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32. Maxwell 방정식과 물질의 자성 0 E d d i dt ε Φ Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism (상자성) Ferromagnetism (강자성)

Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

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Page 1: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32. Maxwell 방정식과 물질의 자성

0E

ddidt

ε Φ≡

Displacement current

Diamagnetism (반자성)

Paramagnetism (상자성)

Ferromagnetism (강자성)

Page 2: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-2. 자기장에 대한 Gauss 법칙

자기홀극(magnetic monopole)없다.

0B B dAΦ = ⋅ =∫rr

0

encE

qE dAε

Φ = ⋅ =∫rr

Page 3: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-3. 유도자기장

BdE dsdt

ε Φ= ⋅ = −∫

r r

EdB dsdtΦ

⋅ ∝∫r r

Faraday’s Law

Similar form for B-field

0 0EdB ds

dtμ ε Φ

⋅ =∫r r

: Maxwell 의 유도법칙

Page 4: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

Ampere-Maxwell 법칙

Ampere 법칙

0E

ddidt

ε Φ≡ : 변위전류 (Displacement current)

dtdisdB EΦ

με+μ=⋅∫ 000rr

Ampere-Maxwell 법칙

0 encB ds iμ⋅ =∫r r

0 0EdB ds

dtμ ε Φ

⋅ =∫r r

Maxwell 유도법칙

Page 5: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-4. 변위전류

0E

ddidt

ε Φ≡ : Displacement current

0 0 dB ds i iμ μ⋅ = +∫r r

: Ampere-Maxwell 법칙

가상의전류

0 0 dq dEq AE i Adt dt

ε ε= → = =

임의의시간에극판의전하 q 와전기장 E, 전류 i 의관계

극판사이의전기다발 : E AEΦ =

( )0 0 0

Ed

d AEd dEi Adt dt dt

ε ε εΦ= = =

di i= : 축전기내의변위전류

가상의변위전류 id는실제전류 i 의연속역할

Page 6: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

변위전류에 의한 유도자기장

dirBsdB 02 μ=π⋅=⋅∫rr

0 12 dB i

rμπ

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

r > R :

r < R :

Er

r

Br

R

0 0 0E

ddB ds idt

ε μ μΦ⋅ = =∫r r

20

2

02

2

2

d

d

rB ir R

i rR

μ ππ π

μπ

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

Page 7: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-5. Maxwell 방정식

0

encqE dAε

⋅ =∫rr

0=⋅∫ AdBrr

dtdsdE BΦ

−=⋅∫rr

dtdisdB EΦ

με+μ=⋅∫ 000rr

Gauss’s Law

No magnetic monopole

Faraday’s Law (Induction)

Ampere-Maxwell’s Law

* Lorentz force: force law for a particle of charge q : BvqEqFrrrr

×+=

Page 8: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

(참고) 미분형 Maxwell 방정식

∫∫∫ ερ

=⋅∇=⋅ dvdvEAdE0

rrrr

0=⋅∇=⋅ ∫∫ dvBAdBrrrr

∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅×∇=⋅ AdBdtdAdEsdE

rrrrrrr

∫∫

∫∫

⋅εμ+⋅μ=

Φεμ+μ=⋅×∇=⋅

AdEdtdAdj

dtdiAdBsdB E

rrrr

rrrrr

000

000

tEjB∂∂

εμ+μ=×∇r

rrr000

djtE rr

=∂∂

ε0( )djjB

rrrr+μ=×∇ 0

0ερ

=⋅∇ Err

0=⋅∇ Brr⇒

tBE∂∂

−=×∇r

rr⇒

Page 9: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-7. 자기와 전자

electron

전자의 스핀 각운동량에 의한 자기쌍극자 모멘트

스핀자기쌍극자모멘트 (spin magnetic dipole moment) :

전자의스핀각운동량 (spin angular momentum): Sr

se Sm

μ = −rr

355.2729 10 sec2zS J−= = × ⋅h

(Quantized, 양자화되어있다)1 :

2 2z s s sz

hS S m m mπ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞≡ = = = ±⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

rh

Page 10: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

se Sm

μ = −rr

,

24

Bohr magnet

4

9.27 10 /4

on ( ) :

B

B

s z ze ehSm m

eh J Tm

μπ

π

μ

μ −

= − = ± ≡

= = ×

±

보어자기량

외부자기장에서전자의퍼텐셜에너지

, ( z- )s ext s z ext extU B B Bμ μ= − ⋅ = −r rr

방향을 축

스핀 자기쌍극자 모멘트 (spin magnetic dipole moment) :

secJ.h ⋅×=π= −34100612hh : Plank Constant

Page 11: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

궤도 자기쌍극자 모멘트 (Orbital magnetic-dipole moment)

2 / 2e e eviT r v rπ π

= = =

( ) ( )2 12 2orbeviA z r z evr z

rμ π

π⎛ ⎞= − = − = −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

r ) ) )

( )( ) ( )ˆ ˆorbL r p r mv z mvr z= × = ⋅ + =r r r

2orb orbe Lm

μ ⎛ ⎞= −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

rr

Current:

Angular Moment:

Magnetic moment:

Orbital motion

, 2 2 4orb orb z l l l Bz

e h ehm m mm m

μ μ μπ π

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= = − = − = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

r

, ( z- )orb ext orb z ext extU B B Bμ μ= − ⋅ = −r rr

방향을 축

Page 12: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-8. 자성물질

( )//atom extBμ −rr ( )//atom extBμ +

rr

Page 13: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-9. 반 자성 (Diamagnetism)

대부분의원자들에서

Bext증가 E유도 e 이동 i 유도 μorb 생성

extBr

반대방향으로 orbμr 생성 반자성

Page 14: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-10. 상 자성 (Paramagnetism)

//atom extBμrr

자화밀도 (magnetization density: M)

자화곡선

Page 15: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32-11. 강자성 (ferromagnetism)

① 교환결합(exchange coupling) 상호작용에 의한 전자들의 스핀간 정렬

② 온도가 문턱값(Curie 온도)을 넘으면 교환결합의 효과가 사라짐

(강자성 ⇒ 상자성: 철의 큐리온도 1043K = 770℃)

기본특성

Rowland’s loop

0 MB B B= +

Page 16: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

강자성 : 자기구역 및 자기이력

자기구역 (magnetic domain):

강자성 물질에서

전자스핀이 균일한 영역

자기이력(Hysteresis):

자기장을 없앤 뒤에도 유도된

자기쌍극자 모멘트가 남아있는 현상

Page 17: Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) …optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/32-Maxwell equations.pdf · 2016. 8. 31. · Displacement current Diamagnetism (반자성) Paramagnetism(상자성)

32. Summary : Maxwell 방정식

0

encqE dAε

⋅ =∫rr

0=⋅∫ AdBrr

dtdsdE BΦ

−=⋅∫rr

dtdisdB EΦ

με+μ=⋅∫ 000rr

Gauss’s Law

No magnetic monopole

Faraday’s Law (Induction)

Ampere-Maxwell’s Law

se Sm

μ = −rr

, 4s z Beh

mμ μ

π± ≡ ±=

2orb orbe Lm

μ ⎛ ⎞= −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

rr,orb z l Bmμ μ= −

Spin magnetic moment

Orbital magnetic moment