogadoebaze sasurvel efeqts.
visac maRali Sefaseba aqvs TviTmonitoringis skalaze (mag.; isini, vinc
eTanxmeba mtkicebas, ,,vcdilob viyo swored iseTi, rogorsac moelian,
rom viqnebi”) moqmedeben, rogorc socialuri qameleonebi _ cdiloben
garemoebebze TavianTi qcevis morgebas, amisaTvis mzad arian mTlianad
miendon ganwyobas, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar iziareben (Snaideri 1987).
grZnoben ra sxvaTa damokidebulebas, naklebad iqcevian sakuTari
ganwyobebis Sesabamisad. TviTkontrolis meSveobiT aseTi adamianebi
advilad ergebian axal samsaxurs, rolebs da urTierTobebs. maT ki,
visac dabali qula aqvs TviTkontrolis skalaze, naklebad adardebT
sxva adamianebis azri, ufro xelmZRvaneloben Sinagani grZnobiT da amis
gamo ufro metad iqcevian da laparakoben TavianTi Sinagani grZnobebisa
da mrwamsis Sesabamisad (maiersi 2001). amitom maTi ganwyobebiT SegviZlia
qcevis winaswarmetyveleba. adamianTa umravlesoba ki zemoaRniSnuli
skalis polusebs Sorisaa.
sxva ori Teoria xsnis, Tu ratom iSinagneben adamianebi sakuTar
TviTprezentacias, rogorc sakuTari WeSmariti ganwyobis Secvlas.
kognituri disonansis Teoria
leon festinjeris kognituri disonansis Teoriis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ganwyobebis cvlilebas iwvevs is, rom adamianebi
iZulebulni arian SeinarCunon maT xelT arsebul informaciebs Soris
63
urTierTSeTanxmeba (festinjeri 1957). am Teoriis Tanaxmad, Cven vgrZnobT
daZabulobas (,,disonanss”), rodesac ori azri an ori mrwamsi (,,kognicia”)
fsiqologiurad araTavsebadia. aseTi ram xdeba, rodesac vambobT an
vakeTebT imas, ris mimarTac gvaqvs araerTmniSvnelovani gancdebi.
l. festinjeri amtkicebs, rom uaryofiTi SegrZnebis Sesamcireblad
adamianebi xSirad cdiloben moargon TavianTi azrovneba.
disonansis Teoria ZiriTadad Seexeba qcevasa da ganwyobebs Soris
gansvlas. Cven vacnobierebT erTsac da meoresac, anu Tuki vgrZnobT
araTanmimdevrulobas, gviCndeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis SegrZneba.
farTodaa cnobili l. festinjerisa da meril karlsmitis (maiersi
2001) eqsperimenti, romelic exeba arasakmarisi gamarTlebis efeqts. am
dros disonansis Semcireba xdeba sakuTari saqcielis Sinagani
gamarTlebis gziT, rodesac garegani gamarTlebebi ,,arasakmarisia”.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdgomi disonansi
mniSvnelovani gadawvetilebis miReba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs disonansis
Sesustebas, arCeuli alternativebis mimarT Seguebas da imis daviwyebas,
rac ukugdebulia.
sxvadasxva eqsperimentSi (horovici ... 1995) gamoCnda, rom rogorc ki
gadawyvetileba miRebulia, igi qmnis sakuTar sayrdenebs _ mizezebs,
romlebiTac vamarTlebT mis mizanSewonilobas. xSirad es axali
saZirkveli imdenad Zlieria, rom misi nawilis mocilebisas, Tundac
mTavari nawilisa, gadawyvetileba mainc ar Seicvleba.
TviTaRqmis Teoria
adamianis qceva miewereba an pirovnul Tvisebebs da ganwyobebs, an
garemo pirobebs. 1972w. daril bemis (bemi 1972) mier mowodebuli
TviTaRqmis Teoria gamodis iqidan, rom adamiani msgavs daskvnebs akeTebs,
rodesac sakuTar qcevas akvirdeba.
Tu kognituri disonansis Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac qcevis
reabilitaciisaTvis arasakmarisia garegani motivebi, adamiani Sinagani
gamarTlebebis moZebnis saSualebiT amcirebs disonanss, TviTaRqmis
64
Teoriis mixedviT: TavianT qcevas adamianebi xsnian im pirobebiT,
romlebSic es qceva xorcieldeba.
Tu adamianebs davajildoebT imisaTvis, ramac maT ukve moutana
dakmayofileba, isini TavianT qcevas jildos miaweren, riTac ukuagdeben
grZnobas, rom moqmedebdnen mxolod imitom, rom maT es mowondaT.
eqsperimentebi, romlebic Caatares edvard disma da riCard raianma
roCesteris universitetSi, mark leperma da devid grinma stenfordSi da
en bojianom TanamSromlebTan erTad (bojiano ... 1992) kolorados
universitetSi, amtkicebs ,,zegamarTlebis efeqts”.
rogorc xazgasmiT aRniSnavs TviTaRqmis Teoria, moulodneli
jildo ar amcirebs Sinagan interess, radgan adamianebi qcevas miaweren
TavianT Sinagan motivebs (horovici ... 1995).
,,zegamarTlebis efeqts” adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac pirovnebas
winaswar sTavazoben jildos, romelic mas ar sWirdeba, cdiloben ra
amgvarad misi qcevis gakontrolebas. aq mniSvnelovania, Tu ras
gulisxobs dajildoveba. jildo da Seqeba, rac adamianebs aiZulebs
ifiqron: ,,me amas Zalian kargad vakeTeb”, xels uwyobs Sinagani
motivaciis zrdas. jildo, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianebis
gakontrolebas da aiZulebs maT daijeron, rom mTeli Zalisxmeva swored
jildos gamo gaiRes (,,me es fulis gamo gavakeTe”), amcirebs sasiamovno
amocanis Sinagan gamarTlebas (maiersi 2001).
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoria gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoria Seqmnes leon
festinjeris oponentebma irvin jainisma, leon manma da sxvebma (jainisi ...
1968). am Teoriis Tanaxmad ori Tanabrad mimzidveli alternativis dros
xdeba TiToeul maTganze informaciis dagroveba da Sefaseba, faqtiurad
maTi xelaxali interpretacia, rac pirovnebas aZlevs konfliqtisagan
Tavis daRwevisa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas.
gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi mdgomareoba gulisxmobs narCeni
(rezidualuri) konfliqtis gadaWras, risTvisac kvlav gagrZeldeba
alternativebis mimzidvelobis gaTiSvis, dacilebis (spreading apart)
procesi, radgan konfliqti pirovnulad Zalze Semawuxebeli
65
mdgomareobaa. amrigad, i. jainisi, l. mani da sxvebi amtkiceben, rom
gadawyvetilebiswina da gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi periodebisaTvis
arsebiTad erTi da igive kognituri procesia damaxasiaTebeli da
gadawyvetilebis aqti fsiqikuri procesebisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis ar aris.
l. festinjeris aTive gamokvleva mieZRvna faqtiurad imis dadgenas,
Tu rodis iwyeba alternativebis tendenciuri Sefaseba _ konfliqtis
dros (konfliqtidan gamosvlisaTvis), Tu gadawyvetilebis Sedegad
(warmoSobili disonansis reduqciis mizniT). miuxedavad l. festinjeris
Sromatevadi samuSaoebisa, sakiTxi daxuruli ar aris, radgan am
eqsperimentebma mZafri kritika daimsaxura.
zogadad, gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoriis Tanaxmad
subieqti motivirebulia, Seamciros mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis
miRebis dros aRZruli daZabuloba, romelic dakavSirebulia moqmedebis
romelime kursis arCevis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobil siZneleebTan. arsebobs
gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtis ori ZiriTadi tipi: I _ aq da axla
arsebuli konfliqti moqmedebs raime kursis survilsa da survilis
ararsebobas Soris. II _ anticipirebuli konfliqti, romelic aRiZvreba
uaxloes momavalSi, Tuki ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebis
yvela Sedegi; wuxili gadawyvetilebis sisworis gamo.
i. jainisis da misi jgufis ZiriTadi daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom rodesac subieqti ganixilavs moqmedebis alternatiul kursebs,
eZebs sakiTxis gadawyvetis gzas, romelic warmoSobs did gansvlas
(diskrepantobas) dilemis warmomSob miaxloebisa da ganridebis
erTdroulad arsebul tendenciebs Soris. amdenad, igi cdilobs yvela
gadawyvetilebis transformirebas erT iseT gadawyvetilebad, romelSic
isini erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iqneba.
amavdroulad, yvela, visac gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs, erTis mxriv,
eswrafvis gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtidan swrafad gamosvlas, meores
mxriv, moqmedebis raime kursis arCevamde cdilobs yvela momdevno
Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas, rom bolos ar inanos.
konfliqtis TiToeuli tipi Taviseburad gadaiWreba. Tu axla da
amJamad mimdinare konfliqti dominirebs, gadawyvetilebis subieqti
66
ecdeba swrafad gaeqces mas da konfliqtidan gamosvlis impulsur
meqanizmebs daeyrdnoba. kognituri procesi, romelic safuZvlad udevs
amgvar gadaWras, Zalze zedapirulia, xolo Tu anticipirebuli
konfliqtia ufro Zlieri, maSin konfliqtis gadaWra moxdeba
alternativebis ganxilviT, SefasebiT, yvelaze mimzidveli alternativis
moZebniT da misi Rirebulebis aRmatebiT.
socialur ganwyobaze araTavsebadi qcevis gavlenis analizi
bihevioristul TeoriaSi
bihevioristuli Teoria varaudobs, rom socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis Sedegad socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis
sidide pirdapir damokidebulebaSia gasamrjelos sididesTan, anu rac
ufro didia jildo, miT ufro metia socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis
molodini.
ras efuZneba gasamrjelos sididesa da socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis sidides Soris pirdapiri damokidebulebis es varaudi?
socialuri ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis analizidan gamodis, rom
Zlieri stimuli, didi jildo metad da ukeT aamoqmedebs subieqts, met
arguments moataninebs mas. rac ufro Zlieria argumentebi, miT metad
damarwmunebelni iqnebian subieqtisaTvis. amrigad, uxvi gasamrjelo
iwvevs moqmedebis ukeT Sesrulebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs darwmunebas,
CarTulobas qcevaSi gamoxatul poziciaSi.
e. aronsonis azriT (veiteni 1992), mcire da didi disonansis
gamomwvevi situaciebis mixedviT vRebulobT disonansis an ganmtkicebis
efeqtebs, mcire disonansis dros wamyvani xdeba ganmtkiceba,
mniSvnelovani disonansis dros _ disonansis reduqcia.
m. rozenbergi (rozenbergi 1966) askvnis, rom martivi socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego aqtivobis dros ZalaSia disonansis efeqti,
xolo rTuli qcevis dros damokidebuleba dasaCuqrebasa da socialuri
ganwyobis Secvlas Soris pirdapirproporciulia da gamowveulia
ganmtkicebiT.
67
amrigad, Cvens mier dasaxelebuli mkvlevarebi da maTTan erTad
sxvebic (maiersi 2001) fiqroben, rom winaaRmdegoba daswavlis
bihevioristul Teoriasa da kognituri disonansis Teoriis varaudebs
Soris gadawydeba imis CvenebiT, rom viTarebebisdamixedviT dominirebs
disonansis, an daswavlis efeqtebi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis ganxilvis dros aqvs imis dadgenas, aRiZra
Tu ara disonansi. Tu aRiZreba disonansis mniSvnelovani raodenoba,
fsiqikur aqtivobaSi wamyvani gaxdeba disonansis reduqcia, miviRebT
socialuri ganwyobis meti sididiT Secvlas naklebi gasamrjelos dros.
Tu socialuri ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevam SedarebiT umniSvnelo
disonansi aRZra _ gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas moipovebs ganmtkiceba da meti
dasaCuqreba socialuri ganwyobis met Secvlas gamoiwvevs.
bolos Sejamebis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom pirvel TavSi, romelic
literaturis mimoxilvas daeTmo, vaCveneT, rom ganwyoba-qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria. naxevar saukuneze metia
(gansakuTrebiT, gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebidan) socialuri
fsiqologebi dakavebulni arian aRniSnuli Temis kvleviT. TiToeul
mecniers, vinc am sakiTxs Seexo, hqonda ambicia, problema daenaxa im
kuTxiT, rac erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetda mis irgvliv kamaTs.
ganwyobis meSveobiT qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb arsebobs uamravi
mosazreba: gasazomi cvladi mTlianad unda Seesabamebodes situacias;
Seusabamoba xSirad gamowveulia SecdomiT _ ganwyobis nacvlad ikvleven
qcevis ganzraxvas; arsebiTia ganwyobis Sinaarsis dadgena; qcevis
ganxorcielebisas mniSvnelovania situaciuri faqtorebi; pirovneba an
qceva saWiroa, ganvixiloT mTlianobaSi _ aras gvargebs calkeuli
qcevebis Seswavla; mniSvnelovania qcevisaTvis daxarjuli Zalisxmeva,
ganwyobis siZliere da sxva mravali.
sxvadasxva mosazrebebis gacnobis Sedegad Camogviyalibda sakuTari
xedva. kerZod, migvaCnia, rom calkeuli socialuri ganwyobebis kvleva
ver gadawyvets problemas. aqcenti gasakeTebelia socialuri ganwyobis
struqturaze. anu, sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT warmoCindeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi
68
miviRebT, rom ganwyobebi cal-calke, erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ki
ar arseboben, aramed erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni da qmnian
garkveul sistemebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs. TanavarskvlavedebSi ki unda
arsebobdes garkveuli kanonzomiereba, romelsac daeqvemdebareba
socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqtualurobis
miuxedavad, mocemul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli monacemebi moipoveba.
Cven ganvixileT l. fergiusonis (fergiusoni 1939), T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985)
kvlevebi, romlebic Tumca yvelaze axlos idgnen Cvens mier dasmul
sakiTxTan, bolomde naTels ver hfendnen mas. l. fergiusonis mier
Catarebuli muSaobis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom
kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT
Semoifargla. amave dros ar dainteresebula ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis eqsperimentuli kvleviT. T. CxeiZem, aseve mcire raodenobaze,
mxolod oTx socialur obieqtze, Caatara kvleva, romlebic, misi azriT,
Sinaarseulad iyvnen msgavsebi. am SemTxvevaSi T. CxeiZis ZiriTadi
interesi iyo konsistentobis tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis
monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.
dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla
naklebia. mocemuli problemis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben erTis
mxriv ganwyoba-qcevis urTierTobaSi, meores mxriv _ socialuri
ganwyobis SecvlaSi. amitom gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis kanonzomierebebis Semdgomi kvleva. Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adre monacemTa damuSavebis mwiri
SesaZleblobebis gamo mecnierTaTvis Zneli iyo srulyofili Sedegebis
miReba, xolo Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis statistikurad maRali xarisxiT
damuSavebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, naTeli xdeba aseTi kvlevis
Catarebis aucilebloba da imedi gveZleva, rom Cveni molodinebi,
razedac zemoT iyo saubari, gamarTldeba.
muSaobis dasawyisSi davuSviT Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri
ganwyobebis struqturaSi centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis
69
Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis
mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
aRniSnuli hipoTezis sisworis Semowmebis mizniT CavatareT
empiriuli kvlevebi. upirveles yovlisa, davgegmeT Cveni muSaoba,
romelSic gamovyaviT ramdenime etapi. qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba
saubari TiToeuli etapis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb.
pirvel etapze miznad davisaxeT, rom dagvedasturebina da
dagvedgina socialur ganwyobaTaSoris kavSiris arseboba. amisaTvis
CavatareT kvleva, romlis Tanmimdevruli aRwera qvemoTaa moyvanili.
Tavi 2
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura
(empiriuli kvleva)
kvlevis masala
socialuri ganwyobebi vikvlieT 44 Rirebulebis mimarT. es
ukanasknelni SevarCieT S. Svarcis Rirebulebebis sakvlevi skalidan,
agreTve Tsu fsiqologiis fakultetis socialuri fsiqologiis
kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan, romelic Rirebulebebs exeboda. es
Rirebulebebia: Tanasworoba, Sinagani harmonia, socialuri Zalaufleba,
Tavisufleba, socialuri wesrigi, simdidre, erovnuli kultura,
SemoqmedebiToba, mSvidoba msoflioSi, tradiciebis pativiscema,
TviTdisciplina, ojaxis usafrTxoeba, megobroba, silamaze, socialuri
samarTlianoba, damoukidebloba, zomiereba, erTguleba, Tavmdabloba,
gambedaoba, patiosneba, cnobismoyvareoba, mimtevebloba, alkoholi,
samSoblo, seqsualuri Tavisufleba, daSineba, klasikuri kultura, me,
qorwineba, adamiani, danaSauli, ganaTleba, fuli, mecniereba, sasjeli,
70
sicrue, politika, sikeTe, kanoni, Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba,
Zalaufleba, iumori, religia.
meTodi
zemoaRniSnuli 44 Rirebulebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobis
sakvlevad gamoviyeneT semantikuri diferencialis meTodi, romelic
mravali mkvlevaris azriT, sandoobisa da validobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
socialuri ganwyobebis efeqtur sazoms warmoadgens (petrenko 1988).
bipolarul Svidsafexurian semantikuri diferencialis skalaze yoveli
Rirebuleba fasdeboda TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT.
kerZod, es wyvilebia: sasiamovno-arasasiamovno; mowesrigebuli-qaosuri;
gluvi-xorkliani; Rrma-zedapiruli; azriani-uazro; rTuli-martivi;
naTeli-bundovani; mSvenieri-uSno; gulwrfeli-aragulwrfeli; kargi-
cudi; gamokveTili-bundovani.
Svidsafexuriani skalis gamoyenebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT saerTo
miRebuli azriT, rom is optimaluria da misaRebia yvela kulturis da
klasis warmomadgenlisaTvis. rac Seexeba zedsarTav saxelebs,
gamoviyeneT SefasebiTi faqtoris Sesatyvisi 11 skala. am SemTxvevaSi
Cveni arCevani gansazRvra iman, rom bolo dros gavrcelebuli
definiciis mixedviT socialuri ganwyoba aris garemomcveli
samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebuleba. zedsarTavi saxelebis wyvilebi
SevarCieT Tsu fsiqologiis fakultetis socialuri fsiqologiis
kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan.
cdispirebs, tendenciuri pasuxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
zedsarTavi saxelebi kanonzomierebis daucvelad, gangeb Secvlili
polusebiT miewodebodaT, agreTve maTTvis samuSaos gasaadvileblad
Svidsafexuriani skala ricxvebiT ar warmogvidgenia _ mivmarTeT aseT
SemTxvevebSi aprobirebul meTods: skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3 SevusabameT
Sefaseba ,,Zalian”; -2; +2 _ ,,saSualod”; -1; +1 _ ,,sustad”; 0 _
,,neitraluri”. amdenad, erTi Rirebulebis magaliTze kiTxvari
Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda (ix. tabula):
71
tabula
Tanasworoba
Zalian
saS
ual
od
sustad
neit
ral
.
sustad
saS
ual
od
Zalian
sasiamovno _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arasasiamovno
qaosuri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mowesrigebuli
gluvi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ xorkliani
zedapiruli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rrma
uazro _ _ _ _ _ _ _ azriani
martivi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rTuli
naTeli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bundovani
uSno _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mSvenieri
gulwrfeli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aragulwrfeli
cudi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kargi
bundovani _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gamokveTili
(sruli varianti ix. danarTi #1)
cdispirebi
kvlevebSi gavrcelebuli tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT cdispirebad
SevarCieT studentebi. sul kvlevaSi monawileobda 216 piri, romlebic
Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis 32 fakultetis sxvadasxva
kursis studentebi iyvnen. SevecadeT, maqsimalurad mogvecva sxvadasxva
socialuri fena. konkretulad, Cveni cdispirebi iyvnen
qvemoTCamoTvlili umaRlesi skolebis studentebi: iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, sulxan-saba orbelianis sax.
pedagogiuri universiteti, Tbilisis teqnikuri universiteti, mcire
akademia, kavkasiis universiteti (yofili kavkasiis biznes-skola CSB),
evropis marTvis skola (ESM Tbilisi), ekonomikisa da samarTlis
germanulenovani instituti.
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kvlevis aRwera
kvlevis dawyebis win cdispirs eZleoda Semdegi instruqcia:
,,gTxovT, ixelmZRvaneloT mocemuli skaliT da zedsarTavi saxelebis
gamoyenebiT SeafasoT Tqveni damokidebuleba TiToeuli Rirebulebis
mimarT. skalis saSualebiT SegiZliaT gamoxatoT ara marto Tqveni
damokidebuleba (mag.: sasiamovno-arasasiamovno), aramed misceT mas
raodenobrivi Sefasebac. kerZod, sityva ,,neitraluris” marcxniv
ganlagebuli ,,sustad”, ,,saSualod”, ,,Zalian” ekuTvnis marcxena rigSi
Camoweril zedsarTav saxelebs, xolo ,,neitraluris” marjvniv
aRniSnuli ,,sustad”, ,,saSualod”, ,,Zalian” _ zedsarTavi saxelebis
marjvena rigs. TiToeuli qveskalis gaswvriv mxolod erTi aRniSvnis
gakeTebis ufleba gaqvT. aRniSvna SegiZliaT gaakeToT Tqveni
Sexedulebisamebr: ,,plusis” dasmiT, ujris gaferadebiT, an SemoxazviT.
ar gamotovoT arcerTi qveskala. mniSvnelovania, rom didxans ar
ifiqroT, aRniSvnebi gaakeToT spontanurad, pirveli gancdis mixedviT.
kvleva safuZvlad edeba Cems sadisertacio naSroms, romelic exeba
socialuri ganwyobebis struqturebs. Temis dasamuSaveblad didi
raodenobis monacemebi Sejerdeba da Sedegad gamoikveTeba ara Tqveni,
konkretuli pirovnebis damokidebulebebi Rirebulebebis mimarT, aramed
vilaparakebT Tbilisis studentebSi Cvens mier gamovlenil zogad
tendenciebze; amitomac, SegiZliaT Tavisuflad gamoxatoT Tqveni
damokidebulebebi. Sesabamisad, Tqven ar gevalebaT personaluri
informaciis (saxelis, gvaris, telefonis, misamarTis) aRniSvna, aramed
zogadi suraTis Sesaqmnelad gTxovT, kiTxvaris bolos mxolod asakis,
sqesis, ganaTlebis, profesiis da Sevsebis TariRis miTiTebas”. amgvari
instruqcia saWirod miviCnieT imis gamo, rom studentebSi
TviTprezentirebisa da amave dros garkveuli sxva mosazrebebis mizniT
gamowveuli araauTenturi pasuxebi gamogvericxa. agreTve yvela
respodents mivmarTavdiT: ,,visac raime mizezis gamo aRniSnul kvlevaSi
monawileobis miRebis survili ar gaqvT, gTxovT pirdapir ganacxadoT
amis Sesaxeb da daufiqreblad nu SeavsebT kiTxvars, vinaidan sakiTxis
mimarT ZaldatanebiTi, zerele, upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba
73
zemoqmedebas iqoniebs saboloo Sedegze. es ki, nu dagaviwydebaT, rom
aris seriozuli mecnieruli kvleva da unda vecadoT, maqsimalurad
dazRveuli viyoT uzustobebisagan. msgavsi gamokiTxvebis Sedegadaa
miRebuli an uaryofili uamravi debuleba da warmoidgineT,
respodentebs rom ar gamoeCinaT gulwrfeloba da gulisxmiereba,
yuradReba, sakiTxisadmi seriozuli midgoma, ramdenad Raribi iqneboda
Cveni codna im uamrav sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romlebiTac dRes
siamovnebiT vapelirebT xolme kerZo saubrebSi, an Tundac mecnierul
naSromebSi. amdenad, vinc gadawyvets kiTxvaris Sevsebas, SeuZlia
CaTvalos, rom Tavisi friad mokrZalebuli, magram mainc wvlili Seaqvs
mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi”. am mimarTvis Semdeg iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
ramdenime potenciurma cdispirma uari Tqva kiTxvaris Sevsebaze,
danarCenebi ki mTeli seriozulobiT moekidnen sakiTxs.
kiTxvaris Sevsebis dawyebamde, meti garkveulobisa da
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs da vuxsnidiT, Tu
rogor unda gakeTebuliyo aRniSvna. instruqtaJis dasasrul, kidev
erTxel vazustebdiT zogierT detals: ,,gmadlobT TanamSromlobisaTvis.
SekiTxvis warmoSobisa an sxva gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi gTxovT,
mommarToT. SegiZliaT daiwyoT Sevseba”. cdispirebi droSi ar iyvnen
SezRudulebi.
Sedegebi da analizi:
damuSavebis win, monacemebs gaukeTda rekodireba _ zedsarTavi
saxelebi, romlebic cdispirebs Secvlili polusebiT miewodebodaT,
erTi mimarTulebiT gadakodirda.
yoveli cdispirisaTvis gamoviangariSeT TiToeuli Rirebulebis
zedsarTavebiT SefasebaTa saSualo ariTmetikuli da SevadgineT cxrili,
sadac warmovadgineT 216-ve cdispiris mier 44 Rirebulebis
gasaSualoebuli Sefasebebi.
socialuri ganwyobebi davalageT maTi Sefasebebis saSualo
ariTmetikuli sidideebis klebadobis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac gamoikveTa
cdispirebisaTvis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelovnoba
74
(yvelaze metad mniSvnelovanidan yvelaze naklebad mniSvnelovnamde).
nakvlev sociumSi Rirebulebebis ierarqia Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix.
cxrili #1)
Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom qarTul kulturaSi arsebobs
maradiuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic TavianT mniSvnelobas saukuneebis
manZilze ar kargaven. megobroba, erTguleba, sikeTe, rasac jer kidev XII
saukuneSi xotba Seasxa SoTa rusTavelma, XXI saukunis qarTvel
studentebSic (xazgasmiT aRvniSnav _ Cvens momaval TaobaSi _ student
axalgazrdobaSi) prioritetul faseulobebad rCeba. agreTve sainteresoa
iseTi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis, rogoricaa ganaTleba, mesame adgilze
moxvedra. ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva sulierebaze orientireba, ramac
asaxva hpova kvlevis SedegebSic. kerZod, sxvebTan SedarebiT maRal
poziciebze aRmoCnda iseTi faseulobebi, rogoricaa: religia, patiosneba,
Sinagani harmonia, mimtevebloba. am Temas aRar ganvavrcobT, radgan
sakiTxi Cveni kvlevis farglebs scildeba.
saSualo Sefasebebis matricaSi miRebuli monacemebi faqtoruli
analizis ZiriTadi komponentebis meTodiT damuSavda (kompiuteruli
programa SPSS _ statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis _
gamoyenebiT). gamoiyo rva faqtori. faqtoruli sivrcis brunva
(koordinatTa RerZebis mobruneba) movaxdineT ,,varimaqsis” meTodiT
kaizeris normalizaciis gamoyenebiT, ris Sedegadac Rirebulebebi
faqtorul sivrceSi Semdegnairad ganawilda (ix. cxrili #2).
zogierTi Rirebuleba maRal korelaciaSi aRmoCnda ramdenime
faqtorTan, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini am faqtorebs Soris
damakavSirebeli rgolis rols asruleben. kerZod, Rirebulebebi _
cnobismoyvareoba da alkoholi _ korelireben mesame faqtorTan, Tumca
garkveulwilad dakavSirebulebi arian meoTxe faqtorTanac; socialuri
samarTlianoba _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel faqtorTan;
mSvidoba msoflioSi _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel da
meore faqtorebTan; Tanasworoba _ merve faqtorTan da agreTve pirvel,
meore da meeqvse faqtorebTan (cxrilSi #2 gamoyofilia daxrili
SriftiT).
75
cxrili #1
# Rirebulebebi M 1 megobroba 1.93 2 erTguleba 1.92 3 ganaTleba 1.92 4 sikeTe 1.89 5 ojaxis usafrTxoeba 1.75 6 religia 1.75 7 patiosneba 1.73 8 erovnuli kultura 1.69 9 klasikuri kultura 1.69 10 Sinagani harmonia 1.64 11 mimtevebloba 1.64 12 samSoblo 1.55 13 mecniereba 1.53 14 Tavisufleba 1.47 15 damoukidebloba 1.46 16 TviTdisciplina 1.46 17 mSvidoba msoflioSi 1.43 18 qorwineba 1.40 19 silamaze 1.39 20 SemoqmedebiToba 1.39 21 zomiereba 1.34 22 me 1.24 23 tradiciebis pativiscema 1.19 24 gambedaoba 1.18 25 Tanasworoba 1.18 26 iumori 1.18 27 socialuri samarTlianoba 1.18 28 socialuri wesrigi 1.17 29 Tavmdabloba 1.08 30 kanoni 1.07 31 adamiani 0.80 32 simdidre 0.67 33 Zalaufleba 0.64 34 fuli 0.48 35 socialuri Zalaufleba 0.36 36 Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba 0.22 37 seqsualuri Tavisufleba 0.12 38 cnobismoyvareoba 0.06 39 sasjeli -0.18 40 politika -0.47 41 alkoholi -0.54 42 daSineba -0.96 43 danaSauli -0.99 44 sicrue -1.27
(detaluri cxrili ix. danarTi #2).
76
cxrili #2 faqtori 1 faqtori 2
Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona Rirebuleba
faqtoruli wona
sikeTe 0.77 Sinagani harmonia 0.67
patiosneba 0.75 erovnuli kultura 0.64
erTguleba 0.75 Tavisufleba 0.63
ganaTleba 0.74 socialuri wesrigi 0.56
zomiereba 0.70 mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.38
mimtevebloba 0.69 Tanasworoba 0.31
klasikuri kultura 0.66
ojaxis usafrTxoeba 0.66
gambedaoba 0.65
damoukidebloba 0.65
megobroba 0.63
TviTdisciplina 0.63
qorwineba 0.62
samSoblo 0.60
religia 0.57
mecniereba 0.56
Tavmdabloba 0.56
silamaze 0.54
tradiciebis pativiscema
0.53
SemoqmedebiToba 0.53
kanoni 0.50
me 0.47
socialuri samarTlianoba 0.46
mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.34
Tanasworoba 0.22
77
faqtori 3 faqtori 4
Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona sasjeli 0.78 simdidre 0.66
sicrue 0.60 fuli 0.64
daSineba 0.59seqsualuri Tavisufleba
0.63
danaSauli 0.56 iumori 0.52
cnobismoyvareoba 0.53 alkoholi 0.40
alkoholi 0.40 cnobismoyvareoba 0.36 faqtori 5 faqtori 6
Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba
0.75socialuri Zalaufleba
0.80
adamiani 0.63 Zalaufleba 0.69
politika 0.61 Tanasworoba 0.25 faqtori 7 faqtori 8
Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona socialuri samarTlianoba
0.56 Tanasworoba 0.63
mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.44
(faqtoruli analizis Sedegebis sruli varianti ix. danarTi #3).
monacemebis damuSavebam cal-calke _ sqesis da asakobrivi
jgufebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva suraTi mogvca, rac vfiqrobT, saWiroebs
Semdgom Seswavlas da udaod saintereso iqneba. magram am sakiTxs ar
CavRrmavebivarT, radgan igi scildeba Cveni kvlevis farglebs. am
SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess Seadgenda socialuri ganwyobebis struqturis
dadgena zogadad, nacvlad konkretuli sociumis, Tu sqesobriv-
asakobrivi jgufebis sistemebs Soris gansxvavebebis kvlevisa.
78
daskvna:
amrigad, faqtoruli analiziT miRebulma Sedegebma aCvena, rom
Rirebulebebis mimarT arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebi dajgufda
faqtorebis mixedviT da amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT TiToeul jgufSi
Semaval socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebul garkveul kavSirze.
Tavi 3
socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
uamravi kvlevaa Catarebuli damarwmunebeli komunikaciis gavleniT
socialuri ganwyobebis Secvlis Seswavlis mizniT. komunikaciis
procesSi gamoyofen ramdenime komponents. mokled ganvixilavT TiToeul
maTgans.
3 . 1 . ko mu n i k atori
komunikaciis procesSi erT-erTi mTavari roli komunikators, anu
informaciis wyaros miekuTvneba. rac ufro dadebiTad afaseben adamianebi
komunikators, miT maRalia albaToba imisa, rom dadebiTad Seafaseben
komunikaciasac da moaxdenen TavianTi ganwyobebis modificirebas am
komunikaciis Sesabamisad. es aris efeqtis gadatanis ideis zemoqmedebis
logikuri Sedegi. komunikatoris garkveuli Tvisebebi ganapirobebs
misTvis micemul dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas, romelic adamianebs
pirdapir gadaaqvT komunikatoris mier gamoxatul poziciaze.
ndoba
adamianebi ukeTesad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas im komunikatorebis
mxridan, romlebic imsaxureben ndobas. ndobis pirveli kvleva, romelmac
79
aRniSnuli efeqtis zemoqmedeba gamoavlina, iyo k. hovlandisa da v. veisis
mier SemuSavebuli testi (hovlandi ... 1952). Sedegebma aCvena, rom maRali
ndobis gamomwvevi wyaros komunikaciebi metad iwvevdnen ganwyobis
Secvlas, vidre naklebi ndobis gamomwvevisa. wyarosadmi maRali ndobis
mniSvneloba araerTxel iqna demonstrirebuli da igi sakamaTo aRar
aris. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena ndobis ori
damoukidebeli komponentis arseboba. esaa kompetenturoba da saimedooba
(hovlandi ... 1952).
Cveulebriv, kompetenturi wyaro ufro damarwmunebelia, vidre
arakompetenturi, rac kvlevebiT dasturdeba (teilori ... 2004).
garda kompetenturobisa mniSvnelovania, auditoria darwmunebuli
iyos imaSi, rom komunikatori ar axdens misiT manipulirebas, amJRavnebs
Ria da patiosan ganzraxvas. aRiqmebodes, rogorc miukerZoebeli da
sando. sando adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben is komunikatorebi,
romlebsac garkveuli poziciis dakavebiT mxolod mcire sargeblis
miRebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, xolo naklebad sandoebi arian, rodesac
ikaveben garkveul pozicias imitom, rom sxva adamianebis darwmunebiT
miiRon piradad TavisTvis garkveuli sargebeli.
sandoobis STabeWdilebas aZlierebs agreTve wyaros
mravalricxovnoba, anu rodesac ramdenime adamiani ambobs erTsa da
imaves (perlofi 2003). TumcaRa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mravalricxovani
wyaroebi am upiratesobiT sargebloben mxolod maSin, roca maTi
msjelobebi fasdeba, rogorc gulwrfeli da erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli. amgvarad, mravalricxovani wyaroebi ganwyobis Secvlas
iwveven, rodesac gamoxataven WeSmaritad damoukidebel azrebs.
simpaTia
adamianebi cdiloben TavianTi rwmenebis SeTavsebas grZnobebTan.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebs aqvT mzaoba Secvalon sakuTari
ganwyobebi imisaTvis, rom Seusabamon isini mowonebuli adamianebis
ganwyobebs. mTlianobaSi kvlevebma daadastura am msjelobis siswore
(zimbardo ... 2000). adamianebi agreTve ufro Zlierad eqvemdebarebian imaT
zegavlenas, romelTac aRiqvamen TavianT msgavsad. darwmunebaSi
80
mniSvnelovania komunikatoris mimzidvelobis, misi fsiqikuri da
fizikuri momxibvlelobis faqtoric. komunikatoris es Tviseba
gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs, rodesac saqme pirovnulad naklebad
mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss an qcevas exeba, vidre amis saSualebas
komunikators sakuTriv Tvalsazrisis da qcevis Sinaarsi aZlevs (osgudi
... 1955).
prestiJi
d. Carkvianma ikvlia sxvadasxva prestiJis mqone wyarodan momdinare
erTi da igive informaciis gavlena adamianTa ganwyobebze. aRmoCnda, rom
wyaros prestiJuloba da ganwyobebze misi zegavlena
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebaSia (Carkviani 1980; 2004).
referentuli jgufebi
adamianTa jgufi, romelTanac vaxdenT sakuTari Tavis
identificirebas, an romlis mimarTac ganvicdiT simpaTias, ufro Zlier
zegavlenas axdens Cvenze. aseT jgufebs hqvia referentuli jgufebi.
amgvarad, ganwyobebis SecvlaSi referentuli jgufebis maRal
efeqturobas gansazRvravs ori mizezi: simpaTia da msgavseba (teilori ...
2004).
,,jgufis SigniT” myofi adamianebisagan miwodebuli informacia
ufro damarwmunebelia, radgan isini sxvanairad gadamuSavdeba, vidre
informacia, romelic momdinareobs ,,jgufis gareT” myofi
komunikatorebisagan. mecnierTa jgufma (maski ... 1990) miiRo monacemebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom arareferentuli jgufebidan (,,jgufis gareT”)
momdinare komunikaciebi gadamuSavdeboda ukidures periferiul doneze,
miuxedavad Setyobinebebis siZlierisa. xolo rac Seexeba ,,jgufis
Signidan” momdinare Setyobinebebs, aq Zlieri argumentebi monawileebze
ufro damarwmuneblad zemoqmedebda, vidre susti. am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setyobinebis Sinaarss. aRniSnul efeqts adgili
hqonda umetesad maSin, rodesac sakiTxi individis referentuli
jgufisaTvis iyo arsebiTi.
81
amdenad, momxibvleli, sasiamovno, sando, kompetenturi adamianebi
ufro damarwmunebelni arian, vidre isini, vinc moklebulia am Tvisebebs.
sainteresoa, rom komunikatoris Tvisebebs meti mniSvneloba eniWeba
audio-vizualur SetyobinebebSi, vidre werilobiTSi. magaliTad,
satelevizio SetyobinebaSi ufro met informacias viRebT komunikatoris
Sesaxeb. werilobiT SetyobinebaSi komunikatoris Sesaxeb informacia
naklebad moipoveba. amitom, aqcenti keTdeba Setyobinebis Sinaarsze
(Caldini 1999).
wyaros diskreditacia
komunikatoris Tvisebebs SeuZlia Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobis
rogorc gaZliereba, aseve diskreditireba. rodesac komunikacia ar
Seesabameba adamianebis ganwyobebs, maT SeuTanxmeblobis Semcireba
SeuZliaT imis daSvebiT, rom komunikaciis wyaro arasandoa. amas ewodeba
wyaros diskreditacia (derogating of source).
diskreditaciis erT-erTi saSualebaa komunikaciis wyaroze
Tavdasxma. diskreditirebuli oponentis yovelgvar gamonaTqvams ukve
naklebi wona aqvs.
komunikatori da periferiuli gzebi
komunikatoris Tvisebebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc darwmunebis
periferiuli stimulebi maSin, roca SeuZlebelia, an ar arsebobs
argumentebis skrupulozuli gadamuSavebis motivacia, magram cnobilia,
rom mciredi kognituri ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebelia komunikatoris
saimedo Tvalsazrisis ndoba da amgvarad argumentis gaazrebisaTvis
Tavis arideba sakuTari ZalebiT. Tu SeuZlebelia Tundac erTi
damarwmunebeli argumentis gaxseneba, mainc xdeba dayrdnoba wyaros
komunikaciasTan pirovnebis damokidebulebis gansazRvris mizniT
(perlofi 2003). rodesac adamiani sakiTxSi garkveulia, maSin naklebad
savaraudoa periferiuli stimulebis, maT Soris, komunikatoris
kompetenturobis, gamoyeneba (Caldini 1999).
82
3 . 2 . ko mu n i k ac i a
garda komunikatorisa, didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad komunikacias.
Setyobinebis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, miiReben mas adamianebi, Tu ara.
vinaidan adamianebi kargad icnoben sakuTar ganwyobebs, ganwyobis
sawinaaRmdego komunikaciebi, roca isini Seexeba adamianisaTvis
mniSvnelovan ganwyobebs, ver iqneba damarwmunebeli (zuverinki ... 1996).
am ZiriTadi debulebis garda, mTeli rigi faqtorebisa axdens
gavlenas komunikaciis damarwmuneblobis xarisxze.
gansvla
komunikaciis damarwmuneblobis xarisxze moqmedi ZiriTadi
faqtoria is, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba es komunikacia Cveni sakuTari
poziciisagan. mTlianobaSi, rac ufro metia gansvla (discrepancy), miT
metia Secvlisaken potenciuri zewola (hovlandi ... 1957). mtkicebulebebi,
romlebic gansxvavdeba Cveni sakuTari Sexedulebebisagan, gvaiZuleben
eWvi SevitanoT wyaros sandoobaSi ufro, vidre SevcvaloT Cveni
ganwyobebi (perlofi 2003). ukiduresi gansvlis dros ki gansakuTrebiT
xSiria komunikatoris gaufasureba.
ganwyobis Secvlasa da gansvlas Soris arsebobs kavSiri: ganwyobis
mcired Secvlas iwveven komunikaciebi dabali da maRali gansvliT,
xolo ganwyobas maqsimalurad Secvlis is komunikacia, romelsac aqvs
zomieri gansvla.
ndobis maRali xarisxi komunikators SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
warmatebiT daicvas SedarebiT urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi,
vinaidan aseTi Sexedulebebis uaryofa advili ar aris. da piriqiT,
arasando wyaro sakmaod aadvilebs uaryofas. amgvarad, arsebobs
ganwyobis maqsimaluri Secvlis tendencia gansvlis SedarebiT dabal
doneebze (veiteni 1992).
zogadad, eqsperimentuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze
(baliaSvili 1980) SeiZleba gansvlis sididesa da socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis sidides Soris sami tipis damokidebulebis gamoyofa:
1. pirdapirproporciuli _ gansvlis sididis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
83
ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli; 2. mrudxazovani _ gansvlis sididis
matebasTan erTad izrdeba ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli, xolo rodesac
gansvla garkveul sidides aRwevs, ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli
TandaTanobiT iklebs; 3. ukuproporciuli _ sididis matebasTan erTad
klebulobs ganwyobis Secvlis sidide.
gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom rodesac sakiTxisadmi
damokidebuleba motivaciurad neitraluria, xolo komunikatoris
sandooba zomieri, gansvlasa da gavlenas Soris pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebulebaa. Tu komunikatoris sandooba izrdeba da Semodis ,,me”-s
CarTulobis faqtori, damokidebuleba mrudxazovani xdeba. ,,me”-s
CarTuloba m. Serifma da k. hovlandma (baliaSvili 1980) gansazRvres,
rogorc jgufis sruliad garkveuli pozicia sakiTxis mimarT,
subieqturi interesi. ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba ki, valdebulebis
(erTgulebis) faqtoris (commitment) Semosvlisas fiqsirdeba. Tu
komunikatoris sandooba ar aris imdenad safuZvliani, rom SeuZlebeli
iyos misi gaufasureba, maSin gansvlasa da gavlenas Soris
damokidebulaba mrudxazovania.
is garemoeba, rom gansvlasa da ganwyobas Soris funqciur kavSirs
aSualeben iseTi cvladebi, rogorebicaa komunikatoris sandooba da
,,me”-s CarTuloba, miuTiTebs imas, rom SesaZloa am kavSirs aseve sxva
cvladebic aSualebdnen. amdenad savaraudoa, rom gansvlis sidide
subieqtis qcevaSi Semavali erT-erTi momentia da qcevis, rogorc mTelis
ufro zogad kanonzomierebebs emorCileba.
gansvla zegavlenas axdens Setyobinebis miRebaze. rodesac
gamoiTqmeba gansxvavebuli pozicia, romelic sakmaod axloa auditoriis
poziciasTan, is aRiqmeba imaze ufro axlo poziciad, vidre
sinamdvileSia. am process asimilacia ewodeba. rac ufro metad
daaxloebulia gansxvavebuli pozicia, miT gamartivebulia mcire
gansvlis kidev ufro Semcireba, an mTlianad moixsneba Secvlis
moTxovnileba, radgan ori pozicia arsebiTad msgavsad xdeba. meores
mxriv, rodesac wyaros pozicia Zlier gansxvavdeba auditoriis
poziciisagan, igi miiReba, rogorc kidev ufro metad gansxvavebuli. am
process kontrasti ewodeba. poziciis gansakuTrebulad ukiduresad
84
aRqmis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, igi ucnaurad moeCvenoT da moxdes
komunikatoris diskreditireba (teilori ... 2004).
d. Carkvianis kvlevam (Carkviani 1980) gamoavlina, rom recipientis
azri Setyobinebis mimarTulebiT icvleba maSin, rodesac informacias
asimilaciurad afasebs. meores mxriv, mimRebs sakuTari azri umtkicdeba
da SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad Seecvalos poziciis sawinaamdego
mimarTulebiT (,,bumerangis efeqti”) maSin, rodesac SetyobinebaSi
mocemul pozicias kontrastulad afasebs.
adamianis ganwyobebze sasurveli mimarTulebiT zemoqmedebisaTvis
saWiroa imis dadgena, Tu ra efeqtebs iZleva zemoqmedi poziciis
sasargeblo da sawinaaRmdego mxareebis gamoyeneba.
argumentaciis formebi
komunikators SeuZlia calmxrivi da ormxrivi Setyobineba
gamoiyenos. calmxrivi Setyobineba mxolod sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
dacvas gulisxobs da kontrargumentebs ugulebelyofs, xolo ormxrivi
_ sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvasTan erTad opoziciur Sexedulebasac
iTvaliswinebs. dadgenilia Semdegi kanonzomiereba: rac ufro metadaa
sakiTxze auditoria informirebuli, miT ufro nakleb gavlenas axdens
maTze calmxrivi Setyobineba. ormxrivi Setyobineba ki aseTi
kompetenturi auditoriisaTvis ufro sandod aRiqmeba. Sesabamisad,
rodesac msmenelebisaTvis kontrargumentebi cnobilia, maSin maTze
ormxrivi Setyobinebis zemoqmedeba ufro mZlavri da ufro xangrZlivia
(alsoni ... 1993).
calmxrivad da ormxrivad daxasiaTebul poziciebs gansxvavebuli
zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia pirovnebis ganwyobebze imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad gansxvavebuli pozicia gvinda mivaRebinoT mas. rodesac
adamianze misi poziciidan cotaTi gansxvavebuli poziciiT vaxdenT
gavlenas, misi ganwyobisagan mcired gansxvavebuli ganwyoba gvinda
mivaRebinoT, am amocanas ufro advilad SevasrulebT, Tu zemoqmedebis
calmxriv wess gamoviyenebT. mizezs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
warmoadgens is faqti, rom Tavis ganwyobisagan mcired gansxvavebul
poziciebs adamianebi advilad iReben, radgan maT Soris arsebuli mcire
85
sxvaobis Seufaseblobas axdenen. amas Tan sdevs maTi ganwyobis
moaxloeba, akomodacia zemoqmedi poziciis mimarTulebiT.
zemoqmedi poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi cdispirebi
zemoqmedi poziciis ganmamtkicebeli argumentebis garda sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebasac acnobiereben, ris gamo Tavis ganwyobasa da zemoqmed
pozicias Soris arsebul sxvaobas saTanado yuradRebas aqceven, rac
xels uSlis ganwyobis zemoqmed poziciasTan miaxloebis process.
sapirispiro efeqtTan gvaqvs saqme maSin, rodesac pirovnebis
ganwyobaze misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone informacia
moqmedebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirovneba pozicias kidev ufro Soreulad
ganicdis, misdauneburad eZebs sawinaaRmdego argumentebs da zemoqmedi
poziciis miReba ar xdeba (nadiraSvili 1985).
aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli pozicia
ormxrivi wesiT ganixileba, misdami pirovnebis damokidebuleba
rTuldeba. sawinaaRmdego poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis dros pirovneba
usmens zogierT iseT mosazrebas, romelsac eTanxmeba. mudmivi uaryofiTi
ganwyoba, romelic pirovnebas gauCnda da uZlierdeboda miuRebeli
poziciis calmxrivi dadebiTi daxasiaTebis dros, axla ganwyobaTa
rTuli TanmimdevrobiT icvleba da miuRebeli poziciisadmi kritikul
mosazrebaTa samarTlianobis gancdis gamo eqmneba ndoba ganxilvis am
wesis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba misi mkveTri dapirispirebuloba
sawinaaRmdego poziciis mimarT, romelic samarTlianad aris ganxiluli.
es viTareba aiZulebs pirovnebas, meti angariSi gauwios im dadebiT
mosazrebebsac, romlebic sapirispiro poziciis mimarT aris gamoTqmuli.
yovelive amis gamo adamians tendencia eqmneba, Tavis ganwyobaSi
warmodgenili poziciac aseve ormxrivad ganixilos, SeamCnios masSi
misaRebi da miuRebeli mxareebi, rac erTgvarad anelebs mis
konfrontacias ormxrivad ganxilul sapirispiro poziciasTan
(nadiraSvili 1985).
Zlieri da susti argumentebi
komunikaciis argumentebi zogjer Zlieri da udaoa, zogjer ki _
susti da saeWvo.
86
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Zlieri argumentebi yovelTvis iwveven
ganwyobis metad Secvlas, vidre sustebi, magram es yovelTvis ase araa.
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis Zlier argumentebze adamianebi ufro
keTilganwyobilad reagireben ZiriTadad maSin, roca aqvT motivacia
miaqcion seriozuli yuradReba argumentebs da SeuZliaT maTi
yuradRebiT gaazreba. mag. rodesac adamiani yuradRebiT aRiqvams
damarwmunebel komunikacias, ukve arsebul Zlier argumentebze susti
argumentebis damateba sinamdvileSi asustebs Setyobinebis zogad
damarwmuneblobas (maiersi 2001). TumcaRa, adamianebi informacias
iSviaTad aanalizeben yuradRebiT da skrupulozurad; am SemTxvevaSi
argumentebis raodenoba SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos,
vidre maTi damajereblobis xarisxi (veinki ... 1996). ase da amgvarad,
argumentebis Zala ar aris maTi damarwmuneblobis aucileblad
gadamwyveti faqtori. Zlieri argumentebis gavlena damokidebulia imaze,
arian Tu ara adamianebi CarTulebi Setyobinebisa da ganwyobis analizis
sakiTxSi.
ritorikuli kiTxvebi
zogjer komunikatorebi, romelTac surT daarwmunon adamianebi
garkveuli poziciis miRebaSi, aZleven SekiTxvebs, raTa auditoriis
monawileebSi gamoiwvion aRniSnul Temaze msjeloba. sxva SemTxvevebSi
ubralod gadascemen TavianT argumentebs. ritorikuli kiTxvebis
gamoyenebam unda moaxdinos azris stimulacia, rac Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs
adamianebs ufro yuradRebiT ganixilon argumentebi, riTac kidev ufro
aZliereben Zlieri argumentebis upiratesobas. aRniSnuli monacemebi
kvlevebiTaa dadasturebuli. erT-erTi kvlevis mimdinareobisas
r. bernkantma da d. hovardma (bernkranti ... 1984) gamoarkvies, rom
arapopularuli winadadebis warmodgena, ritorikuli kiTxvebis
saSualebiT astimulirebs komunikaciaze msjelobas da amaRlebs Semdeg
miwodebuli Zlieri argumentebis upiratesobas. ritorikuli kiTxvebi
xSirad astimulireben azrovnebas, gansakuTrebiT, Zlieri argumentebis
Sesaxeb keTilganwyobil azrebs da Sesabamisad aZliereben am
argumentebs.
87
gameoreba
amaRlebs Tu ara Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobas gameoreba?
r. zaionkis (zaionki 1968) kvlevam aCvena, rom kargi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba, dafuZnebuli gameorebaze, amaRlebs simpaTias.
magram damarwunebeli komunikaciebis SemTxvevaSi gameoreba, rogorc
irkveva, aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas, mxolod garkveul momentamde.
j. kaCiopos da r. petis (kaCiopo ... 1979) kvlevebma gamoarkvia, rom
gaZlierebuli zemoqmedebisas Tanxmoba izrdeboda garkveul donemde,
Semdeg ki _ mcirdeboda. es funqcia gadabrunebuli U asos formiT
waroiSoboda maSinac, rodesac Setyobineba eTanxmeboda komunikaciis
miznisaTvis sasurvel pozicias da rogorc Sedegi, Zalian mcired
gansxvavdeboda am poziciisagan da maSinac, roca pozicia iyo
arasasurveli, uTanxmoeba ki _ maRali. sainteresoa, ratomaa
darwmunebisaTvis gameoreba sasargeblo mxolod garkveul donemde?
gameorebas SeiZleba hqondes ori damoukidebeli Sedegi: mas SeuZlia
aamaRlos damarwmunebeli komunikaciis Sinaarsis gaazrebis
SesaZlebloba da amgvarad gaaumjobesos Setyobinebis gadamuSaveba,
magram mas SeuZlia mobezrebis gamowvevac da amgvarad, negatiuri
reaqciis Seqmna.
zemoTqmulis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gameoreba
exmareba Zlier argumentebs, vinaidan adamianebi maT ufro srulad
gadaamuSaveben, magram sust argumentebs SeuZlia zianic miayenos, radgan
gamoaaSkaravebs maT naklovanebebs, an ubralod, momabezreblebad aqcevs
(teilori ... 2004).
moyirWebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi saSualebaa Sinaarsis
cvlileba. anu gameorebis efeqturobas gazrdis Setyobinebis cvlileba
(teilori ... 2004).
informaciis zrda
informaciis miwodebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli
kvlevebiT, agreTve masmediis saSualebebis muSaobaze dakvirvebiT
(nadiraSvili 1985) gamoikveTa, rom informaciuli nakadis zrda
garkveuli mimarTulebiT, Cveulebriv, ar iZleoda sasurvel Sedegs _
88
masis ganwyobebi ar icvleboda sasurveli mimarTulebiT. informaciis
raodenobis gazrda ar iwvevs msmenelTa ganwyobebis saTanado
cvlilebebs. fsiqologiuri efeqti mdgomareobs mxolod mosaxleobis im
ganwyobebisa da rwmenebis gaZlierebaSi, romlebic maT ukve aqvT.
aRmoCnda, rom msmenelebi TavianTi ganwyobis sawinaaRmdego faqtebs ver
amCneven, an tendenciur, agitaciur informaciad aRiqvamen. Sesabamisad,
informacias ekargeba zemoqmedebis Zala.
Setyobineba
eqsperimentul gamokvlevaSi dadginda (teilori ... 2004), rom
adamianTa ganwyobebi ufro metad icvleba informaciiT zemoqmedebis
dros, rodesac sakiTxis garCevis Semdeg gakeTebulia daskvna, romelSic
kargadaa gamoxatuli zemoqmedi informaciis pozicia. es imis gamo xdeba,
rom ganwyobaze gavlenas axdens informaciis ara mxolod Sinaarsi,
aramed is pozicia, romelic masSia warmodgenili.
mniSvneloba eniWeba sxvadasxva poziciis miwodebis
Tanmimdevrobasac: romeli pozicia iqnas ganxiluli pirvelad _ pozicia,
romelsac veTanxmebiT da gvinda mivaRebinoT sxvebsac, Tu miuRebeli
pozicia, romelsac ar veTanxmebiT da vakritikebT? aseve problematuria
_ mravali Sexedulebis garCevis dros, ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT
isini. k. hovlandis da v. mendelis (zimbardo ... 2000) azriT, sxvadasxva
SexedulebaTa garCevisas ukanasknelad ganxiluli pozicia
individisaTvis yvelaze axalia da amitom, ufro met gavlenas axdes
masze.
Semdgomdroindel SromebSi naCvenebi iyo, rom adamiani pirvelad
gacnobili poziciis mimarT imuSavebs dadebiT ganwyobas, roca pirvelad
da meored gacnobil urTierTdapirispirebul Sexedulebebs Soris didi
droiTi distanciaa. aseT SemTxvevebSi Semdgom gacnobil pozicias
pirovneba ukve formulirebuli ganwyobis safuZvelze ecnoba, amitom
misi gavlena SedarebiT mcirea. magram rodesac sapirispiro
Tvalsazrisebs adamiani drois erT monakveSi TanmimdevrobiT ecnoba,
masze ukanaskneli pozicia ufro met zegavlenas axdens, radgan igi ufro
axal da meti informaciis Semcvel poziciad ganicdeba (teilori ... 2004).
89
n. milerma da d. kembelma (olsoni ... 1993) eqsperimentulad
Seiswavles meoradobis efeqti da daadgines misi gamovlenis pirobebi:
1. drois monakveTi or Setyobinebas Soris xangrZlivia; 2. meore
Setyobinebis Semdeg gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba mcire drois
monakveTSi.
informaciis rolis ganxilvis dros adamianTa ganwyobebis
formirebisa da Secvlis procesSi saWiro xdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
informaciis Rirebulebebis sakiTxis garkveva.
sxvadasxva viTarebaSi dadebiT da uaryofiT informaciaTa gavlenis
gazomvis Sedegad dadginda, rom rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
informacia garkveul gavlenas axdens adamianTa ganwyobebze, iwvevs maT
cvlilebas Sesatyvisi mimarTulebiT. amave dros, rogorc d. Carkvianis
kvlevam cxadhyo (Carkviani 1980), dadebiTi informacia SedarebiT ufro
efeqturia damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis situaciaSi, vidre uaryofiTi. es
monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamianTa ganwyobebis fiqsirebisa da
SecvlisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnes rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
informaciebi, magram zemoqmedebis informaciuli sistema mainc CvenTvis
sasurveli poziciis Sesatyvisi dadebiTi informaciis safuZvelze unda
iqnes sistematizebuli, romelSic miRebuli poziciis dasaxasiaTeblad
saWiro uaryofiTi informacia damxmare, gamaZlierebel rolSi gamova.
k. hovlandis da sxv. mixedviT (olsoni ... 1993), Setyobineba
efeqturia maSin, rodesac masSi gatarebuli azri recipientis
,,mimReblobis diapazonSi” Tavsdeba. es diapazoni mimRebis sawyis
poziciaSi CarTulobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba: rac ufro CarTulia
pirovneba sakuTar poziciaSi, miT ufro SezRudulia ,,mimReblobis
diapazoni” da piriqiT.
SiSis aRZvra
daswavlis Teoriis midgoma varaudobs, rom SiSis gamomwvevi
Setyobinebebi sasiamovno iqneba, Tuki komunikaciaSi gaiTvaliswineben
SiSis Semcirebis rekomendaciebs. magram empiriuli monacemebiT,
aucilebelia agreTve SiSis donis gaTvaliswinebac.
90
kvlevis Sedegebi aCveneben, rom SiSis gaZliereba Cveulebriv,
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis efeqturobas zrdis, magram rodesac SiSi
sakmaod Zlieria, zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos damangreveli _ gamoiwvios
adamianebSi Zlieri SeSineba, rac xels uSlis adamianebs moqmedebaSi da
iwvevs komunikaciis ignorirebas. zomier doneebze SiSis gamomwvevi
argumentebi SeiZleba ufro efeqturic ki iyos ganwyobebis Sesacvlelad,
vidre is argumentebi, romlebic iwveven sust SiSs, an saerTod ar iwveven
mas (teilori ... 2004).
periferiuli stimulebi da Setyobinebebis maxasiaTeblebi
zogierT SemTxvevaSi periferiul stimulebs SeiZleba didi
mniSvneloba hqondes ganwyobis SecvlaSi. rodesac Setyobinebis
argumentebis Sesaxeb msjelobis motivacia dabalia (mag. Tu mocemuli
sakiTxi CvenTvis nakleb mniSvnelovania), anda ar SegviZlia argumentebis
dawvrilebiT gaanalizeba (mag. roca ar varT informirebulebi an
gafantuli gvaqvs yuradReba), ganwyobis Secvlis gadawyvetilebis
miRebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba periferiuli stimulebi.
periferiul stimulebs ganekuTvneba Semdegi ori: SetyobinebaSi
argumentebis raodenoba da maTi moculoba. SetyobinebaSi argumentebis
didi raodenobis gamoyeneba zrdis ganwyobis Secvlis albaTobas, roca
sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis: mocemul adamianze
zegavlenas axdens ara kiTxva, aramed argumentebis raodenoba.
argumentebis didi raodenobis gamoyeneba aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas,
rogorc Zlieri, aseve susti argumentebis arsebobis pirobebSi da
miuTiTebs, imaze, rom momxdari gadamuSaveba umniSvneloa. msgavsad amisa,
ufro grZel Setyobinebebs axasiaTebs meti damarwmunebeli zemoqmedeba,
vidre mokleebs, magram mxolod informirebul adamianebze, vinaidan
isini, rogorc sCans, naklebad ufiqrdebian Setyobinebis Sinaarss. metad
informirebuli adamianebisaTvis argumentis Zala metad mniSvnelovani
faqtoria, SesaZlebelia imitom, rom es adamianebi met yuradRebas aqceven
Tavad argumentebis arss (zimbardo ... 2000).
amgvarad, mravali sxvadasxva faqtori gansazRvravs mocemuli
Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobas. roca adamianebs aqvT Setyobinebisadmi
91
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmobis dro da interesi, Zlier
argumentebs aqvT gadamwyveti upiratesoba. Zlieri argumentebis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro meti gavlena aqvT periferiul stimulebs,
rogoricaa wyaros xarisxi an argumentebis raodenoba.
3 . 3 . o b i e qt i
obieqtebi, anu adamianebi, romlebzedac mimarTulia damarwunebeli
komunikacia, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rac gavlenas axdens
damarwmuneblobaze. SesaZlebelia obieqtebi ganwyobilebi iyvnen, rom
daeTanxmon Setyobinebas, an ar daeTanxon. SesaZlebelia iyvnen
gacnobilni argumentebs, an _ ara. maT SeiZleba komunikatoris poziciis
sawinaaRmdego argumentebi hqondeT, an ar hqondeT. bolos da bolos,
SeiZleba hqondeT piradi motivebi, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu ramdenad
arian mzad es adamianebi Seicvalon damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis
sapasuxod.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli propagandistuli teqnologiaa motivis
aqtivacia.
daswavlasTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis midgoma gulisxmobs, rom
motivis aRZvra iwvevs ganwyobis Secvlas mxolod maSin, roca
Setyobinebis miReba amcirebs aRZvras. Tavis mxriv, agresiis aRZvra
gamoiwvevs ganwyobis Secvlas mxolod maSin, roca komunikacia
astimulirebs agresiul pozicias (perlofi 2003). eqsperimentatorebma
ivaraudes, rom kvlevis monawileebi, romelTac aiZules agresiis
SegrZneba, miiRebdnen uaryofiT komunikacias, vinaidan igi miscemda am
agresiis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas. ,,rbili” Setyobineba ki _
daakmayofilebda sasiamovno gamocdilebis mqone monawileebis SedarebiT
araagresiul moTxovnebs. miRebulma Sedegebma daadastura varaudi.
pirovnuli CarTuloba
m. Serifisa da h. kentrilis Tanaxmad (teilori ... 2004), ganwyobebi,
romlebic mWidrod arian dakavSirebulebi sakuTar ,,me”-sTan,
cvlilebebis mimarT Zlieri winaaRmdegobiT gamoirCevian.
92
kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda gansxvaveba pirovnuli CarTulobis
ramdenime saxeobas Soris. maT miekuTvneba erTguleba (valdebuleba),
problemiT daintereseba da reaqciiT daintereseba.
a) erTguleba (commitment). dainteresebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia
problemasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis erTguleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli
ganwyobisadmi. damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis mimarT winaaRmdegobrioba
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia am erTgulebis Zalaze (Rhine, Severance,
1990).
erTgulebas SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime wyaro. jer erTi,
erTguleba matulobs roca ganwyobis safuZvelze adamiani CarTulia
qcevaSi.
meore _ erTguleba Zlierdeba, rodesac gamoxataven saxalxod
TavianT azrs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs SexedulebaTa legalizaciis
efeqtTan, romelic gulisxmobs Semdegs: Secvlas ufro advilad
eqvemdebareba iseTi Sexedulebebi, romlebic araa cdispirebis mier
gacxadebuli, vidre isini, romelTa legalizeba, saxalxod, sazogadoebis
winaSe gacxadeba moxda. socialuri legalizacia adamianis ganwyobebs
ganamtkicebs. sakuTari ganwyobebisa da Sexedulebebisadmi erTgulebas
pirovnebaSi aZlierebs is faqti, rom sazogadoebam uwyis maT Sesaxeb.
adamianis fsiqikaze socialuri zegavlenis aseTi efeqti SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas propagandistuli moRvaweobisas (nadiraSvili 1978).
socialuri ganwyobebis formirebisa da Secvlis Sesaxeb erT-erTi
eqsperimentuli kvleviT aRmoCnda, rom rodesac cdispirebs evalebodaT
moeZebnaT da sajarod daecvaT garkveuli debulebebi, romlebisadmic
maT uaryofiTi ganwyobebi hqondaT, cdispirebis 83%-s ecvleboda
pirvandeli ganwyobebi da gamoumuSavdebodaT iseTebi, romelTa
Sesatyvisi azrebis dacvac maT sajarod awarmoes. ufro metic, gamoirkva,
rom ganwyobis sawinaaRmdego debulebebis dacvis gadawyvetilebis
miRebis Sedegad mis realur Sesrulebamde ukve mniSvnelovnad
ecvlebodaT ganwyobebi nakisr valdebulebaTa mimarTulebiT
(baliaSvili 1978).
erTgulebis mesame wyaroa ganwyobis obieqtTan dakavSirebuli
uSualo gamocdileba. Tu adamians aseTi gamocdileba aqvs ganwyobis
93
TemasTan dakavSirebiT, am SemTxvevaSi ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad
eqvemdebarebian cvlilebebs.
meoTxe _ ganwyobis poziciis Tavisufali arCeva iwvevs erTgulebis
ufro Zlier grZnobas, vidre situacia, rodesac pozicia Zaladaa Tavs
moxveuli, an adamians am poziciisaken ubiZgeben.
b) problemiT daintereseba aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac
sakiTxs adamianisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. am faqtors daarqves
problemiT dainteresebuloba (sakiTxSi CarTuloba) anu adamianisaTvis
aqtualoba (issue involvement), radgan adamiani mocemul sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi ufro dainteresebulia, vidre _ damoukidebeli. problemiT
daintereseba warmoadgens adamianebisaTvis motivacias, rom yuradRebiT
moepyran sakiTxs da Sesabamis argumentebs, amitom, roca aris problemiT
daintereseba, Zlieri argumentebi sustebTan SedarebiT ufro
damarwmunebelia (peti ... 1990). problemiT dainteresebulobis dros didi
gansvlis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla mcirea.
g) reaqciiT daintereseba. maSinac ki, roca adamiani ar aris
piradad dainteresebuli sakiTxiT, misi ganwyobiTi reaqcia SeiZleba
Zalian mniSvnelovani iyos, radgan gaivlis sazogadoebriv Semowmebas da
gamoiwvevs socialur mowonebas an gakicxvas. esaa reaqciiT
dainteresebuloba (reaqciaSi CarTuloba) (response involvement) (zimbardo
... 2000). reaqciiT dainteresebul adamians pirvel rigSi aRelvebs, miiRebs
Tu ara igi garSemomyofTa mowonebas; maSin, roca sakiTxiT
dainteresebul adamians awuxebs argumentebis xarisxi, vinaidan misTvis
TviT sakiTxia mniSvnelovani. reaqciiT dainteresebulobisa da
mniSvnelovani gansvlis dros damokidebuleba gansvlasa da ganwyobis
Secvlas Soris pirdapirproporciulia.
m. laipem da r. elkinma (zimbardo ... 2000) Seadares erTmaneTs ori
urTierTsawinaaRmdego zemoqmedeba: daintereseba problemiT da
daintereseba reaqciiT. kvlevis monawileebi, romlebic iyvnen problemiT
Zlier dainteresebulni, an reaqciiT naklebad dainteresebulni _ anu
isini, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom sakiTxi maTze pirovnulad zemoqmedebas
moaxdenda, magram ar aRelvebdaT, Tu Tavad ra STabeWdilebas
moaxdendnen sxvebze _ yuradRebiT Seiswavlidnen argumentebs, rac
94
gamoixata imaSi, rom ufro Zlieri argumentebis sapasuxod, ufro
Zlierad icvleboda maTi ganwyobebi. maSin, roca reaqciiT daintereseba
iyo maRali, anu kvlevis monawileebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi
TviTprezentacia, argumentis Zala praqtikulad ignorirebuli iyo.
msgavsad amisa, argumentis Zala ar moqmedebda, rodesac problema ar
aRiqmeboda pirad interesebTan kavSirSi.
SejamebisaTvis vityviT, rom pirovnuli CarTulobis cneba
dayofilia sam saxeobad, romelTagan TiToeuli xasiaTdeba
gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri dinamikiT. erTuleba (anu poziciiT
daintereseba) aris adamianis specifiuri poziciiT daintereseba da
warmoSobs aRniSnuli poziciis dasacavad mimarTul zewolas. am
poziciis sawinaaRmdego komunikaciis zemoqmedeba xSirad iwvevs
ganwyobis cvlilebisagan gansxvavebul reaqciebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa:
wyaros diskreditacia, damaxinjebuli aRqma, an Setyobinebis sruli
miuRebloba. sakiTxiT daintereseba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es sakiTxi pirovnebisaTvis. igi xels uwyobs informaciis
ufro pirdapir da skrupulozul gadamuSavebas, rac gamowveulia
yvelaze saukeTeso poziciis gamovlenis mcdelobiT. reaqciiT
daintereseba iwvevs adamianSi Relvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamen
sxva adamianebi misi ganwyobis garegnul gamovlinebebs. es iwvevs zrunvas
ara argumentebis xarisxsa da mocemuli poziciis av-kargianobaze, aramed
_ zrunvas sakuTari Tavis warmosaCenad (TviTprezentacia).
individualoba da damarwmuneblobis mimRebloba
arsebobs mTeli rigi individualuri pirovnuli Tvisebebisa,
romelsac SeuZlia darwmunebaze zegavlenis moxdena. es Tvisebebia:
avtoritarizmi/dogmatizmi, SfoTva, kontrolis lokusi, sakuTari Tavis
pativiscema (perlofi 2003). dogmatizmisadmi naklebad midrekili
adamianebi advilad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas Zlieri da ara susti
argumentebis zemoqmedebiT. dogmatikebs ki _ piriqiT, arakompetenturi
wyaro mxolod Zlieri argumentebiT daarwmunebs, xolo kompetenturi
wyaros SemTxvevaSi dogmatikosebi reagireben mis avtoritetze da amitom
Zlieri da susti argumentebi maTTvis erTnairad damarwmunebelia.
95
empiriuli monacemebis Tanaxmad (olsoni ... 1993), darwmunebis
Sedegianobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli cvladia adamianis TviTSefaseba.
kerZod, dabali TviTSefasebis mqone recipientebi, Cveulebriv,
informacias Znelad iazreben da amitom isini zemoqmedebasac naklebad
eqvemdebarebian. maRali TviTSefasebis recipientebic, sakuTar codnaSi
darwmunebulobis gamo, damarwmunebeli informaciis gavlenas naklebad
ganicdian. yvelaze did zemoqmedebas ki saSualo donis TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebi eqvemdebarebian.
damarwmuneblobaze moqmedebs kidev erTi individualuri faqtori _
dasrulebulobis moTxovnileba, anu survili, miiRo zusti pasuxi
SekiTxvaze da ar darCe gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobaSi. kvlevis
monawileebi, romlebsac dasrulebulobis maRali moTxovnileba aqvT,
Cveulebriv avlenen damarwmuneblobisadmi did winaRmdegobas, vidre
isini, visac aqvs dabali moTxovnileba, vinaidan ar undaT, rom
Seicvalon. adamianebi, romlebsac dasrulebulobis dabali
moTxovnileba aqvT, ufro momTmenni arian gaurkvevlobisadmi, romelsac
qmnis damarwmunebeli komunikacia da ufro mzad arian ganwyobebis
Secvlisken. magram Tu damarwmunebeli komunikacia exeba sakiTxs,
romelSic adamianebi ar arian Zalian kompetenturebi da am komunikacias
uyuradRebod usmenen, maSin dasrulebulobisadmi maRali moTxovnilebis
mqoneni ganicdian ganwyobis ufro mniSvnelovan cvlilebas vidre isini,
visac dasrulebulobis moTxovna dabali aqvs (kruglanski ... 1993).
savaraudoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli dakavSirebulia areuli situaciisagan
Tavis daRwevis mcdelobasTan.
3 . 4 . s itu ac i a
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv, farTo
situaciuri konteqstis CarCoebSi xdeba, romlis Semadgenlebi agreTve
zemoqmedeben damarwmuneblobis warmatebulobis xarisxze.
96
gafrTxileba ganwyobis Sesaxeb
j. fridmanisa da d. sirsis (teilori ... 2004) kvlevebiT dadginda,
rom winaswari gafrTxileba (forewarning) Setyobinebisadmi winaaRmdegobis
gawevas uwyobs xels. rogorc sCans, damcvelobiTi meqanizmebi da
kontrargumentebi raRacnairad varjiSdeba da Sedegad _ Zlierdeba.
roca adamianebma winaswar ician, rom vinmes surs maTi ganwyobiTi
poziciis Secvla maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
iwyeben aseTi Setyobinebis sawinaaRmdego kontrargumentebis
Camoyalibebas winaswar gansazRvraven ra, Tu ris Tqmas apirebs
komunikatori. r. petim da j. kaCiopom (peti ... 1990) aCvenes, rom
gafrTxilebasa da komunikaciis zemoqmedebas Soris periodi didi
raodenobis kontrargumentebis formirebis saSualebas iZleva.
magaliTad, adamiani, romelmac miiRo gafrTxileba, daarwmunebs sakuTar
Tavs, rom komunikatori arasandoa, an arasworadaa informirebuli. sxva
sakiTxia, rodesac zemoqmedeba xdeba iseT ganwyobaze, romelic ar aris
dakavSirebuli adamianisaTvis principul sakiTxTan. am SemTxvevaSi
gafrTxileba iZleva ukuefeqts: igi sinamdvileSi xels uwyobs ganwyobis
Secvlas.
gafrTxileba ganzraxvis Sesaxeb
aq igulisxmeba gafrTxileba darwmunebis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb.
rodesac adamiani winaswar gafrTxilebulia, rom viRac apirebs misi
Sexedulebebis Secvlas, misTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
maSin es adamiani iwyebs mosalodneli argumentebis sawinaaRmdego
kontrargumentebis Camoyalibebas, riTac ganwyobis Secvlisadmi
mometebul winaaRmdegobriobas gamoavlens (teilori ... 2004).
yuradRebis gadatana
damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis aRqmas, SesaZlebelia, xeli Seuwyos
msmenelis yuradRebis gadatanam. aRniSnuli efeqtis demonstrireba
moaxdines l. festinjerma da n. makkombim (perlofi 2003).
Semdeg 1981w. r. petim da t. brokma (teilori ... 2004) daadgines, rom
yuradRebis umniSvnelo gadatana, marTlac, aZlierebs damarwmuneblobas.
97
am faqtis axsnas iZleva kognituri reaqciis analizi. yuradRebis
gadatana xels uwyobs damarwmuneblobas mxolod maSin, rodesac
Seejaxeba kontrargumentirebis efeqtur process. Tu ara gvaqvs
komunikaciis Sinaarsis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi, maSin yuradRebis
gadatana xels ar uSlis Cvens kontrargumentirebas. rogorc sCans,
yuradRebis gadatana ukeTesad zemoqmedebs maSin, rodesac komunikaciebi
Zlier winaaRmdegobaSi modis adamianis sakuTar ganwyobebTan, agreTve
maSin, rodesac sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis.
savaraudod amis mizezia is, rom swored es pirobebi axdens ufro
Zlieri kontrargumentirebis stimulirebas.
yuradRebis gadatanis zemoqmedebis sazRvrebi mkacrad
gansazRvrulia. yuradRebis zedmetad Zlieri gadatana xels uSlis
Setyobinebis aRqmas da nulamde dahyavs misi efeqturoba.
dacvis gamomuSaveba
adamiani, romelzedac zemoqmedeben damarwmunebeli komunikaciiT,
u. mak-guaierma (mak-guaieri 1969) Seadara virusis, an avadmyofobis
zemoqmedebis qveS myof adamians. rac ufro Zlieria damarwmunebeli
Setyobineba (virusis analogiurad), miT meti zianis motana SeuZlia,
magram rac Zlieria adamianis damcveli Zalebi, miT Zlierad
ewinaaRmdegeba igi darwmunebas (analogiurad _ avadmyofobas). u. mak-
guaieris mixedviT, damarwmunebeli komunikaciisagan dacvis ori forma
arsebobs: pirveli _ aZlierebs winaaRmdegobriobas adamianis
Sexedulebebisadmi mxardaWeriT. aq igulisxmeba damatebiTi argumentebis
uzrunvelyofa pirveladi Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. u. mak-guaierma mas
daarqva mxardaWeriTi dacva (supportive defence). meore _ gulisxmobs
,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvas (inoculation defence). u. mak-guaieris azriT,
ufro efeqturia damcvelobiTi Zalebis gamomuSaveba. adamiani, romelmac
gauZlo damarwmuneblobis Semotevas da SeinarCuna sakuTari Sexeduleba,
SemdgomSi ufro metad SesZlebs aseTi SetevebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevas, vinaidan mas Camouyalibda Zlieri dacvis meqanizmi. ,,acrebis”
saSualebiT dacvaSi igulisxmeba ori faqtori: igi iwyeba susti SeteviT
(Seteva unda iyos susti, rom ar Secvalos adamianis ganwyoba da brZola
98
wagebuli ar iyos). Semdeg komunikaciis obieqts gaeweva daxmareba susti
Setevisagan dasacavad argumentebis warmodgeniT. e.i. iseTi argumentebis
warmodgeniT, romelic mimarTuli iqneba uSualod Setevis winaaRmdeg an
SetyobinebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom Seteva ar aris Zlieri da advilad
mosageriebelia.
u. mak-guaierisa da d. papageorgisis (zimbardo ... 2000) kvlevebSi
dacviTi saSualebebis warmosaSobad gamoyenebuli iyo rogorc
mxardaWeriTi dacvis, aseve ,,acrebiT” dacvis meTodebi. erT-erTi daskvna
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxardaWeriTi dacva muSaobs ukeTesad, rodesac
darwmunebis obieqti saWiroebs vinmesagan garkveuli argumentebis
karnaxs. xolo ,,acrebiT” dacva ufro Sedegiania, rodesac obieqts aqvs
sakuTari damcvelobiTi argumentebis Seqmnis stimuli. am Tvalsazrisis
Sesabamisad, Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mxardaWeriTi dacva
efeqturia, roca Semdgomi Setevebi Seicaven mxardaWeriTi argumentebis
Sinaarsis msgavs argumentebs. xolo, ,,acrebis” gamoyeneba maSinac
efeqturia, rodesac Seteva axal argumentebsac Seicavs.
,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvis zemoqmedebis axsnas iZleva kognituri
reaqciis Teoria. masSi naTqvamia, rom adamianebi susti Semotevebisagan
Tavdasacavad iyeneben mTel TavianT damcvelobiT Zalebs. isini amzadeben
argumentebs TavianTi poziciebis gasamyareblad; agreTve ayalibeben
sawinaaRmdego poziciis kontrargumentebs; amcireben sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisis mqone wyaros rols da a.S. yvelaferi es uzrunvelyofs
individs Zlierad da kargad daculi poziciiT.
reaqtiuli winaaRmdegobrioba.
j. brems (olsoni ... 1993) ekuTvnis socialuri zewolisadmi
winaaRmdegobriobis gawevis motivaciuri koncefcia, rac Semdegs
gulisxmobs: adamiani motivirebulia ganeridos an gaTavisufldes iseTi
situaciebisgan, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
aseT situacias warmodgens damarwmunebeli komunikacia, rac recipientSi
reaqtiuli winaRmdegobriobis gawevis motivaciur gancdas da Sesabamis
qceviT tendencias badebs.
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socialuri ganwyobis ZiriTadi problemebi arsebiTad exeba
ganwyobis formirebas, Secvlas, struqturasa da funqcias. socialuri
ganwyobis Secvla socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri da
saintereso sakiTxia. aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT
mravalricxovani masalaa dagrovili. kvlevis Sedegad gamoyofilia
sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis
arxs, Setyobinebas, informaciis mimRebs da situacias. am didi masalis
gacnobis Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom
sakiTxi amowurulia, yvelaferi garkveulia. Tumca, Tundac is faqti, rom
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,
TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobaze. marTlac, Tu kargad
gavecnobiT kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT, rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi
araa miRebuli, bevri maTgani urTierTgamomricxavic ki aris. faqtia isic,
rom rig SemTxvevebSi laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebi araa
grZelvadiani, anu pirovneba drois mcire monakveTSi ubrundeba
eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.
socialuri ganwyobis struqturis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalebis
gacnobisa da Catarebuli kvlevis Semdeg gagviCnda interesi
CavRrmavebodiT aRniSnul problematikas. rogorc cnobilia, socialuri
ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis
struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis gansxvavebul gzebs. kerZod,
socialuri ganwyobis Sida struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT,
ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi
reaqciis safuZvelze. meores mxriv, socialur ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqtura formirdeba gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis
Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris kavSiris saSualebiT. amrigad, rogorc
Cvenma kvlevamac daadastura, ganwyobebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad
ar arseboben. isini qmnian garkveul sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad
uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs (clusters). TanavarskvlavedebSi
xdeba socialuri ganwyobebis urTierTqmedeba, Tumca ara erTnairi
ZaliT, rac asaxavs socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.
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Cveni mosazrebiT, socialuri ganwyobis Secvla unda
eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis
kanonzomierebebs. socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda iyos
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilTan, mis
faqtorul wonasTan.
amitom gadavwyviteT eqsperimentulad gvenaxa, Cvens mier
gamovlenili struqturebi ra gavlenas axdenen socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlaze. mocemuli sakiTxis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben
socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi.
Tavi 4
socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
(empiriuli kvleva)
Cvens winaSe kvlevis Semdegi etapis aucilebloba dadga, rac
socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis kanonzomierebebis
gamovlenis saSualebas mogvcemda. gaviTvaliswineT ra varaudi, rom
TanavarskvlavedSi socialur ganwyobebs ukaviaT gansxvavebuli
poziciebi centraluroba-periferiulobis TvalsazrisiT da rom
centralur ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebis maRali done
unda axasiaTebdes, ris gamoc isini maqsimalurad stabilurni,
cvlilebaTa mimarT gamZleni arian, anu rac ufro centraluria
socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluri iqneba igi, CamovayalibeT
Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri ganwyobebis struqturaSi centraluri
Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan
dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT eqsperimenti.
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eqsperimentis masala
wina kvlevaSi Cvens mier dadginda, rom 44 Rirebulebis mimarT
socialuri ganwyobebi rva faqtoris mixedviT dajgufda. eqsperimentis
masalad SevarCieT mesame faqtorTan korelirebuli Rirebulebebi, risi
erT-erTi mizezic iyo faqtorTan korelirebuli yvelaze maRali da
dabali faqtoruli wonis sidideebs Soris didi sxvaoba. socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris kavSiris arsebobis dasadastureblad da dasadgenad
Catarebul kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvaris 44 Rirebulebidan, amgvarad,
gamoiyo eqvsi: sasjeli, sicrue, daSineba, danaSauli, cnobismoyvareoba,
alkoholi (ix. cxrili #3).
cxrili #3
faqtori 3
Rirebuleba faqtoruli
wona sasjeli 0.78 sicrue 0.60 daSineba 0.59 danaSauli 0.56 cnobismoyvareoba 0.53 alkoholi 0.40
mokled aRvwerT miRebul kiTxvars: bipolarul Svidsafexurian
semantikuri diferencialis skalaze yoveli Rirebuleba fasdeboda
TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT (sasiamovno-arasasiamovno;
mowesrigebuli-qaosuri; gluvi-xorkliani; Rrma-zedapiruli; azriani-
uazro; rTuli-martivi; naTeli-bundovani; mSvenieri-uSno; gulwrfeli-
aragulwrfeli; kargi-cudi; gamokveTili-bundovani). cdispirebSi
tendenciuri pasuxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT zedsarTavi saxelebi
maT Secvlili polusebiT miewodebodaT. skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3
SevusabameT Sefaseba ,,Zalian”; -2; +2 _ ,,saSualod”; -1; +1 _ ,,sustad”;
0 _ ,,neitraluri”.
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cdispirebi
sakvlevad gamovyaviT cdispirTa sami jgufi: ori _ eqsperimentuli
da erTi _ sakontrolo. samive SemTxvevaSi cdispirebs Seadgendnen
Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi, sul 241 piri.
saswavlo dawesebulebebis SerCevis principi igive iyo, rac wina kvlevaSi
_ survili gvqonda jgufebi yofiliyo maqsimalurad araerTgvarovani.
eqsperimentul jgufebSi vcdilobdiT socialuri ganwyobebis
Secvlas sxvadasxva Rirebulebis mimarT. erT SemTxvevaSi _ maRali
faqtoruli wonis mqone (faqtorTan yvelaze metad korelirebuli)
Rirebulebis _ sasjelis mimarT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ yvelaze dabali
faqtoruli wonis Rirebulebis _ alkoholis mimarT.
Cven davuSviT, rom cdispirebSi sasjelis mimarT socialuri
ganwyobis Secvla gamoiwvevda ganwyobis Secvlas masTan dakavSirebuli
danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac, xolo alkoholis mimarT socialuri
ganwyobis Secvla ar gamoiwvevda danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac
ganwyobis Secvlas.
cdebi Catarda orjeradi gazomvis meTodiT, ori identuri
Svidsafexuriani skalis gamoyenebiT: I. eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde
erTi kviriT adre da II. zemoqmedebisTanave.
Cveni mizani iyo eqsperimentuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad
Rirebulebebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis cvlilebis gazomva.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura pirvel jgufSi
cdispirebs vaZlevdiT Sesavsebad zemoaRweril kiTxvars (ix. gv.71).
mTeli procedura da instruqcia wina kvlevaSi gamoyenebulis identuri
iyo erTi gansxvavebiT: kiTxvaris bolos davamateT erTi grafa saxelisa
da gvaris misaTiTeblad.
mokled aRvwerT proceduras: cdispirebs kiTxvaris Sesavsebad
eZleodaT instruqcia. maT zedsarTavi saxelebis gamoyenebiT unda
SeefasebinaT eqvsive Rirebulebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebuleba. skala
Rirebulebebisadmi rogorc damokidebulebis gamoxatvis, aseve misTvis
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raodenobrivi Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. Sevsebis dawyebamde meti
garkveulobisaTvis, sanimuSod ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs. amis Semdeg
studentebs eZleodaT miTiTebebi: TiToeuli qveskalis gaswvriv
gaekeTebinaT mxolod erTi aRniSvna; ar gamoetovebinaT arc erTi
qveskala; didxans ar efiqraT, aRniSvnebi gaekeTebinaT spontanurad,
pirveli gancdis mixedviT. cdispirebs mokled miewodebodaT informacia
kvlevis miznis Sesaxeb. aRiniSneboda, rom monawileoba maTi mxridan
nebayoflobiTi iyo da vinc gadawyvetda kiTxvaris Sevsebas, aucilebeli
moTxovna iyo gulwrfeloba. studentebs gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi
SeeZloT kiTxviT miemarTaT cdis xelmZRvanelisaTvis. kiTxvaris
Sesavsebad dro ar iyo SezRuduli.
eqsperimentSi monawileobis misaRebad cdispirebi SevarCieT im
pirobiT, rom eqsperimentis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, erTi kviris
Semdeg kvlav aucileblad imave SemadgenlobiT gavagrZelebdiT muSaobas.
sul kiTxvari Seavso asma pirma. Cven cal-calke yoveli
maTganisaTvis TiToeuli Rirebulebis mixedviT gamovTvaleT
zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo ariTmetikulebi. mesame faqtorTan
yvelaze metad korelirebuli Rirebuleba iyo ,,sasjeli” (faqtoruli
wona _ 0.78). cdispirebi cal-calke davajgufeT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
socialur ganwyobas gamoxatavdnen isini Rirebuleba ,,sasjelis” mimarT
_ zogadad dadebiTad afasebdnen ,,sasjels”, Tu _ uaryofiTad. asi
cdispiridan 91 aRmoCnda uaryofiTi ganwyobis matarebeli da mxolod 9
_ dadebiTis. dadebiTad ganwyobil pirTa aseTi mcire raodenobidan
gamomdinare, eqsperimentis meore etapisaTvis davtoveT mxolod
uaryofiTi ganwyobebis matarebeli cdispirebi. Cven davuSviT, rom Tu
uaryofiTi socialuri ganwyobebis matarebel cdispirebs sasjelis
mimarT socialur ganwyobas dadebiTisken SevucvlidiT, es cdispirebSi
gamoiwvevda masTan erT faqtorSi gaerTianebuli sxva Rirebulebebis
(sicrue, daSineba, danaSauli, cnobismoyvareoba, alkoholi) mimarTac
ganwyobebis Secvlas. socialuri ganwyobis Sesacvlelad gamoviyeneT
ukve aprobirebuli meTodi: pirovnebis socialuri ganwyobisagan
gansxvavebuli poziciis dacva.
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eqsperimentis meore etapisaTvis 91 cdispirisgan SevadgineT mcire
sadiskusio jgufebi. TiToeul jgufs davalebad eZleoda Rirebuleba
,,sasjelis” pozitiuri mxridan warmosaCeni debulebebisa da argumentebis
individualurad gamoTqma. Temis gaSla-ganviTareba-argumentirebisaTvis
gamoyofili iyo saSualod 30-40 wuTi. cdispirebs miewodebodaT Semdegi
instruqcia: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu
ra dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes sasjels. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”.
Cven Tavidanve vivaraudeT, rom ganwyobis Secvla gacilebiT
efeqturi iqneboda jgufSi, vidre calkeul cdispirTan individualuri
muSaobisas. jgufis SemTxvevaSi, garda imisa, rom individebi Tavadac
axdendnen azrebis generirebas, sxvaTa msjelobebsac usmendnen da
yvelafer zemoTqmuls vizualuradac aRiqvamdnen, radgan moyvanili
argumentebi fiqsirdeboda dafaze an e.w. ,,flipCartze”. amdenad, es
procedura mTlianobaSi xels uwyobda ganwyobis Secvlas.
saSualod 25 debulebis dasaxelebis Semdeg, rodesac cdispirebs
axali azrebi aRar uCndebodaT, cdis xelmZRvaneli proceduras
asrulebda moyvanili argumentebis SejamebiT: ,,modiT, SevajamoT. axla me
wavikiTxav im argumentebs, romlebic Tqven moiyvaneT sasjelis
saWiroebis dasasabuTeblad da Sesabamisad, warmoadgineT sasjelis
pozitiuri mxareebi”.
mogvyavs sasjelTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirebuli argumentebis
ramdenime magaliTi: sasjelis arseboba amcirebs kriminals; aRar iqneba
dausjelobis sindromi; xalxi ufro daculad igrZnobs Tavs; damnaSaves
umcirdeba sindisis qenjna (rodesac igi damsaxurebulad ixdis sasjels
Cadenili danaSaulis gamo); dazaralebulisaTvis damnaSavis dasja
garkveulwilad kompensaciaa, eufleba gancda, rom samarTali aRdga.
aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi didi xalisiT da
mondomebiT asrulebdnen davalebas. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufis
wevrebi madlobas gvixdidnen sainteresod gatarebuli droisaTvis,
imisaTvis, rom davafiqreT iseT sakiTxebze, razec adre arasdros
ufiqriaT. cdispirebi aRniSnavdnen, rom momavalSic siamovnebiT
miiRebdnen monawileobas msgavs kvlevebSi, rasac ormagi datvirTva aqvs:
105
jer erTi, maTTvis aris saintereso da sasiamovno da meores mxriv, rac
ufro mTavaria, mecnierebis winsvlaSi SeaqvT TavianTi mokrZalebuli
wvlili.
eqsperimenti Tavdeboda kiTxvaris SevsebiT. cdispirebs Sesavsebad
eZleodaT zustad iseTive kiTxvari, romelic maT erTi kviris win
Seavses. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli iyo.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura meore jgufSi
pirveli jgufis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic studentebs SevavsebineT
zemoaRwerili kiTxvari. procedura da instruqcia igive iyo, rac pirvel
eqsprimentul jgufSi. sul kiTxvari Seavso asma cdispirma. wina
eqsperimentis msgavsad, aqac yoveli pirovnebisaTvis TiToeuli
Rirebulebis mixedviT gamovTvaleT zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo
ariTmetikulebi. mesame faqtorSi yvelaze dabali faqtoruli wonis
Rirebuleba iyo ,,alkoholi” (faqtoruli wona _ 0.40).
Cven davuSviT, rom dadebiTi socialuri ganwyobebis matarebeli
cdispirebisaTvis alkoholis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis
uaryofiTisken SecvliT, an piriqiT _ uaryofiTi ganwyobebis
matarebelTaTvis socialuri ganwyobebis dadebiTisaken SecvliT,
cdispirs sxva Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobebi ar Seecvleboda, radgan
Rirebuleba ,,alkoholi” dabali faqtoruli woniT gamoirCeoda.
cdispirebi cal-calke davajgufeT Rirebuleba ,,alkoholis”
mimarT gamoxatuli socialuri ganwyobis mixedviT _ zogadad dadebiTad
afasebdnen ,,alkohols”, Tu uaryofiTad. asi cdispiridan 31 aRmoCnda
dadebiTi ganwyobis matarebeli, 69 _ uaryofiTis. socialuri ganwyobis
Sesacvlelad am SemTxvevaSic, pirveli jgufis msgavsad, gamoviyeneT
pirovnebis socialuri ganwyobisagan gansxvavebuli poziciis dacvis,
propagandis meTodi.
eqsperimentis meore etapze cdispirebs alkoholis mimarT
gamovlenili ganwyobebis mixedviT vajgufebdiT mcire sadiskusio
jgufebad. cdispirTa im jgufs, romelTa socialuri ganwyoba dadebiTi
iyo Rirebuleba ,,alkoholis” mimarT, davalebad eZleoda
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individualurad gamoeTqvaT alkoholis negatiuri mxridan warmosaCeni
debulebebi da argumentebi, xolo negatiurad ganwyobilebs _ dadebiTi
argumentebi. davalebis Sesasruleblad orive SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili
iyo saSualod 30-40 wuTi. cdispirebs eZleodaT ,,sasjelTan”
dakavSirebiT gamoyenebuli instruqciis identuri instruqcia. pirvel
jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra
dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”. xolo meore
jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra
uaryofiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”. danarCeni
procedurac pirveli jgufis identurad Catarda, erTi gansxvavebiT:
muSaoba am meore SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobda ori tipis (alkoholis
mimarT dadebiTi ganwyobisa da uaryofiTi ganwyobis mqone) jgufTan
cal-calke.
mogvyavs alkoholTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebis
ramdenime magaliTi:
a) alkoholi karg guneb-ganwyobaze ayenebs adamians; alkoholis
miReba aTamamebs adamians; SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
antiseptikuri saSualeba; realobisgan gaqcevis kargi saSualebaa;
antidepresantia; mTvrali adamianisgan advilia saidumlo
informaciis gageba; relaqsaciis erTgvari saSualebaa; gaTbobis
saSualebaa; gemrielia; tkivilgamayuCebelia; ,,mTvrali kaci _ kai
kaci”; alkoholis miReba SemoqmedebiT potencials zrdis.
b) bevri sma janmrTelobisaTvis mavnebelia; adamianSi qveiTdeba
TviTkontroli; nasvami adamiani konfliqturi xdeba; mcirdeba
reaqciis siswrafe; imatebs avtokatastrofebis albaToba; SeiZleba
gaxde alkoholze damokidebuli; icis nabaxusevis sindromi;
adamiani dundeba da muSaobaSi araefeqturi xdeba; adamianebSi
matulobs agresia; matulobs kriminali; nasvami adamiani xSirad
bevrs laparakobs da momabezrebeli xdeba.
cdispirebi didi enTuziazmiT Caebnen eqsperimentSi. moyvanili
argumentebis raodenoba geometriuli progresiiT izrdeboda. xSir
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SemTxvevaSi gakvirvebas gamoxatavdnen, rom am dromde ar hqondaT
alkoholis sikeTe (meore SemTxvevaSi _ mavnebloba) kargad
gacnobierebuli.
proceduris dasrulebisas xelmZRvaneli TiToeul jgufSi
akeTebda reziumirebas: ,,modiT, SevajamoT. axla me wavikiTxav im
argumentebs, romlebic Tqven moiyvaneT alkoholis dadebiTi (uaryofiTi)
zegavlenis dasasabuTeblad da Sesabamisad, warmoadgineT alkoholis
pozitiuri (negatiuri) mxareebi”.
eqsperimentis bolos cdispirebs Tavidan vavsebinebdiT erTi kviris
win Sevsebulis analogiur kiTxvars. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli
iyo.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura mesame jgufSi
mesame jgufi iyo sakontrolo. sakontrolo jgufs, iseve rogorc
eqsperimentuls, Seadgendnen Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi
saswavleblebis studentebi. sul 50 axalgazrda. cdispirebs,
eqsperimentis monawileTa msgavsad, erTi kviris intervaliT
vavsebinebdiT kiTxvars. eqsperimentuli jgufisagan gansxvavebiT
sakontrolo jgufSi kiTxvaris orjeradad SevsebaTa Soris erTkvirian
SualedSi ar xdeboda eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba _ ganwyobis Secvlis
mcdeloba.
miRebuli Sedegebi da analizi
monacemebi davamuSaveT kompiuteruli programiT SPSS
(statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis) (detalurad
mocemulia danarTSi #4,5,6). TiToeuli jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo
Rirebulebebis mimarT damokidebulebis (socialuri ganwyobis) saSualo
ariTmetikuli cal-calke _ zemoqmedebis Catarebamde (I gazomva) da
zemoqmedebis Catarebis (II gazomva) Semdeg. garda amisa, TiToeuli
jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo I da II gazomvebSi miRebul saSualo
108
ariTmetikulebs Soris gansxvavebis statistikuri sandooba (stiudentis t
kriteriumiT).
pirveli eqsperimentuli jgufisaTvis miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix.
cxrili #4):
cxrili #4: cdispirebSi sasjelisadmi socialuri ganwyobis
dadebiTisaken Secvla
Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p
cnobismoyvareoba I II
0.670.70 -0.280 0.780
alkoholi I II
-0.16-0.25 0.817 0.416
daSineba I II
-1.47-1.07 -3.549 0.001
sicrue I II
-1.49-1.10 -4.070 0.000
sasjeli I II
-0.750.03 -7.540 0.000
danaSauli I II
-1.70-1.26 -3.655 0.000
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, damarwmunebelma komunikaciam kargad
imuSava _ sasjelis mimarT socialuri ganwyoba mniSvnelovnadaa
Secvlili (t=7.54; p=0.0). rogorc vvaraudobdiT, sasjelis mimarT
ganwyobis Secvlam sxva Rirebulebebis mimarTac gamoiwvia ganwyobebis
Secvla. gamonaklisi iyo Rirebulebebi: alkoholi da cnobismoyvareoba,
romelTa mimarT ganwyoba statistikurad sandod ar Secvlila. es
bunebrivad migvaCnia. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, orive Rirebuleba, garda
mesame faqtorTan korelirebisa, kavSirs amJRavnebs meoTxe faqtorTanac
da erTgvari damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcias asrulebs faqtorebs
Soris, Sesabamisad, _ ar daeqvemdebara Secvlas. rac Seexeba ganwyobis
Secvlis mimarTulebas, cxrilidan Cans, rom sasjelis mimarT
socialuri ganwyobis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Secvlam gamoiwvia
danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvla dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT.
109
meore eqsperimentul jgufSi miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix.
cxrilebi ##5,6):
cxrili #5: cdispirebSi alkoholisadmi socialuri ganwyobis
uaryofiTisken Secvla
Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p
cnobismoyvareoba I II
0.280.03 1.618 0.116
alkoholi I II
1.150.60 3.159 0.004
daSineba I II
-1.50-1.52 0.137 0.892
sicrue I II
-1.09-1.26 0.838 0.409
sasjeli I II
-0.74-0.56 -1.129 0.268
danaSauli I II
-1.37-1.46 0.769 0.448
cxrili #6: cdispirebSi alkoholisadmi socialuri ganwyobis
dadebiTisaken Secvla
Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p
cnobismoyvareoba I II
0.360.57 -1.485 0.142
alkoholi I II
-1.130.04 -7.981 0.000
daSineba I II
-1.69-1.49 -1.848 0.069
sicrue I II
-1.47-1.10 -3.121 0.003
sasjeli I II
-0.63-0.61 -0.176 0.861
danaSauli I II
-1.64-1.54 -1.105 0.273
miRebuli Sedegebidan Cans, rom jgufis wevrebSi alkoholis
mimarT socialuri ganwyoba Seicvala maTze eqsperimentatoris
zemoqmedebis Sesabamisad: erT SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofiTi, meore
110
SemTxvevaSi _ dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. sxva Rirebulebebis mimarT
ganwyobebi ar Secvlila arc pirvel, arc meore SemTxvevaSi garda erTi
gamonaklisisa _ erT (meore) SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla dafiqsirda
sicruis mimarT, rac vfiqrobT, Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.
sakontrolo jgufSi miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix. cxrili #7):
rogorc Sedegebidan Cans, cdispirebs, romlebzec eqsperimentuli
zemoqmedeba ar ganxorcielebula, erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
RirebulebaTa mimarT ganwyobebi ar SecvliaT. es faqti adasturebs, rom
or eqsperimentul jgufSi RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli
zemoaRwerili cvlilebebi unda mivaweroT mxolod eqsperimentul
zemoqmedebas.
cxrili #7: sakontrolo jgufi
Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p
cnobismoyvareoba I II
0.580.43 1.422 0.161
alkoholi I II
-0.90-0.82 -0.497 0.621
daSineba I II
-1.56-1.52 -0.282 0.779
sicrue I II
-1.45-1.26 -1.391 0.170
sasjeli I II
-0.71-0.83 1.104 0.275
danaSauli I II
-1.68-1.55 -1.206 0.234
daskvna:
amrigad, eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma da maTma
analizma daadastura Cveni hipoTeza, rom socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla
eqvemdebareba Semdeg kanonzomierebas: centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT
damokidebulebis (socialuri ganwyobis) Secvla iwvevs masTan
dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis mimarTac socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas.
111
zogadi daskvnebi:
Rirebulebebi qmnian sistemebs. Rirebulebebis mimarT
arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebi urTierTqmedebisas qmnian
struqturebs;
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi
gamoiyofa centraluri (sabaziso) da periferiuli ganwyobebi;
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi
centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla iwvevs
ganwyobebis Secvlas masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni
Rirebulebebis mimarTac;
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi
periferiuli Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla ar
iwvevs masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarT
ganwyobebis Secvlas;
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis mimarTuleba gansazRvravs
danarCeni ganwyobebis Secvlis mimarTulebas.
112
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danarTi #2
# Rirebulebebi M S σM 1 megobroba 1.93 0.77 0.05 2 erTguleba 1.92 0.89 0.06 3 ganaTleba 1.92 0.80 0.05 4 sikeTe 1.89 0.81 0.06 5 ojaxis usafrTxoeba 1.75 0.79 0.05 6 religia 1.75 1.05 0.07 7 patiosneba 1.73 0.86 0.06 8 erovnuli kultura 1.69 0.86 0.06 9 klasikuri kultura 1.69 0.96 0.07 10 Sinagani harmonia 1.64 0.86 0.06 11 mimtevebloba 1.64 0.87 0.06 12 samSoblo 1.55 0.96 0.07 13 mecniereba 1.53 0.85 0.06 14 Tavisufleba 1.47 0.81 0.05 15 damoukidebloba 1.46 0.86 0.06 16 TviTdisciplina 1.46 0.89 0.06 17 mSvidoba msoflioSi 1.43 0.93 0.06 18 qorwineba 1.40 0.92 0.06 19 silamaze 1.39 0.83 0.06 20 SemoqmedebiToba 1.39 0.88 0.06 21 zomiereba 1.34 0.85 0.06 22 me 1.24 0.91 0.06 23 tradiciebis pativiscema 1.19 0.93 0.06 24 gambedaoba 1.18 0.85 0.06 25 Tanasworoba 1.18 0.89 0.06 26 iumori 1.18 0.75 0.05 27 socialuri samarTlianoba 1.18 1.00 0.07 28 socialuri wesrigi 1.17 0.92 0.06 29 Tavmdabloba 1.08 1.00 0.07 30 kanoni 1.07 1.01 0.07 31 adamiani 0.80 1.04 0.07 32 simdidre 0.67 0.89 0.06 33 Zalaufleba 0.64 0.95 0.06 34 fuli 0.48 0.97 0.07 35 socialuri Zalaufleba 0.36 0.97 0.07 36 Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba 0.22 1.07 0.07 37 seqsualuri Tavisufleba 0.12 1.08 0.07 38 cnobismoyvareoba 0.06 1.04 0.07 39 sasjeli -0.18 0.86 0.06 40 politika -0.47 0.95 0.06 41 alkoholi -0.54 1.01 0.07 42 daSineba -0.96 0.89 0.06 43 danaSauli -0.99 0.85 0.06 44 sicrue -1.27 0.90 0.06
125
danarTi #3
Factor Analysis
Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance
Cumulative % Total % of
Variance Cumulative
% 1 14,597 33,174 33,174 10,588 24,063 24,0632 3,772 8,573 41,747 3,242 7,368 31,4313 1,676 3,809 45,556 2,714 6,169 37,6004 1,576 3,581 49,137 2,547 5,788 43,3885 1,448 3,291 52,428 2,491 5,661 49,0496 1,384 3,145 55,573 1,881 4,276 53,3257 1,186 2,695 58,267 1,782 4,051 57,3768 1,102 2,505 60,772 1,494 3,396 60,7729 ,968 2,200 62,973 10 ,951 2,160 65,133 11 ,891 2,024 67,157 12 ,875 1,990 69,147 13 ,848 1,926 71,073 14 ,794 1,805 72,878 15 ,748 1,700 74,578 16 ,716 1,627 76,205 17 ,694 1,577 77,782 18 ,644 1,464 79,245 19 ,629 1,429 80,674 20 ,556 1,265 81,938 21 ,540 1,227 83,165 22 ,531 1,207 84,373 23 ,508 1,154 85,527 24 ,493 1,121 86,648 25 ,472 1,072 87,721 26 ,418 ,950 88,671 27 ,413 ,940 89,610 28 ,394 ,896 90,507 29 ,373 ,849 91,355 30 ,366 ,832 92,187 31 ,357 ,812 92,999 32 ,336 ,764 93,764 33 ,292 ,665 94,428 34 ,289 ,656 95,084 35 ,268 ,610 95,694 36 ,254 ,578 96,272 37 ,251 ,569 96,841
126
127
Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance
Cumulative % Total % of
Variance Cumulative
% 38 ,243 ,552 97,394 39 ,230 ,522 97,916 40 ,207 ,469 98,386 41 ,198 ,451 98,837 42 ,177 ,403 99,239 43 ,175 ,398 99,637 44 ,160 ,363 100,000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Component Transformation Matrix Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 ,830 ,374 -,177 ,140 ,222 ,109 ,205 ,1302 -,134 -,019 ,582 ,602 ,370 ,346 ,134 -,0773 ,381 -,383 ,358 ,188 -,714 ,009 -,017 ,1874 ,228 ,142 ,644 -,486 ,144 -,361 -,034 -,3535 ,017 ,122 ,119 -,464 -,087 ,825 -,254 ,0596 -,302 ,725 ,165 ,028 -,414 -,055 ,368 ,2137 ,061 ,245 -,184 ,289 -,318 ,099 -,249 -,8048 ,009 ,305 ,110 ,217 ,063 -,211 -,823 ,350
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Rotated Component Matrix (a)
Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
sikeTe ,770 ,125 -,251 6,576E-02 -.002 5,957E-02 1,201E-02 -,110patiosneba ,750 9,431E-02 -,173 -.027 1,393E-02 ,168 ,190 7,207E-02erTguleba ,750 ,282 -.097 1,441E-02 2,700E-02 9,645E-02 8,001E-02 ,106ganaTleba ,741 ,146 -.042 -.069 6,280E-03 ,111 -.004 9,991E-03zomiereba ,698 1,392E-02 -,135 -.027 8,928E-02 -.002 ,373 ,220mimtevebloba ,685 ,126 -,218 3,628E-02 6,696E-02 6,259E-02 ,117 ,139klasikuri kultura ,664 ,291 -,166 3,815E-03 ,113 -,140 -,135 1,511E-02ojaxis usafrTxoeba ,659 ,312 -,127 ,115 -.007 ,105 ,169 -.028gambedaoba ,651 -.029 -.050 ,261 1,142E-02 ,106 ,185 ,189damoukidebloba ,648 ,230 4,406E-02 ,162 9,909E-03 5,703E-02 ,302 ,150megobroba ,630 ,338 -.078 ,104 3,428E-02 6,417E-02 ,128 9,116E-02TviTdisciplina ,629 ,277 ,166 -.031 9,784E-02 -.032 7,234E-02 ,215qorwineba ,620 ,133 -.022 9,687E-02 ,432 3,168E-02 4,328E-02 6,046E-02samSoblo ,598 ,156 -,188 -,129 ,302 3,540E-02 ,112 -.056religia ,567 ,253 -,275 4,387E-02 ,296 ,161 -.064 -,249mecniereba ,564 ,256 .000 ,262 ,114 ,196 -.036 -.034Tavmdabloba ,563 1,887E-02 -,142 5,111E-02 -.040 -,213 ,445 9,064E-02silamaze ,535 ,108 -.099 ,236 3,938E-02 5,119E-02 ,413 8,335E-02tradiciebis pativiscema
,534 ,388 3,519E-02 4,125E-02 ,255 -.043 7,629E-02 -,129
SemoqmedebiToba ,532 ,391 2,013E-02 ,166 ,201 4,469E-02 4,935E-02 ,240kanoni ,499 ,164 ,122 -,225 ,248 ,400 6,959E-02 5,556E-02me ,473 8,008E-02 -.039 ,200 ,458 -.077 -,112 ,333Sinagani harmonia ,367 ,670 -.083 3,923E-03 -.005 -.088 -.001 ,198erovnuli kultura ,481 ,640 -,199 6,775E-03 ,128 7,819E-02 -.015 -,143Tavisufleba ,339 ,630 -.055 ,112 2,665E-02 ,146 ,216 9,937E-02128
129
Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 socialuri wesrigi ,260 ,564 -,100 3,904E-02 ,246 ,148 ,456 ,152sasjeli -.014 8,014E-02 ,781 -,110 9,065E-02 1,162E-03 -.099 4,265E-02sicrue -,443 -.092 ,602 ,147 -.010 6,654E-02 7,456E-02 -,287daSineba -,328 -,366 ,589 8,118E-02 -.056 ,169 2,858E-02 -,129danaSauli -,322 -,178 ,558 ,117 -,106 3,536E-02 -.005 -,193cnobismoyvareoba 5,280E-02 -.070 ,531 ,357 3,337E-02 1,604E-02 -.022 ,298alkoholi -.041 2,405E-02 ,404 ,402 5,980E-02 -.097 -.016 -,368simdidre ,122 ,184 2,290E-02 ,659 8,341E-02 ,344 ,137 1,112E-02fuli 6,217E-02 8,338E-02 2,055E-02 ,637 ,234 ,139 ,299 -.050seqsualuri Tavisufleba
-.076 -.055 ,202 ,626 ,109 ,116 -,116 3,539E-02
iumori ,443 7,726E-02 -,116 ,522 ,134 -,158 6,945E-02 ,117Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba
4,333E-02 2,663E-02 -.028 ,249 ,753 3,088E-02 6,266E-02 ,106
adamiani ,392 ,163 -.061 ,201 ,629 9,616E-02 7,094E-02 2,865E-02politika -,163 1,899E-02 ,254 4,638E-03 ,614 ,225 ,176 -,278socialuri Zalaufleba
4,213E-02 ,147 -.019 ,170 ,142 ,802 6,236E-02 ,126
Zalaufleba ,302 -,138 ,145 ,294 1,645E-02 ,668 -.088 4,557E-03socialuri samarTlianoba
,456 ,196 3,262E-02 5,818E-02 ,335 3,804E-02 ,555 8,461E-02
mSvidoba msoflioSi ,337 ,375 2,767E-02 ,228 ,156 9,305E-03 ,444 -,163Tanasworoba ,220 ,311 -,142 7,859E-02 5,126E-02 ,246 ,153 ,633
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. A Rotation converged in 19 iterations.
129
danarTi #4
T-Test ,,sasjeli” jgufi = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean N Std.
Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .9778 9 1.16809 .38936cnobismoyvareoba-02 .7111 9 1.22111 .40704
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -.1778 9 1.78170 .59390alkoholi-02 -.0444 9 .98376 .32792
Pair 3 daSineba-01 -.6889 9 1.11405 .37135daSineba-02 -.8444 9 .97866 .32622
Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.2222 9 .99219 .33073sicrue-02 -1.2222 9 .85114 .28371
Pair 5 sasjeli-01 1.3778 9 .99219 .33073sasjeli-02 .0889 9 1.07755 .35918
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.0667 9 1.08628 .36209danaSauli-02 -1.1111 9 .92796 .30932
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
9 .952 .000
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 9 .697 .037Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 9 .711 .032Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 9 .734 .025Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 9 -.124 .750Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 9 .632 .068
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
130
Paired Samples Test (a)
t Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
2.138 .065
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -.307 .767Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 .580 .578Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 .000 1.000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 2.490 .038Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 .152 .883
a Gr = uaryofiTisken T-Test ,,sasjeli” jgufi = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean N Std.
Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .6725 91 1.11695 .11709cnobismoyvareoba-02 .6989 91 1.06055 .11118
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -.1626 91 1.61903 .16972alkoholi-02 -.2549 91 1.55780 .16330
Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.4681 91 1.00365 .10521daSineba-02 -1.0703 91 1.14363 .11988
Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.4945 91 1.00148 .10498sicrue-02 -1.1033 91 .99972 .10480
Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.7495 91 .85250 .08937sasjeli-02 .0308 91 1.03190 .10817
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.6989 91 .87502 .09173danaSauli-02 -1.2615 91 .91927 .09637
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
91 .662 .000
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 91 .771 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 91 .510 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 91 .580 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 91 .465 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 91 .191 .069
a Gr = dadebiTisken
131
Paired Samples Test (a)
t Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
-.280 .780
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 .817 .416Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -3.549 .001Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -4.070 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -7.540 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -3.655 .000
a Gr = dadebiTisken
danarTi #5
T-Test ,,alkoholi” jgufi = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean N Std.
Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .2774 31 1.23793 .22234cnobismoyvareoba-02 .0258 31 1.30511 .23440
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 1.1548 31 .77237 .13872alkoholi-02 .6000 31 1.09666 .19697
Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.4968 31 1.33053 .23897daSineba-02 -1.5226 31 1.24223 .22311
Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.0903 31 1.27837 .22960sicrue-02 -1.2581 31 1.16755 .20970
Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.7355 31 1.03844 .18651sasjeli-02 -.5613 31 .99923 .17947
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.3677 31 1.04064 .18690danaSauli-02 -1.4645 31 1.14471 .20560
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
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Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
31 .770 .000
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 31 .497 .004Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 31 .671 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 31 .588 .001Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 31 .645 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 31 .799 .000
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Test (a)
t Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
1.618 .116
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 3.159 .004Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 .137 .892Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 .838 .409Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -1.129 .268Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 .769 .448
a Gr = uaryofiTisken T-Test ,,alkoholi” jgufi = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean N Std.
Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .3565 69 1.30784 .15744cnobismoyvareoba-02 .5652 69 1.22376 .14732
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -1.1333 69 1.12442 .13536alkoholi-02 .0406 69 1.14151 .13742
Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.6899 69 .90848 .10937daSineba-02 -1.4899 69 .87685 .10556
Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.4667 69 1.09258 .13153sicrue-02 -1.1014 69 1.01959 .12274
Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.6290 69 .86247 .10383sasjeli-02 -.6087 69 .87207 .10499
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.6435 69 .96031 .11561danaSauli-02 -1.5420 69 .95800 .11533
a Gr = dadebiTisken
133
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
69 .576 .000
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 69 .419 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 69 .493 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 69 .578 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 69 .393 .001Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 69 .684 .000
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Test (a)
t Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
-1.485 .142
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -7.981 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -1.848 .069Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -3.121 .003Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -.176 .861Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -1.105 .273
a Gr = dadebiTisken
danarTi #6
T-Test sakontrolo jgufi
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error
Mean Pair 1
cnobismoyvareoba-01 .5800 50 1.22040 .17259cnobismoyvareoba-02 .4320 50 1.22515 .17326
Pair 2
alkoholi-01 -.8960 50 1.40160 .19822alkoholi-02 -.8200 50 1.47814 .20904
Pair 3
daSineba-01 -1.5640 50 1.03229 .14599daSineba-02 -1.5200 50 1.14713 .16223
Pair 4
sicrue-01 -1.4480 50 1.04944 .14841sicrue-02 -1.2640 50 .97264 .13755
Pair 5
sasjeli-01 -.7120 50 1.01993 .14424sasjeli-02 -.8280 50 1.09843 .15534
Pair 6
danaSauli-01 -1.6840 50 .91168 .12893danaSauli-02 -1.5480 50 1.03554 .14645
134
135
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
50 .819 .000
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 50 .719 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 50 .492 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 50 .574 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 50 .756 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 50 .671 .000
Paired Samples Test
t Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02
1.422 .161
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -.497 .621Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -.282 .779Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -1.391 .170Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 1.104 .275Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -1.206 .234