disertacia 1 1press.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/zhana_kotorashvili.pdf3 Sesavali KKKK naSromis kvlevis mizans warmoadgens 1900-1910-iani wlebis TxzulebaTa Tematikisa da

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literaturis instituti

Jana kotoraSvili

vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa Tematika da mxatvruli struqtura

1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori iuza evgeniZe

Tbilisi

2013

sarCevi

avtoris stili daculia

2

1. Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 3-19

2. I. Tavi- vaJa-fSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis lirikis Tematika

da mxatvruli struqtura; ....................................................................... 20-98

3. II. Tavi- vaJa-fSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis eposis Tematika

da mxatvruli struqtura; ...................................................................... 99-186

4. III. Tavi-dramatuli Janri vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi (1910-

iani wlebis mixedviT); .................................................................................. 187-205

5. IV. Tavi-Targmani , rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi

interesebis erT-erTi aspeqti (1900-1910-iani wlebis

mixedviT); ................................................................................................................... 206-224

6. V. Tavi-1900-1910-iani wlebis vaJa-fSavelas

publicistika; ....................................................................................................... 225-242

7. daskvna ......................................................................................................................... 243

8. gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................... 244-251

3

SesavaliKKKK

naSromis kvlevis mizans warmoadgens 1900-1910-iani wlebis

TxzulebaTa Tematikisa da mxatvruli struqturis kompleqsuri analizis

safuZvelze vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa eTikuri da esTetikuri

samyaros analizi.

Ddakvirvebis obieqtia mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis funqciebi, teqstebsa

da Janrebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba. Ggarkveuli adgili eTmoba vaJas

nawarmoebebTan sxva qarTvel mweralTa Txzulebebis konkretuli pasaJebisa

da motivTa Sejerebas.

am fonze, Tvisobrivad gasarkvevia, Tu ra gziT ganviTarda da ra xasiaTisa

genialuri mgosnis SemoqmedebiTi interesebi, ra novaciebi warmoCnda mis

poeziaSi, prozaSi, publicistikaSi Tu mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi,

dramaturgiaSi msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlilebebis mxriv, ideur–Tematuri

Ziebis, mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebis

aspeqtiT.

vaJa-fSavelas mier warmosaxul personaJTa zneobrivi samyaro im

muxtis matarebelia, romelic ganapirobebs mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

urTules saidumloebebSi mkiTxvelis gacnobierebas.

adamianis fiqri, azrovneba, emociebi, misi Sinasamyaro ayalibebs da

monoliTad warmoaCens mis pirovnul ,,me“–s. amis warmosaxva–gamosaxva

xelovnebaSi, kerZod mxatvrul literaturaSi, mocemulia specifikur WrilSi

da naTels xdis Semoqmedis msoflSegrZnebas, adamianurobis niWsa da unars. es ki

Semoqmeds aZlevs garkveul garantias,– gaaSuqos RvTisgan qmnili samyaros

saidumloebani. mudam unda axsovdes da iTvaliswinebdes RmerTTan mosaubre

hainrix haines sityvebs, codvila–upatronos saflavis qvis win rom

warmouTqvams: ,,ama qvis qveSe garindula mTeli samyaro“. Tumca, amave dros

mwerals hmarTebs didi sifrTxilec, gaTvaliwineba imisa, rom mas, rogorc

adamians, ver SeeZleba yvelafrisa da yvelas mxatvruli gardasaxva, Tuki amas

moiwadinebs igi aRmoCndeba iseT ukiduresobaSi, romelsac faqtologia

SeiZleba ewodos, amitom mas unda SeeZlos SerCeva, danaxva umTavresi da

ganumeorebeli sagnebisa da movlenebisa.

kultura sityvisa, kultura grZnobisa, kultura adamianur gancdaTa

gaxsnisa mTeli elvarebiT gansakuTrebiT maSin unda gamosWviodes, rodesac

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mwerals uxdeba individTa zneobrivi mRelvarebis, maTi cxovrebiseuli

kataklizmebis gadmocema. yovelive amas ki xorcs unda asxamdes TxzulebaTa

mxatvrul saxeTa sistema, TiToeul frazaSi, sityvaSi Cadebuli ideur–

emocionaluri gamovlinebani.

mxatvrulma sityvam ideur–emocionaluri gamomxatveloba srulyofilad

rom SeZlos, ramdenime faqtors unda akmayofilebdes:

a)TxzulebaSi aRZrul gancdaTa, msoflSegrZnebaTa gamoxatva Sesabamisi

mxatvruli stiliT.

b)lirikuli gmirisa Tu epikur–dramatul personaJebis mimarTeba

sazogadoebis garkveul interesebTan;

g)rogoraa warmoCenili maTSi bunebis gancda ;

d)ra diapazonisaa adamianis Semecnebis farglebi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi;

e)rogor mJRavndeba sxvadasxva literaturuli mimarTulebis esTetikuri

principebi konkretuli avtoris konkretul TxzulebebSi.

amaSi xedavda prof. gr. kiknaZe vaJa–fSavelas Zalas: ,,vaJa–fSavelas es

siZliere marto mis poetur alRosa da niWze ar aris dafuZnebuli. vaJas

Semoqmedeba misi, rogorc moazrovne–moqalaqis, poeturi warmonaqmnia. igi

Tavisi drois socialuri viTarebis Svili da mowinave moazrovneTa sulieri

memkvidrea. amitomacaa, rom vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedebis ideuri Sinaarsi

gamocalkevebuli saxiT ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT

es Semoqmedeba erTvis Cveni imdroindeli mwerlobis mZlavrsa da mowinave

nakads, Tumca, arasodes ar kargavs Tavis mkveTr poetur individualobas“(49,3–5).

umdidresi mxatvruli samyaroTi, intonaciuri mravalferovnebiT,

mizanswrafviT, SemoqmedebiTi interesebiT vaJa–fSavela, Tu guram asaTians

davesesxebiT–,,dakavSirebulia sakuTari xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan,

romelic didebulad gamoxatavs ,,xalxis erovnuli fsiqikis iersac“ .(6,312)

xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan organuli kavSiri, romelic ,,erovnuli

fsiqikis iersac“ atarebs, naTlad aisaxa vaJas lirikaSi.

kanonzomierebadaa qceuli is realoba, rom erTi saukunis dasasruli da

axali saukunis dasawyisi TiTqmis revoluciur gardaqmnaTa periodia xolme

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, zogadad, xelovnebis istoriaSi, yvelaze mkveTrad ki

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mxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi. aq demarkaciuli xazis gavleba

gamoricxulia, miTumetes gamoricxulia iseTi didi masStabisa da genialuri

poetis SemoqmedebaSi, rogoric vaJa–fSavelaa.

XIX da XX saukuneebis uReltexilze dgomam Tavisi keTili kvali daaCnia

mis poezias, mis sazogadoebriv pozicias, mis SemoqmedebiT interesTa farTo

speqtrs. vaJa–fSavelas pirovneba, misi Semoqmedeba samarTlianad aris

gaazrebuli msoflios masStabiT: ,,...iwureboda mecxramete da iwyeboda meoce

saukune. msoflio literaturaSic iwyeboda meoce saukune. msoflio

literaturis titanebidan yvelaze mZlavrad momavlisaken es ltolva

tolstoim, dostoevskim, Tagorma da uitmenma gamoxates. vaJam ki kidev erTi

nabiji gadadga am mimarTulebiT. da saqarTvelos tragikul pirobebSi, e.i.

msoflio rezonansis yovelgvar saSualebas moklebulma, man daiwyo damkvidreba

am axali filosofiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri principebisa, man Seqmna axali

epikuri msoflSegrZnebiT gamsWvaluli axali epikuri forma, man Seasxa axali

frTebi romantizms ara realizmis sawinaaRmdegod, aramed misganve gamomdinarem,

man Seitana axali eTikuri principebi esTetikurSi da qmediTi humanisturi suli

STabera mxatvris filosofias“(13,274).

bunebrivia, am geniosi Semoqmedis Sesaxeb Seiqmneboda erTimeoris

gamomricxavi, an erTimeoris Semavsebel–ganmaviTarebeli Sexedulebebi.

marTalia mamuka Wanturaia, rodesac aRniSnavs: ,,...winaaRmdeg zogierTi

mkvlevaris mosazrebisa, swored 900–iani wlebidan iwyeba vaJas azrovnebaSi

inteleqtualuri simwifis axali xana, mZafrdeba misi mxatvruli azrovnebis

unari, Rrmavdeba filosofiur–esTetikuri are“(114,4;).

XXsaukunis 90–iani wlebis dasasruls misi poeturi gumani gafacicebiT

daeZebda ,,samSoblos mkvlelT”; guls stkenda ,,sikvdili gmirisa“(1899); SaSvs ki

emduris imitom, rom ,,mSvidi, bavSuri guneba“ ar amRvrevia mterzeda, rom

,,movaleobis uReli“ ara sdgomia qedzeda (,,SaSvo, masve hmRer“.1899) da

dasafiqreblad afrTxilebs usazRvrod Zalmomreobas:

,,vinc avs uSvreba moyvassa,

sxvac misTvis avis mqnelia;

TviTac muxTalad mokvdeba

6

muxTalad kacis mkvlelia“

(,,mxolod Zala gvaqvs dRes xelTa“)

mkiTxvelebis, sazogadoebis Segoneba–gafrTxilebis intonacia

sagrZnoblad icvleba saaxalwlo survilebSi. 1899 wlis bolo akordad unda

miviCnioT leqsi ,,saaxalwlod“, romelic gamoqveynda ,,iveriis“ 1900 wlis pirvel

nomerSi.

sazogadoebis zneobrivi cxovrebis Sefasebisas vaJa xSirad sentencia–

aforizmebiT gamoxatavs xolme sakuTar midgomas da am mxriv gamonakliss arc es

leqsi warmoadgens: magaliTad, aq poeti qarTvel dedebs mouwodebs, rom

,,SvilTa aRzrdaze iubnon,ro Seiyarnen erTada “ da iqve brwyinvale sentenciiT

amagrebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs qarTvel dedaTa mimarT:

,,lamazad Svilis aRmzdeli

deda micvnia RmerTada...“(,,saaxalwlod”,1899).

qronologiurad am leqss mosdevs leqsebi: ,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad

(simRera)“–,,iveria“, 1900w. 4 aprili,N74 da ,,zamTari da gazafxuli“–

,,jejili“,1900,N2, 1900 wliTvea daTariRebuli poemac –,,nangrevTa Soris“–

gaz.,,iveria“,1900w; N141; ,,brZeni viri(ZvelisZveli ambavi) “, ,,iveria“, 1900w. N190.

Tu leqsiT ,,saaxalwlod “ vaJa–fSavelam ganvlil, 1899, welSi gaweuli

saqmianoba Seafasa, leqsSi ,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad“ ki, Cveni fiqriT,

avtoriseuli TviTSefaseba, ganvlil gzaze Tvalis Sevleba ufro farTo

masStabisaa, ganzogadebulia.

,,lirikuli gmiri ukmayofilo Cans gaweuli Sromis SedegiT, arc gaoceba

da arc imedgacrueba ar tovebs mTibels. Sroma, mcdeloba, sibejiTe ar

dauSurebia mas,–,,Tavs karg mTibelad vsaxavdio”, magram verc ki warmoedgina, ,,Tu

mTas uTibsve vnaxavdio“. xeli moscarvia mTibvels, radgan ,,...Tiva arsad Cans, –

qars mtverad gautania da saTibebSi niaRvars lodebi moutania“(123,173).

erTi SexedviT, aq sayofacxovrebo, socialur momentzea aqcenti aRebuli,

magram Tu vaJas sxva leqsTa Tu moTxrobaTa qveteqstebs gaviTvaliswinebT,

miviCnevT, rom am leqsSic striqonebSorisi wakiTxva bevr alegoriul midgomas

7

gviCvenebs, SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom poeti TibvaSi SemoqmedebiT process

gulisxmobdes, xolo naTibSi– SemoqmedebiT produqcias“.(123,175)

udaod didi pirovnebis Tavmdabloba gamosWvivis striqonebs Soris, rac

esoden damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, didi ana kalandaZis Tqmisa ar iyos–,,Tu... es

maRalTa Tavmdablobaa odiT da odiT?“ (ana kalandaZe, ,,fexi damadgiT“).

absoluturad gansxvavebuli intonaciisaa Jurnal ,,jejilis“ 1900wlis

meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebuli mozrdili leqsi–,,zamTari da gazafxuli“.

rogorc xSirad uTqvamT, didi ,, vaJa bunebas sicocxlis sinonimad Tvlida

da mas ucnauri ZaliT ganicdida... bunebis wiaRSi dabadebulsa da gazrdil kacs

buneba marTlac sulCadgmuli da metyveli egona. es arc animizmi iyo da arc

panTeizmi. es iyo dausrulebeli SegrZneba bunebisa, rodesac iSleboda

sazRvari adamiansa da samyaros Soris“(117, 672).

am leqsSi, Cveni rwmeniT, gamoixata vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesis erTi

aspeqtic . kerZod: wlis droebi, flora da fauna, ciuri manaToblebi, stiqiuri

movlenebi, feris esTetikuri funqcia lirikaSi.

900–910–ian wlebSi poetisaTvis erTgvar Tezad aris qceuli odnav adre

Camoyalibebuli Segoneba, aforizmi–,,avsa da kargsa kacisas rodi iviwyebs

sofeli! guls nu mogviklavT, vinca xarT Cveni keTilis–myofeli“(saaxalwlod“,

1894w). marTlac, Tu gulisgulSi CavxedavT vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedebas, erT–

erT mTavar aspeqtad unda miviCnioT gmiris, pirovnebis, znekeTilis Zieba, anu is,

,,visac dRe–da–Ram hnatrulobs Cumi natvriTa qarTveli“(ilia).

mraval leqsSi xazgasmulia is fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba, rom avtoris

mier lirikul personaJad gamoyvanili pirovnebis ,,Sigani sinamdvile iqmneba

obieqturi samyaros pirovnul moTxovnilebaTa da RirebulebaTa Sesatyvisad

gadamuSavebis Sedegad. adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi sinamdvile pirovnuli

TvalsazrisiT aris interpretirebuli“(62,364).

marTlac 900–910–wlebSi daweril lirikul nawarmoebebSi

gacocxlebulia is socio–zneobrivi garemo, romelSic uxdeboda cxovreba did

poets. rogorc prof.iuza evgeniZe aRniSnavs:,,vaJa–fSavela gansakuTrebul

SemoqmedebiT interess iCens ,,eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi . am

8

SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs Cveni xalxis gancdaSi

tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle warmodgenebidan.“(69,216).

vaJasTvis organuli Tvisebaa ,,didi madlisa“ da ,,didi borotebis“

maradkacobriul problemebze msjeloba. bunebrivia, es mudmivi Widili mraval

siZnelesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi TiTqmis yvela moqmedeba da mTeli misi

Semoqmedeba, amaRlebuli moralis TvalsazrisiT, simarTle–samarTlianobis,

humanurobis gansaxierebas warmoadgenda.

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis mravalferovan speqtrSi

farTodaa warmodgenili eposi, epikuri gvari, romlis mxatvrul-

SemecnebiTi funqciebi, sinamdvilis mxatvruli gardasaxvis

SesaZleblobani, resursebi sakmaod didia. Aamas ki mravali faqtori

ganapirobebs: siuJetianoba, moqmed pirTa xasiaTebis gaxsna, mxatvruli

mxare, metyvelebis stili, fabulis Sinaarsoblivi siRrme, teqstis

moculoba, emociuri muxtis vrceli amplituda da a.S.

miCneulia, rom JanrTa klasifikacia Tavis TavSi moicavs mxatvrul

nawarmoebTa saTanado Janrisadmi adgilis gansazRvris problemebs. Aamas

garkveuli sirTuleebi axlavs, rac gamowveulia mxatvruli azrovnebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis intensiurobiT, TiToeuli Janris SigniT mimdinare

evoluciis procesiT. Mmixeil baxtinis moxdenili TqmiT-,,Janri”-es xom

warmomadgenelia literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi SemoqmedebiTi

mexsierebisao”

prof. gr. kiknaZis rwmeniT, 1900-ian wlebSi, vaJas ,,..poeturi simwifis

Jams... yovelgvari usafuZvlo siTamamis gareSe hqonda Sinagani ufleba

TviTdaxasiaTebiT warmdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe: is ukve iyo avtori

saxelganTqmuli poemebisa, mravali leqsisa da moTxrobisa...”(2,28).

pativcemul mkvlevars miaCnia, rom yvela werilSi, yvela leqsSi,

moTxrobasa Tu poemaSi ,,daufaravi da SeuniRbavi saxiTaa misi mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis leitmotivi”. amdenad, asevea misaRebi yvela saTauris qveS

poetis gakeTebuli minaweri gvaris, saxis, Janris raobaze. Tumca, am

klasifikaciaSi, Cveni fiqriT, mainc fabulis warmoSobazea aqcenti

gadatanili. amis Taobaze detaluri analizia mocemuli q-n laura

grigolaSvilis statiaSi ,,vaJas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi”.(24,98–123).

vaJas mier epikur TxzulebaTa mikuTvneba ama Tu im Janrisadmi

CaTvlilia aratradiciul midgomad litmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca

9

imavdroulad atarebs novaciis xasiaTs da mis mier gansazRvruli yvela

,,Janri” warmoadgens TxzulebaTa kompoziciuri modelirebis aucilebel

,,ornaments”.

naSromSi warmodgenilia maTi klasifikacia Janruli kuTvnilebis

mixedviT, romelic aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: 1. ,,naTqvami”-,,naambobi”-,,Tqmuleba”

(8 poema, 6 prozauli Txzuleba); 2. ,,Zveli ambavi”-,,Zvelis-Zveli ambavi”-

,,ambavi” (11 poema, 3 prozauli nawarmoebi); 3. ,,cxovrebidan”-,,suraTi”-

,,moTxroba” (2 poema, 18 prozauli Txzuleba); 4. ,,araki” (1 poema, 1

prozauli nawarmoebi); 5. ,,balada” (1 poema); ,,zRapari”-,,legenda”(2 poema, 4

prozad Tqmuli); 7. epikuri nawarmoebebi, romelTa saTaurebSi avtoris mier

ar aris miTiTebuli maTi Janruli kuTvnileba (13 poema, 54 prozad Tqmuli);

8. Txzulebis saTaurSi miTiTebulia adresati (1 poema); 9. prozad Tqmuli

ori Txzuleba gansxvavebuli miTiTebiT; 10. prozad Tqmuli Txzulebebi

Tematuri ciklizaciis mixedviT: a) ,,sizmari”(4 nawarmoebi), b) ,,moCveneba” (2

Txzuleba). Aamgvari poliJanruli Semoqmedeba, eposis intensiuri

ganviTarebis procesi xels uwyobs kompoziciuri modelirebis,

tipologiisa Tu sxva amocanebis amoxsnas.

vaJasmcodneobaSi miRweuli Sedegebis kvaldakval kvlevis

Tanamedrove meTodebidan gaTvaliswinebulia hermenevtika da naratologia.

Uuaxles principTa gamoyenebiT ganisazRvra vaJas eposis kompleqsuri

analizis niuansebi; iqneba es teqstSi ritorikul, poetur gamoTqmaTa

mxatvrul-esTetikuri da semantikuri funqciebi, TxzulebebSi Cadebuli

ideur-Tematuri motivacia, simboluri Tu alegoriuli saxismetyveleba,

urTierToba folklorTan, eTnografiasTan; ganxilulia sxva avtorebTan

JanrTa tipologiuri, genetikuri kavSirebi, TviTganmeorebis, avtologiis

faqtebi.

Ggarkveuli dro aSorebs erTmaneTisagan ilias ,,kacia-adamiansa” da

vaJas ,,mucelas”, vaJas poemis ,,coli, anu Cemi Tavgadasavlis” fabulas Sio

aragvispirelis novelebis fabulebTan, agreTve mixeil javaxiSvilis

,,TeTri sayelos” garkveul pasaJebTan.

naSromSi ,,miTologiuri kritikis” principis gaTvaliswinebiT

dasabuTebulia vaJas poemebSi Tu prozaul TxzulebebSi miTiurobasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis originaluri, brwyinvale interpretaciebi

vaJas mier.

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1900-1910-ian wlebSi vaJa-fSavelas mier Seqmnil poemebis analizis

fonze (k. abaSiZe, v. kotetiSvili, t. tabiZe, gr. robaqiZe, gr. kiknaZe... ,,vaJa-

fSavelas xuTi poema da sxva) yuradRebas iqcevs Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa

safuZvliani, zogjer Tamami analitika vaJas poemebisa (a. baqraZe, T,

Cxenkeli, g. asaTaani, i. evgeniZe...). miCneulia, rom vaJa-fSavelam, rogorc

farTo masStaburi xedvis Semoqmedma, adamianis xedvis Sina samyaro gaxsna

virtoozuli saxismetyvelebiT. Gglobaluri problemebis gadaWris

idealuri nimuSi ki vaJam mogvca ,,gvelis mWamelis” saxiT.

vaJa-fSavelas poeturi eposiT xazgasmiT mtkicdeba misi, rogorc

msoflio rangis moazrovnisa da udidesi mxatvris imiji.

Ddadgenilia, rom vaJam naxevar saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi

Seqmna 112 mxatvruli prozauli Txzuleba, aqedan 1900-1915 wlebSi daiwera

50 dasaxelebis prozauli qmnileba. vaJas prozis poetika brwyinvaledaa

ganxiluli prof. gr. kiknaZis mier.

vaJa-fSvelas literaturuli zRapari mravalferovania Tematuradac,

Janrul elementTa sinTeziTac, es naTlad Cans rogorc XIX, ise XX

saukuneSi Seqmnil TxzulebebSi, romlebSic brwyinvaled aris daculi

folkloruli tradiciebic da literaturuli zRapris specifikac.

siuJeturad TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ambis gazRaprebac da faunis

warmomadgenlebis Cveulebrivi literaturul-mxatvruli gasaxierebac.

cxovelTa eposi brwyinvaledaa warmodgenili vaJas lirikaSic, poemebSic,

prozaSic, piesaSic. Ees naTlad Cans rogorc uSualod nawarmoebis

saTaurSi maTi dasaxelebiT (,,daTvi”, ,,mgeli”, ,,daWrili vefxvi”,

,,kurdRlis simRera”), ise ,,Sinaarsis gamJRavnebul saTaurebSic (38,92):

,,saTaguri”, ,,bunebis mgosnebi”, ,,tyis komedia” da sxv.

yofiTi problemaa mocemuli vaJas nawarmoebSi ,,daTvi”. zRapari. Ees

mozrdili prozauli Txzuleba daibeWda JurnalSi ,,Cveni eri” (1904w. #1,

#2).

Txzulebis fabula, misi Sinaarsi, mTlianad siuJeti garkveulwilad

amarTlebs literaturismcodneobaSi arsebul debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom

mxatvruli qmnilebis Janris gansazRvra avtorTa mier xSirad ar emTxveva

mis namdvil gvarsa Tu saxeobas, Janris raobas. magaliTad, vaJam 1909 wels

daweril nawarmoebs-,,daTvi” uwoda-zRapari.

11

Ees nawarmoebi, Cveni fiqriT, aris klasikuri nimuSi moTxrobisa;

nawarmoebisa, romelic faqtiurad alegoriaa sazogadoebrivi yofierebis

Sesaxeb. zRaprobas mas aniWebs garkveul cxovelTa ametyveleba

adamianurad.

daTvSi, meliaSi, mgelSi, maCvSi, virSi, lom-vefxvSi avtorma

ganasaxiera Tavisi drois sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi xasiaTebi.

maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan, garemo tipiuria da ganazogadebs socialur

Tu fsiqologiur viTarebas.

rodesac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT gapirovnebaze ,,uenpiro bunebis

personificinirebaze, bunebrivia, vaJa maT ,,gaadamianurebaze” akeTebs

aqcents anu misi poeturi TvalTaxedvis areSi mudam adamiania moqceuli

Tavisi rTuli cxovrebiT.

Cans, did poets yovelTvis awuxebda da afiqrebda bedi, cxovreba

oblisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT yvela nawarmoebi aRsavsea maTadmi avtoris

TanagrZnobiT; ara aqvs mniSvneloba, adamiani iqneba is (,,suli oblisa”,

,,eTeri”), Tu frinveli (,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”), an cxoveli

(,,Svlis nukris naambobi”, ,,melia-serefenia”...). garda Temis, ideis

tipologiurobisa, fabulam gamoiwvia erTi stilisturi xerxic mis

SemoqmedebaSi, rogoricaa TviTganmeoreba. gavixsenoT ,,Svlis nukris

naambobis sawyisi sityvebi: ,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva: cud dros

davobldi da aseve sawyisi frazebis detalebi Txzulebidan ,,melia-

serefenia”: ,,patara daoblda. Mmagram arc ise patara iyo, sazrdos mopoveba

ar SesZleboda” (32,511).Aam nawarmoebTa Soris ki idga meoTxed saukuneze

meti.

vaJas eposze saubrisas win wamoiwevs agreTve sxva uamravi sakiTxic

tipologiurobisa. Eesenia: metafizikuri, religiur-mistikuri,

miTologiuri, sayofacxovrebo, zRaprul legenduri, cxovelTa eposi,

liro-epikurobis struqturebi da a.S.

Tu eTeris (,,eTeri”), sofios ,,suli oblisa”), Svlis nukris, melia-

serefenias yofa gausaZlisia maTi patara asakidanve, Tu daTvi (zRapari

,,daTvi”), goCi an mucela mZime codvebis msxverplni xdebian, Tu aRazam,

aludam, joyolam, TavianTi feriscvalobiT Searyies zneobrivad

mravalsaukunovani Cakiruli mkacri adaT-wesebi, tradiciebi, Tu beri

luxumi, lela, kviria, ivane kotoraSvili, giglia, gogoTuri an ZaRlika

12

ximikauri Rirsebisa da gmirobis, mamuliSvilobis SaravandediT

sxivmosilni arian, Tu axundsa da beslans, uzneobisa da moRalatis lafiT

saxeSercxvenilebs vxedavT, Tu sanaTas, mamida xoSias, qiCirs SurisZiebis

survili da qmedeba gamarTlebulia da maTi gansaxovnebiT

igavmiuwvdomelia vaJa-fSavela, aranakleb gamaognebelia am bumberazi

Semoqmedis siTbo da sinaze ,,jejilisa” da ,,nakadulis” mimarT aRvlenil

vedrebaSi: ,,RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras!”, an ra didi TanagrZnoba

gamosWvivis bavSvebisadmi moTxrobidan ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”,

poemidan ,,anna-bulbuli”, lirikuli leqsidan ,,oblebis simRera”...

Aaqve gvsurs daveyrdnoT isev vaJas sxva Teoriul statias ,,fiqrebi”,

romelSic igi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu ginda originaluri mwerali dagiZaxon,-

uTqvams bernes-swere ise, rasac hfiqrob, ise, rogorc hfiqrobde, rogorc

Sen sulsa da guls undodes, moswondeso”(33,22).

Tu kritikuli TvaliT gadavxedavT misi poetur epos Seqmnils XX

saukunis dasawyisidan, naTlad davrwmundebiT, rom did poets yvela Tema,

suJeti, fabula Taviseburad brwyinvaled gadaumuSavebia da Seuqmnia iseTi

nawarmoebebi, romlebic mis sulsa da guls undoda da moswonda.

Ees naTlad gamovlinda ara marto XIX saukuneSi Seqmnil

nawarmoebebSi, aramed 1900 wliT daTariRebul pirvelsave poemaSi

,,nangrevTa Soris” (monadiris naambobi)-daibeWda ,,iveriaSi”. 1900 wlis #141.

naSromSi dakvirvebis obieqtia poema ,,sisxlis Zieba”, romelsac ar

mohklebia mkvlevarTa yuradReba.

Cveni amocanidan gamomdinare, mivyeviT ra Txrobis temps, yuradReba

SevaCereT naratologiis iseT tipur SemTxvevaze, rogoricaa

,,deskriptiuli pauza”, anu rodesac ,,Txroba Cerdeba, viTarebis, peizaJis,

interieris an sagnis aRwera iwyeba”(121,90)

Ppauza droTi unda izomebodes da poemaSic misi ganzomilebis met-

nakleboba ganvsazRvreT TxzulebaSi arsebuli siuJetidan gadaxvevis an

retradiciis oTx aTeulze meti SemTxveviT. movaxdineT ra maTi

Sinaarsoblivi Tu funqciuri klasifikacia, samsjavrod gamovitaneT

mxolod stilistikuri figurebi, xolo maTi ricxvidan SevCerdiT

ritorikul SeZaxilze. sxvagan ki saubari iqneba, aforizmul gamoTqmebze,

andazebze, wyevlis formulaze, Segonebaze, riTac ase uxvia poema ,,sisxlis

Zieba”.

13

poemaSi ,,mamidis danabarebi” poema sisxlis ZiebasTan”

tipologiurobis niuansebi SeiniSneba mxolod SurisZiebis, sisxlisZiebis,

rogorc aqtis, aspeqtiT. Tumca, motivaciurad qiCirbeisa (,,sisxlisZieba”)

da aludas (,,mamidis danabarebi”) mier Catarebuli aqtebi Tavisi

mizanswrafviT absoluturad gansxvavebulni arian. es poemebi

erTimeorisagan sxvaoben agreTve monoTematurobisa (,,mamidis danabarebi”)

da poliTematurobis (,,sisxlis Zieba”) mixedviTac. Surismgeblobis

tipologiurobam gvibiZga ,,mamidis danabarebSic” mogveca teqstSi arsebuli

ritorikul-figuralur gamoTqmaTa, sityvis masalis, aforizmebis,

Segonebis, andazis, retradiciis klasifikacia.

rogorc cnobilia, prof. gr. kiknaZem calke gamoyo e.w. ,,colis

motivi”. (gavixsenoT mis mier mocemuli SedarebiTi analizi ,,gogoTur da

afSinasi” da ,,gvelis mWamelisa” am aspeqtiT).

vaJas mier 1908 wels dawerili poema –,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali.

Tqmuleba Tandila–aragvelisa“ gamoqveynda 1916 wels gazeT ,,saxalxo

furcelSi“.vaJasmcodneobaSi samarTlianad uyeneben pretenzias am Txzulebis

mxatvrul dones, magram TematikiTa da ideiT iq bevri sagangaSo movlenaa

gansaxovnebuli–aqac colis motivi, ojaxis problemaa win wamoweuli, magram

gogoTur da afSinasagan“ da ,,gvelis mWamelisagan“absoluturad

gansxvavebuli.

vaJas am Txzulebaze imitom SevaCereT yuradReba, rom iq aRwerili

ambavi im periodis zneobrivi katastrofis tipiuri movlena iyo. gavixsenoT

Sio aragvispirelis novelebi, mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,TeTri sayelo”.

vaJa-fSavelas eposis arsi naSromSi warmodgenilia tician tabiZis

werilze dayrdnobiT: ,,mxolod vaJa-fSavelam SesZlo mieca qarTuli

mwerlobisaTvis namdvili eposi... qarTuli eposis saukeTeso nawarmoebad

CaiTvlebian vaJa-fSavelas poemebi... vaJas fantazia aq met gasaqans

naxulobs“.

sruliad gancalkevebuli adgili uWiravs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi prozas.

vaJa weris maneriT realistia, misi stili daxvewilia, ara aqvs arc erTi

provinciuli gamoTqma da misi wminda qarTuli kidev didxans darCeba

qarTul mwerlobaSi”.

vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc dramaturgis, originalurobas misi piesebis

struqturaSi vxedavT. kerZod, misi patar-patara ,,scenebis” da ,,tyis

14

komediis” remarkebis ganxilviT win aris wamoweuli avtoris funqciebi

nawarmoebSi, radgan dramaturgis wamyvani roli gadasulia uSualod

remarkebSi.Kklasikuri ganmartebiT, remarkas ZiriTadad evaleba miTiTeba

moqmedebis, drois, adgil-garemos, gmirTa garegnobis, Cacmulobis Sesaxeb.

rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs mTxrobelis, avtoris saxesTan.

aman ki win wamoswia piesebis personaJebTan misi damokidebulebis forma,

anu dramaturgi ar CaerTveba personaJTa metyvelebaSi. remarka xom

ZiriTadad informaciis Semcvelia Tavisi funqciiT. Tumca, saukuneTa

ganmavlobaSi remarkas SeuZenia axal-axali Sinaarsi, rac gamowveulia

piesis JanriTa da stiliT.

cnobilia, e.w. beletrizirebuli remarkebi (l.meterlinki, b. Sou, l.

andreevi), XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze Cndeba gaSlili, aRweriTi, sagnobrivi

remarkebi (hauptmani, ibseni, Cexovi, ostrovski). zogi avtoris piesebSi

remarkebs ukaviaT piesis TiTqmis mesamedi (b. Sou) da asrulebs ara mokle

miTiTebebis funqciebs, aramed faqtiurad warmoadgens piesis avtoriseul

komentars.

vaJas piesaTa remarkebidan remarka ZiriTadad beletrizirebuli

saxisaa. magaliTad, piesas ,,scena mTaSi” saTauris qveS minawers ,,xevsurebis

cxovrebidan” mosdevs miniatura, eskizi, romliTac sxartadaa daxatuli

interierica da eqsterieric.

erTmoqmedebian da erTsuraTian piesas kompoziciur mTlianobas

aniWebs safinalo remarka Tavisi SinaarsiT.

Taviseburia piesis ,,scenebi”(fSavlebis cxovrebidam) kompozicia.

Ppiesa dayofilia oTx moqmedebad, oTx scenad. specifikuria TiToeuli

scenisadmi wamZRvarebuli remarka-saTaurebi Tavisi Sinaarsoblivi

funqciiT. xolo piesaSi ,,scenebi” (scena xevsureTSi) remarkebi informaciis

funqciebs atarebs, TiTon piesa faqtiurad ornawiliani moTxrobaa.

remarkis beletrizireba TiTqmis gamoricxulia ,,tyis komediaSi”,

Tumca avtori arsad tovebs piesas mokle komentarebis, miTiTebebis gareSe,

riTac garkveul gzamkvleobas uwevs siuJetis ganviTarebaSi maTi CarTvis

TvalsazrisiT.

sayuradReboa piesis saTauri-,,tyis komedia”. Ppiesas komedia

pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos, rameTu iq ar aris groteski, hiperbola,

satira, karikatura, rogorc klasikuri komediebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli

15

niSnebi. Ppiesis saTauri orcnebiani frazaa: ,,tye” azustebs moqmedebis

adgils, xolo ,,komedia” gansazRvravs Txzulebis Janrobriv saxesxvaobas.

naSromSi saTanado analiziT garkveulia, Tu ramdenadaa es piesa

komedia, ra doziTaa mocemuli iq komikuri, satiruli Tu ,,iumoristikuli

(am bolo termins am formiT xmarobs prof. gr. kiknaZe)

Aanalizis procesSi amovdivarT ra prof. gr. kiknaZis

ganmartebebidan, dadgenilia, rom Semofarglulia mkiTxvelis asakobrivi

zRvari, rom zRvardaudebelia avtoris humanizmi, vinaidan piesaSi araa

mocemuli e.w. ,,zogadsakacobrio”, ,,didi” idea, ,,tyis komedia” Tamamad unda

miekuTvnos ,,iumoristuli” (gr. kiknaZe) nawarmoebTa jgufs.

,,tyis komedia” (1911 w.) axalTaobis zneobrivi aRzrdisa da

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mankierebis mxilebasTan erTad samagaliToa

enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. Ppiesis ena ZarRviani qarTulis nimuSia,

stilisturad gamarTulia, mdidaria misi leqsika. personaJTa metyvelebaSi

CarTuli frazeologizmebi piesas saxalisos xdis. Mmoxmobili aforizmebi,

sentenciebi ki daafiqrebs mozards da gonebiT moaZebninebs maTi

warmomavlobis wyaroebs. naSromSi mocemulia TiToeuli maTganis

lingvisturi Tu poetikuri analizi.

naSromSi gverdia avlili ,,mokveTilis” analizisaTvis. ,,tyis

komediis” analiziT vadasturebT, rom dramaturgia angariSgasawev

faqtorad rCeba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesebSi, rom iliasTan da

akakisTan erTad vaJam myari safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis qarTul

dramatul xelovnebas.

vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis analizi gverdauvlel

amocanad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTargmneloba vaJasTvis ar qceula

did mowodebad, Tumca Targmani mas qarTuli mwerlobis ganuyofel sferod

miaCnda.

vaJas Targmanebi vaJasmcodneobaSi sakmaod maRalprofesionalurad

aris gaSuqebuli (ix. saTanado literatura). Ddgas ra iliasa da akakis

mxatvrul-esTetikur da ideur poziciebze. Ppirveli Txzulebis ,,feodalis

aRzrda” emil erkmanisa da aleqsandre Satrianis erToblivi moTxrobisa

(ix. q-n salome yubaneiSvilis mier mocemuli kompleqsuri analizi) da

pirveli leqsis ,,bulbulsac moewyineba” Targmani adasturebs vaJas

16

interesTa farTo speqtrs, romelic Tanabrad aris warmodgenili rogorc

XIX, ise XX saukuneSi.

naSromSi sagangebodaa gaanalizebuli vaJa-fSavelas mier edgar pos

,,yoranis” Targmani. Eedgar pos ,,yoranis” motivacia, vaJasTvis misaRebi

aRmoCnda im aspeqtiT, rom uTanasworo brZolaSi daRupulni aRarasodes

aRdgebian.

naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia e.pos Txzulebis filologiuri kvlevis

Sedegebi (n.wereTeli, z. abzianiZe...). Cveni mxriv mocemulia yornis, rogorc

erT-erTi saxe-xatis, evolucia rogorc qarTul-xalxur poeziaSi, ise vaJas

prozisa da poeziis mixedviT. Eedgar pos ,,yornis” motivacia vaJasaTvis

misaRebi aRmoCnda ara marto literaturuli mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT,

aramed nawarmoebSi Caqsovili zogadadamianuri movlenebis gamo.

Cvens mier gaziarebulia b-n Tamaz Cxenkelis safuZvliani Sefaseba

vaJas mTargmnelobiTi sistemisa: ,,vaJas keTilsindisierad gadmoaqvs dednis

siuJeturi qarga da Sinaarsi. Mmagram iq, sadac saqme exeba poeturi

nawarmoebis mTliani struqturisaTvis aucilebel aspeqtebs (intonacia,

bgerwera, ganwyobileba da sxva) igi ar iTvaliswinebs an ufro swored, ver

grZnobs ucxo nawarmoebis Taviseburebebis mTel sisavses da am aspeqtebis

srul asimilirebas... ase iqceoda TiTqmis yvela didi Semoqmedi, romelic

Targmnisadmi gansakuTrebul midrekilebas ar amJRavnebda (rasac

TavisTavad maTi temperamentis Tavisebureba ganapirobebda), Tundac im

cxadi mizezis gamo, rom maTi gulisyuri da titanuri energia dReniadag

sakuTari poeturi samyaros Seqmniasaken iyo mimarTuli”.

vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis gaTvaliswineba

warmoudgenelia misi publicisturi moRvaweobis gareSe. misi drois

problemebma mTeli arsebiT iCines Tavi vaJas publicistur , eTnografiul,

dokumentur werilebSi. publicistikis, rogorc misi SemoqmedebiTi

interesebis erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtis, gaTvaliswineba aqtualuria imiTac,

rom didma mweralma Tavisi kalami pirvelad publicistikaSi scada; gavixsenoT

1915 wels dawerili misi ,,avtobiografiuli cnoba“. igi aRniSnavs: ,,daviwye

wera pirvelad ,,droebaSi“ 1877–78 wlebSi, kargad ar maxsovs. jer isev Segirdi

viyavi, rom fSavidan korespondenciaseb maqvs iqaur maswavleblis uzneo yofa–

qcevaze. 1878–1879 maqvs dabeWdili imave ,,droebaSi“ soflis suraTi, iq

17

awerilia duxWiri cxovreba fSaveli buCukurisa... imave wlebSi maqvs

dastambuli ,,korespondencia xevsureTidan–sof.xaxmati...“(34,433). vaJa–

fSavelas, rogorc publicists, Tavisi xalxis, qveynis Wir–varamisaTvis, erTi

wuTiTac ar mouxuWavs Tvali.

simptomaturad migvaCnia Semdegi niuansi vaJa–fSavelas publicistur

SemoqmedebaSi. kerZod, 1900 wliT daTariRebuli statiis (,,moxvediT

mSvidobiTa”) Sinaarsis damTxveva misi pirveli publicisturi werilebis

SinaarsTan; es aris avtoris daintereseba eTnografiiT. werilebSi xSiria

amaze avtoriseuli miTiTebac: ,,mcire eTnografiuli SeniSvna“.

garda amisa, ra Rrmaistoriul, tradiciul sarwmunoebriv Tu

eTnografiul sakiTxebsac ar unda aSuqebdes igi, yvela werilSi, statiaSi

(agreTve mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic) aSkaraa moqalaqeobriv–patriotul

problematikaSi qristianuli suliskveTebis gaZliereba: ,,vaJas

damokidebuleba qristianuli cxovrebis wesTan Sesabamisad aisaxa mis

msoflmxedvelobaSic, rac dasturdeba poetis mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT da misi

publicistikiT“(101,9).

marTlac, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, misi sulieri xsna–gadarCena vaJa–

fSavelas qristianuli sarwmunoebis gareSe warmoudgenlad miaCnia. qveynis,

samSoblos problemebis mogvarebis erT–erT da mTavar saSualebad xalxSi

religiuri cnobierebis aRorZineba–gaZlierebasac Tvlida. mis maxvil mzeras

ar gamohparvia arc erTi nabiji oficiozisa, gadadgmuli Cveni zneobis, Cveni

sarwmunoebis sazianod. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa misi statia

,,episkoposis antonis azri fSav–xevsurTa sarwmunoebaze“(t.V,gv311–13).

publicist vaJa–fSavelas episkopos antonis Sexedulebebi wminda

sarwmunoebrivi aspeqtiT gauanalizebia. Cven ki winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom

episkoposis qmedebani emsaxureboda Cveni ZirZveli tradiciebis, erovnuli

TviTSegnebis farul aneqsias, ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebis aRsrulebas iseT

koloritul da TviTmyofad garemoSic ki, rogoric iyo fSav–xevsureTi.

am sakiTxs exeba agreTve is statiebi, romlebSic maRalprofesionalur

donezea gaSuqebuli sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi: ,,moxvediT mSvidobiTa!“(1900,

iveria“,N176); ,,laSaris jvris dReoba anu laSaroba“(1903, ,,cnobis

18

furceli“,N2165); ,,did marxva“(1906, ,,cnobis furceli“, N3034); ,,fSavlebi“(1914,

,,saxalxo gazeTi“, N1082); ,,fSavlebi“(1914, ,,saxalxo gazeTi“, N1090, 1091)...

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,arc imis

danamdvilebiT Tqma SegviZlia, rom vaJa ,,eklesiuri“ adamiani iyo; magram Tu

Rrmad SeviswavliT da gavaanalizebT mis Semoqmedebas, davinaxavT, rom didi

poetis azrovneba zedmiwevniT mihyveba qristianul msoflgagebasa da

morals...“(101,10). amis dasturad movixmobT vaJa–fSavelas publicistur

werils ,,did–marxva“(gaz. ,,cnobis furceli“, 1906,N3021). werilis daskvniT

nawilSi poeti wers: ,,dido–marxvao! didad moxarulni varT. Cveni gana marto

Tvalebi? gulic da gonebac cremlis morevSi dascuravs, vloculobT da

vevedrebiT RmerTs, gveqmnas mwed da mfarvelad, mogvces Cvenc, Cvenis qveynis

SvilT, Zali da Rone, movuaroT, vupatronoT Tavis Tavs, Tavis qveyanas, raTa

vZlioT eSmaks da movipovoT cxovreba saukuno, moveswroT aRdgomasa

mkvdreTiT da cxovrebasa mermisa mis saukunisasa, amin!“(34,220).

vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interess publicistikaSic

warmoadgens naTlad gamokveTili patriotuli grZnobis gamomxatveli

werilebi, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad aisaxa im ,,werilebSi, romlebsac vaJa

uZRvnis fSavs, xevsureTs, Cveni qveynis av–kargs, mis warsulsa da awmyos, iqneba

es ,,ori ambavi mefe erekleze mTaSi darCenili“(1902), Tu ,,kosmopolitizmi da

patriotizmi“(1905)“(7,218).

Cveni mxriv CamovTvlidiT amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebul ramdenime

werilis saTaurs: ,,Tamaris cxvari fSavSi“(1902), ,,maxlas“(1905), ,,vin aris

marTali?“(1905), ,,Savbneli ambebi“(1905), ,,xevsuric SeinZra“(1907), ,,ver

mohkles!“(1907), ,,sityva ilia WavWavaZis cxedarze“(1907), ,,Sinauri ambebi“(1908),

,,yvav–yornebi ilias aCrdilis garSemo“(1908–1909) da a.S.

vaJa–fSavelas publicistikaSi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis arealSia

moqceuli is werilebi, statiebi, romlebSic safuZvlianadaa daxasiaTebuli

socialur–ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rogorc mTeli qveynisa zogadad, ise

fSav–xevsureTisa konkretulad. vaJa–fSavelasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

obieqturobiTaa mocemuli qarTveli glexkacis, gansakuTrebiT mTis mkvidrTa,

duxWiri yofa, romelic gansakuTrebiT mZime Seiqmna 900–iani wlebidan. Cveni

19

ganxilvis obieqtad iqca Semdegi publicisturi werilebi: ,,fiqrebi“, (1902);

,,Tianuri feletoni“(1902); ,,,Sinauri ambebi“(1907); ,,Sinauri ambebi“(1908);

korespondenciebi: ,,fSavis–xevi“(1906); ,,qarTvelTa axalSeni SiraqSi“(1913).

rogorc aRniSnaven, zemoxsenebul sakiTxebTan erTad vaJas esTetikas

axasiaTebs Tavisi, specifikuri da ganumeorebeli niSnebi. maT exeba vaJa

werilebSi ,,niWieri mwerali“, ,,sad aris poezia“, ,,ena“ da sxva. ( ,399).

damajereblad Seafasa vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesTa es mniSvnelovani aspeqti

prof. i.evgeniZemac odnav mogvianebiT: ,,vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesTa Soris

ukanaskneli adgili ar ukavia xelovanis problemas, mis rols da adgils

cxovrebaSi, anu upiratesad sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi ,,me“–sdaxasiaTebas. es

sakiTxi qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi umetesad gaSuqebulia vaJas

cnobili literaturuli werilebis mixedviT“(27,229).

es problema monografiuladaa damuSavebuli prof. d. wowkolauris

mier sadoqtoro disertaciaSi–,,vaJa–fSavelas Teoriul–literaturuli

naazrevi“(2004w.). ,,eleqtronuli katalogebi(28,4).

publicistika, rogorc vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi samyaro, ar

amowuravs poetis interesTa wres, rameTu ,,kidev mravali sakiTxisa da motivis

daZebna SeiZleba vaJasTan, romelic Cvens literaturaSi ufro warmoaCens

miseul Temebs“(27,231).

amrigad, sapaeqrod warmodgenil naSromSi kvlevis sagnadaa qceuli vaJa–

fSavelas lirika, eposi, dramaturgia, Targmani, publicistika. aqcenti

gadatanilia ZiriTadad im TxzulebaTa kompleqsur analizze, romlebic

naklebadaa ganxiluli vaJasmcodneobaSi, an saerTod ar dasTmobiaT

mkvlevarTa saTanado yuradReba. maRali done da masStaburoba sakiTxis

Seswavlisa garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe gvayenebda, magram imavdroulad

naTelyofda Cveni midgomis strategias.

20

I. Tavi-vaJa-fSavelas lirikis tematika da mxatvruli

struqtura

1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT)

A

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

sferos misi lirika warmoadgens.

zedmetad migvaCnia detaluri saubari lirikis sagnisa, misi formisa

da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, radgan antikuri epoqidanaa igi kvlevis obieqtad

qceuli. miaCniaT, rom lirikaSi mTavaria gansaxovnebaTa da gansjaTa

emocionalurad warmoCena avtorebis mier. swored es ganapirobebs e.w.

,,avtofsiqologiuri” leqsebis arss, romlebSic lirikuli subieqti

uSualod avtoria. gamoaqvT daskvna, rom lirikuli Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad

avtofsiqologiuri movlenaao(69,157). Mmoxdeniladaa iqve Tqmuli, rom

lirika araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ariso avtorTa mier realur cxovrebaSi

gancdilis stenograma (iqve).

Dda vinaidan es asecaa, saSualeba gveZleva, Tvali mivadevnoT poetis

lirikul meditaciebs, rameTu Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi

miiCneven, rom literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgenso ,,...upiratesad

individualuri avtoris pirovnulobis struqturis gonismieri xedvis

mxatvruli formiT gamoxatulebas (3,210).

rac ufro didia niWiereba lirikosisa, miT ufro mravalferovania

misi Semoqmedeba, miT ufro maRldeba igi sazogadoebis TvalSi. Ees ki

udides pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs poets; igi xdeba aucdeneli samizne

TavdamsxmelebisTvisac da misi talantis Rirseulad damfaseblebisaTvisac.

Cans, aseTi yofila odiTganve rCeulTa xvedri. magaliTad, jer kidev

sinanuliTa da simwriT iglovda qarTveloba akakis, vaJasi da sxva

ramdenime qarTveli mwerlis gardacvalebas, rodesac galaqtionma

evropiskenac migvaxeda da didni Semoqmedni man Seadara maRal kipariss,

Cinars, romlisTvisac simaRle sawamebeli yofila:

rogorc Cinari-ise poeti,

misTvis simaRle aris wameba,

ara RimiliT da aloeTi

dahfaravs mterTa ciliswameba.

is-maRalia, didia mainc!

21

misTvis moismis zarebis zari:

qari ara sCans, qari ara sCans,

mainc mwvervalebs edeba qari.

(galaqtioni, isev efemera,1961w.)

rogorc vxedavT, RvTivrCeuleba xelovanTa tragikuli sve-bedis,

ciliswamebaTa vualiTaa dafaruli da mis maRal tans missave sicocxleSi

susxiani qari arxevs da misi gardacvalebis Semdegac qarborbalasaviT rom

dastrialebs miss saxels.

Aamgvarad maRalia da diadi vaJa-fSavelac, romlis simaRlesac

uxilavi frTebis qroliT edeba qari xan sastik qartexilad, xanac unazes

siod. Ddasturad amisa gavixsenoT mecxramete saukunis qarTuli

literaturuli kritikis mier araerTgvarovani Sefaseba da gageba misi

Semoqmedebisa, misi poeturi enisa da avadsaxsenebeli periodic meoce

saukuneSi, rodesac ,,Cvens Tvalwin, dRisiT, mzisiT scades vaJa-fSavelas

Rvawlis damcireba yalbi, antimecnieruli motivirebiT”(3,108).

sabednierod, imave mecxramete saukuneSic da meoce saukuneSic

samudamod dasamarda nihilisturi toni vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebisa da

cxovrebis mimarT, ris Semdgomac Rirseuli adgili daikava vaJa-fSavelam

msoflio kulturis saganZurSi.

susxiani qaris qrolvas yvelaze mZafrad uSualod Semoqmedi

SeigrZnobs. amgvarma alRom ar uRalata jer kidev Wabuk vaJas, rodesac

damajereblad ganacxada:

mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,

usazarlesi mkvdarzeda,

miT rome sicocxle udgas

salis yinulis taxtzeda.

ar ebraleba moyvasi,

mis win rom acvan jvarzeda...

(,,mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci”.1886w.)

am patara leqsSi, romliTac axalgazrda kacis mier aris SemCneuli

da Sefasebuli sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ugrZnobeloba, gulcioba.

sagulisxmoa bolo ori taepi, romelic, faqtiurad, Segonebaa da

sagulisxmoa sentenciurobiTac-,,sazarelia dadgoma ugrZnobelobis

gzazeda”.

22

Aam mZime gancdis ganqarveba amovikiTxeT leqsSi ,,papiCemis anderZi”.

Ggenetikuri kavSiri gamosWvivis mis imedis momcem tonalobaSi. Ppoeti (aq

papamisi-J.k.) STaagonebs axalgazrdebs:

WirSi yofnis dros gaZleba

Mmudam vaJkacis wesia!

vaJkacs ar Svenis cremlis Rvra,

qviTini diacurada...

... nu daisveneb, ebrZole

Mmters, minam gidga sulio.

Svilo, mec egre viyavi,

Eeg aris Cveni rjulio.

(,,papiCemis anderZi”, 1886w.)

Aamitomac kidev ufro damajereblad aRviqvamT avtoris mier

gankicxul gulgrilobas, ugrZnoblobas, sulerTiaobas da sadRac

kacTmoZuleobasac, gaxmianebuls wina leqsSi.

aseTi ganwyobileba Wabuki poetisa garkveuli kamertonia mTeli misi

Semdgomi poeturi moRvaweobisaTvis; Tamamad unda iTqvas, rom vaJa-

fSavelas, rogorc poetsa da moqalaqes, ar gadauxvevia papis anderZisaTvis.

Aamitomac ityvis maSinve:

veras damakleb, varamo,

ra gind guls mWido bjRalebi,

Tu Sen me damaZabuno,

numc mitireben Tvalebi...

RrublebSi elvad mnaTobni,

xan ki mibJutviT mqralebi.

(veras damakleb, varamo, 1886w.)

,,ebrZole mterso”-uanderZebda papa, mteri ki axalgazrda vaJasaTvis

mxolod momxduri dampyrobeli ara yofila. Mmas mtrad, arakacad miaCnia

iseTi TavkerZa Tanamemamulec, romelic qveynis sikeTisaTvis brZolis

siZneleebs Tavs aridebs da vaJac dabrZenebuli, asakovani kacis toniT

SeukiJinebs amgvarT:

tyuilad ityvis –kaci var,

Tavzeda qudi mxuria,-

is, visac kargis saqmisad

varamic ara swyuria!(iqve).

23

Ggaivlis aTiode weli am leqsebis daweridan da ukve

WaRaragamoreuli didostati qarTuli leqsisa gulRiad Seexmianeba

axalgazrda mgosnebs leqsiT ,,simRera (vuZRvni axalgazrda mgosnebs).”

Aavtori itovebs moralur uflebas, rom Tavisi poeturi ,,me”

magaliTad dauZaxos maT da is, rac mas Tavad gauxdia sakuTar samoqmedo

kredod, igive moiTxovos maTganac. Aamas ki orjer ityvis dabejiTebiT:

,,RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle!”

mZinarec imas vduduneb!

(,,simRera”, 1896w.)

Mmaradiuli moZraoba, saqmis keTeba, Sezavnuli sityvasTan, misi

rwmeniT, garantiaa qveynis gadarCenisa, winsvlisa. Aamave wlis saaxalwlo

milocvaSi aki ambobda kidec:

ZvelTa Tqves Zveli qarTuli

Tavis Zvelebur weszeda:

,,xelebs nu ikrebT gulzeda,

saqmes nu agdebT RmerTzeda”.

Semdegi sityvebiT ki ra brwyinvaled exmianeba poeti Cvens

DdRevandel yofas-

,,TviT upatroneT Tavis-Tavs,

Nnu imedovnebT sxvebzeda.”

(,,saxalwlo”. 1896)

sxvaTa moimede adamianebi, bunebrivia,

miuRebeli iyvnen vaJasTvis da, albaT, arc maT exatebodaT gulze omaxiani,

pirdapiri da marTali xmis poeti. Cans, didi brZolebis gadatana uxdeboda

vaJas amgvar sazogadoebaSi brunvisas. Aavznian qarad edebodnen mis sulier

simaRleebs isini. vaJas ki wuTiTac ar ufiqria maTTan zavis dadeba:

damsetyve, cao damsetyve,

aqa var Cemis TaviTa,

guliTa gautexeli,

mouRalavi mklaviTa.

rac unda Wiri momkerZo,

bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa;

mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb

mozRvavebulis aviTa!

(,,damsetyve, cao.” 1903w.)

24

im realobaSi yofnisas igi Tavs ,,sawyal amirans” adarebda, autaneli

iyo misi arseboba-gulSi wylulebi gazrdia, suls uxuTavs: ,,sikvdili ara

mwadian, Tumc tanjva sikvdils magonebso”(memRereba da vimReri,”, 1903w). es

arc iyo gasakvirveli , rogorc TviT ityvis lirikuli gmiri-sicocxlem

Sxami asmia, eklis loginic daugo da mainc vaJkacurad uZlebs simwares:

maRlidan Savi Rrubeli

Tavs damwolia mWexari.

raca swadian, isa qmnas,

mesrolos mexi-medgari.

Mme var da ar Sevudrkebi

gakaJebuli mxedari.

jer ase yofna varCie,

nuki ggonivar cxedari.

(,,sicocxlem Sxami masmia”. 1903).

daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg ufro damajereblad ityvis Tavis

gamZleobaze, gautexlobaze. marTalia, ,,cxovrebam ar Seibrala”: gulze

isari daaso da Tan amas CasCiCinebda: ,,unda dagamxo, dagavso! xalxic mas

CasCurCulebda:

,,borots fiqrebsa hmalavso...

Ddahkari, nu Seiwyaleb

Qqveynis sikeTis mparavso!”

(,,cxovrebam ar Samibrala”1904w.)

borotebam sasikvdilod uqnia maxvili, mis mokvlas ecada, magram

ramdenic damkra, imdeni

me aviwie zecada.

adamianad visaxvi,

mgmoblebi darCnen mxecada

da davdeg ca-qveynis Sua

qed –moudrekel svetada.(iqve)

daundobeli yofila wuTi–sofeli–Sxam-naRveliT utarebia lirikuli

gmiri, magram RmerTs ar gauwiravs igi: imedi akiafebula amis gzaze; xedavs,

rom suls Rafavs veSapi, ,,qveynisTvis sisxlis msutavi”:

mirCeba gulis wylulebi,

rCeba sneuli ocneba:

25

tydeba monobis borkili,

dResaswaulobs goneba.

RmerTma uSvelos imaTa,

vinc mieqima, miwamla!

(,,maTria wuTisofelma”.1905w.)

gasaTvaliswinebelia dawerisa da gamoqveynebis dro. Ees iyo

revoluciuri aRmavlobis periodi, romlisganac qarTveloba da mis bedSi

myofi sxva erebi, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli Tavisuflebis molodinSi

imyofebodnen, Tumca, monobis borkilebis msxvreva imeds iZleoda maSin,

magram yvelaferi amao gamodga. cxovrebam lirikuli gmiri mwared Caagdo

sagonebelsa. Aar surs gauziaros mokeTes gulis varami, radgan ,,amis Tqma

sevdas Semimsubuqebso”:

saidumloa, veravis getyviT,

amis Tqma sevdas Semimsubuqebs,

vici da mitom ver maTqmevinebT,

dae, iseve Cems gulSi sduRdes,

es saWiroa kaeSnisaTvis,

rom gaizardos da ufro hquxdes.

(,,mwares Cavvardi sagonebelsa”.1912w.)

ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis TanamebrZolis guls obi

arasodes ar moedeboda da usasooba, uimedoba verasodes ver moikidebda

fexs mis arsebaSi.

Nnumca msmenia sikvdili

Dda numc minaxav lomisa!

Nnumc minaxia arwivi,

Sno aRar hqondes omisa!...

ra lamazia diliTa,

mze rom sxivs mohfens gorisa!...

turfaa axalgazrdoba,

zaTqi vnebaTa TrTolvisa.

(,,numca msmenia sikvdili”.1914w.)

WeSmariti marTmadidebeli qristiania Cvens win leqsSi ,,me Senis

trfobiT ver gavZeR”. Lleqsi mis gardacvalebamde gamoqveynebula JurnalSi

,,klde”, 1915w.

26

am leqsSi lirikuli gmiri gulwrfelia lirikul aRsarebaSi;

adresati misi mimarTvisa mTeli sazogadoebaa, mTeli qveyanaa:

me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR,

Sen-Cemis siZulviliTa.

ver giRalateb mainca,

Tund xorcs viglejde kbiliTa,

Gguldakodili Sengana

miTc RmerTs gaxveweb sityviTa.

(,,me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR”. 1915w.)

Aaqac ormagi standarti gamosWvivis sazogadoebis damokidebulebaSi

Semoqmedis mimarT. qveteqstiT igrZnoba, rom siZulvilis garda siyvaruliT

damokidebulebac arsebobda, radgan trfoba mxolod moZuleebisa

warmoudgeneli iqneboda. Aanalitikuri midgomac ormagi standartiTaa

sagulisxmo. kerZod, karl gustav iungi 1922wels naSromSi ,,poeziisadmi

analitikuri fsiqologiis mimarTebis Sesaxeb” SeniSnavda, ,,rom xelovnebis

qmnilebaze marTebuli msjelobisaTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT ori saxis

SemoqmedebiTi procesis arseboba: erTi maTganis Sedegad vRebulobT

nawarmoebs, romelic zustad emTxveva avtoris Canafiqrs, aRwevs im efeqts,

risi miRwevac poets surda”(16,67).

warmodgenili leqsebis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, yvela maTganSi

dasaxuli mizani zedmiwevniT gadmogvcems avtoris Canafiqrs; poeti

naTlad, gamWvirvaled ayalibebs saTqmels da udaod ,,aRwevs im efeqts,

risi miRwevac poets surda”. TiToeul maTganSi ,,masala poetis

gacnobierebul zraxvaTa Sesatyvisad aris organizebuli”(iqve, 68).

Gganxiluli nawarmoebebis mixedviT naTelia poetis eTikuri da

esTetikuri mrwamsi-TergdaleulTa poziciaze dgoma poetisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca,

gacxadebuli da gamyarebuli Taviseburi midgomiT, myari, monoliTuri

moralitetiT, gansxvavebuli mxatvruli samyaroTi, intonaciuri

mravalferovnebiT, riTac vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba ,,...dakavSirebulia

sakuTari xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan, romelic didebulad gamoxatavs

,,xalxis erovnuli fsiqikis iersac (6,312).

Gibadeba kiTxva, rogor axdenda yovelive amis realizebas didi

poeti? Aam kiTxvaze amomwurav pasuxs vRebulobT vaJas werilSi ,,fiqrebi”.

Aam statiaSi avtors mkafiod aqvs Camoyalibebuli eTikuri normebi,

27

romlebsac mtkiced icavda igi mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze.

Tanamokalmeebisadmi mowodebad gaismis misi sityvebi : ,,..moqmedebac

TviToeuli Cvenganisa unda iyos azrSewonili. dRevandels TviToeulis

Cvenganis moqmedebas unda iq mivyavdeT, saca saWiroa Cveni misvla.

TviToeulis Cvenganis moqmedeba, maSasadame, is gza unda iyos, romelmac

romSi unda migviyvanos. Ees romi Cveni momavalia da Tu romSi misasvleli

gziT ar wavediT... roms avcdebiT. swori gza awmyoa. vinc awmyos

keTilsindisierad emsaxureba, igi didebul momavals qmnis... momavalic

imisia, vinc awmyos mizanSewonilad emsaxureba”.

,,xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan” organuli kavSiri, romelic

,,erovnuli fsiqikis iersac” atarebs, naTlad aisaxa vaJas lirikuli

leqsebis im ciklSi, romelic pirdapirac da qveteqstiTac miniSnebulia

sazogadoebrivi problematikis gadaWrisaken. Mmravali mtkivneuli sakiTxi

gamosWvivis wminda eTikuri xasiaTis leqsebSi. Ees gansakuTrebiT

sagrZnobia ori saukunis mijnaze Seqmnil TxzulebebSi.

Kkanonzomierebadaa qceuli is realoba, rom erTi saukunis

dasasruli da axali saukunis dasawyisi TiTqmis revoluciur gardaqmnaTa

periodia xolme, zogadad xelovnebis istoriaSi, yvelaze mkveTrad ki-

mxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi. Ggardaqmna ki imas gulisxmobs, rom

wina saukuneebSi dagrovili problemebi viTardeba da organulad gadadis

axal saukuneebSi. Aaq demarkaciuli xazi gamoricxulia, miTumetes vaJas

rangis Semoqmedis SemTxvevaSi.

XIX da XX saukuneebis uReltexilze dgomam Tavisi kvali daaCnia mis

poezias, mis sazogadoebriv pozicias; amitom miznad davisaxeT dakvleva im

gzisa, romelmac ,,romSi unda migviyvanos. Ees romi Cveni momavalia”(vaJa-

fSavela). swored es amoZravebs did Semoqmeds, rodesac mTeli Tavisi

arsebiT ebrZvis da icavs Tavis ers ,,zneobrivi dabeCavebisagan”,

daberebisagan. Mmas absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCnia, rom ,,energia erisa ar

unda iyos Seborkil-SejaWvuli, unda mas qondes sarbieli”(vaJa-fSavela).

vaJa-fSavelas pirovneba, misi Semoqmedeba samarTlianadaa gaazrebuli

globaluri masStabiT: ,,..iwureboda mecxramete da iwyeboda meoce saukune.

Mmsoflio literaturaSic iwyeboda meoce saukune. Mmsoflio literaturis

titanebidan yvelaze mZlavrad momavlisaken es ltolva tolstoim,

dostoevskim, Tagorma da uitmenma gamoxates. vaJam ki kidev erTi nabiji

gadadga am mimarTulebiT da saqarTvelos pirobebSi, e.i. msoflio

28

rezonasis yovelgvar saSualebas moklebulma, man daiwyo damkvidreba am

axali filosofiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri principebisa, man Seqmna axali

epikuri msoflSegrZnebiT gamsWvaluli axali epikuri forma, man Seasxa

axali frTebi romantizms, ara realizmis sawinaaRmdegod, aramed misganve

gamomdinarem, man Seitana axali eTikuri principebi esTetikurSi da qmediTi

humanisturi suli STabera mxatvris filosofias”(5,274).

rogorc win aRiniSna, am geniosi Semoqmedis Sesaxeb bunebrivad

Seiqmneboda erTimeoris gamomricxavi an erTimeoris Semavsebel-

ganmaviTarebeli Sexedulebebi. marTebulad SeniSnavs mkvlevari mamuka

Wanturaia: ,,...swored 900-iani wlebidan iwyeba vaJas pirovnebaSi

inteleqtualuri simwifis axali xana, mZafrdeba misi mxatvruli

azrovnebis unari, Rrmavdeba filosofiur-esTetikuri are”(114,4).

jer kidev 900-iani wlebis dasasruls vaJas poeturi gumani

gafacicebiT daeZebda ,,samSoblos mcvelT”; guls stkenda ,,sikvdili

gmirisa”; SaSvs emduris imitom, rom ,,mSvidi, bavSuri guneba ar amRvrevia

mterzeda, rom ,,movaleobis uReli” ara sdgmia qedzeda; dasafiqreblad

afrTxilebs usazRvro Zalmomreobas:

gsurs anebivro svavebi

tial-oxeris leSzeda;

nu Svrebi magas, dafiqrdi,

xels nu aiReb RmerTzeda.

Nnu, Torem marto ara var

Aama simarTlis mTqmelia:

vinc avs uSvreba moyvassa,

sxvac misTvis avis mqnelia;

TviTac muxTalad mokvdeba

muxTalad kacis mkvlelia

(,,mxolod Zala gvaqvs dRes xelTa”, 1899w.).

gafrTxilebis garda, zneobriv Segonebasac atarebs sentenciamde

amaRlebuli frazebi. sifrTxilis intonacia sagrZnoblad icvleba

saaxalwlo survilebSi. magaliTad, 1899wlis bolo akordad unda

miviCnioT leqsi ,,saaxalwlod”, romelic gamoqveynda ,,iveriis” 1900wlis

pirvel nomerSi.

tradiciulad, saaxalwlod gamiznul leqsebSi vaJa-fSavela

erTgvarad ajamebda wina wlis movlenebs, sazogadoebis zneobriv

29

cxovrebas; xSirad sentencia-aforizmebiTac gamoxatavda xolme sakuTar

midgomas, Sefasebas. Ggamonakliss arc xsenebuli leqsi warmoadgens.

Uupirveles salams avtori uZRvnis-

,,iveris are-maresa

mis sisxlsa da xorcs-qarTl-kaxeTs

da imereTis mxaresa.

Bbedi da bedniereba,

dReTamc nu hnaxven mwaresa...

vusurveb dRegrZelobasa

samSoblos mzes da mTvares...”

(,,saaxalwlod”, 1899)

Ppoeturad amkobs sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenlebs da vrcel qebas

uZRvnis qarTvel dedas. Ppoeti maT mouwodebs: ,,SvilTa aRzrdaze iubnon,

ro Seiyarnen erTada” da iqve didebuli sentenciiT amagrebs Tavis

Sexedulebas:

,,lamazad Svilis aRmzdeli

Ddeda micvnia RmerTada...”(30,172).

vkiTxulobT leqss da vrwmundebiT, rogor dasturdeba prof.

grigol kiknaZis debuleba vaJas Semoqmedebis ,,poliTematurobis” Sesaxeb.

kerZod, am leqSi poeti marTlac Rrmad Caufiqrebia eTikuri xasiaTis

problemebs.

iwyebs patriotizmis TemiT-man gulwrfelad miuloca erTian

saqarTvelos weli axali.

A milocvis Semdeg pirvelad miesalmeba miwis mxvnel-mTesvelebs

culis da Toxis mqnevelTa,

mwyemsTa da Ramis mexreTa,

mindorSi Ramis mTevelTa,

Tavis marjvenis madliTa

mTelis xmeleTis mrCenelTa

(iqve)

Aamgvari pativi pirvelmilocvisa mxvnel-mTesvelebisadmi,

mwyemsebisaTvis ar unda iyos mkiTxvelebisaTvis moulodneli, rameTu

Tavadac xom ,,imaT gobisa” iyo, visi Sromis wyalobiTac eZleoda ojaxs,

qveyanas, xalxs ,,puri arsobisa”. Aamitomac SesTxovda igi ufals, Zala

mieca misTvis imad, rom

30

nugeSad vyvande yvelasa,

rom ar vzarobde ara dros

gaWirvebulis Svelasa,

Tofs vesvri daumcdarada

cbiersa, TeTrsa melasa.

(,,ar vtiri”(simRera),1900w.)

Pprof. Ggrigol kiknaZe miuTiTebda: ,,vaJa-fSavela sulis

poetiao”(35,10). marTalia, am gancxadebis dros mecnieris aqcenti vaJas

poemebze iyo gadatanili, magram, ganzogadebis kanonis ZaliT, es debuleba

vaJas mTel Semoqmedebaze vrceldeba. Ggamonakliss arc es gansaxilveli

leqsi warmoadgens.

Ppoetma arsobis puris momyvanTa Semdeg axali weli miuloca sulis

puris SemoqmedT, anu mwignobarT:

mwignobarT-eris winamZRvarT,

qveynisTvis kargis mrCevelTa;

ra gvargebs, ra gvazaralebs,-

dRe-mudam imis mkvlevelTa

(,,saaxalwlod”)1899w.

poeti aq Tavisi ,,mes”, Tavis Tavs uSualod ,,mTelis xmeleTis

mrCenelTa”, ,,eris winamZRvarTa” da ,,qveynisTvis kargis mrCevelTa”

samyaroSi moiazrebs... maTTan erTad efereba Tavis qveyanas

Semdegi saaxalwlo milocva ,,mSobeli qveynis dedaTa” eZRvneba. Ees

arcaa moulodneli, rameTu vaJac xom iliasi da akakis saqmeTa Tanamesagre

iyo da yvela qarTvelis gulSi zariviT rekda didi ilias mowodeba

dedebisadmi:

,,dedav, ismine qarTvlis vedreba;

ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli,

rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba,

ukan hrCes kvali ganaTlebuli!

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vaJaseuli Sefaseba dedis funqciisa

amagrebs iliaseul pozicias da mis sityvebSi moCans raindis mier uaRresi

Tayvaniscemis gamoxatvac, sagalobelic dedebisadmi.

Ddid vaJas uyuradRebod ar dautovebia bavSvebic, yrmanic.

Mmouwodebs, rom-

31

erTgulni hyvandnen dedasa

da ar Seudrknen bolo Jams

basris maxvilis kveTasa,

roca ki mteri maT mSoblis

Seuracxyofas hbedavsa.

Lleqsi ,,saaxalwlod” Tavidan aqtualobas imiTac inarCunebs, rom

,,iveriaSia” dabeWdili da erTgvar savizito baraTadac miviCnevT vaJa-

fSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi Sesasvlelad.

saaxalwlo Temaa gaSlili vrcel leqsSi ,,Cemi axali mekvle”(1910w.

,,iveria”,N1 ianvari). Tematikis garda, leqsi imiTac iwvevs Cvens interess,

rom mxatvruli struqturis mxriv ganixileba e.w. mkrTali siuJetis mqone

lirikul TxzulebaTa ciklSi(,,bakuri”, ,,mogoneba” (nu miwyenT,

momagondeba)”, ,,tyis suraTebi”, ,,aqa ambavi diswul-dediZmaTa” da sxva.

1902wliT aris daTariRebuli leqsi ,,mikvleva”(1902w. ,,iveria”, 1

ianvari).

Mmentoruli, damrigeblobiTi kiloa am nawarmoebis wamyvani

intonacia. leqsSi adresatad ar Cans konkretuli pirovneba. zneobriv

kodeqss mogvagonebs nawarmoebis Sinaarsi; mkafiod igrZnoba publicisturi

SemarTeba avtorisa da leqsi mainc lirikuli Janris Txzulebaa imitom,

rom iq uSualod poetis sakuTari gancdebi, misi guliswadili da ideuri

Canafiqria erTimeoreze akinZuli.

Mmkvlevarni xSirad aRniSnaven, rom vaJa-fSavela profesiiT,

mowodebiT maswavlebeli, pedagogi iyo (prof. grigol kiknaZe, prof.

apolon maxaraZe da sxva). Ees momenti winamdebare leqsSi ramdenime

adgilas mkafiodaa gamoxatuli.

Nnawarmoebis funqciidan gamomdinare, avtors mimarTvis forma

gamouyenebia mkiTxvelebisadmi:

Kkidevac mekvled movdivar,

Tuki keTilad dascadeT,

Cemi mokvleva... molocviT

Tuki keTili ram hnaxeT,

Aan ra vqna sawyalobelma,

aTasi xerxi gacadeT?!

Mmainc Tqven yeinebi xarT,

Mme maCanCalad gamxadeT

32

(,,mikvleva”, 1902w.)

lirikuli gmiri, rogorc WeSmariti qristiani, maT mimarT

mimtevebelia: arc emduris da arca swyins, maTTvis mainc keTili swyuria.

rac mTavaria,-

samSoblos majis cemiske

fxizlad miWiravs yuria...(iqve).

amis Semdeg icvleba leqsSi intonacia da avtoris Txovna ufro

mkacri xdeba: egeb dagCemdesT Tqvenc es zne,//sxvasac rom

gauziaroT”(iqve,gv.189).

Cans, XXsaukunis dasawyisSic saxifaTo senad iyo qceuli uZraobis,

indiferentulobis sindromi; Cans, jer kidev ver gamofxizlebuliyo eri

,,saRaTas Zilidan”, Torem ase dabejiTebiT ar gaafrTxilebda Tavis

Tanamedroveebs poeti:

Zili gaSorosT xangrZlivi,

sifxizle mogcesT mravali.(30,190).

Ooptimizmi, imedi ar kargavs lirikul gmirs leqsis safinalo

striqonebis mixedviT:

isemc gaswurTniT Tavis Tavs,

saamo iyvneT RvTisada;

rom imis locva-kurTxeviT

saSiSni gavxdeT mtrisada.(iqve)

da mamuliSviluri gafrTxileba, mowodeba, Segoneba

agSordeT Suri erT-urTSi,-

eg Cveni damamxobeli.

(,,mikvleva”,1902w.gv.190)

naTelia, rom arc im ideas, leqsSi gatarebul Sinaarss daukargavs

didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi da patriotuli suliskveTeba sadReisodac ki.

sayuradRebo da sagulisxmoa 1907wlis dekemberSi Seqmnili ori

,,simRera”: ,,saSobao simRera” da ,,saaxalwlo simRera”. Orive leqsi

gamoqveynebulia gazeTSi ,,isari”. ,,saSobao simRera”,-1907wlis 25 dekembris

nomerSi, xolo ,,saaxalwlo simRera”-imave gazeTSi 1908wlis pirveli

ianvris nomerSi.

Ees swored is droa, rodesac jer kidev ismoda wiwamurTan

gasrolili Tofebis eqo, rodesac ganadgurebulia erovnuli

damoukideblobis mopovebis Sansi, gabatonebulia Savi reaqcia, gadafaseba

33

iwyo esTetikurma Rirebulebebma. kerZod, miTiTebulia, rom ,,900-iani

wlebis literaturuli cxovreba saqarTveloSi Tavisi SinaarsiT metad

mdidari da, amave dros, rTuli iyo...

Aam periodSi, erTi mxriv, moRvaweoben is mwerlebi, romelTa

esTetikur-ideuri koncefcia da mxatvruli stili XIXsaukuneSi

Camoyalibda, xolo meore mxriv, qarTvel mweralTa rigebi ivseba axali

mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi ZalebiT, romlebic axali sayuradRebo

nawarmoebebiT amdidreben mSobliur literaturas...

Aam ZiriTadi realisturi nakadis paralelurad sakmaod Zlieria

dekadenturi tendenciebic, romelTac saTanado safuZveli misca

revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg inteligenciis garkveul wreebSi Seqmnilma

ideurma dabneulobam”(15,248).

Oda mainc... qarTveli kaci qarTvelad rCeba, anu Wirsac da lxinsac

odiTganve simReriT umklavdeboda. Ddidma vaJamac am ori simReriT gaacila

1907weli.

Oorive leqsi wminda lirikuli bunebisaa, orTaveSi uSualod

avtoris gancdaTa gancxadebaa Cvenwin, orive nawarmoebi monologuri

wyobisaa: ,,saSobao simRera” STabeWdilebis, nafiqris poeturi

demonstrirebaa, xolo ,,saaxalwlo simRera” SeTxzulia Congurisadmi,

naRarisadmi avtoris mimarTvis formiT.

leqsSi ,,saSobao simRera” mocemulia mkacri, piruTvneli Sefaseba

rwmenaSeryeuli qarTvelobisa. Ppoets zaravs is viTareba, rom vinc_

qveynis gulisTvis iRvawa,

suli tanjvaSi dalia!

Dda dRes ki imis swavlisa

aRarsada sCans kvalia...

garegnulad vscemT pativsa,

formisTvis ukravs zaria.

dResc ver SevigneT mis mcneba,

gvesmis ramdeni xania!

(,,saSobao simRera”, 1907w.)

Bbunebrivia, saSobao dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT leqsis mTavari

gmiria macxovari Cveni, anu is, vinc mogviwodebda, rom aRgvesrulebina

moZRvreba- ,,moyvasi Seibralia!” magram poets guls stkens farisevloba

umravlesobisa, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom mis mowodebas ,,garegnulad

34

vscemT pativsa, formisTvis ukravs zaria...” rom ,,sawyali sawyladve rCeba,

isev sdis cremlis Rvaaria”.

rogorc vxedavT, avtorma socialur sakiTxs daukavSira rwmenis

problema da aqac umTavres mizezad xalxis zneobrivi degradacia miiCnia.

Mman gapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxiT dagvixata isini, vinc tkivils ayenebs

TanamoZmeebs:

mglebi, afTrebi mravldeba,

xarobs imaTi gvaria,

azri ki azri maRali,

hgodebs bed-ganamwaria!

(,,saSobao simRera”)

Aaqve miniSnebulia moqalaqeTa inteleqtualur-sarwmunoebrivi

kraxi: ,,azri ki, azri maRali, hgodebs bed-ganamwaria”.

,,saSobao simReras” moculobiT bevrad aRemateba leqsi ,,saaxalwlo

simRera”(1907w.). am leqsSi avtorma esTetikuri sakiTxis win wamoweviT

logikurad, argumentirebulad gaSala eTikuri problematika: zneobis,

patriotizmis Tematika. amiT kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, Tu ra saimedo

TanamebrZolia vaJa-fSavela ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlisa...

imedis, sikeTis, rwmena-optimizmis aura modis vaJa-fSavelas mier

gancdili saaxalwlo ganwyobilebidan.

interess gviZlierebs nawarmoebis siuJetur-kompoziciuri

modelireba, anu is, rom poetisaTvis mimarTvis mTavari obieqtia misive

Conguri da naRara. Mmekvle-mgosani pirvelive striqonidanve mimarTavs maT:

Seni Wirime, Conguro,

Sen genacvale, naRara!

rad meubnebiT: ,,gaCumdi,

aRar imRero, aRara?!

xom hxedavT, ndomam mRerisa

Cems gulSi daisaxlkara,

Mmofina ia-vardiTa,

Mmas Sestrfis Cemi WaRara?

(,,saaxalwlo simRera”,1907.30 gv.254).

qarTuli poeturi samyaro mdidaria SemoqmedTa amgvari

ganwyobilebiT: Tavis CoganTan, kalamTan, qnarTan, CangTan, CongurTan,

fandurTan migulgulebiT. Aakakis Canguri imisTvis unda, rom ,,ganamtkicos

35

azri wminda”, rom ,,simarTles msaxurebdes”; moSaire xelmarjved unda

scemdes Cogansa, ,,ixmaros didi gmiroba”; rom uSiSari poetis kalams taSi

ara sWirdeba; vaJas ,,saaxalwlo simReris” Seqmnidan gaivlis oTxi aTeuli

weli da Tavisi qnarisken migvaxedebs didi galaqtioni: ,,maqvs mkerds

midebuli// qnari, rogorc minda,// CemTvis didebuli// sxivi gamobrwyinda...”

da ese yoveli anTebulia im wminda cecxliT, romelic maTze gardamovida

taZrionebis sanTlebidan Tu qarTvel xalxur maleqsebelTa gaWvartluli

fanduris danakvnesidan, didi rusTavelis geniidan...

vaJa-fSavelas es leqsi, romelic avtobiografiul muxts aSkarad

atarebs, misi ,,gulis, gonebisa da sulis” amonakvnesia... da es kvnesaa ara

usasoobisa, davrdomilisa, aramed moyvrisaTvis pirSi mTqmelisa,

mZraxvelisa, RmerTTan mosaubre mociqulisa, poeziis RvTiur

sakurTxevelTan mlocvelisa... vaJas es ,,saaxalwlo simRera” erTgvari

saaxalwlo epistolecaa poeziis qurumisa Tavisi mkiTxvelebisadmi...

rogorc aRvniSneT, am leqsSi aqcenti zneobriobazea aRebuli da

poeti daundoblad amxels maT,-,,vinc sicocxle umadlod gaaCanCala”;

amxels ugunurTa mier mis mimarT mkvaxe SeZaxilebs, arad miiCnevs amas,

rameTu tirilisa Tu mReris masala TviTon cxovrebas miucia misTvis; mas

mtkiced gadauwyvetia, rom sicocxles emsaxuros erTgulad, miuxedavad

imisa, rom am cxovrebam bevri samsala daalevina. Yyvelas gasagonadaa

Tqmuli: ,,ver momkla ugunorT Zraxvam// verc grZnobisagan damcala.” maTgan

aseTi mopyroba arc ukvirs, radgan ,,uwmindurs wminda grZnobebi// sad

gagonila sdebodes”-o da am sentenciur gamonaTqvams TiTqmis aforizmad

agvirgvinebs: ,,sad Tqmula, visac vina sZuls, imis gulisTvis kvdebodes?!”

mTavari ki is aris mainc, rom ar Semdrkala misi guli, rodesac

mklav-muxlma ususta, misma gulma ki ,,Sesuta” maTi danaklisi Zal-Rone,

magram ,,aras dagidevs Zraxvasa, moqmedebs Tavis nebiTa.”

Aam leqsSi mkafiod Camoyalibda codva-madlis sakiTxi. Ppoeti

codvad miiCnevs av-sityvaobas, qveynis Wir-varamis miCqmalvas, dumils.

erTgan, sxva leqsSi, vaJa gulistkiviliT daiCivlebs: ,,gadairia qveyana

erTurTze avis TqmaSia”(,,guTnisdedis Civili”, 1889w.), aq ki misi guli

,,ganmtkicda, gaizafxula, Seimko yvavilebiTa”. Ppoeti saqveyno madlad imas

miiCnevs, rom misi guli mec mijavrdeba: ,,ar dascxre,// vidre hmetyvelob

eniTa,// Tavis samSoblos varami// alaparake mReriTa,//unda samaris karzeda

36

mivdgeT Conguris JReriTa// vaJkacni laRad, Tamamad// Cven vaJkacuris

feriTa!” da mouwodebs:

Kkargebo, modiT, xels-xeli,

Bbilwno, Sors gaiWreniTa!”

Gguli lirikuli gmirisa ara hnebdeba borotebas da magrobs imiT, rom-

,,madli maqvs, madli!-dudunebs

Tavis mxlebelTa krebiTa:

,,qveynis Wir-varams vatareb,

veravin SemedrebiTa!”

(,,saaxalwlo simRera”, 1907w)

rogorc aRniSnaven: ,,vaJas Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivia

codva-madlis sakiTxi. vaJas azriT, madli RmerTTan miaxlebaa,

suliwmindis gadmosvla adamianze; erTaderTi realuri boroteba ki

codvaa-RmerTisgan dacileba. codva-madli vaJas SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs

upirispirdeba, rogorc sinaTle da sibnele, rogorc samoTxe da

jojoxeTi... yvela saqmis mSvidobianad dasruleba, ufro farTo

masStabiTki qveynis bedniereba, adamianze madlis gadmosvlas

ukavSirdeba”(101, 259-260).

Aam gadasaxedidan leqsi ,,saaxalwlo simRera” udaod Seuwyobs xels

mkiTxvelze optimizmis, mamuliSvilobis gancdaTa gardamosvlas.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vaJas ,,saSobao simReraca” da ,,saaxalwlo

simRerac” dabeWdilia gazeT ,,isarSi”. Aavtors maRalprofesionalurad

miusadagebia orive nawarmoebi gazeTis profilisaTvis. Oorive TxzulebaSi

avtori naklebi narTaulobiT ambobs saSobao-saaxalwlo milocva-

survilebs da tvirTavs maT publicisturi intonaciiT. ,,marTlis Tqmis

principiT” kidevac amxels eris zneobriv mankierebebs da imavdroulad

kidec unergavs mkiTxvelebs imeds, optimizms, patriotisms, sikeTis Cadena-

samsaxuris survils.

Bbunebismetyvelebis saocari gakveTili Cautares qarTvel bavSvebs

vaJam da Jurnal ,,nakadulis” redaqciam 1909wlis pirvel nomerSi

,,saaxalwlo simRerisa” da amave wlis bolo nomerSi ,,saSobao zRapris”

gamoqveynebiT. Ees leqsi ,,nakadulis” redaqtors Jurnalis mozrdil

mkiTxvelTaTvis gankuTvnil nomrebSi gaumiznavs. Aazrobrivi datvirTviT,

ideuri amocaniT, mxatvruli aqsesuarebiT da mizandasaxulobiT es

37

marTlac Seesabameba pubertetis asakidan gamosuli mkiTxvelebis sakiTxav

repertuars.

qarTul saymawvilo literaturis kritikaSi sagangebod,

maRalmecnierulad aris ganxiluli vaJa-fSavelas sabavSvo nawarmoebebi

(a.wereTeli, i.gogebaSvili, a.papava, l.bocvaZe, gr. kiknaZe, a.CaCibaia,

a.RviniaSvili, T.jiblaZe, i.evgeniZe, z.bocvaZe, l.sulxaniSvili da sxva.)

yvela erTsulovnad aRniSnavs vaJas did Rvawls am sferoSi.

erTnairi suliskveTebisaa orive ,,simRera”-saaxalwloca da saSobaoc.

,,simRerisa” da ,,zRapris” sazeimo ganwyobilebiT SeuRo poetma Tavis

mkiTxvelebs bunebis kari, Tbili kerebidan daTovlili vel-mindvrebisaken,

tyisaken gaaxedebs maT da gayinul-Secivnuli usulo sagnebis saubars

moasmeninebs maT, maT saSobao da saaxalwlo ganwyobilebasac

gaacnobierebinebs patarebs. xolo im dros, rodesac uenpiro bunebasTan

Suamavlad maTi enis mTargmnelad didi poeti da bunebis didi mesaidumle

daudgebaT, udaoa, sicocxlis bolomde tkbil da Tbil mogonebebs,

gancdebs ar daiviwyeben isini da vaJa-fSavelas xedviT Sexedaven

saqarTvelos bunebas; yovel axlad Semosul Soba-axalwels gaaxsenebT

Tavs didi poetis saaxalwlo Segonebani, zogjer msubuqi iumori...

es nawarmoebebi Taviseburi miniSnebacaa vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi

interesebis gasaazreblad, anu sabavSvo Tematika erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

ubania misi SemoqmedebiTi samyarosi.

leqsSi ,,saSobao zRapari”(30,295-297) ukve saTauridanvea

Camoyalibebuli misi funqcia, ganwyobileba. zRaproba es aris mSvenieri

svla mozardis interesTa sferosaken, maTi yuradRebis mipyrobisaken.

rogorc es did vaJas poetur xelweras Seesabameba, aq umartivesi

fabulis mSvenier poetur qmnilebad amaRlebas vgulisxmob, ,,saSobao

zRaparSi” fabulis zRaprad qcevas ganapirobebs ambis ganviTarebaSi

ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli gapirovneba-metaforizaciis mxatvruli xerxi-

bavSvTaTvis gasagebi eniT asaubreba tyis binadari xeebisa.

Aavtorma sadad, magram naTeli StrixebiT daxatul tyes Seadara

Tavisi samSoblo. Aarsebuli viTareba, realuri cxovreba poetma

romantizmis ZiriTadi niSniT warmoudgina mkiTxvels. Ees ZiriTadad

warsulis idealizaciaSi da awmyoTi ukmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs:

,,tye rogor daberebula,

Zirs Tavi daukidia!

38

Seubralebels zamTarsa

zurgs tvirTi aukidia

sawylisTvis. tyes zvavi awevs

mZime, TeTri da didia...

(,,saSobao zRapari” 1909w)

Aaq moxmobili citati imiTacaa saintereso, rom saxezea ori

anJanbemeni: 1. grZeli anJanbemani: ,,Seubralebels zamTarsa

zurgs tvirTi aukidia

sawylisaTvis”

da 2. mokle anJanbemeni: ,,tyes zvavi awevs

mZime, TeTri da didia...”.

Lleqsis Semdegi pasaJi ukve tyis sxva binadarTa-xeTa gancdebis

poetur metyvelebas eTmoba.

vidre sityvas miscemda avtori, anu mTxrobeli, xeebs didebulad,

yovelgvari siyalbis, aJitirebis gareSe Semoitans optimistur, saimedoobis

Semcvel notebs da aqac alegoriulad migvaniSnebs qristianuli rwmenis

Taobaze, mxolod Sobis brwyinvale dResaswaulis moaxloeba qceula

imedad am yiamaT zamTarSi. cxraTvala mzis (iesos mxatvruli saxe)

gamobrwyinebaa is uZleveli Zala, siTbo da RvTaebrivi naTeba, romelic

gaalRobs yinulis artaxebs, daamxobs zamTris sabrZanebel taxts. tyes

Causaxavs gadarCenis imeds, gauTeTrebs naTel dRes:

,,magram xandaxan zamTrisa

dRe gamoCndeba naTeli,

da cxraTvala mze kaSkaSebs,

rogorc wyvdiadSi sanTeli,

swored aseTi dRe iyo

Sobis samis dRis winaTa,

xeebic, saban-axdilni,

mzes Sehxarodnen mwkrivada.

Yyinuli, namad qceuli,

Ddabla Camodis xSirada”

(,,saSobao zRapari”, 1909w.)

rogorc vxedavT, avtorma, mTxrobelma samoqmedo drois lokalizeba

moaxdina: sami dRe darCenila Sobamde. Mmzadebis periodSi sazeimo

ganwyobilebas xeli albaT araferma ar unda SeuSalos, magram xeebs

39

naTeli dRe, saSobao gancdebi uceb adamianebis gamoCenam Caumwara, radgan

,,tyeSi modian kacebi, mxarze gaedoT culebi”. Mmosalodnelma ubedurebam,

cudma winaTgrZnobam aalaparaka xeebi, yvelani-muxac, wifelic, aryic,

kunelic, sxva xeebic-Tavisebur Sefasebas aZleven tyeSi adamianTa

stumrobas.

Bbunebrivia, pirvelad muxas unda gamoexata Tavisi SeSfoTeba:

,,oh, rogor moiswrafian,

rom dagvaCnion wylulebi!

Ddagvesevian wyeulni,

rogorc qaravans Tulebi”

udabnoSi mZlevel moZalade mekobreebad, Tulebad, warmoudgeniaT

xeebs adamianebi, maTi saxiT av Zalad, tkivilis momgvrel moZaladeebad

aRviqvamT adamianebs, rameTu Tavis gadasarCenad Tamamad SeuZliaT sxvebs

miayenon tkivili, sxvebs daaCnion wylulebi.

Sobis wina dReebia da wiflis xec ufro akonkretebs tyeSi

culmomarjvebul kacTa gamoCenis miznebs:

,,Cven ra? xels rodi gvaxleben,-

Mmuxas, wifels an rcxilasa,-

Marc verxvs, arc arysa, arc Txilsa,

vai, naZvebis binasa.”

Tu ratom iTqva: ,,vai, naZvebis binasa”, kuneli ganumartavs moZmeebsac

da patara mkiTxvelebsac:

,,saSobaoda zrunaven

balRebis gasaxarada,

da imaT saqeifosa

hqmnian Cvens gasamwarada

(,,saSobao zRpari”. 1909w.)

mTxrobeli SeumCnevlad cvlis saubris Sinaarss da aq win wamoiwevs

zneobriobis sakiTxi kunelTan dakavSirebiT.

Kkunlis saxiT iseTi adamianebi arian warmodgenilni, romelnic ar

baqibuqoben Tavisi Zal-RoniT. Kkunels Tavisi wvetiani eklebi moZmeebis ki

ara, mtris winaaRmdeg aqvs mimarTuli. Ees ki tyis mefes muxas Zalze

moewoneba:

,,yoCaR, kunelo, Senaca

Ggqonia grZnobis nasaxi,

40

Seubralebi megone

viT ekliani balaxi,

sCans, rom ekali ar giklavs

Sen sibralulis grZnobasa.

Eeg grZnoba Zvirfasi ari,

gTxov, ar daixSo, Zmobasa”(iqve)

Aam leqsSi SemecnebiTi xasiaTis erT patara detalze SevCerdebiT;

kerZod, avtorma erTi sityviT, sxarti cnobiT gaacno patarebs, rom kuneli

ekliani xea. swored am xes erTxmad aubamen mxars sxva xeebi. isinic saerTo

tkivils gamoTqvamen:

,,oRondac, roca erTs Cvengans

scemen, Cven gvtkiva yvelasa

tani im drosa, magrama

daCagruls vSveliT verasa”(iqve).

Aadamianebis moqmedeba gamowveuli iyo maTi socialuri, materialuri

siduxWiriT. zneobrivad savalaloa is, rom adamianebi sxvaTa ubedurebiT,

aq naZvebis gaCexviT, cdiloben TavianTi gaWirvebis mogvarebas. Ees xom

zneobrivad gaumarTlebelia.

Nnovelisturi zRapris kompoziciurma struqturam ganapiroba, rom

fabulaSi uecriv icvleba ambavi, kerZod, Sobis brwyinvale dResaswaulTan

dakavSirebiT, mTeli Tavisi arsebiT gabrwyindeba macxovari Cveni. ixateba

mistikuri movlena-rodesac ramdenime naZvis xe waiqca, xelculiani kacebi

saocrebis mxilvelni gaxdnen:

,,hxedaven: monaWridana

naZvebs gadmosdiT melani”(30,297).

maT iqve dayares culebi da gaocebulebma erTmaneTs gadasZaxes:

,,xels bavSvi miWers viRaca,

Aangelozisa msgavsia,

Mmklavebs midunebs, Tvalebs mWris,

TiTqos mze madgas asia”(iqve).

Lleqsis meoTxe nawilSi grZeldeba zRapruli movlenebi:

,,Tovli qaRaldad qceula;

Mmazed Cvilis yrmis xeliTa

zed iwereba ambavi

41

almasis kalmis wveriTa...”(iqve).

mSvenier saxe-detalebs sTavazobs mezRapre mkiTxvelebs. Eesenia:

angelozad yrmis gamocxadeba, misi brwyinva dadarebuli aris mzis

naTelTan, moWrili naZvebis sisxlad melnis gamosvla. Ees ukanaskneli

imisTvis dasWirda mTxrobels , rom Tovli qaRaldad gardaesaxa,

romelzedac almasis kalmis wveriT Cvili yrma wers ambavs.

Yyrma iesos xeliT dawerilSi xdeba zneobrivi Segonebis RvTaebrivi

da poeturi ganacxadis brwyinvale Sezaveba, gaerTianeba, gatarebulia

zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi tendencia-nu vecdebiT sxvaTa ubedurebaze

sakuTari bednierebis, Tundac umniSvnelo komfortis, minimaluri

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas;

Mmacxovris sityvebi mimarTulia tyeSi myofi muSakebisadmi. mezRaprem

mimarTvis formis SemotaniT monologis mxatvruli funqcia mianiWa uflis

ganacxads. mkiTxvelis asakobrivi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTxrobelma

maTTvis gasagebi sityvebiT moaxdina saxarebis mxatvruli transformireba.

emociurad, miznobrivad gamarTlebuli da efeqturia is, rom kacTa

modgmas Seagonebs yrma ieso:

,,...mitom ar moved qveynada,

Mmitom ar davibadia,

rom yvelam is Caidinos,

rac moswon, raca swadia;

mitom ar vecvi jvarzeda,

saqme vikisre Znelia,

erTis tanjviTa meorem

rom moiReros yelia,

umweoT, tanjulT cremlebiT

Cemi kalTebi svelia

da, ukacravad, avzeda

ar mogimarToT xelia!”(iqve)

Dda aqve yrma ieso Txovnis formiT mimarTavs xelculian muSakebs,

romlebic imJamad avis mqnelebi iyvnen: ,,gTxovT, erT dRes, erT dRes mainca

ar iyoT avis mqnelia”. TxovnasTan erTad es sityvebi mkacri gafrTxilebac

iyo mxilvelisaTvis.

mZlavr mxatvrul-didaqtikur da fsiqologiur svlad miviCnevT

zRapris finalur sityvebs:

42

,,vin iyo amis damweri,

vin iyo amis mTqmelia?”

upirvelesyovlisa, amiT avtorma kompoziciuri mTlianoba mianiWa

zRapars, fsiqologiur efeqturobas aRwevs am ori ritorikuli SekiTxvis

tolfasi mimarTviT norCi mkiTxvelebisadmi.

Aavtorma da Jurnalma ,,nakadulma” borotebis, siavis daTrgunvis

qadagebiT, adamianebSi TanagrZnobis, Tanaalmobis danergviT mkiTxvelebSi,

mozardebSi, marTmadidebluri qristianobis ganmtkicebas Seuwyes xeli.

Aaqve unda gavixsenoT locvis sityvebi ,,avisa da mrisxanebis gamo”’:

,,ufalo, madliTa SeniTa hqmen keTil monai ese Seni”(58. ,,locvani. saRvTo

wirva”, gv.207).

Ggvwams, rom vaJa-fSavelas ,,saSobao zRapari” dResac efeqturad

moemsaxureba adamianTa, gansakuTrebiT mozardTa, zneobrivi wrTobis,

aRzrdis keTilSobilur saqmes, qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba –

danergvis saqmes.

,,nakadulis” mozrdil mkiTxvelTaTvis aris gamiznuli saaxalwlo

milocvebi leqsSi ,,saaxalwlo simRera” (axaliwelia da mainc qari

qviTinebs mwareda),-1910w. J.,,nakaduli”, unda aRiniSnos, rom es leqsi

redaqciam gamoaqveyna ,,saSobao zRapris” Semdegve.

,,saaxalwlo simRera” antiTezisis, dapirispirebis mxatvrul-

stilistikuri xerxis gamoyenebiTaa Seqmnili.

TezaSi mocemulia imdroindeli saqarTvelos mZime socialuri da

zneobrivi foni. Sefaseba droisa, cxovrebisa mkiTxvelis asakis

gaTvaliswinebiT aris warmodgenili.

Txzuleba daclilia yalbi sazeimo, saaxalwlo aJiotaJisagan.

Lleqsis yvela pasaJi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT, mikroTematikis

erTidaigive sityvebiT-,,axaliwelia”-dawyebiT warmoCenilia lirikosi

avtoris, cxovrebisagan daCagruli kacis lega, mZime ganwyobileba.

Aavtors ar axarebs am axali wlis dadgoma imitom, rom

imedgacruebulia wina axalwlis danapirebTa Seusruleblobis gamo, ar

axarebs araferi, miuxedavad imisa, rom axali welia, tradiciulad

sixarulisa da imedebis momtani, magram: ,,axalwelia da mainc qari

qviTinebs mwareda...”, ,,axalwelia da gvadnobs suldgmulT sicive

Zvalebsa...”, ,,axalwelia, keraze cecxli miqreba, neldeba...”, ,,axalwelia,

avad var, muxlebi aRar momyveba...”, ,,dalocvil axalwlisagan verodis vnaxe

43

mogeba...”, ,,axalwelia, magrama vard-iaT rodi ayvavebs...”, ,,axalwelia, axali,

ras movelodeT misgana? cremlsa da vai-vaglaxsa, rogorc warsulis

wlisgana!”(30,298-299)

marTali kacis simarTliT Sefasebuli, realisti mxatvris mier

daxatuli realuri cxovreba mis bevr Tanamoziares, mis bedSi myofT,

uTuod gulze moxvdeba da Tu gamosarCleblad ar eyofa, Caafiqrebs mainc.

Tumca aqve nu daviviwyebT Jurnalis profils, mkiTxvelTa asakobriv

reglaments, maT reaqcias asakobrivi fsiqikis TvalsazrisiT da

antiTezaSi, leqs-simReris meore nawilSi aseve mimzidvelad, sadad, dinji

kiloTi, imedis mimcemi ganwyobilebiT aqarwylebs avtori gausaZlisi

socialuri Tu zneobrivi problemebis gamo gaxmianebul Civilebs;

avtors rom ar aerios sasimRero taqti, rom ar gaCndes leqswyobaSi

disharmonia, miumarTavs TezaSi gamoyenebuli stilisturi aqseqsuarisaTvis

(vgulisxmobT, rogorc odnav win aRvniSneT, yvela Tematuri rkalis

erTidaigive sityvebiT dawyebas).

Ggansaxilveli leqsisTvis garkveul preambulas warmoadgens pirveli

rva striqoni-antiTezisisa:

,,simwaris daSinebulni

vcdilobT, gavitkboT yelia

winaswar, rom avitanoT

asataneli Znelia”

(,,saaxalwlo simRera” 1910w)

amiT poeti SiSs ki ar Tesavs mkiTxvelSi, aramed afrTxilebs mas,

amzadebs momavali simZimeebis asatanad da preambulis meore naxevarSi

maSinve ubrundeba saaxalwlo ganwyobilebas, unergavs norCebs optimizms,

momavali rom kargi iqneba, saboloo jamSi:

,,RmerTs vsTxovoT, ar davardnodes

droTa trialsa cxenia,

erTxel mogvitans kargsaca,

amis Tqma ara mrcxvenia”(iqve).

Dda amas mosdevs logikuri gagrZeleba optimisturi notisa:

,,axalwelia da mitom

imedi gulsa mfenia:

iqneb gangebam gvakmaos

rac Wiri dagviTmenia.

44

Aaxalwelia. Tendeba

Yyivis da yivis mamali,

caze ciskari kaSkaSebs,

CabrZanebula mravali”(30,299)

Aam monakveTSi ,,yivis mamali” da ,,caze ciskari kaSkaSebs”-erTi da

igive drois, gaTenebis, gamomxatveli sinonimebia. xolo uSualod ,,caze

ciskris kaSkaSi” bibliuradac xom ZiriTadad sixarulis, imedis,

amaRlebuli ganwyobilebis mauwyebelia: ,,mwuxri tirili da ciskris

sixaruli”(oqr.gurit. 227,21); da ,,ciskris iyos sixaruli”, aRdg. 157,10);

(4,517). Aamitomac gamouxatavs Tavisi imedianoba iqve: ,,Tavs damfrens tkbili

ocneba, tanjuli kacis wamali...”.

mSvenieri fsiqologiuri detalis matarebelia Semdegi oTxi taepi:

,,wamoiSalnen balRebi,

Ggadigdebines sabani,

tkbileulobas daecnen,

vis agondeba anbani?”

damajerebelia balRebis saqcielic da poetis mier siTboTi,

alersiT, msubuqi iumoriT Tqmulic: ,,vis agondeba anbani?”. didsulovnad

,,hpatiobs” igi patarebs am bavSur cTunebas da gulwrfel locvasac

Seawevs maT:

,,gmirebic daizrdebian,

xarobdes qarTvelT mTa-bari!

camde azidul grZnobiTa

guli CaedvasT magari!”

da aqvea nacadi siuJeturi xerxi-leqsis daboloeba SekiTxviT:

,,mekvles moveliT xma-tkbilsa, rad igvianebs, sad ari?”

rogorc vxedavT, saSobao Tu saaxalwlo Tematika vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebiT interesTa samyaroSi gamorCeul adgils ikavebs ara marto

ideuri, Sinaarsoblivi muxtiT, aramed mxatvrul-struqturuli

TvalsazrisiTac.

1900-1910-iani wlebis saaxalwlo ciklis bolo nawarmoebebia: ,,saSobao

sizmari”, gamoqveynebuli 1913wlis 25 dekembris nomerSi da ,,Zaan

axalwelia”_dabeWdili ,,saxalxo gazeTis“ 1913 wlis #1081-Si.

vaJa-fSavelas ,,saSobao sizmari” Tavisi struqturiT, kompoziciuri

modelirebiT imeorebs wina wlebSi Seqmnil saSobao-saaxalwlo formebs,

45

anu aqac lirikosi avtoris mier gamoyenebulia antiTezisis stiluri

xerxi, emociuri muxti, damaimedebeli, optimisturi finali.

Aam samnawiliani leqsis pirveli Tavi faqtiurad mTeli Txzulebis

Tezaa, romelic meore TavSi nawilobriv grZeldeba da aqve iwyeba

antiTezisiT gaqarwyleba koSmaruli ganwyobilebisa, mesame nawili ki

optimizmiT, amaRlebuli gancdiT gamoirCeva;

Aam leqsSi mniSvnelovani detalia sizmris faqtori. ,,sizmris

mniSvneloba da misi kompoziciuri roli ganxilulia prof. mix.

zandukelis naSromSi ,,sizmari vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi”.

Pprof. Mmix. zandukels safuZvlianad aqvs dasabuTebuli uSualod

,,sizmris miTologiur-fsiqologiuri buneba”(37, 319). Aam aspeqtiTaa

ganxiluli vaJas moTxrobebi: ,,sizmari oblisa”, ,,saaxalwlo sizmari”,

leqsi ,,erekles sizmari”, poemebi: ,,gvelis mWameli”, ,,aluda qeTelauri”,

,,baxtrioni” da ,,giglia”.

Pprof. i. evgeniZis mier sizmriseuli masala gaanalizebulia Semdegi

nawarmoebebis mixedviT: ,,devebis qorwili”, ,,STabeWdilebani”, ,,mTielis

ubedureba”, ,,monadire”, ,,moCveneba” da sxva. Seajamebs ra nawarmoebebSi

mocemul sizmriseul, miTiur Cvenebebs, igi wers: ,,vaJas lirikasa, epossa da

prozaSi warmodgenili xilvebi epikosi poetis xilvebia da maTi

urTierTmsgavseba vaJas SemoqmedebiTs mTlianobas mowmobs”(27,253).

,,saSobao sizmarSi” (wuxela vnaxe sizmari) sizmriseuli xilvebi

iwyeba koSmaruli ambebiT: mamapapeuli saxli WerCamongreulia, saxlSi

myofT Tovl-Wyapi dasdiT Tavze, keraze cecxlia Camqrali da mis garSemo

Semomsxdar Svilebs ,,aZevT sikvdilis feria”, amis mxilveli mamis

TvalTagan wamskdar cremlebs ,,naxevrad sisxli eria”. Aam realur xilvebs

umal Caenacvleba miTiuri xilvebi: rodesac mamam gadawyvita saxlis Weris

gadaxurva, mas devma utaca xeli, moesma misi muqara-,,exlav gagaqrob,... Tu

xeli gaginZreviao”(I,350). xedavs mama sizmarSi, rom saxl-kari ,,borot suls

dauWeria”.

rogorc aRiniSna, koSmaruli xilva II nawilis dasawyisSic

grZeldeba_dangreul interiers daemateba gaveranebuli eqsterieri: mglebi

da daTvebi fleTdnen da glejdnen mis cxvar-Zroxas. eRupeboda sarCo-

sabadebeli am adamians, Svela ki arsaidana Canda:

,,sxvad veras vSveldi, vtirodi,

mduRare daminTxevia”(30,350).

46

Tu mamis sizmris axsnas daviwyebT, saintereso gzamkvlevad

gamoCndeba germaneli fsiqologis karl gustav iungis ganmarteba sizmrisa.

igi Tvlis, rom sizmarSi xiluli ,,...Cveni gonebis mieraa agebuli da Tu

Cveni sizmrebi garkveul ideebs warmogvidgens, isini, upirveles yovlisa,

Cveni ideebia, romelTa struqturaSi mTeli Cveni arseboba aris CarTuli...

sizmris mTeli muSaoba, arsebiTad, subieqturia da warmoadgens Teatrs,

romelSic TviTon sizmris mnaxveli aris scena, moTamaSe, sufliori,

produseri, avtori, mayurebeli da kritika.”(42,266).

leqsSi naTlad ixateba is obieqturi garemo, romelSic ganefineba

sizmriseuli xilva. mZime socialurma, cxovrebiseulma yofam sizmarSic

gaavrcela Tavisi diqtati; sizmarSi xom droisa, moqmedebis adgilisa da

TviT moqmedebis ,,SemoqmedebiTi” Tavisuflebaa dasaSvebi. Aamitom arcaa

gasakvirvi, rom realuri, miTosur fantastikuri an enacvlebian erTmaneTs,

an erTad amoqmedeben sizmris mnaxvels.

sizmriseuli ganwyobilebani, situaciebi myisierad cvalebadni arian

da am leqsis lirikulma gmirmac koSmaruli Cvenebebis Semdeg optimisturi,

Tumca, cxovrebiseuli xilva ixila:

,,gavxede: vnaxe asuli,

Yyornebis, mglebis mcemeli,

is Cemi Zviri stumari,

Cemi nugeSismcemeli,

grZnobebis amtyinebeli,

gulis simebis mrxeveli”.

Mmisi saxiT poeti iseT ideals warmoaCens qalisas, riTac

radikalurad gansxvavdeba qalis idealis mindiaseuli (,,gvelis

mWamelidan”) da gogoTuriseuli (,,gogoTur da afSina”) gagebisagan.

xalxi auRelvebia ,,qalis mamacur qcevasa”, ,,Sig da Sig ,,vaSas”

uZRvnidnen qalis mamacur qcevasa, brZolas ki vera hbedavdnen, iyvnen

krZalvas da ryevasa”. Aam mamac qals verc sizmris mxilveli exmareba da

cremlebmoreuli aRiarebs kidec:

,,guli mikvdeba Zalzeda,

rom im Cems meSvels mxevalsa

me gavdgomivar ganzeda,

sawyals ver mivSvelebivar

xel-dadebuli xmalzeda”(I,350).

47

Ggansaxilveli Txzulebebis mesame nawilSic sizmris moyolasTan

dakavSirebul formulad qceuli TqmiT iwyeba: I nawili ase iwyeba: ,,wuxela

vnaxe sizmari”, II nawili_,,gavxede, vnaxe asuli” da mesame nawili: ,,Sevxede,

movrCi sneulio,” ,,da vnaxe devi iqidan gadaTxeula wyeuli!”

Ees stiluri detalebi adastureben sizmris Sesaxeb im Teorias, rom

,,sizmari, rac unda fantastikuri da ucnauri iyos, mainc pirovnebiseulia.

Ees garemoebac sizmris ganwyobis Teorias amtkicebs”(37,332).

sizmris saaxalwlo ganwyobileba optimisturi unda yofiliyo.

marTlac, sizmris mnaxvels Sobis wina Rames daesizmra is, rasac, sCans,

mTeli arsebiT natrobda, rom gadakarguliyo misive saxl-karidan. sizmris

optimisturi tendenciebi isea siuJetSi gaSlili, rom leqsi iZens

patriotul suliskveTebas. Aamis sulis Camdgmeli ki qarTveli dedaa,

dedakacia. rac ver SeZles kacebma, is ganaxorciela dedurma sawyisma, misma

Seupovrobam, misma Tavdauzogavma brZolam iaraRiT xelSi:

,,gavxede: vnaxe asuli,

Yyornebis, mglebis mcemeli.

is Cemi Zviri stumari,

Cemi nugeSismcemeli”(I,350).

Turme arc am mZime viTarebaSi daukargavs asuls Tavisi sinaze,

mimzidveloba, amaRlebuli grZnoba siyvarulisa. Aaki ambobs kidec mis

Sesaxeb sizmris mnaxveli, igi CemTvis ariso ,,grZnobaTa amtyinebeli, gulis

simebis mrxeveli”.

Tavisi, poetis, dReTa gamoZaxilad unda aRviqvaT sizmrad nanaxi

pasiuroba, momCvareba, meryeoba, sadRac simxdalec sazogadoebisa. Aam

saerTo mdgomareobas Turme arc sizmris mxilveli CamorCenia: ,,verc ras me

vSveldi, mxoloda vtiri, movTqvamdi mwareda”. Aasulis Sesaxeb ki

gulwrfelad simarTles ambobs:

,,is ibrZvis erTi, martoka,

Zvelis mandiliT Tavzeda,

abrTxobs da erCis mtaceblebs;

guli mikvdeba Zalzeda,

rom im Cems meSvels mxevalsa

me gavdgomivar ganzeda,

sawyals ver mivSvelebivar

xel-dadebuli xmalzeda”(30,350).

48

moxmobil citataSi ramdenime saxe-detalia saintereso. TiToeuli

maTgani axali ganwyobilebis Seqmnis impulsebs iZleva. kerZod, mebrZol

asuls amSvenebs ,,Zveli mandili Tavzeda” da sizmris mTxrobelsac xeli

aqvs dadebuli xmalzeda. amiT qvecnobierad igrZnoba, rom ukvalod ar

Caivlis am Tavganwiruli asulis suliskveTeba.

marTlac, sasikeTod Seicvala umal cxovreba sizmris mnaxvelisa.

Mman NSexeda cas, Sexeda asuls da ganikurna sneuli; rogorc ityvian,

poets aq gamoyenebuli aqvs azris gacxadebis ,,mistikur-alegoriuli

xerxi”(101,67).

Aavtoris sisxlnarevi cremlebi aq misi ganwmendis maCvenebeli ki ara,

aramed misi usasoobis, uRonobis, sasowarkveTis damadasturebelia, radgan

mis garemos devi, mglebi da daTvi, boroti suli dahpatronebia da Tavad

mas vera gauwyvia ra maT asalagmavad; vfiqrobT, arc mebrZoli asulis

xilva-gamocxadeba ar mianiSnebs mis arc religiur wmindanTa

hipostazobaze, arc qveynis simbolurobaze. igi erTi sanatreli patrioti

qarTveli asulia, romlis msgavsebmac dRevandelobas gadmouloca

Wirnaxuli saqarTvelo. yuradsaRebia prof. T. SarabiZis azri:

,,gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs vaJas Semoqmedebis kvlevisas, rom

patriotuli lirikis nimuSi ganvasxvaoT poetis SemoqmedebaSi Warbad

arsebuli qristianuli nakadisa”(101,67).

Aam sizmris asuli qarTvlis dedis tipiur saxed migvaCnia, visTvisac

RmerTs miucia siyvarulis madlic, mebrZolis SemarTebac, patriotizmis

grZnobac. Cemi rwmeniT, aman ganapiroba leqsis poliTematikuroba.

sxva qveTemebisgan sakmaod gansxvavebulia sizmris qristianul-

mistikuri Tema:

,,Savi zRviT kaspiis zRvamde

Mmdgomelni uflis karzeda,

Ggawkrivebula laSqari,

xmlebi upyriaT lamprada,

dascqeren saqarTvelosa,

miRebuli hyavT gamdlada,

siyvaruls Tavis qveynisas

sTvlian uaRres madlada,

tablidan axalgazrdebi

TiTebs unTeben sanTlada”(I,350).

49

Bbunebrivad migvaCnia sizmris mTxrobelis reaqcia saiqiodan

mosulTa xilvisas: ,,sul damaviwyda saxl-kari, roca vixile yvelani”.

wamieri aRmoCnda misTvis es aRtaceba, radgan isini grZneuli fardis iqiT

aRmoCndnen”. Ggaqra mistika. Ddaubrunda realoba sizmars da Cndeba axali

nakadi sizmris siuJetSi_naxa, rom misi saxlidan, im are-maredan devi

sadRac gadakargula.

RvTis wyalobiT, winaparTa sulis gamoRviZebiT qarTvelma

mandilosanma gaaZeva misi saxl-karidan, mTeli qveynis simbolurobaze rom

migvaniSnebs, boroti Zala, satanuri suli, devi.

sizmris finaluri ganwyobileba, zogierTi rekviziti Cems

warmodgenaSi acocxlebs sanaTasa da lelas ,,baxtrionidan”.

Aasulis gamoCenisas mogvesmis sanaTas sityvebi_,,ukacurT kacoba

gvmarTebs”, misi asaki da mebrZoli suli lelas maxsenebs, xolo sanaTas

natvra_,,Tu amas gavigonebdi... Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”_asrulebulia

sizmrad gamocxadebuli asulis garegnobaSic, ganwyobilebaSic.

,,is Cemi mcveli asuli

,,mraval-Jamiers” galobda,

tanT Wreli kaba Caecva,

Cemze metada xarobda”(,,saSobao sizmari”)

vaJas Semoqmedebis Tematika mdidaria, axasiaTebs poliTematikuroba.

yvela Tematuri cikli aqtualuria ideurad ara mxolod Tavisi

droisaTvis, aramed sadReisodac.

rogorc vxedavT, saSobao-saaxalwlo Tematika vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebiT interesTa sferoSi Tavis adgils iWers ara mxolod ideuri,

Sinaarsoblivi muxtiT, aramed mxatvrul-struqturuli TvalsazrisiTac.

magaliTad, mravali identuri mxatvruli xerxidan gamovarCieT ori

leqsis-1909wels dawerili ,,saSobao zRapris” da 1910 wels gamoqveynebuli

,,saaxalwlo simReris”-safinalo striqonebis kiTxviTi winadadebebiT

dasruleba: I. ,,vin iyo amis damweri, vin iyo amis mTqmelia?”(,,saSobao

zRapari”) da II. ,,mekvles moveliT xmatkbilsa; rad igvianebs, sad

ari?”(,,saaxalwlo simRera”)

miTiTebuli mxatvrul-stilisturi xerxiT lirikosi poeti umal

Sedis norC mkiTxvelebTan emociur kontaqtSi da nawarmoebTa ideuri

amocana, avtoris mizandasaxulobac brwyinvaledaa gadaWrili.

50

versifikaciis aspeqtiT didi poeturi datvirTva eZleva avtoris mier

anJambemanis Warbad gamoyenebas, romelsac qvemoT calke SevexebiT.

sakmaod gansxvavebuli tonalobisaa Jurnal ,,jejilis” 1900 wlis

meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebuli mozrdili lirikuli leqsi ,,zamTari da

gazafxuli”.

Mmocemul leqsSic didi poeti Tavisuflad epyroba Janrul

elementTa urTierTobas. Tavisi emociurobiT, natifi siuJetiT, piradi

gancdebis gamJRavnebiT ,,zamTari da gazafxuli” lirikul nawarmoebTa

rigs ganekuTvneba, xolo ambis gaSliT, fabuliT igi gvagonebs qarTuli

epikuri poeziis erT ,,miviwyebul” Janrs_gabaasebas.

zamTarsa da gazafxuls Soris gabaasebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobs

mTxrobeli. igi komentarebiT monawileobs siuJetSi, erTgvari gzamkvlevia,

mokamaTeTa sasaubro Temis gezis mimcemia. amiT saxaliso urTierTobas

amyarebs norC mkiTxvelTan, uadvilebs maT Sinaarsis aRqmas, rac mTavaria,

TvalTaxedvidan ar gaeqceva ymawvils mokamaTeTa feradovneba, mimzidveli

ier-saxe.

aSkaraa, rom mTxrobelis simpatia pirvelive striqonidan

gazafxuliskenaa mimarTuli:

,,yavli gahsvloda zamTarsa,

miCanCalebda Cumada...

qveynad arc erTma suldgmulma

ar gaacila Zmurada.

yvela misZaxda: ,,gagvSordi,

rac gvtanje isic kmarao,

Cveni yofa da cxovreba

sul Sengan daicarao!”(1,173)

leqsis pirveli Tavi Tavidan bolomde avtoriseuli komentaria

movlenebisa. Ddidebulad, maRalmxatvrulad aris gamoZerwili qronotopi,

garemosa da drois harmoniuli Serwyma. yvelas SeZaxils uerTdeba

mTxrobelic da mokled, sxartad amcnobs mkiTxvels, rom zamTars ,,swored

aq bina aRar aqvs, adga da gaiparao”. Bbunebrivia, misi adgili gazafxulma

unda daiWiros: ,,gazafxuls jari moudis, meti ar aris Carao; zamTarma

jaglagi cxeniT mTa da mTa Seiarao”. Bbunebrivia isic, rom zamTars niri

waxdenia: ,,Zalian daRvremiliyo, Zalian guli stkioda”, ar uxaria tye-

velis gacocxleba, kaeSans umatebs ,,mindvris patara qalebi”, anu yvavilebi,

51

rogorc Tavad poeti ganmartavs. Yyovelmxriv xeli moscarvia zamTars,

moxucs, ,,kudala cxenis patrons”. P

patara mkiTxvels kargad daamaxsovrdeba, rom moxucebuli zamTris

cxeni jaglagia da kudala; samagierod, gazafxuli ,,moaqrolebda meransa,

wiTlad da mwvaned hmosavda qveyanas mwirs da veransa. Tan mosdevT

yvavilT konebi frinvelTa gundi aTasi... win gadaudga moxucsa vaJkaci ,

laRi, kapasi da uTxra:-gamarjvebao!’;

Aamgvari Sesavlis, mosamzadebeli periodis Semdeg ukve iwyeba

gabaaseba gazafxulisa da zamTrisa.

Ddauokebeli energia modis gazafxulisagan, Semtevia da Tanac

samarTliani misi pretenziebi zamTris mimarT: ,,rad giyvars qveynis

wvaleba, rada xar agre bilwia?” muqarac gamoereva mis sityvebSi, zamTari

ki upasuxebs:

,,erTi Tvis winaT sad iyav,

Aaxla rom mitev, ,,vaJao”?!

veras gahxdebi, zamTrisgan

qveyana daibaJao.

Tqven samTa ZmaTa amagi

sul Cemgan daixarjao”.

Ppatara Cafiqrdeba da mixvdeba, rom is sami Zma marti, aprili da

maisia, qveynis dabaJebaSi ki zamTris valis gadaxda igulisxmeba. zamTari

pozicias ar Tmobs, niSansac ugebs gazafxuls, Tavis cudsac ar malavs:

,,damWlevebuli Cemgana cxvari, Zroxa da xarebi Zlivs daaTreven fexebsa,

dadian rogorc mTvralebi”.

zamTar–gazafxulis gabaasebas eTmoba leqsis mesame Tavi. Zalze

mniSvnelovan kiTxvas dausvams odnav damSvidebuli gazafxuli gulRrZo

moxuc zamTars:

,,mamaSvilobas, miTxari,

vin gZuls, visi xar mteria?!

aTasgan daiarebi,

gicnobs sxvadasxva eria.

Aan siyvaruli Sens gulSi

Qqveynad visime sweria?”(30,174).

52

SeiZleba ucnaurad JRerdes zamTris pasuxi, magram simarTlis

marcvals uTuod Seicavs. Mmisi pasuxiT bavSvebi kmayofilni darCebian,

rameTu zamTars namdvilad aqvs nagrZnobi maTganac misi siyvaruli. Aaki

kargadac ganumarta gazafxuls Tavisi urTierToba patarebTan:

,,bavSvebi miyvars, sxva Aarvin,

xel-fex funCula, celqebi;

sxva yvela mifrTxis, memalvis,

ros qveynad davexetebi”.(iqve)

uenpiro garemoc ki aRar Rebulobs sakuTari siciviT Seciebul

zamTars; samagierod, balRebs ar emetebaT gasariyad igi. Aase gulwrfelia

zamTari am dros da ise gatacebiT uyveba gazafxuls bavSvebis sixarulis

Taobaze, rom dauviwyari suraTi ixateba uSualoT patarebisa; mis

TiToeul sityvaSi, frazaSi norCi mkiTxveli sakuTar Tavsac dainaxavs:

,,bavSvebs vuyvarvar, uecrad

Ggamocvivian karSia,

an gundaoben, kiJiniT

arbenineben cigasa,

ar esmiT dedis vedreba,

yurs ar ugdeben ZiZasa...

aqeifeben balRebi

am Tavis moxuc biZasa”(iqve).

Bbrazmoreuli gazafxuli awyvetinebs sityvas mas da afrTxilebs

kidec ,,gulqva moxucs”:

,,wadi, aCqardi, ecade,

rom male avlo seria;

Torem xom xedav, Rrublebsa

Hsurs TavSi dagvkras kveria,

Ddagvkras da dagvaniaos,

zurgze gadinos mtveria”(30,175).

Aaq wydeba maT Soris kamaTi da leqsis danarCeni asparezi mTxrobels

rCeba.

Ggapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxis momarjvebiT poeti dinamikurad,

moZraobaSi xatavs zamTris svlas, ufro swored, zeviT, ialbuzisaken,

yinulis gverdiTYasvlas da iq dabinavebas:

,,abrZanda ialbuzzeda

53

Dda, yinulebis gverdiTa,

isic TeTr-javSan-mosili,

dadga im Tavis cxeniTa,

iq moibruna man guli,

iq ganisvena SvebiTa”(iqve).

Aavtors realobisa da mwvrTnelis gumani ar Ralatobs da patarebs

gulSi momavali sixarulis imeds utovebs: zamTari ,,dros elis, isev

gvestumros Cveulebrivis wesiTa”.

Aamis Semdeg mkiTxvelis winaSe dgeba didebuli peizaJisti, bunebis

didebuli mxatvari-,, gazafxuls Tavs adgas Tval-margalitis gvirgvini”

da, rac mTavaria:

,,dideba ismis uflisa

suldgmulT sxvadasxva eniTa...

wyalnic ki RmerTs adideben

laRad, talRebis deniTa”.(iqve).

,,bednieri eris” gamoZaxili vigrZeniT leqsSi ,,vin aris kaci?”(1902w.).

aqac kiTxviTi intonacia, aqac ironia, aqac stilistikur xerxad

gamoyenebuli antiTezisi. Aaqac Zieba-vin aris kaci?

leqsSi xazgasmulia is fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba, rom avtoris mier

lirikul personaJad gamoyvanili pirovnebebis ,,Sinagani sinamdvile iqmneba

obieqtur samyaros pirovnul moTxovnilebaTa da RirebulebaTa

Sesatyvisad gadamuSavebis Sedegad. Aadamianis Sinagan samyaroSi sinamdvile

pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT aris interpretirebuli”(116,364). Aam aspeqtiT Tu

mivudgebiT leqss, iq poeti yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs mZime socialur

garemoebaze, zneobriv mankierebaSi Caflul pirovnebaze.

Lleqss emociurobas hmatebs morfologiuri gameoreba, kerZod,

anafora: ,,kaci is aris...”poetma mkiTxvelis samsjavroze gamoitana

sazogadoebaSi fexmokidebuli mankierebani. misi ironiuli SeniSvniT, ,,kaci

is aris”, vinc:

a),,cxovreba gaatara WamaSi da kacis daniSnuleba mxoloda hpova

amaSi”;

b),,quCaSi salams ar gaZlevs, Tu dahpatiJe sadilad, did jiutobas ar

gaswevs;”

g),,saqmiT sxvis, sityviT Cvenia da Tavis oinbazobas hmalavs, ar

dauCenia”;

54

d),,Sestrfis Sehxaris Rvinosa da hsaxavs idealada salxino

samikitnosa;”

e),,ara kiTxulobs gazeTsa, wignisTvis Saursa hzogavs, mearRnes

aZlevs maneTsa”;

v),,gadaamterebs erTmaneTs qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa, sakuTar anbans

Seudgens samegrelos da svaneTsa”;

z),,sicocxle atara tkbilada,_sikvdilis Semdeg iwoda didyurianis

Svilada”(3,195).

rogorc vxedavT, poetma piruTvnelad, moyvarulad amxila adamianTa

Sinagani samyaro, ideuri datvirTva leqsis ki aris sazogadoebriv

mankierebaTa mxileba.

Gganxiluli leqsi migvaCnia organul gagrZelebad 1900 wels

dawerili leqsisa ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”.

Aaq sxartad, simReriT aris Camoyalibebuli lirikuli gmiris

zneobrivi kodeqsi. Lleqsi mimaCnia ritorobis brwyinvale nimuSad.

orators, aq lirikul gmirs, Tundac avtors, warmovidgenT safixvnos

TavSi mjdomared, romelsac gziani sityva moudis da zneobisaken

mouwodebs msmenelT. M

Aavtori logikurad, TanmimdevrobiT amxels ,,biWobis” anu ,,kai

ymobis” mruded gamgebT. Ooratoris dakvirvebul Tvals mxedvelobidan ar

gamorCenia iseTi adamianebi, romelTac Taviseburad esmiT sazogadoebaSi

garkveuli adgilis daWeris arsi. maTi gza ki, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT,

rbilad rom iTqvas, oratorisTvis miuRebulia.

Ppirvel strofSi dagmobilia sxvebis waqezebiT, mfarvelobiT

waTamamebuli adamiani, romelsac dakarguli aqvs pirovnuli Rirseba,

damoukideblad qcevis unari. sxvisi imediTa da xelSewyobiT biWobaze

Tavis dadeba, kargi biWobis pretenzia avtorisaTvis miuRebelia: ,,is ki ar

ari biWoba, ro gamagrebdnen, hmagrobde”; mas arc iseTis ,,kargi biWoba”

swams, romelic susts, masTan SedarebiT uZlurs, daundoblad,

agresiulad, sadisturad eqceva: ,,arc is mgonia biWoba, visac erevi,

axrCobde”. Mmesame strofiTac mxilebulia ZalmomreobiT Tavgasuli

adamiani, romelic Caflula egoizmis morevSi da ,,bilwT”, damCagvrelebs

Sehkvria zaviT, maTi mxare dauWeria.

meoTxe strofSi lirikul gmirs, avtors, aqcenti Seucvlia

sayvedurisa. igi ,,biWobad” ar uTvlis cxovrebiT gazuluqebuls, maZRars

55

TviTkmayofilebiT amRereba-galobas; kacs, romelsac amiT Tavi moaqvs da

kidev aqeT aris pretenziuli. avtoris mier aq mxilebulia SemoqmedTa

garkveuli klani_meSCanebis modgma; mexuTe strofSi ki ukve konkretulad

miuTiTebs maT mcdar poziciaze. Mmxilebis argumentad poets didi

rusTavelis Sexeduleba gamouyenebia. Aanu amxels mas, vinc ,,magra ityvis

Cemi sjobso, uciloblobs viTa jori”. igi sulieri amaRlebisaken,

WeSmariti poeturi wvisaken mouwodebs ,,vai-mgosnebs”;

,,arc ra biWoba eg ari,

maZRari hmRerde, galobde,

Tavi mogqondes sxvebzeda

Dda amis gamo gvSarobde,

Mmgosnobas arvis aclide,

Mmudav hkvexde da scxarobde.

biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi,

mSier-mwyurvalic hgalobde”(30,177,1900w).

rogorc ganxiluli Txzulebidan Cans, lirikuli gmiri, igive avtori,

cdilobs gansazRvros, gaiazros adamiani, rogorc eTikuri fenomeni.

amisaTvis mas gamouyenebia brwyinvale ritorikuli xerxi-paralelizmi, anu

iseTi kompoziciur-struqturuli saSualeba, rodesac ,,paralelizmi iqmneba

sityvebis ganlagebiT momijnave (paralelur) frazebSi, taepebSi, sityvebSi

(da Cveni mxriT aqve davamatebdiT-strofebSic ki-J.k.) da ganlagebis

urTierTSefardebiT (116, 232-233).

vfiqrobT, leqsi-,,is ki ari biWoba (simRera)” paralelizmis TiTqmis

yvela niSans atarebs; gvaqvs:

a) sintaqsuri paralelizmi, anu rodesac momijnave taepebSi

daculia winadadebaTa erTnairi struqtura. kerZod, aseTi

frazebi_,,is ki ar ari biWoba” da ,,biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi”,

agreTve SinaarsiT maTTan daaxloebuli frazebi-,,aba, biWoba

is ari” da ,,arc-ra biWoba eg ari.”

b) strofuli paralelizmi, anu rodesac momijnave strofebSi

meordeba sintaqsuri da leqsikuri struqturebi. mTeli

leqsi atarebs dasrulebuli metateqstebis organul

urTierTkavSirs da nawarmoebi, faqtiurad, warmoadgens e.w.

amebeuri kompoziciis Cinebul nimuSs.

56

c) uaryofiTi paralelizmi, anu rodesac avtors mxatvrul-

emociuri efeqti miRweuli aqvs paralelur konstruqciebSi

azrobrivi dapirispirebulobiT. magaliTad:

,,is ki ar ari biWoba,

ro gamagrebdnen, hmagrobde,


TavisTavada hgvarobde.

Aarc is mgonia biWoba,

visac erevi, axrCobde,


rom sxvis damrCvalsa

swamlobde”(30,177)

moxmobil strofebSi pirvel or taepSi Camoyalibebul azrs

upirispirdeba mesame da meoTxe taepebSi wamoyenebuli avtoriseuli

poziciis gamomxatveli kontrargumentebi. Aanu argumentebsac da

kontrargumentebsac naTlad aqvT gamokveTili damoukidebeli, sakuTari

mikroTemebi da lingvisturad axasiaTebT organizebuli gaformebuloba,

azrobrivi damTavrebuloba da Sedegad TiToeuli maTgani asrulebs

sakomunikacio funqcias. rogorc miuTiTeben: TiToeuli mikrostruqtura

,,uzrunvelyofs gabmuli teqstis globalur semantikur mTlianobas”(108,

295). Aaqedan gamomdinare, leqsi_,,is ki ar ari biWoba”-migvaCnia vaJa-

fSavelas eTikuri koncefciis erT patara, originalur, magram didebulad

gamomxatvel Txzulebad.

Gganxiluli leqsebiTa da agreTve im TxzulebebiT, romelTa

Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT, vcdilobT gavacocxloT is socio-zneobrivi

garemo , romelSic uxdeba cxovreba did poets.

Cveni yuradReba miipyro 900-iani wlebis pirveli wlis, 1901 wlis,

lirikul nawarmoebTa Tematurma mravalferovnebam, poetis interesTa

farTo speqtrma. vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis xuTtomeulis

I tomSi (1961w.) dafiqsirebulia poetis mier Seqmnili ToTxmeti nawarmoebi,

romelTagan poetis sicocxleSi dRis sinaTle uxilavs aT Txzulebas:

,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad”(iveria, 1900, 4.IV,@#74), ,,zamTari da

gazafxuli”(,,jejili”, 1900,#4), ,,gul-dakodili nato”(,,jejili”,1900, #5),

,,danabarebi”(,,iveria”, 1900, 21,V, #108), ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”(,,iveria”,1900,

5.VI, #118), ,,mgosnis simRera”(,,iveria”, 1900, 11,VI, #124), ,,Citis

57

simRera”(,,jejili”,1900,#6), ,,xarisTvis udieri”(,,jejili”, 1900, #10),

,,mravalma xmali agela”(gaz.,,cnobis furceli”, 25.XII,#1338), ,,Cemi axali

mekvle”,(,,iveria”,1901, 1.I, @#1. leqsi Seqmnilia 1900wels).

oTxi leqsi ,,CvenTvis ikargvis, TqvenTvisac”, ,,anderZi”, ,,ar vtiri”,

,,sneuli viyav” gadmoRebulia poetis avtografebidan romelic inaxeba

korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutSi dacul vaJa-

fSavelas fondSi (#=#78, 107,123 da 123).

rogorc prof. iuza evgeniZe aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavela gansakuTrebul

SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi. Aam

SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs Cveni xalxis gancdaSi

tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle warmodgenebidan”27,216).

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom vaJa-fSavela organulad erwymis imdroindel

sinamdviles, mxarSi udgas Cvens did mwerlebs adamianTan mimarTebis

aspeqtiT. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZis Tu aleqsandere yazbegis SemoqmedebiT

naRvaws exmianeba vaJa-fSavela prof. f.kotetiSvilis rwmeniT ,,samive am

SemoqmedTa naRvawi metad rTuli ,,didi madlisa” da ,,didi borotebis”

maradkacobriuli problemiTac exmianeba erTmaneTs. ilias mudmivi

sazrunavi studentobidan mokidebuli sicocxlis bolomdis kacuri-kacis

arsi, yazbegisa ,,umaRlesTa kanonTa sazrebiT” mqmedi, Sinaganad

amaRlebuli raindi, vaJa-fSavelasi ki ,,lamazi arsoba”- naWarbi pirovneba

pirdapir kavSirSia ,,didi madlisa” da ,,didi borotebis” mudmivi Widilis

gaziarebasTan”(52,319).

mTeli misi Semoqmedeba simarTle-samarTlianobis, humanurobis

gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. Tavisi principulobiT ki mxarSi edga Tavisi

drois did qurumTa-ilias da akakis_Tavdadebul brZolas,

erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. Yyvela TxzulebaSi, yvela

publicistur werilSi exmareba mkiTxvels nacionaluri Tu socialuri

sakiTxebis, didi problemebis mogvarebaSi. gamWvirvaled aris

interpretirebuli ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi problemebi, ar erideba

mankierebaTa mxilebas da maxvilgonivruli mignebebiT protestis

gamoxatvas. swored am TvalsazrisiT miviCnieT saWirod pirvelad

SevxebodiT vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc saymawvilo, sabavSvo mwerals, rameTu

bavSvebisaTvis Seqmnili leqsebi da moTxrobebi didebulad miuTiTeben

sikeTis ZalTa gamarjvebaze, bavSvebSi patriotuli grZnobis gaRvivebaze,

mSobliuri bunebis did siyvarulze.

58

sagulisxmo azrs gamoTqvams cnobili qarTveli emigranti mwerali da

politikuri moRvawe akaki papava ,,saxalxo gazeTSi” 1913wels vaJa-fSavelas

sabavSvo moTxrobebis didaqtikur mniSvnelobaze: ,,Tqven gindaT Tqveni

Svilebi gamovidnen keTilSobilni, mosiyvaruleni, Tavganwirulni da

suliT spetakni? maS, akiTxeT maT vaJas saymawvilo moTxrobebi, romelic

mTel bunebas Seayvarebs am norC Taobas da maT suls silaRiT

amoavsebs”(67,257). marTalia, aqcenti aq vaJas sabavSvo moTxrobezea

gadatanili, magram qvecnobierad poeziac igulisxmeba, rameTu

sazogadoebrivi funqcia erTiani aqvs prozasac da poeziasac, miTumetes

vaJas saymawvilo Txzulebebs. Aamas TviT poetic grZnobda, RvTaebrivTan,

RmerTTan siaxloves agrZnobinebdnen angelozebi, misi sakuTari

angelozebi. ra gulwrfelad gagvesaubra amis Taobaze didi poeti Tavis

erT-erT ukanasknel leqsSi ,,Cemi angelozebi”(1915w.):

,,Cems angelozebs venacvle,

imaT frTebs, imaT saxesa!

sxvebs ise ara swyaloben,

me kai Tvalze mnaxesa:

movlen da momisxdebian,

momiyvebian dardebsa,

sanatrels, amagznebarsa,

saamos, ia-vardebsa.”(30,364).

swams mgosans, rom ,,patara qarTvlis biWebSi” sikeTis damTesi da

momtania misi nawerebi da vinc ki keTils saqmeebs sCadis, poetis rwmeniT,

is adamiani RvTiT nakurTxia:

,,uRvToT araa, vinc keTils

saqmes iqms Sesajibrebsa.

Cem angelozTa wyalobiT

samSoblo uyvarT biWebsa,

Tvis miwa-wyali da ena,

rogorc sali klde jixvebsa.”

sxva leqsSi ki pirdapir, daufaravad acxadebs, rom gangebam igi ,,eris

aRmzrdelad daniSna”:

,,vinc momamadla me didi madli

mkvdarT aRmadgenel xmaT Cangze Tqmisa,

59

vinc Cangi miZRvna Tvisi nakurTxi,

momjadoebi samoTxis xisa,

vinamc damniSna eris aRmzrdelad,_

Cems beds ganagebs yovelmxriv isa”.

(30,329; 1912w. 3seqtemberi)

misi bedis gamgebeli ki RmerTia. RvTis wyalobiT, eklesiuri

cxovrebis arss keTili, gonieri mama-mSobeli sadad, gasagebad ganumartavs

da STaagon-STaunergavs Tavis pirmSos. Aamas xels uwyobda sazogadoebrivi

garemo, marTmadideblur-qristianuli atmosfero saqarTveloSi. vaJa-

fSavelas imediani ganwyobileba aSkaraa leqsSi ,,mama da Svili”(1901w,

30,187).

aRniSnuli leqsi qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis klasikur nimuSad

migvaCnia, Tavisi SinaarsiT, formiT ,,vaJas sabavSvo TxzulebaTa Soris” im

rkals ganekuTvneba, romelSic mocemulia ,,uSualod bavSvis sulieri

gancdebi, misi samyaro”(27,447). Tumca, imavdroulad, es leqsi ,,bavSvis

fsiqikisa da warmosaxvisaTvis Sesaferisi, ymawvilTa fantaziisa da qcevis

gamomxatveli, anu sakuTriv ymawvilebisaTvis gankuTvnili Txzulebaa”(iqve).

Aavtoris mier miznis misaRwevi ramdenime komponentis monoliTuroba,

erTianobaa damaxasiaTebeli am nawarmoebisaTvis. esenia: saydari-

saxarebiTurT, avtoris pozicia, mama-Svilis dialogi da gazeTi

,,iveria”(1901w. 25. XII, #280).

Aam komponentTagan pirvelad avtoris pozicias unda SevexoT, radgan

aq garkveva dagvexmareba danarCenebis marTebulad gaazreba-SefasebaSi.

Lleqsis mixedviT, aSkaraa, rom avtoris msoflmxedvelobas

ganapirobebs qristianizmi. Aam msoflaRqmiT Semohyavs nawarmoebSi poets

mousvenari da celqi gogia. Mmisi pirveli sityvebia: ,,Zalian miyvars ieso,

misi ambavi miTxari”.

Nnawarmoebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, iSviaT faqtTan gvaqvs saqme.

mxedvelobaSia is, rom aq ver vnaxavT bunebisadmi mimarTebas. Tumca, bevri

nawarmoebi ,,cxadad gviCvenebs, rom vaJa-fSavelas leqsebSi buneba ama Tu im

ieriT RmerTis saxes atarebs, rom bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebSi RvTiuri

Zalaa gabatonebuli”(123,142). grigol xerxeuliZes miaCnia, rom vaJa-

fSavelas ,,..mxatvrul naazrevs Tavidan bolomde uwyvet zolad gasdevs

panTeisturi msoflgancdis kvali... aq Cven vgulisxmobT qristianul

panTeizms(aqve). Mmkvlevris gancxadeba vaJas panTeistobis Taobaze

60

kategoriul tons ki atarebs, magram qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi

SemuSavebuli iyo manamdec da gansakuTrebiT am bolo xans sul sxvagvari

damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi. (ix. Ggr.kiknaZis, d.benaSvilis,

l.TeTruaSvilis, T.SarabiZis Sexedulebebi amis Taobaze). Mmiuxedavad

bunebis ZalTa ganRmrTobisa, vaJas panTeistobisadmi kritikuli

damokidebuleba imTaviTve Camoyalibda da yvelaze damajereblad prof.

gr.kiknaZis pozicias miviCnevT: ,,Teistursa” da ,,panTeistur religiebze

amaxvilebs mkvlevari yuradRebas da wers: ,,Tu Teizmi aRiarebs pirovnul

RmerTs, romelic qveynierebis Semqmnelad iTvleba, panTeizmSi-upirovno,

potencialurad arsebul RvTaebas ar ZaluZs iyos msoflios

nairsaxeobebis Semoqmedi. panTeisturi RmerTi moklebulia movlenaTagan

damoukidebel arsebas, igi msoflios movlenebSi mzeurdeba“(49,128).

Lleqsis avtori mTeli Txzulebis manZlize uryevad dgas qristianul

poziciaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom lirikul TxzulebaSi igi erTxelac ar

Sedis Tavisi mrwamsis uSualo gamJRavnebiT. Mmas asparezi moqmedi

pirebisaTvis dauTmia. Mmoqmedi piri ki oria-mama da Svili.

sruqturis mixedviT aqac daculia vaJa-fSavelas stiluri xelweris

erTi momenti-dialogiT gaSla erTgvari siuJeturi xazisa. gavixsenoT

Tundac ,,bakuri”, ,,kiTxva-pasuxi”, ,,mogoneba”, ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”, ,,mTa da

mTvare” da sxva.

Ddialogi ori ZiriTadi xaziTaa warmodgenili mis leqsebSi: dialogi

uSualod avtorsa da lirikul gmirs Soris da dialogi uSualod leqsis

moqmed pirTa Soris. Ees stiluri xerxi gamWvirvales xdis ambavs, naTlad

warmoaCens mizandasaxulebas da, rac mTavaria Zalze uwyobs xels

nawarmoebSi misawvdomobis principis gatarebas bavSvebisaTvis gamiznuli

ambis gaSlisas.

Cvens mier gansaxilvel leqsSi dialogi warmoebs mamasa da Svils

Soris. winaswar unda iTqvas, rom avtoris mier TxzulebaSi daculia e.w.

,,fsiqologiuri siswore”(ix. r.naTaZis, zosime xojavas Sromebi). Ees ki imas

niSnavs, rom siuJeti leqsisa SeTxzulia, araistoriulia da poetis mier

,,sworad aris daWerili am SeTxzuls ambavSi adamianis (aq patara gogiasi

da mamamisis) sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomiereba”(40,205-206).

Tu daveyrdnobiT fsiqologTa gamocdilebas, vaJa-fSavelam

brwyinvaled daiWira bavSvis fsiqologia, rodesac mianiSna, rom mamis

61

pasuxebiT garkveulwilad swavlebis procesi warmoadgina da bavSvis

fantaziis ganviTareba-monawileobazec migviTiTa. rac xazgasmulia, bavSvi

gaitaca fantaziam da amaSi mamasTan erTad saydarma da moZRvarma iTamaSes

didi roli, e.i. garemomac ganapiroba bavSvSi interesis aRZvra, fantaziis

gaCena da mamiseul ganmartebebis, mRvdlis qadagebis mosmenis procesSi

Tavi iCina mozRvavebulma emociam(63,497-499).

,,raze mohklavda qristesac

SeCvenebuli irodi?!

Mmanamade gaaTavebda

mRvdeli mis ambavs, vtirodi...

da rom Sevityve, gadarCnen

mters qriste, misi mxleblebi,

gulSi naTeli Camidga,

aRar mdioda cremlebi”.(30,188)

rodesac poeti mamis gancdas Seexo Svilis pasuxebis gamo, aSkarad

mianiSna, rom mama dadebiTad, optimisturad aris ganwyobili. Tu Tvals

mivadevnebT mamis moqmedebas,_rodesac Svils Sublze akoca da Tavzedac

xeli gadausva_naTlad gavacnobierebT mis pirovnebaSi aRZrul fiqrebsa da

ocnebas:

,,mamam Svils SublSi akoca,

xeli gadusva Tavzeda,

da, saxe-gabrwyinebuli,

xels didxans usvams Tmazeda.

Ffiqri_ki Sors miurboda

Tavis Zis momavalzeda!(iqve).

ra didebuladaa daWerili asakobrivi fsiqologiis niuansebi. bavSvis

moWarbebuli emocia, acremleba da mamis TavSekavebuli damokidebuleba

gaCenil situaciaSi-saxis gabrwyineba da xeliT didxans mofereba, fantazia

da ocneba Svilis momavalze erTdroulad rom daiufleben mis fiqrTa da

gancdaTa nakads.

Nnawarmoebis gamoqveynebis TariRi-1901wlis 25 dekemberi, agreTve 1900

wlebis ,,iveriis” furclebi adastureben, rom vaJa-fSavela TiTqmis

zamTris bolo Tves TbiliSi atarebda da ,,iveriis” redaqciaSi gulRia

maspinZlobas uwevdnen mas, miTumetes, rom miuTiTeben-am droisaTvis

62

janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo didi ilia TiTqmis aRar muSaobda

redaqciaSi, magram mis mier danergili tradicia_vaJas mimarT

gansakuTrebiT kargi damokidebuleba-grZeldeboda.

yuradReba kvlav unda gavamaxviloT iseTi leqsis analizze,

romelSic moqmedi pirni adamianebi, bavSvebi, arian da wlis droebis

faqtori oden samoqmedo fonia maTTvis. arCevani SevaCereT 1903wels

daweril da 1904 wlis 1-l ianvars gazeT ,,cnobis furcelSi”

gamoqveynebul leqsze _,,axali weli fSavSi”(30,214-217).

Oormxriv mivudgebiT mis ganxilvas: 1. ra efeqti SeiZleba gamoewvia

am leqss gamoqveynebisas da 2. ra Rirebulebas inarCunebs igi sadReisod,

saukunis gavlis Semdeg.

rogorc prof. jumber WumburiZe aRniSnavs: ,,...vaJam mTisa da baris

saqarTvelos saerTo interesebi dagvanaxa, baris qarTvelobas mTielTa

gulistkivili, miswrafebani da Taviseburebani gaacno da amiT erTiani

saqarTvelos idea kidev ufro ganamtkica”_ase Seafasa man ilia feraZis

kritikuli eskizi da iqve migvaniSna S. amirejibis statiaze da episkopos

leonidis mier vaJa-fSavelas dakrZalvis dRes warmoTqmul sityvaze.

Ddaskvnis saxiT ki iTqva: ,,e.i. vaJam gviCvena, rom mTis qarTvelobas baris

qarTvelobisagan gansxvavebuli interesebi arasodes hqonia da arc

SeiZleboda hqonoda”(120,285). Ees, faqtiurad, aris leqsis Sefaseba im epoqis

gadasaxedidan. dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom im dros interesis aRmZvreli

faqtori sadReisod iZens istoriul-eTnografiul mniSvnelobasTan erTad

SemecnebiT Rirebulebas. Cvens win vaJa-fSavela warmodgeba eTnografad.

Pprof. Dd. benaSvilis TqmiT ,,...sazogadoebrivi yofis istoriuli

ganviTarebis uZvelesi formebi mis mSobliur kuTxes, TuS-fSav-xevsureTs,

jer kidev Semonaxuli hqonda, rogorc Zvirfasi reliqvia, adamianis

cxovrebis pirveli yofidan dawyebuli da gvarovnuli wyobilebiT

damTavrebuli xeluxlebel fonds warmoadgenda ara marto xevsureTSi,

aramed mis mosazRvre kuTxeebSiac”(10,274). Aamitomac ar dasWirvebiao poets

istoriuli masalis Zebna-qeqva.

Uukve leqsis saTaurSivea lokalizebuli samoqmedo adgili_fSavi.

realuri droc iseTia SerCeuli, rom igi sayovelTaoa_axali welia, misi

Semosvlis wina saaTebia.

63

vaJa-fSavelas pirveli striqonebidanve SevyavarT gansakuTrebul

koloritul samyaroSi_erT fSaur ojaxSi. saaxalwlo samzadisi swored

aqaur tradiciebze migviTiTebs. Ppoets mTeli aqcenti bavSvebze gadaaqvs.

Txzuleba, marTalia, vaJas lirikul poeziaSi SeutaniaT

gamomcemlebs, magram igi iseT gamokveTil siuJets moicavs, iseTi logikuri

msvlelobiT gadmogvcems ambavs, rom, Cveni rwmeniT, leqsi liro-epikur

Janrs unda ganekuTvnebodes. Yyvela detali erTimeoresTan ise laRad,

iseTi mxatvruli simarTliT aris dakavSirebuli, rom leqSi gamoyvanili

personaJebi: deda TeTrua, misi Svilebi, mama (dauswreblad) Tu moxuci

mekvle inarCuneben koloritulobas, Camoyalibebul, mxatvrulad

dasrulebul ier-saxes.

mkiTxvels mSvenier mogzaurobas uwevs avtori, romelic yuradRebas

migvaqcevinebs moqmed pirTa gancdebze, maT saqmianobaze da, rac mTavaria,

fSauri ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel adaT-wesebze, garemoze, socialur

realobaze.

Ppoeti didi siTboTi da siyvaruliT Zerwavs balRebis gancdebs, maT

arsebaSi gaCenil winasaaxalwlo aJiotaJs, sixaruls.

maTi ganwyobas axali wlis dilas gariJrajze ,,loginSi deda

miuxta Svilebsa”...

enascvlosT deda-mSobeli

am Cemsa oqros Rilebsa!

kovziT Tafl-erbos sTavazobs

daaRebinebs pirebsa”

aq mTxrobelic veRar ikavebs Tavis emocias da uerTdeba dedis

sixaruls: ,,dedisgan naziareblebs RmerTic dauzrdis gmirebsa”. Ddeda ki

ganagrZobs:

,,daberdiT ase tkbilada,

Svilebo, rogorc Taflia,

Mmfarvelad gedgaT Tavzeda

RvTis da xatebis madlia!”(30,216)

Dda aq sentenciaSi gaizrdeba avtoriseuli komentari am ritualis

Semdeg:

,,dedisa xeliT naWmevi,

64

Sxamic, rom iyos tkbilia,

Tavis Tavs ukvdavada hgrZnobs

aseT ZRvnis Semdeg Svilia”(30,216).

dedisgan Tafl-erboTi naziarebeli balRebi RvTisganac

dalocvilebi iqnebian.

saaxalwlo samzadisi, mekvlis daxvedra gamaspinZleba naTlad

adasturebs vaJas sityvebs: ,,fSavlis dedakaci aris magari da gautexeli;

kldeebTan da bunebasTan brZolis gamo; misi xasiaTi aris nawrTobi.

Aamitom saxlSi mamakacis uyoloba ise ar daawiokebs ojaxs rogorc barad

moxdeba”(29,11).

deda, saxelad TeTruaMmekvles win miegeba da ,,miawoda kveria”, kargi

fexisa gamodga mekvle, radgan ,,RvTiT, kveri waRma dabrunda, ver gaixarebs

mteria’. Yyvela kmayofilia: mekvle imiT, rom ,,kai kvali hqonia”; TeTrua

imiTi, rom ,,RmerTi Tavis Sin hgonia”, balRebi imiTi, rom mekvlis mier

mocemuli TxiliT jibeebi aivses.

TeTrua rom qmris gasakeTebels akeTebs, vaJam kolorituli scenis

aRweriT gviCvena: sasmliT umaspinZldeba mekvles:

,,TeTruac wamoCoqili

cal muxlze iqve aria”(30,217).

Ddedakacis, diasaxlisis cal muxlze dgoma moxuci mekvlisadmi didi

krZalvisa da pativiscemis momaswavebelia. molodinaanT moxucis beros

(berias) dadnaficicaa maTi rZali TeTrua.

vidre interieris daxasaTebas SevudgebiT, rac ase didebulad aqvs

mocemuli vaJa-fSavelas am leqsSi, oriode sityviT gvsurs SevCerdeT

axalwlis Rames dedakacis mier ,,bedis kverebis” gamocxobis ambavze. Aamis

Taobaze sagangebod bevr mecniers aqvs Tavisi azri gamoTqmuli, magram

fSavSi ,,bedis kverebis” gamocxobis Taobaze yvelaze sando, utyuar

pirvelwyaros TviT vaJas informacia warmoadgens: ,,axalwlis Rames

dedakaci acxobs ,,bedis kverebs” yvela saxlSi myofis kac-dedakacisaTvis

da erTs sazogado kvers... rodesac mekvle modis am kvers Seagorebs samjer

saxlSi. Tu waRma midis kveri, ojaxis saqmec waRma ivlis, Tu ukuRma-

ojaxis saqmec ukuRma wava”(29, 13). TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imeorebs vaJa

leqsSi 1886 wels naTqvams Tavis eTnografiul werilebSi ,,fSavlebi”:

,,ager gamoCnda moxuci,

65

molodinaanT beria,

ukvalavs Tovlsa mohkvalavs,

Tan joxi daubjenia.

win miegeba TeTrua

da miawoda kveria;

agorebs isic darbazSi,-

scnan, RmerTs ra dauweria:

RvTiT, kveri waRma dabrunda,

ver gaixarebs mteria...”(30,216).

Bbunebrivia, am ritualis dalocvac unda mohyoloda da moxuci

beroc amas ambobda mtkiceda: ,,fexi Cemi da kvali RvTis!” Rimilic mosdis

pirzeda: axalma welma axali, vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia,_cxvari da Zroxa

uricxvi, dovlaTi metis_metia! Sen iyav, RmerTo, gamgone, rac exla

daviybedia!”(iqve).

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli ritualia mekvlis mier aryis

Sesxma saxlis kedelze da cecxlSi; magaliTad, TuSeTSi ,,maqalaTs”

,,ojaxis patroni Tu ar dauxvda, mis wil arays maqalaTi saxlis kedlebs

miasxams”(15,192). TiTqmis analogiuria mekvlis mier aryis narComis cecxlSi

Sesxma:

,,mekvlec hsvams, xolo narComsa

cecxls uZRvnis, asdis alia.

_arays xom qeba ar unda,

vatyob, eqneba Zalia!...(30,217).

mekvle berom erTdroulad naxelavic Seuqo rZals da saxlSi

armyofi ufrosic daafasa. rac mTavaria:

,,bednieria ojaxi,

trialebs RvTisa Tvalia,

ikurTxos misvla mekvlisa,

ikurTxos misi kvalia!(30,217; 1903w).

vaJa-fSavelam bavSvisaTvis misawvdomi eniT rodesac gadmogvca fSavSi

arsebuli winasaaxalwlo ritualebi_xevsurulad ,,mebediskvereTa

stumarmaspinZloba”, xolo TuSurad ,,welwdoba”,_rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

leqsSi didi sizustiT aris daxatuli erTi rigiTi fSauri ojaxis

interieri.

66

mSvenier ilustracias miiRebs mkiTxveli, Tu rigiani mxatvari

gaiTvaliswinebs vaJaseul poetur aRweras TeTruas sacxovreblisas: ager,

,,darbazSi cecxli anTia, gaCaRebuli tkrcialebs”; balRebs ,,deda-boZisa

ukana... udgaT Calis logini”, sadac bavSvebi ,,Caewyvnen Zelebis Sua”;

,,loginis bolos varcli idga, TaviT sapure godori. zeda zis Wreli

dedali, mas Tavs umSvenebs qoCori, xolo mxars_misi meuRle_gvirgvinosani

mamali”..., ,,zeviT mivardnils kuTxeSi xari nikorac fSvinavda. gaxSirebuli

Zilia, mTeli darbazi xvrinavda”... ,,xinklisTvis sakidelzeda didroni

qvabi hkidia, uxinklod axali weli arafersa hgavs, finTia”.(30,215-216).

rogorc davrwmundiT, leqsis Tema ZiriTadad aRweriT gaSlas

moiTxovda; am dros Znelia avtors moeTxovos maRali poeturi registrebi.

Tumca, bavSvTaTvis gankuTvnil lirikul leqsSi (iqneb liro-epikurSic),

rodesac avtori mimarTavs peizaJs, bunebas, aq ukve gaibrwyinebs poeturi,

mxatvruli ostatoba vaJa-fSavelasi. sul samjer mouxda bunebis aRwera

poets da samive SemTxvevaSi peizaJi gadmocemulia SekumSulad, mokled.

magaliTad avtori peizaJs warmogvidgens ferweruli saxiT. poetur palitras

koloritulobas aniWebs iseTi mxatvruli aqsesuarebi, rogoric aris

gapirovneba, metafora da Sedareba:

,,gareT ki Tovli napenti

Mmiwas edeba, dudunebs,

Tan mosdevs qari mxleblada,

isic imasTan zuzunebs:

xan karis zRrublze modgeba,

kurativiTa bubunebs;

xevebSic gadaiWreba,

garisxebuli gugunebs,

Sors Tu wavida, maSin ki

sneuliviTa krusunebs”(30,215).

Ggapirovnebis mSvenieri nimuSebia: ,,gareT ki Tovli napenti miwas

edeba, dudunebs, Tan mosdevs qari mxleblada, isic imasTan zuzunebs”;

,,gareT buneba javrobda, dedamiwasa yinavda”.

SedarebaSi gadasuli metaforaa: qari ,,xan karis zRurblze modgeba,

kurativiTa bubunebs, xevebSic gadaiWreba... sneuliviTa krusunebs”.

67

leqsSi ramdenime SemTxveva davafiqsireT anJambemanis Taobaze:

1. ,,Zvels cxovrebasa swiravda

Q qveyana, ase SavniSne,

kidec imitom gminavda”.

2. ,,axalma welma axali,

vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia,

cxvari da Zroxa uricxvi,

dovlaTi metis-metia!”

pirveli nimuSi mokle anJambemania, meore ki–vrceli, didi.

mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad igrZnoba poeturi energiis

dazogva. es ki imiT aris gamowveuli rom avtorma gaiTvaliswina

leqsis adresatis, mozardis fsiqologia da ar gadatvirTa Txzuleba

rTuli mxatvruli aqsesuarebiT. rogorc vxedavT, ambavma, Temam misma

gaSinaarsebam ganapiroba Sesabamisi formis gaCena.

Mmiuxedavad asaxuli drois tradiciulad amaRlebuli,

sadResaswaulo ganwyobilebiT gadmocemis aucileblobisa, leqsSi mainc

iCina Tavi mwvave socialurma siduxWirem. Mmainc migvaniSna avtorma

erTi-ori StrixiT, sifrTxiliT amaze; frTxilobs poeti, rameTu

saaxalwlo gancdebs balRebSi raime mrume Rrublebi ar daswoloda,

gaWirvebaze wuwuni rom ar dahkvebebodaT damdeg wels.

Aavtori iseTi sidinjiT, iseTi gaWirdidebiT esaubreba mkiTxvelebs

zogadad ojaxis gaWirvebaze, rom Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeba Tqmuli.

Ddeda-diasaxlisi Svilebis gaxarebas cdas ar aklebs; ucxobs xmiadis

bediskverebs yvelas; TiTqos bedis-kverisaTvis miundviao TeTruas

,,Svilebis saqonlis bediswera”, momavali xvedri.

Sroma-jafiT gawamebuli dedakaci ki_,,Tavis TavisTvis, Tavis

kacisTvis kverebs ara cdilobda. ra saWiroa, rom maTTan wuTisofeli

wbilobda... daTrTvila JamTa denama orive_coli,qmaria... dRes Svilebisa

molxena dedisTvisc sixarulia, aSromebs Zalaunebriv balRebis

sibralulia... am dRisTvis qmarsac eloda,_SiraqSi ari cxvarzeda...

interieric xazs usvams maT daulxenel yofas: deda-boZis ukan Calis

logini eliT patarebs, romlebsac ,,dedam fardagi wahxura, erTic

nagleji flasisa, fexebze kaba miagdo da fafanagi Tavisa”.

68

vimeorebT_aseTi aRweriloba garemosi Tu diasaxlisis ganwyoblebisa

mainc ar ukargavs xaliss winasaaxalwlo atmosferos.

Gganxilul monakveTSi kompleqsur mTlianobaSia warmodgenili

sxvadasxva problemis Semcveli lirikuli leqsebi. Eesenia:

sazogadoebis mxriv didi poetisadmi ormagi standartiT

damokidebuleba, saymawvilo nawarmoebebi, romelSic erTimeorisagan

gauTiSavadaa mocemuli didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi sakiTxi,

patriotuli, socialuri problemebi, bunebis kulti, religia,

fsiqologia-fsiqikasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, calkea gaSuqebuli

zne-keTili gmiris Zieba vaJas lirikaSi, yuradReba gadatanilia

eTnofsiqologiaze, istoriul realiebze.

lirikis Sasaxeb saubrisas gzadagza SevexeT mraval sakiTxs,

vecadeT Cveneuli xedviT dagvenaxa vaJas lirika. vgrZnobT, kidev bevri

sakiTxi wamoiwevs win, romelic kritikosTa mier detaluradaa

ganxiluli. viziarebT WeSmaritebas, rom vaJas poeziis novatoroba

uSualo gagrZelebaa tradiciisa, gagrZelebaa, romelSic gamoricxulia

ubralo gameoreba Zvelisa, Zvelebisa. igi marTebulad warmoadgens axal

etaps qarTuli poeturi azrovnebis rTul procesSi, sazogadoebis

sulieri gamdidrebis im procesSi, romelmac Seqmna vaJas niSi qarTuli

leqsis qurumTa panTeonSi. es ki misi Txzulebebis axleburad

wakiTxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. swored am aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT

miaxeda didma iliam sazogadoeba vaJas fenomenisaken.

Tavis droze qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi aRiniSna, rom ,,yovel

axal epoqaSi nawarmoebis axleburad wakiTxvas didad ganapirobebs misi

rTuli gamarTva rogorc poeturi struqturis, aseve problemebis Tu

mraval problemaTa dasma-gadawyvetis mxatvrul-ideuri aspeqtis

TvalsazrisiT. es ukanaskneli ki gulisxmobs nawarmoebis imgvar

qveteqstur damuxtvas, rom igi inarCunebdes mudmiv-moZrav Sinagan suls

yovel epoqaSi(61,38).

Aaqve damajereblad migvaCnia prof. giorgi merkvilaZis mier

Camoyalibebuli ganmarteba qveteqstisa. igi wers: qveteqsti ar unda

abundovnebdes azrs xelovnurad, unda gamoricxavdes damaxinjebul

tendenciebs-,,lirikis is istoriuli tradiciebic da novatoruli

xasiaTic, sadac qveteqsti realuris, misaxvedris, arsebulisa da

69

logikuris, magram konkretul poetur metyvelebaSi gauaSkaravebeli,

jer kidev gaucnobierebeli an Sefaruli elementia(iqve,gv.39).

Ffaqtia, rom yvela maRalniWieri nawarmoebi nebismieri Janrisa

matarebelia qveteqstisac da e.w. zeteqstisac (es termini g.merkvilaZis

mier moxmobilia e.isaevis wignidan_J.kK.). es exeba vaJas SemoqmedebiT

samyarosac. Cveni fiqriT, angariSgasawevia lirikuli gmirisa da avtoris

Tanayofna nawarmoebSi, anu visi metyvelebac Seicavs qveteqsts da

rogoraa iq mocemuli zeteqsti.

Cveni fiqriT, qveteqstis fenomeni yvelaze ufro mkafiod im lirikul

leqsTa ciklSi Cans, erTi saTauriT rom SegviZlia gamovyoT-,,qebaTa-

qeba”.

teqstologebs dafiqsirebuli aqvT vaJa-fSavelas 15 TariRiani da

erTi uTariRo ,,qebaTa-qeba”_sul 16.

1893 wlidan 1899 wlis CaTvliT vaJas mier dawerilia 10,,qebaTa-qeba”;

maTgan cxra daibeWda Jurnal ,,kvalSi”, 1 ki Jurnal ,,moambeSi”.

danarCeni 5 ki Seqmnilia 1903wlidan 1912 wlis CaTvliT, 1ki-uTariRoa.

redaqtor_gamomcemlebs, teqstologebs, TiToeuli ,,qebaTa-qeba”

dausaTaurebiaT teqstis pirveli striqoniT.

1893-1899 w.w.

1. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(daukar, stviro, daukar)_kvali,1893.#33, #34

2. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(janRma dahfara qveyana)_kvali , 1893, #206

3. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (iudasaviT qristesa )_kvali, 1893, #50

4. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (qrTami vaZlie muzasa )_kvali, 1893, #52

5. ,,qebaTa_qeba” (melo, Sen gaqeb ) _kvali, 1894, #1

6. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(darbaislurad vwerdiT, vgalobdiT)_kvali, 1894#40

7. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(moquCden amrezilebi)_1894, kvali, #51

8. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(ucnauria ese sofeli)_kvali, 1897,#9

9.provinciis qebaTa-qeba_kvali, 1897, #45-46

10. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (xelSi aviReb Congursa)_moambe, 1899, #1.

1903-1912w.w.

1.,,qebaTa-qeba”(droebagamoicvala)_1903, gaz. ,,cnobis furceli”#21

2. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (mavne azrebze damdgara)-1906, gaz. ,,miwa”,@#14

3. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(redaqtorebiT gaivso)_1906, gaz. ,,megobari”#75

4. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(modis goWoba, batoba)-1908, J. ,,niSaduri”,#53

5. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(virebi bedauroben)_1912, ,,saxalxo gazeTi”,#558

70

uTariRo

1. ,,qebaTa_qeba” (megazeTeni Seyrilan)-xelnawerTa instituti vaJas

fondi, #77.

rogorc vxedavT, vaJa-fSavelas lirikis SemoqmedebiTi

istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens ,,qebaTa-qebis” cikli.

mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo zemoCamoTvlili leqsebi. kerZod,

specifikuria stilis TvalsazrisiT, ideur-Tematuri

mravalferovnebiT, Janrul elementTa sinTeziT, kerZod, lirikuli

poeziisa da publicistikis SerwymiT.

Tavisi qveteqsturi bunebiT yvela ,,qebaTa-qeba”, Cveni fiqriT,

saagitacio lirikis nimuSia, rameTu, garkveulwilad gardamavali

stilisaa poeziasa da publicistikas Soris.

cnobilia, rom qveteqsts SeiZleba Seicavdes ara mxolod erTi

konkretuli mxatvruli Txzuleba, aramed erTi Tematuri Tu

stiluri cikliT Seqmnili nawarmoebebis erTobliobac. Aam midgomiT

Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, vaJas ,,qebaTa_qebis” ciklSi aRmovaCenT Semdeg

qveteqsts_gansxvavebuli maneriT Cadges cxovrebiseuli problemebis

uSualo gadaWraSi, xma Seuwyos im konkretul droSi win wamoweul

saagitacio, samoqmedo intonaciebs, moaxdinos erTgvari

publicisturi reagireba sazogadoebaSi wamoWril mravalferovan

problemebze.

saagitacio lirikis ZiriTad stilur Taviseburebebze

ganmartebebi ixileT prof. akaki xinTibiZis statiaSi, ,,ociani

wlebis qarTuli poeziis stiluri siaxleebi”(124,74-107).

Mmkvlevars miaCnia, rom ,,sagitacio lirikis” ZiriTadi stiluri

maxasiaTeblebia: ,,azris mokled, mkafiod, lozungis formaSi

gamoxatva, raTa Tavisi mimwodebluri paTosiT swrafad moaxdinos

zemoqmedeba mkiTxvelsa da msmenelze.”(124,76).

Aam statiaSive vkiTxulobT: ,,Tavisi arsiT saagitacio lirika

aris raRac gardamavali poeziasa da publicistikas Soris, mas

garkveuli forma, samoseli poeziisa aqvs, paTosi_publicistikisa.

ritmuli metyveleba da tropuli azrovnebisaken midrekileba mas

publicistikaze ufro Zliersa da efeqturs xdis, xolo mzamzareuli

ideuri sqemebiT gataceba mas xSirad ukargavs WeSmariti poeziis

Zalas”(iqve).

71

migvaCnia, rom vaJa-fSavelas arc erT ,,qebaTa-qebas” ,,ar

daukargavs WeSmariti poeziis Zala”.

vaJa-fSavelas leqsebis ,,Sinaarss”, ,,paToss” didebuli

gzamkvlevi aRmouCnda ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis

Semoqmedebis saxiT. aq vgulisxmobT mamxilebel tons, aSuqebs

,,socialur-politikur movlenebs”, ganwyobilebaTa gamomwvev

impulsebs, mkiTxvelebTan kontaqts, Secavs iumors, satiras... Tumca,

vaJa-fSavelas ,,qebaTa-qebis” ciklisaTvis aSkaraa, gansxvavebulia,

gamorCeulia sakiTxis dasmis, Sinaarsis, problemebis aqtualoba,

mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi sistemis originaluroba, wminda

vaJaseuli xelwera.

vaJa-fSavelas ,,qebaTa-qebis” ciklis analizi gvsurs daviwyoT,

pirvel rigSi, saTauris semantikis garkveviT.

enaTmecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom saTauri (zogadad) warmoadgens

e.w. frazul teqsts, anu saxesxvaobas zogadad teqstisa. Pprof. daviT

gociriZis ganmartebit: ,,frazul teqstebSi gamoiyofa: andazebi,

aforizmebi, lozungebi, saTaurebi da nawili frTiani

sityvebisa(23,201).

TiToeuli maTganis mokle daxasiaTebisas saTauris Sesaxeb

Tqmulia: ,,saTaurebi,-aforizmebis analogiurad, Cndeba pirveladi

teqstis sametyvelo teqstis ekvivalentad”(23,202).

viziarebT mosazrebas saTauris frazuli teqstis Sesaxeb.

vfiqrobT, rom TiToeuli saTauri Tavis mxriv SeiZleba CaiTvalos

mokle frazul Setyobinebad, inarCunebs ra impliciturobas

(dafaruls) an eqspliciturobas (xiluls, gaxsnils). saTauris

dafarulobas an gaxsnilobas xom uSualod im teqstis Sinaarsi

gansazRvravs, romelsac win uZRvis igi.

,,qebaTa-qeba”, rogorc saTauri, 16 teqstidan 15-Si implicituria.

Ggana amaze ar miuTiTebs teqstologTa mier qvesaTaurad pirveli

striqonebis miTiTeba? Mmxolod erTi teqstis (,,provinciis

qebaTa_qeba”) saTauria eqsplicituri xasiaTisa, radgan mokle

frazuli Setyobineba gavrcobilia marTuli gansazRvrebiT-

,,provinciis”.

72

,,qeba” gramatikulad sawyisia; tradiciulad, sawyiss

mravlobiTi ricxvi ar unda gaaCndes, magram akad. Aakaki SaniZes

miTiTebuli aqvs: ,,sawyisi brunviani sityvaa, magram mravlobiTis

formebs ver awarmoebs, amitom imis Tqmac ar iqneba marTebuli,

TiTqos mas mxolobiTi gaaCndes, anu, sazogadod, ricxvi hqondes.

sawyisis mxolobiTi moCvenebiTia”(100,279).

xazgasmuli debulebis brwyinvale dadasturebaa leqsikuri

erTeuli ,,qebaTa qeba”, kerZod, am sawyisis Taniani mravlobiTis

forma. aRniSnul formas ki odiTganve vxvdebiT uZveles qarTul

sasuliero Tu saero xasiaTis teqstebSi.

,,Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi” weria: ,,...aqebden qebasa amas

queyanisa iudaissa(I. es. 26,1)”; ,,aRvamaRlo igi qebiTa”(fs. 68,31)”;

,,sasmenel yvnes qebulebani didebulebisa Senisani (m.cx.307”)_(4,452).

gavixsenoT ioane zosimes ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai”,

an giorgi aTonelis ,,qebiT didebai”(22,457-500).

,,qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikonSi” vkiTxulobT: ,,qeba, (aqebs),

qebaTa-qeba, dideba... Semkoba, moZv. Azrma (,,meore saxeli ars da

qebaTac iTqmis-saba)... ,,moaxsena xotba sruli, daloca da uqna zneni

(SoTa)”, ,,viT uZlo qebad, Sesxmad, didebad Tqvenda, msajulo

simarTlisao (SavT), ,,mona var misi mudam Jam da misi

Semamkobeli(besiki)”. (65, 479_480).

Tu zemoCamoTvlil magaliTebs mivyvebiT, ganmartebaTa da

damowmebul wyaroTa mixedviT saqme gvaqvs e.w. qebismetyvelebasTan

(76,223) an ilia abulaZis leqsikonSi_,,maqebeli, maqebari, mefsalmune:

,,momguareT me maqebeli”, (O.IV.mf.15)

Z. e. gG. l_Sic mokledaa ganmartebuli maqebari Eesaa ,,qebis

Semsxmeli”(31,sveti #93).

sityva ,,qeba”, misi sinonimi ,,Sesxma” saero

literaturul_SemoqmedebiT process, Tu ara vcdebiT, erTmaneTs

dauaxlova didma rusTavelma: ,,mas ara vici, Sevhkadro Sesxma

xotbisa, Se risa”. Pprof. iustine abulaZes ,,Sesxma” ase aqvs

ganmartebuli: ,,SeTxzva_Sewyoba, qebis Tqma”(73,390); ,,qebis Tqmasac”

ramdenjerme pirdapiri gagebiT vxvdebiT poemaSi: ,,mas vaqeb, vinca

73

miqia”... ,,moses uqia xonelsa da sxva. ,,Sesxma xotbisa” xom igive

,,qebaTa_qebaa”.

amis Semdeg, qebisa da mxilebis TvalsazrisiT, brwyinvale

poeturi traqtati, interpretacia mogvca daviT guramiSvilma

,,daviTianSi”(25, Cveni saunje, 5)

1. ,,aw rom avi ar vaZago, kargi rogor unda vaqo?

avs Tu avi ar uwodo, kargs saxeli ra davarqo?

2. ,,vazis mrgvelTan is ar vaqo, vinc mis nacvlad ZeZvi dargo”

3. ,,marTals vityvi, Seviqnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?

veras uqeb saZagelTa, uferulTa pirsaferad,

me Tu ginda, Tavic momWran, tani gaxdes gasaberad,

vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad”(25,1_4).

rogorc vxedavT, daviT guramiSvilma qebac, Zagebac, mxilebac umaRles

zneobriv kategoriebad miiCnia da amave dros naTlad gansazRvra realisti

Semoqmedis moqalaqeobrivi pozicia sazogadoebis, qveynis winaSe. Ees xom,

Tavis mxriv, ,,soflisaTvis zrunvas” warmoadgenda, rac genialurad iqna

Camoyalibebuli Semdeg nikoloz baraTaSvilis mierac:

,,magram radganac kacni gvqvian, Svilni soflisa,

Uunda kideca mivsdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa;

Aarc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos”(8,30).

rogorc iyvian, aq komentarebi ukve zedmetia. bevri komentari ara

sWirdeba imasac, rom Tavad geniosi vaJa-fSavla genetikur kavSirSia

winaprebTan. Aamave dros misma bumberazma Tanamedroveebma ilia WavWavaZem,

akaki wereTelma, aleqsandre yazbegmac xom umaRles zneobriv da esTetikur

doneze aiyvanes ,,qmna marTlisa simarTlisa”. gavixsenoT vaJa-fSavelas

damokidebuleba maT mimarT misive lirikuli poeziis mixedviT.

sagulisxmoa, rom qronologiurad vaJa pirvelad nikoloz

baraTaSvilis xsovnas Seexmiana, rameTu nikoloz baraTaSvilSi man dainaxa

,,qarTlisa wylulTa mozare”, ,,Zlieri suli”, ramac bevrjer mohgvara vaJas

cremlebi. man sxartad da mravlismTqmelad Camoayaliba sakuTari Sefaseba

geniosi winaprisa:

ar daiviwya samSoblom

Seni mis bedze triali,

74

Mmedgari sulis kveTeba,

Savbedobazed Civili,

dauSreteli naRveli,

wyroma da gulis tkivili.

(nikoloz baraTaSvilis neSts. 1893w.)

ilia mas miaCnda qveynis, qarTveli xalxis mfarvelad, romelic

,,moZmeTTvis naWirmagari“ iyo:

gvyaraulobdi Tval-fxizlad,

Sen iyav Cveni safari_

mogkaliT Cvenive xeliT,

moZmeTTvis naWirmagari.

(ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad, 1907w.)

Tavis ganTqmul leqsSi ,,akakis saiubileod” vaJam xazi gausva didi

poetis damsaxurebas, mis mamuliSvilobas, mis mier saqarTvelos

wylulebis daufarav mxilebas:

Mmec amatira bevrjela

Sens Tvalze cremlis denama

Nnetavi bevri gazardos

SenisTanebi dedama!...

(akakis saiubileod, 1908w.)

Mmoridebulad, magram principulad, gaekamaTa vaJa Tavis Zmas baCanas,

romelmac Tavis leqsSi ,,muxav, miyvarxar, tialo” kai ymis sakiTxi

radikalurad gansxvavebuli rakursiT dasva, ramac vaJas uaryofiTi reaqcia

gamoiwvia.

baCana vaJas ukiJinebs kai ymis Sesaxeb ,,xotba– Sesxmas”, rac

aramarTebulad miaCnia. swored aman gamoiwvia vaJas pasuxic.

K,,kai yma”, vaJas gagebiT ki, sityviTac da saqmiTac dgas qveynis

sadarajoze.

Aamgvari gancxadebiT vaJa dgeba sulxan-saba-orbelianis poziciaze,

visTvisac mTavari samoqmedo devizi iyo ,,sityva saqmiani da saqme

sityviani”.

vaJa-fSavela, rogorc sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi, ise obieqtur

garesamyaroSi, bunebaSi, Rrma filosofiurad udgeba dapirispirebulTa

erTianobis kanons.

75

leqsSi ,,mogoneba” (nu miwyenT, momagondeba) igi xom genialurad

gansazRvravs sicocxlisa da sikvdilis erTianobis kanons:

RmerTma giSvelos, sikvdilo,

sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa,

da Senc, sikvdilo, fasi gZe

sicocxilis nawyenobiTa.

sicocxle siyvaruliTa

da siyvaruli sicocxliT,

uerTurTisod verc erTsa

ver vicnobT, verc ros vicnobdiT

erTurTi swyuran orTave,

erTurTTan dailevian

(mogoneba.1890w.)

Aaq sicocxles siyvaruli aniWebs maradiulobas da igi gvevlineba

sikvdilis damTrgunveladac.

,,uenpiro bunebac” morCilad asrulebs dapirispirebulTa erTianobis

kanons. Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebul mraval leqss Soris gamovarCieT

genialuri leqsi ,,Rame mTaSi”(1890). SemoqmedebiTi istoriis TvalsazrisiT,

es weli vaJas filosofiuri ,,afeTqebis” wlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

xsenebul leqsTa garda gavixsenoT: ,,mgosans”, ,,mTas viyav”, ,,mestviris

anderZi”, ,,Civili xmlisa”. maT Soris ki Rrma filosofiuri interesebis

Semcvelia ,,Rame mTaSi”, gansakuTrebiT misi safinalo nawili:

Bbuneba mbrZanebelia,

igiv monaa Tavisa,

zogjer sikeTes ixveWvs,

zogjer mqnelia avisa,

erTferad mtvirTveli aris

saqmis TeTris da Savisa;

saca pirimzes axarebs,

iqve mTxrelia zvavisa...

mainc ki lamazi aris,

mainc siturfiT hyvavisa

(Rame mTaSi. 1890w.)

siZulvilisa da siyvarulis erTianobSi gaazreba brwyinvaledaa

mocemuli vaJas mier 1898wels gamoqveynebul erTaderT leqsSi

76

,,mZulxar_miyvarxar”, romelSic piruTvnelad gamoxta Tavisi

moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi.

Mmyaria misi pozicia_avs avs uwodebs ... ,,Cvens cuds ar malavs”...

moyvrisTvis pirSi TqmiT ganacxadebs:

mZulxar imitom, uZluri rad xar

Zlieri mklaviT, mtirali saxiT

Dda Seni bedi, bedi Sav_bedi,

rad Semosila sul mudam SaviT?

(mZulxar-miyvarxar, 1898w.)

Dda iqve ganumartavs yurze miZinebul, gzaareul, zneobaSeryeul

qveyanas dacemis mizezebs:

mokeTis mgmobo da mtris ver mcnobo,

Sens damRupavTan misulo zaviT,

Bbedis momlodnev gverdze woliTa,

cariel jibiT da bnelis TaviT.

Cans, aseTi viTareba udaod ,,Zulebada xdis wminda siyvaruls

moyvasisasa”. Oodnav zemoT yuradReba SeCerebuli gvqonda maqebrebze. Ees

cxovreba ki iqve mZageblebsac badebs. Aamas cxovrebis ganviTarebis logika

moiTxovs da sasuliero Tu saero mwerlobas, qarTul leqsikologias,

frazeologias uyuradRebod ar dautovebia aseTi pirovneba, aseTi movlena.

Tu ,,qarTul sinonimTa leqsikons” mivyvebiT, es Zageba araa oden

zizRi, mtruli midgoma, amave dros es ,,dawunebaa”, wunisdadeba, gakilvaa,

gakenwlvaa, gakicxvaa, Zraxvaa(65,177).

aseT pirovnebaze saTanadod migviTiTebs ilia abulaZis ,,Zveli

qarTuli enis leqsikoni”: ,,Zageba-Zulebai, siZulvili_,,jer ars, raiTa

iyos... maTa friad moZage.” sak.wig.II, 775”(4,285).

Aaseve mkacradaa interpretirebuli mZagebeli prof. zurab

sarjvelaZis ,,Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi”: ,,mZagebeli_moZule.

,,vercaRa kualad maTsa mZagebel anu maqebel var muSuebasa

windacveTisasa.”(76,157).

rac avyiobas, Zagebas, ,,mtrobas dauqcevia, siyvaruls uSenebiao” da

didi vaJac, gazrdili am zneobriv atmosferoSi, brZanebs:

mainc miyvarxar, Cems wyluls ocnebas

zed akerixar almasis Rilad;

77

ver dagiviwye, guls ar hSordebi,

mRviZare var Tu miviqec Zilad.

mZime da rTuli yofila ,,mokeTis mgmobis, mtris vermcnobis, qveynis

damRupvelTan zaviT misulis” dandoba, codvaTa miteveba, magram WeSmariti

marTlmadidebeli qristiani poeti sulgrZelobas iCens da ganacxadebs:

samsala pirs mwvavs, gunebas mirevs,

bolos ki isev meCvena tkbilad,

esec wesia, albaT, bunebis:

Sen deda Tu xar, gekuTvni Svilad!

(mZulxar-miyvarxar. 1898w.)

Svilis movaleobas ki wminda werili naTlad gansazRvravs: ,,pativ-ec-

mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZel iyve

qveyanasa zeda “(biblia). ,,mexuTe mcneba gvibrZanebs..._Svilebi unda

daemorCilnen mSoblebs im SemTxvevaSic –ki, roca hxedaven maTs

naklulevanebas.”(78,89)

Cveni rwmeniT, aRniSnul leqsSi gamoricxulia lirikuli gmiris,

avtoris, mier avTan zavis dadeba. igi iseTi dedis Svilia, romelsac ,,win

miuZRvis WeSmariteba da ukan rCeba kvali ganaTlebuli”.

miTumetes, lirikuli gmiris ganwyobilebas, mis optimizms pozicias

umagreben isev da isev wminda werilidan: ,,dawyebai siyuarulisai qebai

ars”. mM.sw. 156, 26”_(4,452).

Mmecxramete saukune poetma gaacila lirikuli da publicisturi

intonaciebiT Sereuli ,,qebaTa-qebiT”(xelSi aviReb Congursa”. 1899).

vaJa-fSavelas poeturi stilisagan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli ,,qebaTa-

qeba” Sereuli saleqso sistemiT warmoadgens garkveul reagirebas saukunis

zneobriv Tu socialur moTxovnilebebze.

iq, sadac Warbobs lirizmi, emociuri intonaciebi, nawarmoebi

rvamarcvlian SairTa monacvleobiTaa warmodgenili:

xelSi aviReb Congursa,

minda davmRero laRada,_

aqcenti gadadis mis Sinagan gancdebze:

TiTebi aRar momyveba_

Gguli ar ari saRada,

Ggadaqceula naoxar

78

gabeCxerebul baRada.

Aaqve Camoyalibebulia misi poeturi, moqalaqeobrivi kredo:

Mmiyvars sagmiro hangebi,

sityva da azri ciuri,

magram guls iqiT ar midis

grZnoba da fiqri RvTiuri;

frTebs mikvecs aRmafrenasa

ambavi yoveldRiuri.

warmodgenili monakveTi nawarmoebisa migvaCnia erTgvar lirikul

uvertiurad saagitacio, publicisturi nawilisaTvis, romelic

gansxvavebuli saleqso formiTaa warmodgenili_es aris aTmarcvliani

sazomi sxvadasxva musikaluri JReradobis riTmebiT.

Fforma 18-taepiani monakveTisa ganapiroba misma ideurma funqciam,

publicisturma Sefasebam gausaZlisi socialuri yofisa, ZiriTadad

qarTveli glexkacisa.

Ppirvelive striqonebidan ganisazRvra saTqmelis idea:

moZmeT gonebis simaRle mwadda,

imaT grZnobaTa da fiqrT didoba.

(qebaTa-qeba.(xelSi aviReb Congursa 1899).

Tumca, sawadels ver aRwevs, guli stkiva, rom verafers gaxda,

veravis vera argo-ra, maSin, rodesac:

siymili mklavda ZmaTa rgebisa,

es iyo CemTvis bedniereba,

es iyo CemTvis yofna Svebisa.

Mmizezi amisa ki iyo is, rom ,,cudiv ambavi mesmis Zmebisa”.

Mmokle komentariT kmayofildeba avtori guTnisdedis mZime da

autaneli yofis aRweriT;

Ees publicisturi Sefasebaa socialuri viTarebisa da leqsi

inarCunebs saagitacio lirikis intonacias, romelic Zlierdeba vaJaseuli

stilis lirikiT: erTimeores mohyva metaforizacia, gapirovneba, alegoria,

epiTeti:

geliT, ar moxvel, mTvareo,

cremli win gvidga gubeda,

Savi moertya nislebi

79

Cvens ubedurs beds zRudeda.

vstiriT, tirili aras gvSvels,

davcuravT naRvlis zRvaSia,

Sina ar gveSinaveba,

Aarc gvasveneben karSia,

Camwarda Cveni sicocxle

Yyovelgan, mTa da barSia.

Dda aseT autanel yofaSi wasula siymawvilis dro, gamoeria WaRara,

mouxedavad amisa, igi guilT araa gatexili, suliT ar dacemula.

ar momrCenia, isev mWirs

gulze rac mWirda iara,

SavaJRaruneb fandursa,

Tu Jinma wamomiara,

magram es aris sadardo,

Tqma ari, saqme ki–ara!

,,qebaTa–qeba (,,xelSi aviReb fandursa“)

rogorc vxedavT, saukunis miwurulSic mdgara aqtualurad saqmisa da

sityvis urTierTobis problema. vfiqrob, ,,qebaTa–qebis“ bolo striqonma

Seajama saagitacio da publicisturi amocana, anu risi mxilebac iyo mTavari–

,,Tqma ari, saqme ki–ara“.

cnobis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 1898wels vaJas mier ar

gamoqveynebula arc erTi saSobao Tu saaxalwlo simRera, romlebic Tavisi

funqciiT publicisturi lirikisani arian; ar gamouqveynebia arc erTi

publicisturi werili. zogadad, Tu ram ganapiroba amgvari pasiuroba,

sarkastuladaa gamoxatuli dauTariRebel leqsSi ,,publicisti”.

Aam leqsSi iumoristuladaa ganmartebuli publicistis mZime

mdgomareoba ,,im wlevandels welSia”. Ppublicistis sulTamxuTavad

imdroindeli cenzura moCans.

Ggamwarebuli publicisti iZulebuli xdeba, daemorCilos muqaras,

moTxovnebs da gulmosuli ityvis:

Lleqsis saTauric da Sinaarsic naTeli nimuSia publicisturi

lirikisa. satirul leqsSi qveteqstebiT, albaT, 1905-1907 w.w. areuli droc

unda igulisxmebodes: ,,araferi wamogcdes, muStebs mcemen ferdSia”.

80

1903 weli iwyeba brwyinvale leqsiT ,,damsetyve, cao”, romelSic

naTlad Camoyalibda misi samomavlo moqalaqeobrivi, poeturi pozicia:

Ddamsetyve, cao, damsetyve,

Aaqa var Cemis TaviTa,

guliTa gautexeli,

mouRalavi mklaviTa.

rac unda Wiri momkerZo,

bilwT ar Sevekvri zaviTa;

mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb

mozRvavebulis aviTa!

(damsetyve, cao. 1903w.)

Bbunebrivia, rodesac acxadebda: ,,jer iseva var fxianado”, xelidan ar

gauSvebda qveynis majas, kargad mixedavda ,,Jam-kar” areulebs. rTulia misi

mdgomareoba, radgan mis gulSi wyluli izrdeba, suls uxuTavs, aRonebs

da ambobs:

sikvdili ara mwadian,

Tumc tanjva sikvdils magonebs

Dda Cemi yofna aseTi

sawyals amirans magonebs.

(memRereba da vimReri(simRera). 1903w.)

SesaSuria misi optimizmi, rwmena momavlisa. Miuxedavad imisa, rom

gulze sami iara sWirda, simReras mainc ar moiSlida:

memRereba da vimReri,_

gulze mWirs sami iara:

warsulze fiqri mawuxebs,

awmyoSi ara yria-ra,

da momavalis fiqrebic

aravin gamimziana!

(30.234).

vidre, ,,qebaTa-qebas” (droeba gamoicvala) ganvixilavdeT, sainteresoa

erTi Strixis aRniSvna: poetis maxvil Tvals ar gamohparvia zneobrivi

metamorfozebi Tanamemamuleebisa. ixile misi leqsi ,,baRi vixile

guSina”(simRera). Ees leqsi gamoqveynda 1903 wlis 2 maisis nomerSi,

,,memRereba da vimReri”-amave wlis 22 maisis nomerSi. Cans, saerTo

81

SemoqmedebiT-fsiqologiuri impulsebi daufleboda mis muzas da ,,cnobis

furclis” 25 maisis nomerSi qveyndeba mozrdili leqsi ,,qebaTa-qeba”,

romlis pirvelsave striqonSi miniSnebulia zogad metamorfozaze, farTo

gagebiT_,,droeba gamoicvalao”.

Ddroebis cvalebadoba ki ram gamoiwvia, brwyinvaledaa

Camoyalibebuli Jurnalisturi aqtualurobiT gajerebuli erTgvari

,,reportaJebiT” rogorc ,,uenpiro bunebis” samyarodan, ise Tanamemamuleebis

yofa-cxovrebidan.Ddro, droeba, mbrZanebelia da man ganapiroba zneobrivi

metamorfozebi. A

Dda aseT mZime garemoSi gazeTis redaqciis davalebiT gasul

korespondents mogvagonebs lirikuli gmiri.

Sesavlisa da daskvniTi nawilis garda ,,qebaTa-qebaSi” mocemulia rva

siuJeti. Aaqedan xuTi exeba bunebas, bunebis movlenebs, romlebsac droebis

cvlilebis gamo sakuTari problemebi gasCeniaT. Ppoeti ar ifargleba

mxolod aRweriT, bunebis yvela metamorfozas kacTa cxovrebas ukavSirebs.

alegoriulad sagazeTo davalebac xom es iqneboda_naTeleyo

sazogadoebrivi yofierebis problemebi.

sxartadaa Sedgenili qarTvel memamuleTa satiruli portreti.

Aavtori am dros ukompromisoa. Eesaa moyvrisaTvis pirSi Tqmis meTodi,

amgvar mankierTa gamomziureba. ,,reportioris” maxvil Tvals arc

oficiozis, kerZod policielis, Zalmomreoba, meqrTameoba gamorCeba.

Tu aq socialur katastrofazea miniSneba, Semdgom siuJetSi ukve

erovnuli gadajiSebis saxifaTo tendenciazea saubari: amis erT_erT

mizezad avtors urbanizaciac miaCnia:

vinc Semxvda da visac Sevxvdi,

yvela iZaxis ,,zdrastisa”,

es amodena dunia,

rac-ki qalaqSi dadisa.

Ees gasagebia,-qalaqi Wrelia, odiTganve xom sofeli iyo qarTuli

enis gadamrCeneli, da publicistis maxvilma Tvalma amodena dunia qalaqSi

SeamCnia Tavisi nacnobi sofleli sese. imedi Caesaxa avtors:

Eegebi aman mainca,

vsTqvi, miTxras ,,gamarjvebao”.

salami Cemis qveynisa

guls malamoda hxvdebao.

82

imanac ,,zdrastio” mommarTa

Tavi ar momikvdebao.

erTgvarad saagitacio lirika, publicisturi poezia mocemul

,,qebaTa-qebaSi” kompoziciurad Sekrul STabeWdilebas gvitovebs safinalo

sityvebiT:

manamde TvalTa xedva maqvs,

ar davoCndebi smeniTa,

uqnarma, xelebiT damblam,

unda viubno eniTa”.

(,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba gamoicvala).1903).

,,qebaTa-qebis” is pasaJebi, romlebSic peizaJia mocemuli, lirizmis

mSvenieri nimuSebia, xolo iq, sadac adamianebi arian gamoyvanilni, migvaCnia

poetur feletonebad (feletonis dRevandeli Jurnalisturi gagebiT). Aase

rom, ,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba gamoicvala) saagitacio lirikis, publicisturi

lirikis mSvenieri nimuSia.

Tu movlenebs saTanadod gavaSuqebT, droebis gamoicvla qveyanas

ufro mkveTrad 1906 wlidan daetyo. Qqveynis arev-darevis ambavs

xevsureTSic auRwevia da beberi berdiac auRelvebia:

Uuambes bebers berdias

Qqveynisa arev-dareva,

cecxlis momdebi ambavi,

mTelis qveynisa darbeva.

(xevsuri berdia.1906w.)

Civis moxuci, rom mklavi moudunda, muxlebic aRar misdevs; axal-

uxlebic ar Canan, cxenebs ar kazmaven da mimarTavs maT:

Nnu sCadiT ugvans saqmesa,

Kkisrad nu iRebT sircxvilsa,

biWi is ari, saomrad

vinac daiwyebs zidilsa,_

vinc gamwarebuls sicocxles

daamjobinebs sikvdilsa...

wesia: mamulisada

mokvdiT da daixarjeniT!(iqve).

83

Nnawarmoebi momwodebluri paTosiTaa gaJRenTili da inarCunebs

saagitacio lirikis Tvisebas. sagulisxmoa, rom leqsi gamoqveynda

,,iveriaSi”.

Tavisi bunebiT publicisturia leqsi ,,boqauli”. rogorc satirul

nawarmoebs moeTxoveba, naTelia avtoriseuli tendenciuroba. aRniSnuli

leqsis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia sayofacxovrebo, socialuri faqtoriT.

,,boqauli” mamxilebeli nawarmoebia. mxilebulia oficialuri

Cinovniki– boqauli.

Lleqsis mixedviT, boqauli medrove kacia, gaqnilia; sazizRaria misi

mliqvneloba. guSin rom muStiT, maTraxiTa da joxiT sjida, dRes igive

xalxi, brbo, gaiZaxoda: ,,gamokeTda, drom Secvala... namdvilia”.

Ppublicistikis maxvil Tvals ar epareba aseTi pirovnebis zneobrivi

metamorfozebi, ufro sworad, misi qameleonoba.

reaqcia batonobs qveyanaSi, ibrZvis saboloo gamarjvebisaTvis da,

rogorc cnobilia, sasurvel Sedegebsac miaRwia. xalxma alRo ver auRo

boqaulis qcevas, ver gaiTvaliswines visi ,,nawurTni, gazrdilia” igi.

mSvenieri andaziT Seafasa publicistma poetma boqaulisnairni:

,,saca Zvals xravs

ZaRli iq hyefs.”

xalxi TandaTanobiT moego gons da Tqva ,,nu vendobiT boqaulebso”.

daskvniT nawilSi Segonebaa mocemuli, mizandasaxuleba Txzulebisa is

aris, rom sazogadoebas afrTxilebs boqaulisnairTa SefasebiT:

swore uTqvamT cxonebulebs

mama-papas sagZlad yuris:

,,ZaRli imis erTgulia,

vinac swurTnis, vinc purs uyris”

(boqauli. 1906w.)

Bboqaulis gamoqveynebidan sul raRac erTi kviris Semdeg imave

gazeTma-,,miwa”(1906w. XII.#14) dastamba vaJa-fSavelas mwvave satira ,,qebaTa-

qeba”(mavne azrebze damdgara), aqac reaqciis parpaSi, dabneuli xalxi,

gamosavlis Zieba. sarkazmis obieqti oficiozi ki aRaraa, aramed ,,Cveni

sofeleli tetia”, mRvdel-diakvnebi.

maTze aranakleb mZime mdgomareobaSia lirikuli gmiri leqsisa

,,damunjebulsa eniTa”(1906w.), magram gulSi wuTiTac ar gauvlia

84

medroveoba. Ees leqsi iSviaTi gamonaklisia vaJa-fsavelas poeziaSi,

romelic damZimebulia lirikuli gmiris pesimizmiT:

ubedo bedma gamriya,

mimakra lodsa kldisasa;

davlie wuTisofeli,

mivemgzavrebi cisasa.

verca ra Tavsa vuSvele,

verc gaWirvebas Zmisasa.

(damunjebulis eniTa.1906w.)

magramAam leqsisa da ,,qebaTa-qebis” publikaciebs Soris 3-4 dRe dgas,

rogor gansxvavdebian maTi lirikuli gmirebi erTmaneTisagan.

pesimizmi ucxo ar iyo 1905-07 wlebis periodSi qarTvel inteligentTa

Soris, amas Tavisi gamamarTlebeli safuZveli hqonda.

Mmiuxedavad pesimizmisa, poets mainc ar tovebs jansaRi iumoris

grZnoba, romelic mTeli elvarebiT gamovlinda ,,qebaTa-

qebaSi”(redaqtorebiT gaivso).” 1906w.

Tu kvalSi mivyvebiT reportaJis siuJets, aRmovaCenT sarkastul

suraTis droebisas.

Cans, movlenaTa ,,logika” iTxovda presis, Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis

simravles:

,,redaqtorebiT gaivso

Ees Cveni dedaqalaqi.

Mmsurvelic kidev bevria,

viT gazafxulze balaxi...

xelismomweri Tumc ar hyavT,

hfiqroben, miscemT allaxi”

(qebaTa-qeba(redaqtorebiT aivso).1906w.)

Aamdeni redaqtorebis siWarbe publicist poets ,,sazogadoebis

gamoRviZebis” utyuar niSnad miaCnia. gamanadgurebeli satiraa revoluciur

ZalTa erTi patara StrixiT gamoxatva:

viRviZebT, win miviswrafiT,

darwmunebul var axla ki:

marseliezas mReroda

im dRes mixaka dalaqi.(iqve).

85

Ees leqsi, faqtiurad, publicisturi Sefaseba-Sejamebaa 1906wlis

movlenebisa: marselieziT amRerebul mixaka dalaqs Tavi rom davaneboT,

sxva ufro meti savalalo viTarebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. im wlis

ganviTarebuli movlenebi punqtebad ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

I. Wkvians Wkvas aRar hkiTxaven,

mitom rom yvela Wkvianobs;

II. darbazSi vinme brZandeba,

Tu quCa-quCa yialobs;

III. diakvans mRvdloba swadian,

urCobs da aRar diakvnobs;

IV. briyvi, uzrdeli movaxSe

Tavs gvikravs, Tavazianobs;

V. modis axali droeba

modis da ara gvianobs;

VI. cudi droeba dagvidga,

Tu am punqtebis mixedviT Camoyalibebul movlenebs Jurnalistis

poziciidan gamovikvlevT, mkiTxvelis Tvalwin mZime realobis suraTi

daixateba.

Mmizandasaxuleba gazeT ,,megobris” redaqciisa da uSualod

Txzulebis avtorisa naTelia: garkveuli zegavlena moaxdinos mkiTxveli

sazogadoebis ganwyobilebaze, gamoafxizlos farTo masebis Segneba.

Ppirvel da meore punqtSi odnav SesamCnevi ki ara aSkara ironiaa

mocemuli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad. Mmetyvelebis

nawilebis ,,yvela”(yvela Wkvianobs”) da ,,vinme”(darbazSi vinme brZandeba)

CarTva leqsikur saSen masalaSi ganzogadebis saSualebas iZleva. Oodnav

win ki mixaka dalaqis mier marseliezas ,,dagugunebac” Rimilis momgvrelia,

ironiuli Sefasebaa revoluciis mamoZravebeli Zalebisa avtoris mier.

vin ras moeloda revoluciisagan? publicisti poeti daufaravad

amxels diakvnebis miswrafebas. igrZno-ra aTeisturi moZraobis

,,sargeblianoba”, anu rodesac Setevis simZime mRvdlebze gadavida, Tavad

moiwadina mRvdlis adgili.

Ppublicist _poets javrs hgvris diakvnebisa da misTanebis qceva da

xrikebi.

86

Aamis Semdeg win wamoiwevs alegoriuli saxismetyveleba:

alegoriulobis safarqveS avtori zrdis mxilebis subieqtur rols da

erTgvarad ,,rbildeba” misi poziciis simkveTre:

cudi droeba dagvidga,

Zalian cudi daria;

Tagvebi katebs arCoben,

turam loms xeli dahria,

qori daqoCra qaTamma,

omi SaeqnaT cxaria.

sagmiro saqmeebs sCadis

indaurebis gvaria.

aseTma qaosma ki is ubedureba gamoiwvia, rom

galaxes, jvarze gaakres

azri da samarTalia.

Tu ase airia sulieri uenpiro samyaro, ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arc

usulo uenpiro bunebaa:

rioni ukan gabrunda,

imas Tan mohyva mtkvaria,

aRar swadian idinon,

talRebi Sedga Cqaria.

mcxeTas atirda aragvi,

cremlebi mosdis cxaria.

,,qebaTa-qebis” daskvniT nawilSi sarkazmi umaRles dones aRwevs

da cremlze ufro mware siciliT bolomde aSiSvlebs revoluciur

process saqarTveloSi da didi gambedaobiT ityvis:

dRevandeli dRis Sveneba

alaRebs mxolod virebsa.

,,qebaTa-qebis”(redaqtorebiT gaivso) bolo strofi erTgvarad

propagandistuli suliskveTebisaa, rameTu farTo masebze zneobrivi

zemoqmedebis xasiaTi aqvs.

rac Seexeba leqss ,,godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa”(1906w.),

ukve saTaurSivea gaSifruli nawarmoebis mizandasaxuleba.

Ggodeba_es xom igive moTqma-Civilia. Bbibliuri gaazrebiT,

winaswarmetyvelni ,,yofadTa saqmeTaTvis winaiswarmetyveleben”.

87

winaswarmetyveleba ki dasaSvebi iyo sasikeToc da arakeTili ambisac: ,,ara

winaswarmetyvelebs igi CemTvis keTilisa”(biblia. Zveli aRTqma. Mm.II ntS.

12,7).

vaJas Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvels guls stkens is, rom

sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomadgenelSi madli matladaa

qceuli, anu sazogadoeba ganicdis zneobriv deficits.

mTeli leqsi inarCunebs Wkuis saswavlebel, saagitacio funqcias

codvisa da madlis dapirispirebis gamo. Llirizmi faqtiurad moqceulia

movlenaTa epikur TxrobaSi.

Ppoets erT mZivad ausxams sxvadasxva SemTxveva, rac mas gadaxdenia

cxovrebis manZilze.

vkiTxulobT leqss da vrwmundebiT, avtors piradi qmedebis

gamzianeba-dayvedreba ki ar surs, aramed xazs usvams umadur, daunaxav

adamianTa uzneobas; romelTac amoZravebT boroteba, sixarbe,

kacTmoZuleoba, moRalateoba, angareba. Yyvela mZime codvadaa miCneuli da

lirikul gmirs samoqmedo devizad uqcevia erTi qarTuli

andaza(perifraziT)-rom Tqma namdvilad sjobs araTqmasa. TqmiT ki mas

TiTqmis araferi ar dauSavebia. piriqiT-leqsis ideuri mrwamsic

mankierebaTa mxilebazea dafuZnebuli.

aRar movyvebiT im savalalo ambebis Sinaarss, rac gadmocemulia

leqsSi. yuradRebas mxolod avtoris, lirikuli gmiris, samoqalaqo

poziciebze SevaCerebT:

me nari vglije, ekali,

sxvam ki moimko samkali

sxvam moxna Cemi mamuli,

daClungda Cemi namgali.

(godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa.1906w.)

Mmravali keTili saqme Caudenia lirikul gmirs da yvelaze avzniani

pasuxi miuRia.

Mmiuxedavad amisa, mas mainc ar gadauxvevia keTilis gzidan, is

Tavdadebul pirovnebad rCeba

Tavi maqvs daviwyebuli,

vrgeb, mas vinc Sesawyalia.

sazogadoebis zneobrivi portreti oriode StrixiTaa daxatuli:

amisTvis col-Svili mwyevlis,

88

gareT damcinis qveyana:

,,ar gikvirsT? raebsa Svreba,

ram gaagiJa netara?!”

medeba yovel mxridana

gmobis da wyevlis begara.

(godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa. 1906w.)

avtori oponentebs daayenebs sagodebeli kedlis win da mtkiced

ganucxadebs maT:

imas ver damaSlevinebT,

rac Cemgan ganabWobia.

Tav-gamodebuls qcevasa

nuTu sjob tvinis obia?(iqve).

rac mTavaria:

simarTle miyvars, simarTle,

miyvars imisi wesia.

Aar menaneba, imisgan

ramdenic damikvnesia

veswrafi keTilis qmnasa,

grZnobebic gamilesia(iqve)

am gancxadebiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba is WeSmariteba, rom

marTlmadidebeli msoflmxedvelobis poetisaTvis ,,sikeTe da siyvarulia...

adamianis arsebobis mizani”(101,258). Aaqve prof. Tamar SarabiZe wers:

,,qristes rjulisa da samSoblosaTvis TavdadebulTa siyvaruls ki

umaRles idealad miiCnevs, qristes cxovrebis damowmebis tolfasad racxs...

sikeTe, sibraluli, miteveba da sxva humanuri grZnobebi mxolod

siyvarulTan kavSirSi unda arsebobdes, raTa am grZnobebma srulyofilebas

miaRwios da mxolod movaleobis funqcia ar Seasrulos. siyvarulis

grZnobas vaJas zogierT leqsSi pirdapir ukavSirdeba mesiis saxeli”(101,258).

Aam TvalsazrisiT, brwyinvale dadasturebas vnaxulobT winamdebare

saanalizo nawarmoebSi:

Sesabralebels vibraleb,

rogorc mibrZanebs messia.

Tqveni kanoni Tqven iciT,

Cemi kanoni esia!...

Ffass dasdebs bolos qveyana,

89

visac ram dagviTesia.

(godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa.1906w.)

vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobis kvlevas xangrZlivi da

angariSgasawevi tradiciebi gaaCnia (k.abaSiZe, gr. robaqiZe, gr. kiknaZe,

a.gawerelia, s.danelia, d.benaSvili, ap. maxaraZe, b. doborjginiZe, gr.

xerxeuliZe, T. Cxenkeli, l.TeTruaSvili, g. asaTiani, r. TvaraZe, j.

WumburiZe, r. siraZe, i. evgeniZe, l.minaSvili, T. SarabiZe, d. wowkolauri da

sxvani mravalni).

Yyvela avtoris mosazrebaSi udaod Zevs racionaluri marcvali,

magram yvela Tanxmdeba im WeSmaritebaSi, rom yvelaze sando mrCeveli isev

da isev didi vaJaa. GgavixsenoT misi lirikuli, epikuri, prozauli

Txzulebebi; publicisturi, eTnografiuli, kritikuli werilebi; agreTve

misi korespondenciebi da feletonebi TianeTidan, fSav-xevsureTidan,

Siraqidan da a.S.

vaJas rwmeniT, marTlmadidebluri qristianizmiT cocxlobs da

arsebobs rogorc adamianTa sazogadoeba, ise Cveni qveyana miwiana, ciana,

mziana, zRviana. gavixsenoT erekles mimarTva Cveni molaSqreebisadmi:

nu gamawbilebT, miiReT

Cemi xvewna da mudara.

Mme movkvde Tqvenze uwina,

Mme mimibaros miwama,

oRond nu davgmobT im rjulsa,

rac ki Cvenganma iwama.

(irakli brZolis win. 1911w.)

SemTxveviT ar iTqva Tavis droze: ,,usulo sagnebs suli Cavbereo” da

araviTari ucnaurobaa is, rom sal kldeebs, maRal mTebs, am gmirebs, ,,erTi

fiqri hklavs... , igive saerTo Cveneba”. saerToa imitom, rom maTac dahfeniaT

madli suliwmindisa.

Eerekles xvewna-mudarisagan arafriT gansxvavdeboda gergetis

WiuxebSi mTel Rames locvad damdgari jixvebis vedreba.

Tu mefe iraklis azat-xanis fafxuri da gaTavadebis survili

aSfoTebda, sal kldeze qandakad gaqvavebul jixvs guls uklavada maRali

mTebis damoneba ,,qar-buqis, yinva-zrobisagan,”, rom ,,yoilTagan” da

balaxTagan gamqral-gadamxmar ferdobebs aRaraferi alaRebT:

90

erTi fiqri hklavs gmirebsa,

igiv. saerTo Cveneba.

dahRmuis Tavze borio,

aglejs Tma-wvers da qoCorsa,

gergetiT gadmotanilsa

ayris mTawmindas, kojorsa

(jixvebis vedreba. 1911w.)

marTlac mSvenieri ferweruli fragmentia Seqmnili geniosi poetis

mier:

jixvma sTqva salis kldisama,

mTel Rames locvad mdgaria,_

cisTvis miupyrav Tvalebi,_

ra mSvenieri aria!

Llamazs umSvenebs yel-yursa

cremlis wveTebi mwaria: (iqve)

cisken apyrobili Tvalebi, mxurvale locviT acremlebuli jixvis

savedrebeli zogadqarTulia, saerTo tkivilis gasayuCebeli Txovnaa

dambadeblis mimarT:

,,miiRe, dambadebelo, minam nu momklav, maSin ki

es Cemi saTxovaria. aRara sanukvaria

guls miklavs mTebis daCagvra, CemTvis sicocxle da suli

esa maqva sawuxaria. waiRe, miibaria.

maCvene ayovebuli asruldes Cemze brZaneba

samSoblos mTa da baria. RvTisa, ciT naquxaria!”!

(jixvebs vedreba (vuZRvni g.n. yazbegs). 1911w.)

Tavs droze werda didi poeti: ,,RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle,

ZilSiac amas vdudunebo” da ZilSic rom ar tovebda samSobloze fiqri,

didebulad gamovlinda leqsSi ,,Cveneba”(1911w.):

Kkvlad amidgnen Tval-wina

warsulTa droTa gmirebi.

tanze aesxaT abjari

da uRimodaT pirebi...

Suaze Tamari edgao,

Bbrwyinvale, rogorc ciskari,

Ggars ertynen RvawliT mosilni...

91

Bbevri maTgani vicani.

Yyvelasa hqonda gulzeda

Mmowameobis niSani.

,,aRsdgeba saqarTvelovo!”

gmirTa saTqmeli es ari.

Aam warweriTve yvelasa

xelT epyra oqros ficari.

(Cveneba. 1911w.)

maTi Cveneba, maTi xilva qarTveli kacis zneobrivi amaRlebis

safuZvelia: ,,zneobrivi amaRleba vaJas yvela leqsSi samSoblos

keTildReobis momaswavebelia, vaJasTvis, rogorc WeSmariti

qristianisaTvis, samSoblos bedi TiToeuli mamuliSvilis, TiToeuli

adamiani zneobas ukavSirdeba. Bbunebis ayvavebis, zneobrivi siwmindisa da

samSoblos keTildReobis fonze leqsSi ixateba sanatreli saxe mkvdreTiT

aRmdgarisa, e.i. ieso qristesi. mas gverds umSveneben misi ,,zvarakni”,

,,metismeti trfialebiT Tavdadebuli” vaJkacebi, ,,erTguli mamuliSvilebi”,

e.i. isini, vinc rjulisa da samSoblos Tavi Seswires”(9,102-103).

leqsSi ,,Cveneba” kidev erTxel gaibrwyina didi Tamar mefis saxem,

rogorc gr. xerxeuliZe aRniSnavs: ,,saxelovan winaparTa Soris vaJa-

fSavelas hyavs Tavisi saTayvanebeli saxelebi, romelTac is didi

siyvaruliT axsenebs. Tamari, SoTa, erekle, saakaZe, guramiSvili,

baraTaSvili da sxvani leqsebSi didebis SaravandediT arian mosilni.

Ppoetis guls gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT anaTebs Tamar dedoflis saxe,

romelsac man brwyinvale leqsi uZRvna. ,,didi Tamari” hqvia am SesaniSnav

nawarmoebs”(123,121-122). leqsi ,,didi Tamari” 1915wliT aris daTariRebuli,

,,Cvenebidan” oTxi wlis Semdeg , romelSic TiTqmis gaSifrulia Tamaris

gars Semokrebili ,,RvawliT mosilni”:

gulSi gvinTixar lamprada,

naTobs da ara hqrebao.

Sens da SoTais marjvenas

vemTxvie zedizedao.

Sena xar eris sicocxle,

Tavi ar momikvdebao!

Mmowyaled gveqmen qarTvelTa,

Cveno lamazo dedao!

92

(didi Tamari. 1915w.)

rac mTavaria, warsulTa droTa gmirebs, ciskariviT mbrwyinav Tamar

dedofals locva-kurTxevas evedreba lirikuli gmiri da amas mosZaxoda

mimavalT:

,,RmerTs SegvavedreT!_mivZaxdi,_

daCagrulni varT mtrisgana!

Uumweo, upatrononi

Svelas moveliT misgana”.

ros qveynad wydeba wamali,

araferia cisTana!

(,,Cveneba“. 1911w.)

rogorc davrwmundiT, meoce saukunis qarTuli lirikis istoriis

erT-erTi fundamenturi fenomenia didi vaJa-fSavelas lirika. vaJas

lirikis Sesaxeb msjeloba gvsurs davasruloT misive sityvebiT,

romliTac, Cveni rwmeniT, brwyinvaled daaxasiaTa Tavisi pirovneba da Cven

anderZad dagvitova:

netavi imas, saqveynod

vinc yofna gaimwarao,_

xalxis bomonis winaSe

qedi ar moixarao;

xorciT ewama da suliT

ahyvavda, gaixarao.

(,,saiT geZebo, ar vici“. uTariRo)

Ppoetis sulieri gautexlobis safuZvelTa safuZvelia ,,ieso

qristesa da misi moZRvrebis WeSmariteba”(101, 32), romelic CvenSi

ganmtkicda wminda ninos wyalobiT:

Ppoeti qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebas am leqsiT ulocavs ninoobas:

sasaxeloa CvenTvisa

dedaT mTavaris dReoba,

imis wyalobiT ganmtkicda

qarTlSi axali zneoba.

vcaniT ieso qristesi

WeSmaritis RvTis Zeoba

93

Dda qristes swavla-moZRvrebis

sidide, mZleTa-mZleoba

vinc qristes mcneba gvaswavla,

qarTvelT gvwams misi zneoba.

ikurTxos misi saxeli,

ikurTxos ninos mxneoba.

(wminda nino. 1914w.)

rac mTavaria, didi vaJa genialurad agrZelebs nikoloz

baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis mamuliSvilur SemarTebas,

optimizms.

amrigad, vaJa-fSavelas 900-iani wlis lirikis Tematikisa da

mxatvruli struqturis SeZlebisdagvarad analizma migviyvana im

daskvnamde, rom poetis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi ideur-Tematikuri

TvalTaxedviT da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi esTetikuri xarisxis mixedviT,

aSkarad gamoCnda, rom vaJas poeziam garkveuli progresuli cvlilebebi

ganicada. Tu SevadarebT 900-ian wlebamde Seqmnil mis lirikas,

davrwmundebiT, ,,rogorc erTia qveyana mTeli”, ise erTia vaJa-fSavela. mas

ar gadauxvevia Tavidanve aRebuli SemoqmedebiTi principebidan. Tumca, 900-

iani wlebis lirikaSi, ise rogorc prozaSi Tu publicistikaSi, Tavisi

gamoxmaureba hpova ori saukunis uReltexilze atexilma mZafrma

erovnulma, socialurma da msoflio_istoriulma peripetiebma. Aar unda

mikroskopiT sinjva im WeSmaritebas, rom am wlebis poezia, proza,

publicistika, misi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis niri gamoirCeva ufro

mZlavri mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi energiiT, azrovnebis globaluri

masStabiT, Tavisi mxatvrul-ideuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri

koncefciurobis aqtualurobiT.

uaRresad mdidari da mravalferovania 900-iani wlebis lirika

Tematurad. iqneba es patriotul motivze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, leqsebi,

romlebSic naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli misi SemoqmedebiTi kredo, gansja

poeziis daniSnulebisa, poeziis sagnisa da poetis amocanebisa im mZime

socialur-istoriul da politikurad areul epoqaSi, rac gamowveuli iyo

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciiT da am revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg

mZvinvare reaqciiT mefis xelisuflebis mxriv ajanyebulTa mimarT. Aamave

periodSi gamoCnda vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrul-esTetikuri pozicia, romelic

94

ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, rom mwerlisaTvis gardauvalia da aucilebelia

realurad aRqma da Sefaseba cxovrebisa, rom poeti gulwrfelad unda

amJRavnebdes Tavis emocia-gancdebs asaxulSi.

naSromis am TavSi aRvniSnavT, Tu rogor iqca didi vaJas pirovneba

Tu Semoqmedeba aucdenel samizned avgula TavdamsxmelebisTvisac da misi

talantis Rirseuli damfaseblebisTvisac. ix. misi ,,mkvdaria ugrZnobi

kaci”, ,,papiCemis anderZi”, ,,veras damakleb, varamo”, ,,simRera”, 1896w.

,,sicocxlem Sxami masmia”, ,,gulo, ar gastyde”, ,,maTria wuTisofelma” da

sxva.

Tamamad unda iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZis da akaki wereTlis

TanamebrZolis gulsa da suls obi arasdros ar mosdebia da usasoobam,

uimedobam fexi ver moikida mis arsebaSi (,,numca msmenia sikvdili”, 1914w.).

amaSi mas win miuZRoda WeSmariti marTmadidebluri qristianuli

msoflmxedveloba (,,me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR”. 1915w.).

rogorc aRniSnaven: sazogadoebis mxriv da sazogadoebisadmi poetis

gacxadebuli da gamyarebuli Taviseburi midgomiT, myari, monoliTuri

moralitetiT, gansxvavebuli mxatvruli samyaroTi, intonaciuri

mravalferovnebiT vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba ,,...dakavSirebulia sakuTari

xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan, romelic didebulad gamoxatavs xalxis

erovnuli fsiqikis iersac” (guram asaTiani).

Ees momenti ki naTlad aris asaxuli am etapze Seqmnil wminda

eTikuri xasiaTis leqsebSi. vaJa xom mTeli arsebiT icavda Tavis ers

,,zneobrivi dabeCavebisagan, daberebisagan. Ppoets absolutur WeSmaritebad

miaCnda, rom ,,energia erisa ar unda iyos Seborkil-SejaWvuli, unda mas

hqondes sarbieli”(vaJa-fSavela).

Mmraval saSobao Tu saaxalwlo leqsSi maRalniWierad aris

warmodgenili gulwrfeli milocvebi qveynisadmi, sxvadasxva fenis

wamomadgenlebisadmi. Aam ciklis leqsebSi mimarTva ZiriTadad Cveni

bavSvebisadmia aqcentirebuli.

arc erT saSobao-saaxalwlo xasiaTis leqsSi avtoris mier ar aris

darRveuli saaxalwlo ganwyobileba, brwyinvaledaa gaTvaliswinebuli

norCi mkiTxvelebis fsiqologia, organuladaa CarTuli eTnografiuli

masala, didebuladaa gatarebuli axalgazrdobis

didaqtikur_aRmzrdelobiTi tendenciebi. amiT imis Tqma ar gvsurs, rom am

ciklis leqsebi mxolod saymawvilo datvirTvis mqoneni arian. bevr

95

maTganSi ostaturadaa Serwymuli lirikul-publicisturi Janruli

elementebi, romlebSic aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi problemebia dasmul-

gadaWrili (ix. ,,saaxalwlod”, ,,mikvleva”, ,,saSobao simRera”, ,,saaxalwlo

simRera”...).

amave ciklis nawarmoebebSi erT-erT mTavar motivad mocemulia

codva-madlis sakiTxi. Aam TvalsazrisiT isini udaod uwyoben xels

mkiTxvelze. imavdroulad bunebismetyvelebis saocari gakveTili

Cautares bavSvebs vaJa-fSavelam da J. ,,nakadulis” redaqciam leqsebSi

,,saaxalwlo simRera” da ,,saSobao zRapari”(1909w.). aqve borotebis

daTrgunvis qadagebiT, adamianebSi TanagrZnobis danergviT norC

mkiTxvelSi marTlmadidebluri qristianobis ganmtkicebas Seuwyes xeli.

imiTacaa aRniSnuli ,,saaxalwlo simRera”(1910w.) mniSvnelovani, rom is

Seqmnilia antiTezisis, dapirispirebis mxatvrul-stilistikuri xerxis

gamoyenebiT.

Ggarkveuli adgili daeTmo sizmris stilur detalebs vaJas

lirikaSi. versifikaciis aspeqtiT didi poeturi datvirTva eZleva

anJambemans.

Gganxilvis obieqti iyo iseTi leqsebic, romlebSic poeti

Tavisuflad epyroba Janrul elementTa sinTezs. magaliTad, J.

,,jejilSi”(1900w. #4) gamoqveynebuli leqsi ,,zamTari da gazafxuli” Tavisi

emociurobiT, natifi siuJetiT, gancdaTa gamJRavnebiT lirikul

TxzulebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, xolo ambis gaSliT, fabuliT igi gvagonebs

qarTuli epikuri poeziis erT ,,miviwyebul” saxes-gabaasebas.

Ees leqsi tipiuria vaJas poeturi stilisTvis, rameTu mkiTxvelis win

dgas didebuli peizaJisti, bunebis didebuli mxatvari_,,xolo gazafxuls

Tavs adgas Tval-margalitis gvirgvini”. rac mTavaria, leqsSi xazgasmulia

avtoris qristianuli msoflmxedveloba, xolo aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia

daagvirgvinebulia sityvebiT:

Ddideba ismis uflisa,

suldgmulT sxvadasxva eniTa...

wyalnic ki RmerTs adideben

laRad, talRebis eniTa

(,,zamTari da gazafxuli”. 1900w.)

96

vaJa-fSavelas lirikis erT-erT mZlavr nakadad unda miviCnioT

gmiris, pirovnebis, znekeTilis Zieba. ix. leqsi ,,kaci is aris”(1902w.), aqac

kiTxviTi intonacia, erTgvari gamoZaxili ilias ,,bednieri erisa”, aqac

ironia, aqac stilistikur xerxad gamoyenebuli antiTezisi. ideuri

datvirTva leqsisa aris sazogadoebriv mankierebaTa mxileba, xolo leqsSi

,,is ki ar ari biWoba” (1900w.) sxartad ,,simReriT” aris Camoyalibebuli

lirikuli gmiris zneobrivi kodeqsi. Ppoeti TanmimdevrobiT amxels

,,biWobis” anu ,,kai ymis” mruded gamgebT.

Lleqsi ,,is ki ar aris biWoba”(simRera) paralelizmis TiTqmis yvela

niSans atarebs; gvaqvs: sintaqsuri paralelizmi, satrfialo paralelizmi,

uaryofiTis paralelizmi.

calke msjelobis sagnadaa qceuli is socio-zneobrivi garemo,

romelSic uxdeboda cxovreba poets, radgan ,,vaJa-fSavela gansakuTrebul

SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi”(iuza

evgeniZe). es garemoeba Cans mis yvela TxzulebaSi, yvela publicistur

werilSi, yvelgan gamWvirvaled aris mocemuli ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi

problemebi. swored am aspeqtiT saWirod miviCnieT gansakuTrebulad

movpyrobodiT vaJa-fSavelas saymawvilo nawarmoebebs. ix. ,,Cemo

angelozebo”(1915w.). ,,mama da Svili”(1901w.). am bolo leqsSi poeti uryevad

dgas qristianul poziciaze; struqturis mixedviT am leqsSi daculia

vaJas xelweris erTi momenti_lirikul TxzulebaSic dialogiT gaSla

siuJeturi xazisa (ix. ,,bakuri”, ,,kiTxva-pasuxi”, ,,mogoneba”, ,,is ki ar ari

biWoba”, ,,mTa da mTvare” da sxva).

detalurad aris ganxiluli leqsi ,,axali weli fSavSi”(1904w.).

gaTvaliswinebulia prof. jumber WumburiZis, prof. d. benaSvilis, levan

boZaSvilis komentarebi rogorc leqsSi Caqsovili ideuri mrwamsis

Sesaxeb, ise iq aRweril eTnografiul aqsesuarebze.

rogorc am leqsSi, ise sxva nawarmoebebSic, saymawvilod gamiznuli

fabula ZiriTadad aRweriT gaSlas moiTxovs, ris gamoc avtors aRar

moeTxoveba maRali poeturi registrebi, Tumca, bavSvTaTvis gamiznul

TxzulebebSi, rodesac avtori mimarTavs peizaJs, iq ukve Cveuli ostatobiT

gaibrwyinebs avtori.

xSiria gapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxis gamoyeneba, xSirad SedarebaSia

gadasuli metafora.

97

Ggansaxilvel leqsSi dafiqsirebulia anJambemanis ramdenime

SemTxveva:

1. Zvels cxovrebasa swiravda

Q qveyana, ase SevniSne

kidec imitom gminavda”

2. axalma welma axali,

vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia,

cxvari da Zroxa uricxvi,

dovlaTi metismetia.

literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnulia, rom mxatvruli teqsti,

gamomdinare mravali problemebis dasma-gadawyvetidan, atarebs, Seicavs

garkveul qveteqstur damuxtvas, Cveni azriT qveteqstur damuxtvas didi

roli akisria lirikul leqsTa ciklSi erTnairi saTauriT_,,qebaTa-

qeba”.

Yyvela ,,qebaTa-qeba” sayuradReboa specifikuri stiliT, ideur-

Tematuri mravalferovnebiT, Janrul elementTa sinTeziT, lirikuli

poeziisa da publicistikis SerwymiT. TiToeuli maTgani brwyinvale nimuSia

saagitacio lirikisa.

sagangebodaa gaxsnili ,,qebaTa-qebis”, rogorc saTauris, rogorc

lingvisturi, ise poetikuri Sinaarsebi.

maT fonze gaSuqebulia rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mwerlobis

garkveuli nimuSebi_,,marTlis Tqmis principis” genetikuri xazis

gagrZelebiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT gaanalizebulia rogorc vaJas axlo

winaprebis, ise Tanamedrove avtorTa poziciebi.

Mmravali leqsi vaJasi gaSuqebulia dapirispirebulTa erTianobis

kanonis farglebSi. ix. ,,mogoneba”(nu miwyenT, momagondeba), ,,Rame mTaSi,

,,mZulxar-miyvarxar”.

saTanadodaa ganxiluli ,,qebaTa-qeba” (xelSi aviReb Congursa),

,,publicisti”, ,,damsetyve, cao”, ,,memRereba da vimReri”, ,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba

gamoicvala), ,,xevsuri berdia” da sxva.

publicisturi bunebisaa leqsi ,,boqauli”(1906w.). poetis ironiuli

damokidebuleba erTobis mimarT kargad aisaxa leqsSi ,,qebaTa-qeba” (mavne

azrebze damdgara)” 1906w.

Cveni yuradReba miipyro leqsma ,,damunjebulis eniTa”, 1906w. leqsSi

gamoricxulia lirikuli gmiris medroveoba, leqsi damZimebulia lirikuli

98

gmiris pesimizmiT, rac iSviaTia vaJas poeziisaTvis. Mmiuxedavad amgvari

pesimizmisa, jansaRi iumoriT xasiaTdeba ,,qebaTa-qeba”(redaqtorebiT aivso),

1906w.

sazogadoebis ,,gamoRviZebis” utyuar niSnad miaCnia avtors

redaqtorebis siWarbe. aRniSnuli ,,qebaTa-qeba” gamanadgurebeli satiraa

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciuri Zalebisa.

Lleqsi ,,godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa”(1906w.) inarCunebs

Wkuis saswavlebel, saagitacio funqcias codvisa da madlis

dapirispirebis gamo. Llirizmi moqceulia movlenaTa epikur TxrobaSi.

vaJa-fSavelas rwmeniT, marTlmadidebluri qristianizmiT cocxlobs

da arsebobs rogorc adamianTa sazogadoeba, ise mTlianad ,,uenpiro

buneba”. ix. ,,irakli brZolis win”(1911w.), ,,jixvis vedreba”(1911w.),

,,Cveneba”(1911w.).

leqsSi ,,Cveneba” kidev erTxel gaibrwyina Tamar-dedoflis saxelma.

Ppoetis sulierad gautexlobis safuZvelTa safuZveli mis mier ,,ieso

qristesa da misi moZRvrebis WeSmaritebaa”(T.SarabiZe), romelic CvenSi

ganmtkicda dedaT-mTavris, wminda ninos wyalobiT. ix. leqsi ,,wminda

nino”(1914w.).

vacnobierebT, rom vaJasmcodneobaSi vaJa-fSavelas lirikis

safuZvlianma, mravalmxrivma analizma garkveuli sirTulis winaSe

dagvayena; Tumca, aman garkveulwiladac gansazRvra, gamohkveTa Cveni

saTqmeli.

99

II. Tavi-vaJa-fSavelas 900-iani wlebis eposis Tematika da

mxatvruli struqtura (1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT)

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis vrcel speqtrSi farTodaa

warmodgenili eposi, epikuri gvari, romlis mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi

funqciebi, sinamdvilis mxatvruli gardasaxvis SesaZleblobani, resursebi

sakmaod didia. amas ki mravali faqtori ganapirobebs: siuJetianoba, moqmed

pirTa xasiaTebis gaxsna, mxatvruli mxare, metyvelebis stili, fabulis

Sinaarsoblivi siRrme, teqstis moculoba, emociuri muxtis vrceli

amplituda da a. S.

epikuri gvari imiTac gamoirCeva lirikuli, dramatuli Tu liro-

epikuri gvarebisagan, rom igi sagrZnobi doziT Seicavs TiToeuli

maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Janrul elementebs: lirikul meditaciebs,

movlenaTa dramatizirebas, TiToeul maTganSi arsebul mxatvrul-

struqturul resursebs. amiT epikuri gvari TiTqos mimarTulia iqiTken,

rom sakuTar samyaroSi moaxdinos mxtvruli relobis adekvaturi aRqma-

Semecnebis koncentrireba.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom eposia sxva gvarTa elementebis didi

moculobiT matarebeli, Torem Tavis mxriv arc lirikuli, arc dramatuli

da arc liro-epikuri gvarebia Tavisufali uSualod epikuri gvaris

specifikuri Janruli elementebisagan. TavisTavad cxadia, am zogadi

kanonzomierebis gareSe xom warmoudgeneli iqneboda mxatvruli

Semoqmedeba, mxatvruli azrovneba.

miCneulia, rom JanrTa klasifikacia Tavis TavSi moicavs mxatvrul

nawarmoebTa kuTvnili Janrisadmi adgilis gansazRvris problemebs. Aamas

garkveuli sirTuleebi axlavs, rac gamowveulia mxatvruli azrovnebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis intensiurobiT, TiToeuli Janris SigniT mimdinare

evoluciis procesiT. Mmixeil baxtinis moxdenili TqmiT-,,Janri”-es xom

warmoudgenelia literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi SemoqmedebiTi

mexsierebisao”(69,287).

Janruli niSnebi ZiriTadad marTlac myari Tvisebisaa, magram

Sinaganad mainc ganicdian evolucias, rac xSirad Tavis mxriv, iwvevs

garkveul Seusabamoebs tradiciulad damkvidrebul klasifikaciaSi.

magaliTad, cnobilia avtoriseuli da tradiuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi

terminologiis gansxvavebuli gaazrebebi-gogolis prozauli Txuleba

100

,,mkvdari sulebi” poemaa, puSkinis ,,evgeni onegini” romania leqsad da a.S. es

ki, literaturismcodneTa azriT, amgvari midgoma, amgvari ganmartebebi, ar

jdebao Tanamedrove tradiciul Janrul klasifikaciaSi da maT mxolod

istoriuli Rirebuleba gaaCniaT (69, 288). msoflioSi mravali amgvari

faqtia cnobili da am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos

qarTuli mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovnebis mravalsaukunovani istoriac.

Lliteraturis TeoritikosTa mier gansazRvrulia, rom ,,Janrul

klasifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli problematika warmoadgens mxatvruli

stilis warmoqmnis erT-erT faqtors, romelSic saxezea: personaJTa

individualizaciis Taviseburebani, maTi gaSla-ganfena siuJetSi,

sxvadasxvagvari funqcia siuJeturi xazisa, Txzulebis kompoziciuri

modelireba, garkveuli enobrivi stilistikuri tendenciebi da a.S. (69, 289),

anu ,,Tavisi problematikis saerTo niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT nawarmoebi

miekuTvneba ZiriTadad sami mTavari Janridan (eposi, lirika, drama) erT-

erTs. Tumca, arsebobs iseTi qvejgufic, romelSic erTdroulad

Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva saxis, xasiaTis problemebi.

TxzulebaTa kompleqsuri analizis procesSi litmcodneebi

yuradRebas amaxvileben TviToeuli gvaris SigniT arsebuli sxvadasxva

Janruli niSnebis urTierTgadamkveT xazebze, Janrul elementTa

sinTezirebis faqtebze, rom amgvari klasifikaciis Sedegad miRebuli

nawarmoebis kompoziciuri modeli gansakuTrebuli struqturis mqonea da

Txzuleba policentrulia (69, 289). aRniSnuli viTareba ki

gasaTvaliswinebelia teqstis poetikuri morfologiis kvlevis dros. Aar

iqneba gazviadebad Tqmuli, rom am aspeqtiT brwyinvale masalas iZleva

vaJa-fSavelas eposi-rogorc leqsad Tqmuli, ise prozauli.

vxelmZRvanelobT ra literaturaTmcodneobaSi miRebuli

tradiciuli klasifikaciiT rogorc klasikur mxatvrul literaturaSi,

ise folklorSi, CvenTvis wina planze mainc uSualod vaJa-fSavelaseuli

midgoma, klasifikaciaa, mis mier epikur nawarmoebis mikuTvneba ama Tu im

Janrisadmi (miuxedavad imisa, rom mas amis Taobaze wminda Teoriuli

xasiaTis werili ar dauweria). Mmis mier gansazRvruli yvela ,,Janri”

brwyinvale ornaments warmoadgens Sesabamis konteqstSi.

Pprof. gr. kiknaZis rwmeniT, 1900-ian wlebSi, vaJas ,,poeturi simwifis

Jams... yovelgvari usafuZvlo siTamamis gareSe hqonda Sinagani ufleba

TviTdaxasiaTebiT warmdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe: is ukve iyo avtori

101

saxelganTqmuli poemebisa, mravali leqsisa da moTxrobisa...”(49, 28).

Ppativcemul mkvlevars miaCnia, rom yvela werilSi, yvela leqsSi,

moTxrobasa Tu poemaSi ,,daufaravi da SeuniRbavi saxiTaa mocemuli misi

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis leitmotivi”(iqve). Aamdenad, asevea misaRebi yvela

saTauris qveS poetis gakeTebuli minaweri gvaris, saxis, Janris raobaze.

Tumca, am klasifikaciaSi, Cveni fiqriT, Mmainc fabulis warmoSobazea

aqcenti gadatanili. Aamis Taobaze detaluri analizia mocemuli q-n laura

grigalaSvilis statiaSi ,,vaJas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi”(24,98-123).

Aasea, gansazRvruli avtoris mier Tavisi Txzulebebis fabulebi,

rogorc leqsad TqmulTa, ise prozisa:

I. naTqvami-naambobi-Tqmuleba

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1.,,moxucis naTqvami”, (1883w.); 2,,.ivane kotoraSvilis ambavi” (karaxelis

naambobi) (1896w.); 3.,,nangrevTa Soris” (monadiris naambobi)-(1900w.); 4. ,,sityva

“(Zveli Tqmuleba)-(1905w); 5. ,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali” (Tqmuli

Tandila aragvelisa)-(1908); 6. ,,Rila da kvirisa” (mwyemsis naambobi)-(1908w.); 7.

,,deda-Svilebi” (Tqmuleba)-(1910w.); 8. ,,saSobao ambavi” (Tqmuleba)-(1910w.)

b)prozad Tqmuli

1.,,Svlis nukris naambobi”-1883w; 2.,,erem-serem suremianis” (Zveli

davTrebidam suremis naambobi)-1893w; 3.,,Cemi Savardeni” (besos naambobi)-1906w;

4. ,,axali weli fSavSi” (beJanas naambobi)-1909w; 5. ,,kurdReli” (monadiris

naambobi)-1911w; 6. ,,baTuris madi” (Tqmuleba)-1913.

II. ambavi Zveli, ambavi Zvelis-Zveli, ambavi

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,sula da kurdRela” (Zveli ambavi)-1888w; 2. ,,kopala” (Zveli ambavi)-

1889w; 3. ,,daWrili vefxvi” (ambavi)-1890w; 4. ,,ilo” (Zveli ambavi)-1892w; 5. ,,ivane

kotoraSvilis ambavi “(karaxelis naambobi)-1896w; 6. ,,sisxlis Zieba” (ambavi

CerqezTa cxovrebidan)-1897w; 7. ,,axundi” (Zveli ambavi)-1900w; 9. ,,gvelis-

mWameli” (Zveli ambavi)-1901w; 10. ,,suli oblisa” (Zvelis-Zveli ambavi)-1903w;

11. ,,mandili” (xevsuruli ambavi)-1913w.

b)prozad Tqmuli

1. ,,daTvi” (ambavi)-1888-89w; 2. a,,vtobiografia uriadnikisa” (ZvelisZveli

ambavi biWiela uriadnikis dRiuridan)-1888-89w; 3. ,,ori ambavi mefe

erekleze”-1902w.

III. cxovrebidan-suraTi-moTxroba

102

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,aluda qeTelauri” (xevsurebis cxovrebidam)-1888w; 2. ,,sisxlis

Zieba” (ambavi CerqezTa cxovrebidan)-1897w.

b)prozad Tqmuli

1. ,,suraTi fSavlis cxovrebidam”-1881w; 2. ,,StabeWdilebani” (fSavlebis

cxovrebidam)-1886w; 3. ,,patara mwyemsis fiqrebi” (fSavlebis cxovrebidam)-

1886w; 4. ,,suraTebi” (soflis cxovrebidam)-1886w; 5. ,,saSobao moTxroba”

(fSavlebis cxovrebidam)-1890w; 6. ,,soflis suraTebi”-1893w; 7. ,,Sobis wina

Rames” (suraTi)-1902w; 8. ,,lmobieri monadire da irmis goniereba” (fSavlebis

cxovrebidan)-1909w; 9. ,,saaxalwlo sizmrebi” (suraTi fSavlebis

cxovrebisa)-1910w; 10. ,,beriZe gautexeli” (saSobao moTxroba fSavlebis

cxovrebidan)-1911w; 11. ,,oragulis cxovreba” (aragvis wiaRze)-1912w; 12.

,,fSaveli da misi wuTisofeli” (eTnografiuli moTxroba)-1913w; 13.

,,kurdReli” (patara moTxroba)-1887w; 14. ,,mogoneba“(saSobao moTxroba) 1890w;

15. ,,qudovani” (sabavSvo moTxroba)-1898w; 16. ,,gasamarTlebuli Cibuxi”

(suraTi fSavlebis cxovrebisa)-1910w.

IV. araki

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,mejlisi lomisa” (araki)-1892w;

b)prozad Tqmuli

1.,, qarTveli kaci, Rvinis qvevri da boCka” (araki)-1913w.

V. balada

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,TeTro giorgi, Svili ra miyav?”(balada)-1892w.

VI. zRapari-legenda

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,uiRblo iRbliani” (zRapari)-1902w; 2. ,,naxevar-wiwila” (xalxuri

zRapari)-1905w.

b)prozad Tqmuli

1. ,,wisqvili” (zRapari)-1888-1889w.; 2.,,mucela” (zRapari)-1895w.; 3.,,daTvi

“(zRapari)-1909w; 4. ,,goCi” (legenda)-1886w.

VII. epikuri nawarmoebebi, romelTa saTaurebSi avtoris mier ar aris

miTiTebuli maTi Janruli kuTvnileba

103

a)leqsad Tqmuli

1. ,,daCagruli mestvire”-1880w.; 2. ,,giglia”-1886w.; 3. ,,monadire”-1886w.; 4.

,,gogoTur da afSina” 1887w; 5. ,,eTeri”-1890w.; 6. ,,baxtrioni”-1892w.; 7. ,,anna-

bulbuli”-1892w; 8. ,,stumar-maspinZeli”-1893w; 9. ,,xis beWi”-1895w; 10. ,,haos da

qarTlos”-1899w; 11. ,,mamidis danabarebi”-1892w.; 12. ,,svindisi”-1913w.; 13. ,,kaci

marTali”-1915w.

b)prozad Tqmuli

1. ,,mTielis ubedureba”-1886w.; 2. ,,ia”-1886w.; 3. ,,mTis wyaro”-1888w; 4.

,,saaRdgomod”-1889w; 5. ,,xmeli wifeli”-1888-89w.; 6. ,,bagrat-zaxariCis

sikvdili”-1889w; 7. ,,mtredebi”-1889w.; 8. ,,klde mtirali”-1889w; 9. ,,erTguli

megobari”-1890w.; 10. ,,Cveni mamali”-1890w.; 11. ,,wiflisCita”-1890w.; 12. ,,Salvas

nanaxi xati”-1890w; 13. ,,melia kudagrZelia”-1891w.; 14. ,,sawyali Cxikvi”-1891w.;

15. ,,gogra”-1892w; 16. ,,quCi”-1892w.; 17. ,,xoleram miSvela”-1892w.; 18. ,,fesvebi”-

1893w.; 19. ,,CxikvTa qorwili”-1893w.; 20. ,,gveli”-1894w.; 21. ,,mTani maRalni”-

1895w.; 22. ,,amodis, naTdeba!”-1896w.; 23. ,,mwyeri”-1897w.; 24. ,,kldem mxolod

erTxel sTqva”-1898w.; 25. ,,verxvi”-1900w.; 26.,,Joli”-1901w.; 27. ,,amiranis xmali”-

1902w.; 28. ,,mgeli”-1902w.; 29. ,,napralni”-1902w.; 30. ,,papas msoflio fiqrebi”-

1903w.; 31. ,,arwivi”-1904w.; 32. ,,kodala”-1905w.; 33. ,,yorani”-1905w.; 34. ,,leqsos

samwyemso’-1905w.; 35. ,,iremi”-1906w.; 36.,,usurvazis dasja”-1907w.; 37.

,,crupentela aRmzrdeli”-1908w.; 38. ,,saTaguri”-1908w.; 39. ,,nadirTa patroni”-

1908w.; 40. ,,erTi uyureT tyesa da” ... -1908w., 41. ,,ZaRlma cikani moigo”-1909w.;

42. ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed” -1909w.; 43. ,,melia serefenia”-1909w.; 44.

,,gavelda cxvari”-1910w.; 45. ,,bunebis wiaRze”-1910w.; 46. ,,guguli”-1911w.; 47.

,,klde sali”-1912w.; 48. ,,tye tiroda”-1912w.; 49. ,,saCivari”-1913w.; 50. ,,bunebis

mgosnebi”-1913w.; 51. ,,droSa”-1913., 52. ,,Seyvarebuli”-1914w.; 53. ,,kakali-

uTariRo”; 54. ,,Cemi mogzauroba erem-serem-suremianeTSi”-uTariRo.

VIII. dafiqsirebulia mxolod erTi poema ,, ZaRlika ximikauri”-1902w.,

romlis saTaurSic miTiTebulia adresati- ,,vuZRvni ilia WavWavaZes”.

IX. zemodxsenebuli sasaTauro sistemidan gansxvavebulia ori

prozauli Txzulebis saTauri; esenia: 1. ,,dRes vicini” (ocnebis celqoba)-

1913w. da 2. ,,mamaci” (saaxalwlo scena)-uTariRo.

X. dasaTaureba prozauli Txzulebebisa Tematuri ciklizaciis

mixedviT

a) sizmari

104

1. ,,saaxalwlo sizmari”-1893w.; 2. ,,gazafxulis sizmrebi”-1895w.; 3.

,,sizmari oblisa”-1905w.; 4. ,,saaxalwlo sizmrebi”-1910w.

b)moCveneba

1. m,,oCveneba”-1893w.; 2. ,,moCveneba”.,-1897w.

rogorc vrwmundebiT, vaJa-fSavela did yuradRebas aqcevs

teqstis dasaTaurebas. Aamis naTeli dadasturebaa misi xelnawerebi, am

xelnawer Tu beWdur teqstTa nayofieri maRalprofesionaluri

teqstologiuri, kodikologiuri Ziebani, redaqtor-gamomcemlobis

mcdelobebi Tu vaJas SemoqmedebiTi istoriis farTo masStabebiT kvleva.

teqstis am mniSvnelovan kompoziciur struqturaze-saTaurze

muSaoba miniSnebaa imaze, Tu rogor interess iCens igi siuJetis mimarT.

SemoqmedebiTi procesis mkvlevarTa mier miCneulia, rom avtoris mier

,,siuJetis gulmodgine gakontroleba yovelTvis sasargebloa

siuJetisaTvis, rameTu axdens calkeuli nawilebis, detalebis

SeTanxmebuloba-gamarTulobas, ganapirobebs maTi urTierTobis simwyobres,

ambis logikur, gegmazomier ganviTarebas.”(107, 394).

Mmocemuli zRva masalidan saWirod CavTvaleT warmovadginoT vaJas

eposis intensiuri ganviTarebis, SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriis

statistika 1900-1915 wlebis mixedviT. vfiqrobT, es garkveul daxmarebas

gauwevs vaJas SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriiT dainteresebul

mkvlevarebs.

Eepikur TxzulebaTa dajgufeba 1900-1915 wlebis mixedviT

wle

bi

Ppoema Pprozauli Txzuleba

1900

w.

1. ,,nangrevTa Soris”

(monadiris naambobi);

2. ,,brZeni viri”(Zvelis

Zveli ambavi)

1. ,,verxvi”

1901w

.

3. ,,gvelismWameli”

(Zveli ambavi)

2. ,,Joli”

105

1902

w.

4. ,,mamidis danabarebi”

5. ,,uiRblo iRbliani”

(zRapari)

6. ,,ZaRlika ximikauri”

(vuZRvni ilia WavWavaZes)

3. ,,amiranis xmali”

4. ,,mgeli”

5. ,,ori ambavi mefe

erekleze”

6. ,,napralni”

7. “Sobis wina

Rames”(suraTi)

1903

w.

7. ,,suli oblisa”

(Zvelis-Zveli ambavi)

8. ,,papas msoflio

Fiqrebi”

9. ,,ocneba”

1904

w

10. ,,arwivi”

1905

w.

8. ,,sityva”

(Zveli Tqmuleba)

9. ,,naxevar-wiwila”

(xalxuri zRapari)

11. ,,sizmari oblisa

12. ,,kodala”

13. ,,yorani”

14. ,,leqsos

samwyemso”

1906

w.

15. ,,uZmos Zma”

(fSavlebis

cxovrebidan)

16. ,, iremi”

17. ,,Cemi Savardeni”

1907

w.

18. ,, lmobieri

monadire da

irmis goniereba”

(fSavlebis

cxovrebidan)

19. ,,usurvazis dasja”

1908

w.

10. ,,coli anu Cemi

Tavgadasavali”

(Tqmuli Tandila

Aaragvelisa)

20. crupentela

aRmzrdeli;

21. saTaguri;

22. nadirTa patroni;

106

11 ,, Rila da kvirisa”

12 ,,mTaTa erToba”

23. ,,erTi uyureT tyesa

da...;”

24. ,,eSmaki” (saSobaod);

1909

w.

25. ,,axali weli fSavSi”

(beJanas naambobi);

26. ,,didebuli

saCuqari” (saSobao

moTxroba);

27. ,,berdixa” (suraTi

(fSavlebis cxovrebidan);

28. ,,ZaRlma cikani

Mmoigo”

29. ,,rogor gaCndnen

buebi qveyanazed”

30. ,,daTvi “(zRapari)

31. ,,melia-serefenia”

1910w

.

13. ,,deda-Svilebi”

(Tqmuleba);

14. ,,saSobao ambavi”

(Tqmuleba);

32. ,,saaxalwlo

sizmrebi”(suraTi

fSavlebis

cxovrebidan)

33. ,,gasamarTlebuli

Cibuxi”

34. ,,gavelda cxvari”

35. ,,bunebis wiaRze”

1911w

36. ,,kurdReli”

(monadiris naambobi);

37. ,,beriZe gautexeli”

(saSobao moTxroba

fSavlebis cxovrebidan);

38. ,,guguli”

107

1912w

.

39.,,klde sali”

40.,,oragulis cxovreba”

(aragvis wiaRze)

41. ,,tye tiroda”

1913w

.

15. ,,svindisi”

16. ,,mandili”

42. ,,saCivari”

43. ,,bunebis mgosnebi”

44. ,,droSa”

45.,, dRes vicini(ocnebis

celqoba);

46. ,,qarTveli kaci,

Rvinis qvevri da

boCka” (araki);

47. ,,baTuris xmali”

(Tqmuleba);

48. ,,fSaveli da misi

wuTisofeli”

(eTnografiuli

moTxroba);

1914w

.

49. ,,Seyvarebuli”

915w.

17. ,,kaci marTali”

uTa

riR

oebi

50. ,,kakali”

51. ,,mamaci” (saaxalwlo

scena);

52. ,,Cemi mogzauroba

erem-serem-suramianeTSi”.

amiT vecadeT warmogvedgina erTgvari statistika vaJas epikuri

Txzulebebisa qronologiuradac da Janrobrivadac. Tvalis erTi

gadavlebac masalaze cxadyofs poetis damokidebulebas ara marto

,,Semoqmedebis masazrdoebel wyaroze-xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebze”(27.

249), aramed saxezea wminda literaturuli, originaluri nawarmoebebic

108

sxvadasxva gvarisa da sxvadasxva Janrisa: ,,..vaJas sxvadasxva Janris

nawarmoebTa gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom masalis mxriv vaJas Txzulebebs

metnaklebad urTierTan amsgavsebs interesi miTiur-legendaruli,

sizmriseuli da ocneba-Cvenebis formiT warmodgenili masalisadmi... es Cans

vaJas lirikul leqsebSi, poemebsa da moTxrobebSi”(iqve).

Aamave dros epikuri gvaris mravali teqsti saSualebas iZleva

maTSi gamovamJRavnoT ,,impliciturad warmodgenili epoqis suliskveTeba”

anu TiToeul maTganSi unda movnaxoT tipologiuri faqtorebis saTanado

niSnebi, romelTa meoxebiTac saanalizo teqstebs imdroindeli mxatvrul-

esTetikuri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad aRviqvamT.

Aamgvari klasifikacia kidev erTi logikuri dasabuTebaa iseTi

SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, romelic adasturebs WeSmaritebas,-rom odiTganve

erTnairad xelewifebodaT qarTvel sasuliero dargis mwerlebs, rogorc

himnografiuli, ise agiografiuli (iambiko, lirika, proza) xasiaTis

nawarmoebebis Txzva. gavixsenoT Tundac ioane sabanisZe, grigol xanZTeli,

arsen iyalToeli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, anton kaTalikosi da sxvani

mravalni, mokaSkaS- moelvareni Tu mimqrali SaravandediT Semkulni. Ees

tradicia axleburi SemoqmedebiTi energiiT ganmtkicda da TiTqmis

sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi-grigol

orbeliani, giorgi erisTavi, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi

wereTeli, aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela... aseve, XX saukunis qarTuli

literaturis istoriac saxelovnad agrZelebda am process-konstantine

gamsaxurdia, grigol robaqiZe, giorgi leoniZe, grigol abaSiZe, Tamaz

WilaZe, oTar WilaZe, nodar dumbaZe, arCil sulakauri... da sxvani mravalni.

Aaqve unda gavixsenoT leqsnarevi xalxuri epikuri Txzulebebic.

aRniSnuli movlena saTanadodaa Seswavlil-Sefasebuli

qarTuli saliteraturo kritikisa da poetikis mkvlevarTa mier.

Aamgvari poliJanruli Semoqmedeba xels uwyobs tipologiis

amocanebis amoxsnas ara marto sxvadasxva xalxis, aramed TviT

erTsadaimave mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic ki. tipologia ki, Tu mis ,,amocanas

ar gavarTulebT da amiT ar gavabundovnebT mas, martivad igi ase

gadmoicema: ra tipisaa esa Tu is literaturuli movlena, an sxvagvarad:

literaturul movlenaTa romel jgufs ganekuTvneba esa Tu is

nawarmoebi?(80.208). qveteqstiT, Cveni azriT, aq wyaroebis sakiTxic iqna

gasaTvaliswinebeli, riTac mJRavndeba erTi avtoris mimarTeba meore

109

avtorTan, an erTi nawarmoebis fabulis mimarTeba sxva TxzulebasTan erTi

avtorisave SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi. amgvari midgoma safuZvelia mwerlis

Semoqmedebis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. aseTi kvleva-Ziebis mdidari

tradicia gagvaCnia. mravalsaukunovani qarTuli mwerlobis istoria da

saliteraturo kritika Zvirfas masalas iZleva. gavixsenoT prof. elguja

xinTibiZis ,,SeniSvnebi guramiSvilis mimarTebisaTvis rusTavelTan”(125, 50

da a.S.), misi wignidan ,,Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli

,,vefxistyaosanSi”(1993w.): ,,daviT guramiSvilis mimarTeba rusTavelis

poeziasTan Zalze rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. rTulia es sakiTxi

imitom, rom es damokidebuleba ar aris erTgvarovani da sworxazovani.

upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia guramiSvilis mier rusTavelis poeziis

sidiadis aRiareba... guramiSvilis poeturi sityva aSkarad dakvalianebulia

rusTavelis didi poeziiT. Ees, pirvel rigSi, ,,daviTianis” leqsikaSi

igrZnoba. ,,rusTveliseuli leqsika figurirebs guramiSvilis axlebur-

simbolur saxeebSic... guramiSvilTan gvxvdeba rusTveliseuli mistikur-

Teologiuri saxeebis srulyofili analogiebic (125, 50-54). Mmklevari

saTanado citatebis analiziT damajereblad asabuTebs Tavis debulebebs

da gvTavazobs friad sagulisxmo da marTebul daskvnas: ,,daviTianis”

mTeli simbolika, TviT poetis azriT, rusTveliseuli azrovnebis xazs

mihyveba, saqme isaa, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, guramiSvils vaxtang

meeqvsis kvaldakval ,,vefxistyaosani” simbolur-alegoriul qmnilebad

miaCnda, masSi igi igavur metyvelebas xedavda. analogiur xazze agebs

daviTic sakuTar Semoqmedebasac. ,,daviTianic”, TviTon avtoris miTiTebiT,

upiratesad simboluri nawarmoebia, igavia. maSasadame, guramiSvili

azrovnebis im models aviTarebs, rac misi azriT, rusTvelma Seqmna”(125,55).

Pprof. elguja xinTibiZe yvelgan xazgasmiT miuTiTebs daviT

guramiSvilis mokrZalebaze, Tavmdablobaze, mis maRalzneobriv

damokidebulebaze rusTavelis geniisadmi: amis dasturad erTi magaliTic

ikmarebda: ,,me rusTvelsa leqss ar udri, viT margalits-Calis Zirsa”(25,

51). Aamgvari tipologiuri viTareba axasiaTebs WeSmarit qarTuli

mwerlobis istorias da logikurad JRers vaJa-fSavelas mimarTebac imave

rusTvelis, daviT guramiSvilis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis

Tu akaki wereTlis poeturi sidiadisa da avtoritetis mimarT.

vaJasmcodneobaSic es lokaluri sakiTxic Rrmadaa damuSavebuli.

110

Mmxatvruli literaturis kritikis istoria naTelyofs

kritikuli azrovnebis dinamikur ganviTarebas mravali aspeqtiT, rac

gamoixateba axal-axali kriteriumebis dadgenaSi, novatoruli stilis

SemoReba-damkvidrebaSi. swored amgvarma tendenciam gansazRvra XX

saukunis literaturis Teoriis specifikac. gamomdinare aqedan, vefuZnebiT

praqtikuli kritikis, ,,axali kritikis” im Sexedulebebs, rom sadReisod

,,literaturuli nawarmoebis umaRles kriteriums ...Teoriul sistemaSi

emociisa da inteleqtis integracia warmoadgens”(72, 115).

vfiqrobT, analogiuri midgoma mxatvruli teqstisadmi ucxo ar

iyo da ucxo ar aris qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvisac. marTalia, es

yovelive CvenTan gamokveTil mimdinareobad an skolebad ar

Camoyalibebula, magram imave XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da meoce

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis

niSandoblivia ,, emociisa da inteleqtis” Taviseburi integrireba. migvaCnia,

rom qarTuli kritika ufro Rrmad Sevida mxatvruli teqstis kompleqsuri

kvlevis samyaroSi. Ees tendencia dResac grZeldeba. magaliTad, prof.

grigol kiknaZe vaJa fSavelas xuTi poemis Sefasebisas aRniSnavda: ,,vaJa-

fSavelas mTeli Semoqmedeba SeiZleba ganixilos da Sefasdes erTmaneTTan

gadajaWvuli sami rigis faqtebis mixedviT: rogorc eTnografiuli faqti,

rogorc socialur-politikuri faqti, da rogorc literaturul-

mxatvruli faqti. gansakuTrebiT saWiroebs amgvar midgomas misi

poemebi”(9,10). rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevarma didi amocana dausaxa vaJas

eposis mniSvnelovani sferos, poemis, analitikosebs.

Aamave dros brwyinvale dakvirvebaa mocemuli b-n grigol

kiknaZis mier vaJas prozis poetikis Sesaxeb. igi wers: ,,..vaJas bevri

moTxroba tradiciul moTxrobaTagan imiTac gamoirCeva, rom ukana planzea

gadatanili am ukanasknelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis

gaxsna... TavianTi aRnagobiT vaJas aseTi Txzulebebi gansxvavdebian

tradiciulad mimdinare, kompoziciuri CarCoTi mtkiced Sekruli

moTxrobebisagan... movlenaTa tolfasovneba vaJas nawarmoebTa

kompoziciuri principi. Ees principi gasdevs mis Txzulebebs, rogorc

sakuTriv vaJaseuli principi Cvens mwerlobaSi da rodesac vaJas fenomenze

vlaparakobT, adamianisa da bunebis yoveli warmonaqmnis TavisTavadi

Rirebulebis aRiarebasa da mxatvrul xilvas am fenomenis arsebiT niSnad

vTvliT”(48,19).

111

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove etapze mxatvruli

literaturis analitikuri procesi xasiaTdeba novaciurobisa da kvlevis

tradiciuli principebis SerwymiT, maTi dinamiuri gardaqmnebiTa da

mravalferovnebiT. isic unda iTqvas, rom am sayovelTao ferxulSi

Cabmulia qarTuli mxatvruli da kritikuli azrovnebac.

amovdivarT ra am zogadi viTarebidan, vcdilobT ,,miTologiuri

kritikis” principis gaTvaliswinebiT warmovadginoT vaJa-fSavelas eposis

arc Tu ise mravalricxovani Janris kompleqsuri ganxilva. Ees aris

zRapari, romelic Seicavs miTosur elementebs. jozef qemfbelis TqmiT:

,,miTologiuri kritika cdilobs gamoavlinos ama Tu im literaturul

teqstSi arsebuli dafaruli elementi... surs zedapirze amoitanos, esa Tu

is literaturuli nawarmoebi Tu rogor warmosaxavs sinamdvilis ama Tu im

mxares, romelzec mkiTxveli yovelTvis erTnairad reagirebs”(54, 192).

miTiurobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gaTanamedroveoba

damaxasiaTebelia yvela epoqis qarTuli mwerlobisaTvisac. Aam mxriv

gamonakliss arc XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis

qarTuli literatura warmoadgens. kvlevis amgvari kritikis principebi

gansakuTrebiT kargad miesadageba iseTi siuJetis mqone literaturuli

zRaprebis analitikas, romlebSic gamovlenilia xalxuri jadosnuri an

novelisturi, Tund sayofacxovrebo zRaprebis struqtura, anu rodesac

mwerlis mier faqtiurad waSlilia xolme literaturulsa da

folkloruls Soris arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da literaturuli

zRapari erT organul mTlianobadaa Camoyalibebuli, rogorc

literaturul-mxatvruli saxe.

Aamave problemis winaSea epikuri gvaris sxva saxeebic. xalxuri

da literaturuli novelis sakiTxi amomwuravadaa ganxiluli prof.

aleqsandre Rlontis monografiaSi-,,qarTuli xalxuri novelis

sakiTxebi”(1989w.): ,,xalxuri novelis tradiciam Seamzada literaturuli

novelis, prozis am Taviseburi Janrobrivi saxis, warmoqmnis pirobebi.

xalxuri novelis uZvelesma motivebma niadagi moumzades rogorc

prozauli zepirSemoqmedebis Tvisebriv gaRrmavebas saerTod, ise

literaturuli novelis aRmocenebasa da mwerlobaSi damkvidrebas”(97,75).

Bbunebrivia, imave process gaivlida literaturuli zRaparic.

folklorTan mimarTebis sakiTxi, rogorc vixileT, Zalze

aqtualuria da kvlevis obieqtad bevr mkvlevars uqcevia: ,,Cveni mizania-

112

wers prof. Teimuraz qurdovaniZe-warmovaCinoT folklorTan mimarTebis

qarTul literaturaSi gamJRavnebuli tendencia.(96,52). Aavtori mokled

axdens am Tezisis saTanado magaliTebiT ilustrirebas rogorc

sasuliero, ise saero mwerlobidan. Ees aris sakiTxis erTi mniSvnelovani

mxare-folklorTan, miTologiasTan mimarTeba.

Ddidma vaJam Tavis epikur prozaul Txzulebas ,,mucelas”

(1895w.)zRapari uwoda, rac saTauris qveS minaweriTaa dafiqsirebuli.

vaJasmcodneobaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom saTauris qveS minawerSi

vaJa-fSavelas mier gansazRvrulia xolme Txzulebis Janris, motivis,

ganwyobilebis, aRwerili ambis drois, epoqis arsi. Ees ki vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebiT xelwerad, stiladaa gansazRvruli. aRsaniSnavia mkvlevar

l.sanaZis mier ,,mucelas” teqstologiuri damuSaveba. mis mier dadgenilia

oficialuri beWduri variantisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli vrceli

varianti. es TvalsaCinoa variantis teqstis dasaTaurebaSic-,,mucela”.

zRapari (Zveli davTrebidam)” (32, 560); ese igi, Txzulebis zRaproba

avtografSic da beWduradac dadasturebulia.

vinaidan ,,mucelas” zRaproba eWvgareSea da jadosnuri da

literaturuli zRaprebis struqturuli niSnebi aSkaradaa gamokveTili,

misi Seswavlis procesSi gamoviyenebT vl. propiseuli kvlevis

principebidan erT-erTs. kerZod, imas, rom ,,zRapris istoriul-genetikur

anu diaqronul Seswavla-ganxilvas win misi zusti sinqronuli aRwera

unda uZRodeso.

Ppirveli da umniSvnelovanesi operacia, romelic unda

Catardes, es aris ,,..im mudmiv elementTa (invariantTa) gamomJRavneba,

romelnic jadosnur zRaprebSi arseboben da mkvlevris mxedvelobis aredan

ar qrebian siuJetidan siuJetze gadasvlisas (70,204).

aRiarebulia, rom propma SeimuSva ori struqturuli modeli: ,,erTi

(moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba droSi)-ufro safuZvlianad, meore (moqmedi

pirebi)-SedarebiT gakvriT”(70,204). Cven orive modelis mixedviT winamdebare

zRapris analizi dasaSvebad miviCnieT zogadad da erTgvar gzamkvlevad

davisaxeT muSaobis procesSi.

Aaqedan gamomdinare, teqsti davyaviT Tanmimdevar moqmedebebad,

anu movaxdineT ,,misi segmentacia”(v.propi). vaJas zRapari Tavisuflad

iZleva segmentaciis Catarebis saSualebas. winaswar unda aRiniSnos, rom

yvela dafiqsirebuli segmenti asrulebs Tavis ,,funqcias”, rac aadvilebs

113

mis mravalmxriv Seswavlas. segmentireba Tavisi funqciiTa da

daniSnulebiT ar emTxveva nawarmoebis kompoziciur modelirebas. Tumca,

zogadad zRapris kompozicia da segmentireba erTianobaSi mainc

miuTiTeTeben, rom saxeze gvaqvs e.w. ,,sinqronuloba”-uSualod avtoris

mier winaswar sagangebod Catarebuli operirebis gareSe. Ees viTareba ki,

rogorc zemoT iyo miniSnebuli, xels uwyobs saanalizo Txzulebis

,,diaqronul” Seswavlas.

teqstis diaqronuli analizi miesadageba mis istoriul-

genetikur analizs, anu misi Janruli specifikis gamovlenas,

tipologiurobis dadgenas da ,,motivTa dajgufebas struqturul

erTeulebSi”(v. propi).

vaJa-fSavelas zRaparebSi moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba

mocemulia mTxrobelis mier ambis logikuri gaSla-ganviTarebiT. Cveni

rwmeniT, teqstTan urTierTobisas yvelaze axlos midis e.w. ,,naratologiis

principi”, anu romelSic urTulesi droiTi gamocdileba Txrobis

ostatobiTaa daZleuli, rodesac yuradRebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad

mainc gamonagonze modis”(malxaz xarbedia 121,182). Aam viTarebaSi

sayuradReboa drois sarCulSi moqceuli Txrobisa da diskursis diqtomia.

v. benvenistis ganmartebiT: ,,Txroba gamoricxavs awmyos, diskursi ki-

warsuls”(121, 189).

Txroba da diskursi, anu Txroba da gansja, mTeli Tavisi

arsebiTaa warmodgenili avtoris, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki mezRapris

personaJSi. rodesac winaswar movaxdineT saanalizo teqstis-segmentireba,

gamoiyo ori mTavari personaJi: mezRapre-mTxrobeli da mucela.

migvaCnia, rom pirvel rigSi unda dasabuTdes am zRapris

saxeoba, anu ra Warbobs fabulaSi- jadosnuri zRapris Tu literaturulis

niSnebi. Aamis Semdeg ki yuradReba gamaxvildeba TxzulebaSi gatarebul

motivebze.

Tu vimsjelebT zRapris mTavari moqmedi gmiris vinaobaze, unda

gamoiricxos Txzulebis jadosnuri zRaproba, rameTu, ,,mucela’ ar aris

,,genetikurad RvTaebrivi gmiri” da misi Tavgadasavali ar gamoavlens mis

RvTaebriobas”(rusudan ColoyaSvili; 105,446). Tumca, avtori Tavis zRapars

mainc unarCunebs erTgvari miTiurobis, jadosnuri zRapris elfers,

rodesac moqmed pirebad, mucelas saxis srulsayofad, Semohyavs devebi,

114

Winkebi, alebi, tartarozi. Ees miTiuri arsebani mxolod damxmare,

aramTavar moqmed pirTa funqciebs asruleben fabulaSi.

M,,mucela” mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT, garemosTan

damokidebulebiT, drois faqtorTan mimarTebiT klasikuri literaturuli

zRapris personaJia, rameTu ,,literaturuli zRapris gmiri erTi SexedviT,

jadosnuri gmirisagan gansxvavebiT, miwieri arsebaa, Cveulebrivi adamianuri

mizezebiT da sayofacxovrebo interesebiT,... yovelgvar RvTaebriobas

moklebuli”105,446).

,,mucelas” teqsti saSualebas iZleva masSi gamovavlinoT

,,impliciturad warmodgenili epoqis suliskveTebac” es ki iqiTken

gvibiZgebs, rom masSi veZioT tipologiuri faqtorebis saTanado niSnebi,

romelTa saSualebiTac saanalizo Txzulebas imdroindeli mxatvrul-

esTetikuri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad aRviqvamT.

magaliTad, sam aTeul welze meti hyofs ,,mucelas” daweris TariRs

ilias ,,kacia-adamianis?!” daweris TariRisagan. Mmiuxedavad amisa, me-19

saukunis 90-ian wlebSic kvlav aqtiuri iyo luarsabizmis, TaTqariZeobis,

mxileba.

,,kacia-adamiani?!” polifoniuri problematikis Txzulebaa da

Sesabamisad misi mxatvrul saxeTa sistema, saxismetyveleba

mravalferovania. Bbunebrivad miviCnevT imas, rom analogiuri

mizandasaxulobis mqone sxva avtorTa TxzulebaSic SevniSnoT garkveuli

asociaciebi. moviZioT tipiurobis niSnebi, avtorTa sulieri Tu

SemoqmedebiTi naTesauri kavSirebi.

Ppirvel rigSi SevexebiT TxzulebaTa dasaTaurebis sistemas. Ddidma

iliam saTauridanve da epigrafSic safiqrali dautova mkiTxvels mTavar

moqmed pirTa vinaobisa da raobis Taobaze da intonaciis saSualebiT

CvenTan erTad arkvevs-moTxrobaSi moqmed adamianebs scxiaT raime

niSanwyali adamianobisa?

am sakiTxze sarwmuno Semajamebel mosazrebad miviCnevT prof. lado

minaSvilis monografiidan msjelobas ,,kacia-adamianis?! saTauris

gagebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi sagangebod ganixilavs aTi avtorisa da ilias

octomeulis saredaqcio kolegiis Sexedulebebs da aRniSnavs:

,,SemoqmedebiTi istoriis TvalsazrisiTac iqcevs yuradRebas moTxrobis

saTauris gagebis sakiTxi. saTauris gagebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso

mosazrebebi iqna gamoTqmuli (mkvlevari aq miuTiTebs v. vaxanias statiaze

115

,,ramdenime SeniSvna ,,kacia-adamianis” Sesaxeb-J.k). zogierTi avtoris azriT,-

ganagrZobs l.minaSili –saTauri ase unda iqnes gagebuli-yvela kaci ar

aris adamiani, erTi sityviT adamiani kacTan SedarebiT ufro maRali

Rirebulebis Sinaarsis mqone sityvadaa gagebuli (sqolioSi miTiTebulia

is avtorebi, romlebic ase fiqroben mag. Gg. wulukiZe, b. kapaneli, a.

baqraZe da a.S-J.k.), zogierTi avtoris azriT, piriqiT, kaci aris adamianTan

SedarebiT maRaleTikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli sityva da moTxrobis

saTauric ase unda gavigoT, yvela adamiani araa kaci.

arsebobs sxvagvari gagebac, romlis Tanaxmadac kaci da adamiani

ilias moTxrobis saTaurSi sinonimuri Sinaarsis Semcveli sityvebia da

moTxrobis saTauric ase unda gavigoT; adreuli punqtuaciiT, luarsab

TaTqariZe kacia, adamianio, maSasadame aq es sityvebi luarsabis mimarT

ironiuli SinaarsiT iTqmis, xolo gviandeli punqtuaciiT- kiTxva-Zaxilis

niSniT, saTauri ritorikuli kiTxvis Semcvelia –nuTu luarsabi kacia,

adamiania? es azri Tavdapirvelad wamoayena k. donduam, amave azrs

iziareben g. SalamberiZe, al. baramiZe, S. ZiZiguri, v. vaxania. amave azrs

iziarebs i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis saredaqcio kolegia”.

vaJa-fSavelas zRapris mTavari personaJic Svilia ama soflisa,

magram ara zrunavs soflisaTvis, kacobisa masac rom ara scxia-ra,

saTaurad gamotanil gaarsebiTebul zedsarTavSi Cans ,,mucela”. ra

asociaciebis gamomwvevicaa misi leqsikuri Sinaarsi, komentars aRar

saWiroebs.

funqcia saTaurebisa aris mkiTxveli sazogadoebis daintereseba

TxzulebaTa ideuri mizandasaxulobiT.

amis Semdeg unda SevexoT, personaJTa saxelebs, anTroponimebs.

ilia WavWavaZem Tavis mTavar moqmed gmirs luarsabi daarqva.

Aavtoris didi gulistkivilia Cayolebuli am saxelSi. Qqveteqsti

gveubneba, rom luarsab TaTqariZe Semarcxvenelia didebuli qarTveli

wamebuli mefis luarsab-II-is saxelisa. amiT avtorma mianiSna imaze, Tu

rogor dakninebula Tavisi drois qarTveloba, rogor dacemula,

gadagvarebula zneobrivadac da biologiuradac.

vaJa-fSavelam ki pirdapir, rogorc es mezRapre-mTxrobels

moeTxoveba , mokled gvacnoba mTavari personaJis warmomavloba da misi

degradireba; preambulaSi igi gviambobs, rom mamas Tavisi ufrosi

SvilisTvis papis zedmeti saxeli daurqmevia. Mmucelas papisaTvis,

116

givisaTvis, xalxs ki mucela imitom Seurqmevia, rom mtrianobis dros jari

dascemia givis ojaxs. Sin martoka givi daxvedria maT da xalxs unaxavs

cxra-aTi kaci givisgan faSvebdafatruli. Tavad givic mucelSi dauWriaT

da amis Semdeg SeurqmeviaT misTvis da Semdeg misi modgmisaTvis

,,mucelaani”. Aai, am kacis Tikuni ,,mucela” daarqves ufros Svils.

aqve ar igvianebs mTxrobelis komentari: ,,egona, saxeli rames

moumatebda imis ufros Svils” da dasZens, rom am bavSvs sulac ar

Seefereboda am didebuli kacis saxeli, arc garegnulad,-tanwerweta papas

rogor daedreboda ,,rumbiviT gaberili”, ,,kolots rom hgavda”-da arc

gonebrivad: mSoblebi xSirad uambobdnen papis sasaxelo Tavgadasavlebs,

mis simamaces, qvelobas... ,,magram am ukanasknels es moTxroba Taviseburad

esmoda: ,,albaT gamoCenili msmel-mWameli iqnebodao”(vaJa-fSavela,32,263).

mTxrobelis mier dasmuli diagnozi zustia da utyuari.

sxva personaJTagan sayuradReboa luarsab TaTqariZisa da mucelas

ZmaTa saxelebi: daviTi, yaramana da amirana; agreTve darejanis, moses,

xoreSanis, elisabedis, lamaziseulis, estates, marines saxelebi.

maSasadame, orive avtoris mier personaJebisaTvis saxelebis SerCevis

principi, qveteqstebi saerTo tendenciisaa, maTTvis xorcSesxmis gzebi ki-

absoluturad gansxvavebulni.

amaTgan yuradRebas luarsabisa da mucelas ZmaTa saxelebze

gavamaxvilebT.

ilia WavWavaZe gansakuTrebiT daundobelia luarsabis Zmis,

daviTis, mimarT, gamomdinare misi zneobriobidan, saqcielisagan. Zmis

gamyidvels didi daviTisa ara scxia-ra. zaal TaTqariZis Svilebs gul-

gonebaSic ki ar gauvliaT xalxuri Segoneba: ,,Zmao ZmiTa xar Zlieri!” isini

xom im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi arian, sadac ZmaTmoZuleoba, sadac

Sursa da zakvas Zulebad uqcevia moyvasis siyvaruli. swored maT mimarTaa

bibliaSi gacxadebuli ,,is ki, visac Tavisi Zma sZuls, bnelSi imyofeba

bnelSi dadis da ara icis, saiT midis, vinaidan sibnelem daubrmava

Tvalebi (I ioane, 12,11).

amiranisa da yaramanis mosaxele mucelas Zmebis saxelebs vaJa-

fSavelam kninobiTis forma miusadaga da ase moixseniebs- ,,yaramana” da

,,amirana”. vfiqrobT, amiT mTxrobelma xalxurobisa da ironiulobis

elferi SesZina maT; gvagrZnobina, rom arc maTTvis yofila Sesaferisi

falavanTa saxelebi. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es personaJebi gansxvavebulni

117

arian daviTisagan da luarsabisagan ZmasTan mimarTebaSi. Yyaramana da

amirana, mucelas-.morCili Zmebi-ki oflsa Rvriden, Zmas qeifs ar uSliden,

piriqiT, kidec uxarodaT, rom mucelam ojaxi gaaTarozna da sxva

auarebeli simdidre SesZina...(96,266). Ees bolo sityvebi sagulisxmo

StrixebiT amkobs yaramanasa da amiranas bunebas, Cans, rom Zmebi

WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebiT ar suldgmuloben. Aaseve yalbia mucelas

,,Zmuri” damokidebuleba maTadmi: ,,aba, raSi margia Cemi qoneba, imas Cemi

Zmebi SeWamen da me aq SimSiliT vixrCvebi (32, 276)-ambobda datyvevebuli

mucela. mwerali qveteqstiT Segvaxsenebs ,,ZmaTmoyvareobis” bibliur

WeSmaritebas: ,,WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebiT ganiwmindeT Tqveni sulebi

Zmuri, upirfero siyvarulisaTvis da mtkiced, sufTa guliT giyvardeT

erTmaneTi”.(petre, I, 22).

rodesac didma iliam wamyvani funqcia daakisra col-qmris wyvils,

amiT win wamoswia qarTuli ojaxis problema, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi

,,moRvaweobis” masStabi ar scildeba maTs ojaxur idilias, sakuTari kar-

midamos areals. Cveni rwmeniT, es ufro metad saxifaToa qveynisaTvis,

radgan ganvazogadebT ra maT fenomens, xelT SegvrCeba dangreuli

saxelmwifo, dasnebovnebuli sazogadoeba. miTumetes, rom amis Taobaze

TviT avtoric brZanebs-,,Cven sazogado Wirzeda vwerTo”(ilia WavWavaZe; 112,

12). Txzulebis motivacia, ideuri datvirTvis mTeli simZime xom am wyvilze,

maTi cxovrebis gaTvaliswinebaze modis.

struqturulad msgavsi, magram funqciurad gansxvavebulia mucelasi

da misi xelmwifis tandemi.

marTebulad miuTiTebs Tamar SarabiZe, rom ,,vaJa Tavisi

msoflmxedvelobiT ilias memkvidrea. Mmisi damokidebuleba sxvadasxva

wodebisadmi wminda qristianulia”.(Tamar SarabiZe 101, 259). Cvenc viziarebT

am Tvalsazriss da swored bibliis mixedviT SevafasebT normaluri

sazogadoebisaTvis mtkivneul problemas –nayrovanebas, rogorc codvas.

wminda werili gvaswavlis: ,,nu daTvrebi da nu hnayrovanob saWmelTa zeda

da SevaxsenebdiT adamianebs maTi dacemis erT-erT mizezs: ,,bomonad

Sehracxe nayrovanebai” . aRvniSnavT, rom orive citata movixmeT ilia

abulaZis ,,Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonidan”.

gavixsenoT, rogor ugulguleben erTmaneTs luarsabi da darejani,

rogori dagemovnebiT, ,,sruli seriozulobiT” iwesrigeben Wama-smis

problemebs da am ,,saqmianobaSi” RmerTsac ar iviwyeben -,,xvalac Wama

118

gvinda, dalocvils RmerTs egre gauCenia kaci”(112,150). Ggemrieli lukmis

xsenebisas ,,RvTis madlis” moSveliebac ar aviwydebaT xolme. sagulisxmoa

mTxrobelis Careva fabulaSi , komentari col-qmris ,,gacxarebuli”

kamaTisas: ,,ra icodnen imaT, rom Tavisi qceviT, Tavisis cxovrebiT

arisxebdnen RmerTsa, romelsac Tavisi suli amaTTvis STauberia” . iqve

Seaxsenebs CvenTvis jvarcmulis qristes sityvebs; ,,viTa mama zecisa iyav

Sen srulio”. Aamis gageba-miRebisaTvis maT yuric xom ar SeubertyavT.

rogorc ityvian, aq komentarebi zedmetia.

vaJas zRaparSi ki Tqmulia, rom mTels saxelmwifoSi gaxmaurdao

mucelas sma-Wamis ambavi. Qqeba-dideba ar mohklebia amis gamo mucelas da

rodesac mucelas Sesaxeb ambad mouvida am qveynis xelmwifes,-,,moindoma

misi TvaliT danaxva, isurva, enaxa agreTve Tavisi TvaliT misi sma-Wamis

unari. yvela kuTxidan daupatiJa mefem mucelas sma-WamiT ganTqmulebi”...

,,ivaJkaca” mucelam: -,,...zogi daaZina, zogic ,,saxlSi gaaqcia da axal-axals

falavnebs sTxovda mefes. sma-WameTis mefe ,,gancvifrda-gaocda”(32,265).

saubedurod im qveynisa, amgvar ,,gancvifreba-gaocebas” uaryofiTi reaqcia,

saTanado Sefaseba ar mohyolia. piriqiT, mucela ,,SesaniSnav kacad”

moevlina qveyanas, samefo kars.

normalur sazogadoebaSi igi mkacrad unda mxilebuliyo, magram

mTxrobeli icavs e.w. ,,tipiuri garemos” princips da didebulad aisaxa es

mefis damokidebulebaSi mucelas mimarT: ,,-ras iTxov Cemgan, SesaniSnavo

kaco?... exlave mzad var, avasrulo Seni Txovna,-ubrZana mefem mucelas”(32,

265).

moWarbebul sasmels ,,goneba” ar daubnelebia mucelasaTvis.

,,taqtianad” iqceva, kidec ,,Tavmdablobs”, mefis ganwyobilebas ,,alRos

uRebs” da ,,Setevazec gadadis:” ,,jer is unda mogaxsenoT, rom zomas maklia

da Tu gegulebaT kidev vinme Tqvens samefoSi msmeli, moikiTxeT, rom sma

ganvagrZo”(iqve).

Mmefis sapasuxo reaqciaSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom mucelaca da

misi mefec erTsul – da –erTferxorcisani arian: ,,miboZebia SenTvis asi

sofeli da orasi aTasi dRis tye da miwa saSviliSvilod argeTidan

dawyebuli argudamde”(iqve). Ees dialogi adasturebs, ra saxelmwifo

rangamdea asuli nayrovaneba, mucelRmerToba.

Aaseve ,,Tavmdablobs” smaSi baybay-devs dadarebuli luarsabi,

rodesac ,,gonivrulad” ityvis uars imerel msmelTan mogebul sanaZleoze

119

mxolod imitom, rom im momentSi memkvidris aryolis gamo Tavisi

mamapapeuli mamulebic oxrad rCeboda. xolo rodesac darejanisagan

Seityobs, rom memkvidre gauCndebaT, maSinve ,,fxizlad gadaafasebs”

situacias da cols daamSvidebs, exla oxrad aRar dagvrCebao. ra martivi,

primitiuli, ,,Zmismoyvareobidan” Sors mdgomi da egoisturia maTi

demografiul-nayrovnuli msoflSegrZneba. esec luarsabisagan

,,ZmismoZuleobazea” aqcentirebuli. igi ar acnobierebs, rom ,,visac sZuls

Tavisi Zma, kacismkvlelia”(I,ioane; 12,15).

is, rac ilia WavWavaZem saaqaoSi amxila da moyvrulad pirSi

miaxala Tavis qveyanas, Tavis xalxs, vaJa-fSavelam igive problema zRapris

samosSi Sehxvia da ase warudga mamxileblad Tavis xalxs. zRapris buneba

ki nakleb xasiaTdeba Tavisi saTqmelis striqonebSorisi wakiTxviT. sadad

da daufaravad afasebs sagnebsa da movlenebs mezRapre. Cvens winaSe

klasikuri nimuSia literaturuli zRaprisa da movlenebi, da ambavi mis

Sesabamisad viTardeba.

Bbunebrivia, saTanado logikuri Sedegebi unda mohyoloda

mucela-mefis urTierTobas da arc daugviania: ,,raki mefem sma-Wamis unari

ise gaazviada, gaadida, xalxma ifiqra, albaT didi Rirsebaa ,,msmeloba” da

msunagoba”(32,267).

simbolurad adekvaturia am mefis mier dakanonebuli

saxelmwifo regaliebi, romliTac igi amkobda xolme Tavis sayvarel kacTa

mowyalebis gamosaxatavad. sapatio kacad miCneuls qveyanad daatarebdnen

ori droSiT: ,,erTs droSas unda hqonoda gumbaTis nacvlad gakeTebuli

jixvi-yanwi, xolo meores –gaberili Zroxis faSvi”(iqve). Ees simbolika

zustad Seesabameboda qveynis dasaxelebasac-,,sma-WameTi” da mucelas

soflis saxelic ,,uZRebari”.

satiriT, gulisgulSi Camdgari sevdiT amxels mTxrobeli

qristianul samyaroSi gaCenil ,,jerkual” simptomebs da gamoxatavs Tavis

gulistkivils: ,,am qeifebma, mconareobam, usaqmurobam bevri ojaxi dasca da

xalxic sazogadod gaaRariba, am siRaribem bevri daafiqra: saidan, rogor

moxda Cveni dacema, daqveiTebao, ekiTxebodnen TavianT Tavs” (32,268). amis

Semdeg siuJetSi Semohyavs zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributikiT

Semkobili personaJi-parTeni.

parTeniseuli gansja faqtobrivad bibliuri Segonebidan

gamomdinareobs: ,,verc mparavni, verc xarbni, verc loTni, verc

120

mlanZRvelni, verc mtacebelni ver daimkvidreben RvTis sasufevels”(pavle

mociquli, I werili korinTelTa mimarT, I korinT. 12,10). parTeni imas

Seuwuxebia, rom qveyana mefes hbaZavs, rom mefem xalxs daaviwya ,,xmlis

qneva, guliTlomoba”, rom mas dahviwyebia omSi ,,omis wesi da rigia” da a.S.

mefem simarTlis mTqmels ar apatia da brZana misi CamoxrCoba.

Mmucelac amas urCevda: ,,Tu ar CamoaxrCeT, didebulo mefev, eg viRaca

parTenia,... Tqveni mteri daRupos, Cveni qveyana daiRupebao”(14,269). parTeni

CamoaxrCves. parTeni xom mucelasnairTaTvis xorcieli tkboba-nebivrobis

safrTxes warmoadgenda. Mmucelam ar icis, rom aseTi borotebis ,,Camdenni

RvTis sasufevels ver daimkvidreben”(petre, galatelTa, 5-19-21).

sasufevels vina Civis, mucelas avmuclobas, avkacobas,

nayrovanebis gamo codvians saaqaoSive ganacdevines jojoxeTuri sasjeli

,,kudianoba-Rames” mucelas saxlSi SemoWrilma devebma.

Ffantaziis wyalobiT, siuJetSi calke struqturul erTeulad

Camoyalibdnen boroti Zalebis adeptebi-devebi, Winkebi, alebi, eSmakebi,

tartarozebi. Pparadoqsulad JRers devebis sityvebi mucelasTan saubrisas

maTs tyveobaSi myof estate diakvanTan dakavSirebiT.

sakiTxavia, rogor da ratom moxvda eklesis msaxuri devebTan

tyved? maT pirdapir ganucxades mucelas, rom es diakvani yofila msunagi,

gaumaZRari, tabliparia da moZRvars, mRvdel zaqarias, RmerTisTvis

uTxovia misi dasja-gamosworeba da aki dasaja kidec: ,,ufalma miiRo

moZRvris RaRadeba da Cven dagvavala misi gawvrTna da gasufTaveba yovlis

mwikvlisgan; aq unda moinanios magan Tavisi codvebi”(32,272). rogorc

vxedavT, aq boroti Zala pirdapir, daufaravad moqmedebs, eSmakiviT ki ar

cdilobs mikibul-mokibulad adamianis cdunebas.

Ddamajerebeli toniT ganumartaven mucelas, Tu ratom imyofeba

igi maTTan am dReSi: ,,Cven vasrulebT mxolod RvTis brZanebas; es sasjeli

TviT ufalma gagiwesa, radgan Sengan tirian cxvarni da Zroxani; Sengan

hgodebs puri da marili... amitom sasjelad da codvaTa mosananieblad

gagiwesa ufalma es sadguri”(32,273).

vxedavT, rom devebi mucelas adanaSauleben oden xorciel,

gastronomiul codvebSi da gadakvriTac ar SeuxsenebiaT misTvis adamianTa

mimarT danaSaulebrivi mopyroba. Aamdagvari braldebis wayeneba maTgan arc

iyo mosalodneli. auRes ra alRo mucelas adamianur sisustes, aSimSiles

da lamis sulis amoxdomamde miiyvanes igi.

121

amiT devebi nel-nela sZiravdnen ,,xorciel rjulSi” da

fizikuri, xorcieli gadarCenis safasurad suls iTxovdnen misgan. raRaca

urigos moelis mucela da mezRaprec adasturebs amas: ,,...gaWirvebaSi

Cavardnils exla gaaxsenda RmerTi, RvTismSobeli: ,,RvTismSobelo, Sen

gaeci amaT pasuxi, Sen azRvevine Cemi sisxli; daaqcie amaTi ojaxi,

amoJlite, amofxver Zir-foCianad, rom qristian kacs mosveneba mieces! –

ambobda brazmoreuli mucela”(32,282).

sagulisxmo pasaJi mosdevs mucelas aRSfoTebas: ,,devebma

erTmaneTs Tvali gadaavles da pirze Rimili SeuTamaSdaT”. Eese igi,

avsulebma igrZnes gamarjvebis moaxloveba da gawamebul tyves maSinve

wauyenes moTxovna: ,,gagaTavisuflebT, mxolod im pirobiT-ki, Tu Sen suls

Cven mogvcemo.” Ddevebma maSinve TvalebTan moutanes spilos beWi,

romelzedac ewera: ,,rogori yofila SimSili?” Zlivs mixvda mucela

wakiTxuls. Bbolos Tavi dahkida da Rrmad dafiqrda; gaixsena, albaT im

glaxakebsac ase eSiebodaT, RaRadebiT rom iTxovdneno lukmapurs.

eZnela devebis Txovnis asruleba- ,,suli uflisaa, -miugo devebs

mucelam karga fiqris Semdeg, - me rogor unda mogceT RvTis Cadgmuli

suli?” Sesabamisia devTa pasuxi – Sen suli daTme da Semdeg Cven TviTon

viciT. Cven gvedaos ufali, pasuxs Cven gavcemT, Sen arxeinad iqnebi”. –

uTxres devebma (32,283).

Ddidi da mZimea mucelasaTvis Tavisuflebis safasuri,

WoWmanobs: ,,rogor unda daekarga saiqio, dausrulebeli bedniereba

wuTieri sicocxlisaTvis? Mmagram am dros mucelas warmoudga gaSlili

sufra Tavis darbazSi: Zmebi, coli, stumrebi... qeifi... metad tkbili eCvena

sicocxle”(iqve).

swored amgvar adamianebze iyo naTqvami: ,,ar gaswordebiso

ZaRlis kudi” da maSinve sazareli Rriankalis bunebis kacad iqca mucela.

mucelRmerTaSi mzakvris suli mdgara; Tavs imiT daimSvidebs, rom egeb

gaacuros devebi da gulSi gaivlebs: ,,sityviT mivcem suls, xolo gulSi

,,aras” viZaxebo. Tu esec codvad CameTvleba, movinanieb: saydrebs avageb,

qvriv-oblebs, glaxakT davasaCuqrebo. jer ki sxva Rones mihmarTa: modi,

iqneba, Cemis Zmebis da colis suliT Sevijero wyeuli sulebio”. (32,283)

mTxrobelma axali rakursiT Segvaxeda mucelas Sinagan arsze.

Aam adamianSi sxvebisadmi siyvaruls erTi dRec ar dauRamebia da erTi

Ramec ar gauTenebia. moRalaturad gaswira dedmamiSvilica da colic.

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eSmakisaTvis, avsulisaTvis sulis miyidvis motivi xalxur

eposSi cnobilia. gavixsenoT, Tundac murmani. Mmagram murmani mTeli

arsebiT ufro ,,maRla” dgas mucelasTan SedarebiT. Mmas sxvaTa sulebis

xarjze arc ki gaufiqrebia eTeris dasakuTreba. Mman mxolod sakuTari

suli mihyida siyvarulisaTvis eSmaks, Tumca misi qmedebac Zalze Sorsaa

WeSmaritebisagan.

miuTiTeben, rom ,,personaJTa yovel kategorias gamoCenis

sakuTari forma aqvs, yoveli kategoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli xerxebi

gamoiyeneba, romelTac personaJi SehyavT moqmedebis msvlelobaSi. Ees

formebi Semdegia: antagonisturi (mavne) moqmedebis msvlelobisas orjer

gamoCndeba. Ppirvelad is moulodnelad Cndeba saidanme (mofrindeba,

moipareba da sxv.), Semdeg gaqreba”(70,125).

vaJa-fSavelas zRapris morfologiuri analiziT nawilobriv

dasturdeba axali personaJis Semosvlis forma. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT,

devebi moulodnelad SemoiWrebian mucelas saxlSi qeifis dros da

gaitaceben mucelas. Ggarkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg devebi gamarTaven

masTan dialogs, miiReben mis suls Tavisuflebis sazRaurad da

aTavisufleben tyves. es detali jadosnuri zRaprisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

vaJa-fSavelas rogorc mxatvruli sityvis didostats, patara

detalic ki ar Seutania siuJetSi usafZvlod. gavixsenoT, magaliTad,

mucelas mier sakuTari TavisaTvis micemuli piroba eklesiebis agebis

Taobaze da gayiduli sulis faqtori.

zRapris finalSi ulvaSenelTa mefem samagaliTod dasaja

smaWameTelebi. mucelasTan erTad TerTmeti kaci CamoaxrCes. mkacri iyo

ulvaSenelTa mefis verdiqti: ,,daarCveT eg TerTmeti msmel-mWameli...

samagaliTod qveynisa, raTa ubirTa dainaxon magaTi gvami da Seignon, rom

garda sma-Wamis gaRmerTebisa, aris sxva RmerTic”(32,292). Mmxolod mefe

daindes, rogorc RvTisgan cxebuli.

mTxrobelsac samarTlianad, uflis nebis aRsrulebad miaCnia

amgvari gadawyvetileba. Mmxolod Zmebi afrqvevdnen cxare cremlebs, colma

ki sicocxle gaswira qmris gulisaTvis.(iqve).

simboluria isic, rom mucelaca da marinec uSvilZirod

gadaSendnen, rogorc luarsabi da darejani. Aam StrixebSic mJRavndeba XIX

saukunis sxvadasxva Taobis SemoqmedTa erTsulovneba momavlis

gansazRvraSi ,,sazogado Wirzed” yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.

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vaJas zRaparSi kargad gamoikveTa xalxuri novelisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomieri modeli. amiT avtorma, Canafiqris ideuri

Sinaarsidan gamomdinarem, maqsimalurad daicva nawarmoebSi gatarebuli

,,motivebis Sablonuri wyoba”(97,112). swored aman ganapiroba epilogis

darTva. Sinaarsis srul SesabamisobaSia epilogis saxismetyveleba.

epilogSi ori simbolo gamoiyo: mucelas saflavidan

amofrenili uzarmazari svavi da 6-7 wlis bavSvi. TiToeul maTgans

mniSvnelovani datvirTva gaaCnia.

saflavidan micvalebulis cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli simbolikis

gaCena tradiciulia folklorSi – murmanisaze eklis, xolo abesalomisa

da eTeris saflavebze vardebis gaSla da a.S. analogiuri funqciisaa

mucelas saflavidan svavis amofrena da mTisaken gafrena.

svavi tradiciulad sixarbis, gaumaZRrobis simbolodaa

miCneuli, igive funqcia akisria svavs epilogSi. Tu suleTis romeli

samyaro hqonia binad miCneuli mucelas suls, naTelia, aqve unda aRiniSnos

msoflio simboloTa enciklopediaSi yvavis, yornis mravalgvari

simboluri Sinaarsi. TiToeuli maTgani, pirvel rigSi, warmoadgens satanis,

codvis simbolos. marTalia, zogierTi xalxis warmosaxvaSi isini dadebiTi

simbolikis gansaxovnebasac warmoadgenen (85,299), magram Cvens sinamdvileSi,

vaJas SemoqmedebaSic, konkretulad am zRaparSic, svavi didi codvianobis

gamomxatveli simboloa.

mTisken svavis wasvlasac garkveuli funqcia eniWeba, rameTu

,,mTa vaJasTvis is ,,simaRlea”, romlis gadalaxva mraval dabrkolebasTan

aris dakavSirebuli da romelic xsnas moutans adamians”(101, 138). Aaqedan

gamomdinare, mTisken svavis wasvlaSi vxedavT uflis mier mucelas sulis

dabarebas pasuxis sagebad, anu uflis samsjavroze mucelas sulma unda

zRas cxovrebaSi am adamianis mier Cadenili codvebi. Aamas rom ver

gaeqceoda, mucelas suli adreve grZnobda, roca samarTlianad amxelda

mucelas, mis mucelsa da mis Wkuas(32, 277-279).

ras emsaxureba epilogSi mucelasagan naxevrad aSenebuli

saydris ezoSi mowyalebis mTxovneli 6-7 wlis bavSvi? ra daskvnis gamotana

SeiZleba masTan mokle dalaparakebis Semdeg?

vfiqrobT, calke svavi da calke es bavSvi erTgvari

personifikaciaa mucelas ormagi standartiT cxovrebisa. amqveyniurma

movlenebma gamohkveTa saxe gaorebuli cxovrebis gzisa, mucelam rom

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ganvlo: silaReSi myofs locva sZulda da gaWirvebis Jams ,,miubrunda”

RmerTs. igrZnoba, rom bolomde gulwrfeli ar iyo igi RvTisadmi micemul

sityvaSi , rom saydris ageba saqvelmoqmedo, rwmenis karnaxiT ki ara,

saqrTamo qmedebad iyo misgan Cafiqrebuli, rom man gabeda da xorciel

rjuls msxverplad Seswira ,,RvTisgan Cadgmuli suli”, ara marto Tavisi

sakuTari, aramed Tavisi Zmebisaca da colisac. Aam mzakvrobiT moipova man,

aw ukve ,,eSmakis kerZma”, xorcieli Tavisufleba, raTa Zveleburad

misjdomoda nayrovan trapezs.

Cans, bolomde ar gauwiravs qristianuli suliskveTebis mqone

avtors mucela. marTalia, finalSi mucela damdablebulia, mowyalebis

mTxovnelia, magram gulwrfeli moCans igi mxolod imitom, rom mowyalebas

iTxovs, raTa saydris aSeneba daasrulos. amiT monaniebis Sansi eZleva,

albaT, codvilis suls. Ees zRapari mkacri gafrTxilebaa da xmamaRali

mowodebaa mucelRmerTebisadmi - ,,sZlie sixarbesa Sensa!”

Aam ori Txzulebis analiziT vcdilobdiT saerTo tendenciebis

gamotanas. kerZod, prof. lado minaSvili aRniSnavs: ,,ilia WavWavaZis mier

daxatuli tipebi mxolod literaturul Rirebulebebs ki ar warmoadgenen,

mxolod literaturaSi ki ar cocxloben, aramed maT Rrma socialuri

datvirTvac aqvT, socialuri gamZleobaa maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ( 59 ,40)

Aam ori nawarmoebis ganxilvis Sedegad ucileblad

davrwmundiT imaSi, rom ilias mier daxatuli tipebisaTvis ,,socialuri

gamZleobaa... damaxasiaTebeli”, igive esTetikuri mrwamsi asuldgmulebs did

vaJasac, rodesac brZanebda: ,,me piradad saqme usulgulobasTana maqvs da

ara sxvasTan visTanme. vebrZvi usugulobas da vebrZvi Cems Tavs, radgan

minda originaluri ram vsTqva originaluradve...( 32 ,114).

Aanalizma dagvarwmuna imaSic, rom ,,mucelaTi” bevri ram Tqva

originalurad, Taviseburad, sruliad gansxvavebulad; igrZnoba, rom

nawarmoebisaTvis garkveuli suli da guli Cautanebia. garkveviT miuTiTebs

vaJa-fSavela Tanamokalmeebs: ,,mwerlis sulis da gulis qona iqidama sCans,

aqvs raime ideali, uyvars ram am qveyanaSi, unda qveynisaTvis,

cxovrebisaTvis sikeTe, Tu ara. Tavi da Tavi azri miwis SvilTa, Cemis

fiqriT, cxovreba unda iyos, misi siav-sikeTe mwerali kidev, rogorc

gamomxatveli cxovrebisa, usaTuod am wreSi unda trialebdes, misi grZnoba

imas dahfofinebdes, TviT cxovrebidamve gamomdinari, TviT cxovrebisagan

125

Sobili, uamisod mwerali uazro xmaa, gaurCeveli, gaurkveveli, yvelasTvis

gaugebari ( 32,114-115).

rogorc am bolo amonarididan Cans, tipologiurobas vxedavT

ara mxolod mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, aramed esTetikuri azrovnebis

samyaroSic am or bumberaz avtors Soris.

Tu ,,kacia-adamiani”?! klasikuri vrceli moTxrobaa, vaJas

,,mucela” aseve klasikuri nimuSia literaturuli zRaprisa.

rogorc iTqva, vaJa-fSavelas wminda Teoriuli xasiaTis werili

ar dauweriao, magram mis publicistur Tu kritikul statiebSi uxvadaa

gabneuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi epikuri gvaris Janrebis Sesaxeb da yvela

maTgani brwyinvale ornamentadaa morgebuli Sesabamis konteqstSi.

Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens arc vaJa-fSavelasa da mis

oponentebs Soris warmoebuli kamaTis analizi da arc Cveneuli gansja

vaJas esTetikuri poziciebisa. Ees sakiTxi farTod da maRalmecnieruladaa

ganxiluli vaJasmcodneobaSi.(ix. saTanado literatura).

Gganxiluli TxzulebebiT davrwmundiT vaJas midgomaSi

tipologiurobis Taobaze. Tavis statiaSi ,,niWieri mwerali”igi wers:

,,poetebi Tu gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mimarTulebiT, weris saganTa

SerCeviT, bevrSica hgvanan erTi-meores; uyvarT silamaze, romelsac

usaTuod qalis saxiT warmoadgenen,-buneba, gmiroba, Tavdadeba, xasiaTis

simtkice, sazogadod altruistuli miswrafebani, da sZulT Zalmomreoba,

adamianisa adamianis mier daCagvra, monoba da zneobrivad dacema

saerTod”(32,62).

Pprof. gr. kiknaZe rodesac Tavis monografiaSi ganixilavda vaJa-

fSavelas mxatvrul prozas da gvaZlevda vaJas prozasa da iliasa da

akakis prozas Soris SedarebiT daxasiaTebas, werda, rom iliasa da akakis

prozaSi xazi esmeba personaJTa raodenobis zrdas da am mxriv avlebda

parallels vaJas prozasTan: ,,..personaJTa raodenobis zrda gamowveulia

an axal-axal sakiTxTa dayenebiT, rogorc amas, magaliTad, ilias nawerebSi

vamCnevT, anda axali, cxovelmyofeli, sakiTxis sailustraciod gamiznuli

ambis gadmosacemad, romelic azris mxriv adre ukve cxadyofili iyo

(,,baSi-aCuki”). Aam gagebiT iliasa da akakis proza ,,gafarToebisaken”

miswrafebiT xasiaTdeba, igi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ,,ganze izrdeba”.

vaJas prozisaTvis ,,ganivi zrda” ki araa damaxasiaTebeli,

aramed garkveulis irgvliv triali da am gziT wvdoma personaJTa sulieri

126

viTarebis siRrmisa. aseTia ganTqmuli moTxrobebi: ,,xmeli wifeli”, da

,,fesvebi”, ,,mTani maRalni” da ,,mTis wyaro”, ,,goCi” da ,,sinidisi”...” (49,223-

224).

Pprof. iuza evgeniZe ikvlevs ra vaJa-fSavelas prozaul

TxzulebaTa SemoqmedebiT interesebs, calke gamoyofs cikls iseTi

moTxrobebisas, romlebic legenduri ieriTac savsea da bibliuri

motivebiTacaa datvirTuli. Aam ciklis nawarmoebebia ,,goCi”(legenda),

,,saaRdgomod”,1889w., ,,klde mtirali”, 1889w., ,,saSobao moTxroba”,1890w.,

,,eSmaki (saSobaod), 1908w. da sxva. sxva avtorTagan gansxvavebiT, mas miaCnia,

rom am nawarmoebSi vaJas fantazia, misi warmomsaxvelobiTi unari ver

aRwevs im dones, rac zmaneba-Cvenebis, sizmriseuli xilvebiTaa da ocnebis

formiT mowodebul moTxrobebSia gamovlenili”(27,416).

Yyovelive zemoTqmuls ganvavrcobT vaJas poziciis

dafiqsirebiT. cnobil statiaSi-,,kritika b. ip. varTagavasi’ vkiTxulobT:

,,amasTanave isic unda vsTqvaT, bevri ambavi da zRapari, me Sevqmen da iotis

odeni imaTSi xatobis Tqmulebisa araferi urevia, Tumca frCxilebSi

vsvamdi ,,Zvelis-Zveli ambavio”, ,,zRapario”, ,,Tqmulebao”, im mosazrebiT,

dabeWdvis dros dabrkoleba ara hqoniyo. Ees, ra Tqma unda, danaSaulad

unda CaiTvalos imdenadve, ramdenadac xalxuri Tqmulebis miTviseba,

rogorc amis ufleba ara aqvs aravis, ise-Tavis nacodvilaris xalxisTvis

misakuTreba, xalxur ambad gasaReba”(32,315).

vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli zRapari mravalferovania Tematuradac,

Janrul elementTa sinTeziTac, es naTlad Cans rogorc XIX, ise XX

saukuneSi Seqmnil TxzulebebSi, romlebSic brwyinvaled aris daculi

folkloruli tradiciebic da literaturuli zRapris specifikac.

siuJeturad TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ambis gazRaprebac da faunis

warmomadgenlebis Cveulebrivi literaturul-mxatvruli gasaxierebac.

cxovelTa eposi brwyinvaledaa warmodgenili vaJas lirikaSic, poemebSic,

prozaSic, piesaSic. Ees naTlad Cans rogorc uSualod nawarmoebis

saTaurSi maTi dasaxelebiT (daTvi, mgeli, daWrili vefxvi, kurdRlis

simRera”), ise ,,Sinaarsis gamJRavnebul saTaurebSic (38,92): saTaguri,

bunebis mgosnebi, tyis komedia da sxva.

miuTiTeben, rom ,,cxovelTa zRaprebSi dasmuli problemebi

yofiTia. isini eZeben saWmels da mis mosapoveblad tyuian, Zaladoben.

Semdeg modis gaWirvebidan Tavdaxsnis problema.

127

cxovelebis xifaTiT savse cxovreba mimdinareobs SezRudul

horizontalur sivrceSi-tyeSi, mindorSi, sofelSi”(95,187).

swored yofiTi problemaa mocemuli vaJas nawarmoebSi ,,daTvi”.

zRapari”(14,500-510). Ees mozrdili prozauli Txzuleba daibeWda JurnalSi

,,Cveni eri”(1904w.N#1,#2). Aan zRapris Sinaarsma, an sxva ram mizezma

ganapiroba, albaT, is, rom igi ar dabeWdila Jurnal ,,nakadulSi”

mozrdilTaTvis.

Txzulebis fabula, misi Sinaarsi, mTlianad siuJeti

garkveulwilad amarTlebs literaturismcodneobaSi arsebul debulebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom mxatvruli qmnilebis Janris gansazRvra avtorTa mier

xSirad ar emTxveva mis namdvil gvarsa Tu saxeobas, Janris raobas.

magaliTad, vaJam 1909 wels daweril nawarmoebs -,,daTvi” uwoda- zRapari.

Ees nawarmoebi, Cveni fiqriT, aris klasikuri nimuSi

moTxrobisa; nawarmoebisa, romelic faqtobrivad alegoriaa

sazogadoebrivi yofierebis Sesaxeb. zRaprobas mas aniWebs gareul

cxovelTa ametyveleba adamianurad.

daTvSi, meliaSi, mgelSi, maCvSi, virSi, lom-vefxvSi avtorma

ganasaxiera Tavisi drois sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi xasiaTebi.

maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan, garemo tipiuria da ganazogadebs socialur

Tu fsiqologiur viTarebas.

Tu xalxur zRaprebSi, kerZod, covelTa eposSi, warmmarTvelia

miswrafeba, Tavi aaridon mSral didaqtikas da mezRapreebi mxatvrulad

mogviTxroben ambavs, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveul ideaze, daskvnebs ki

ar gvTavazoben”(82,186), literaturul zRaparSi swored ideuri, socialuri

Tu rigi sazogadoebrivi problemebisa iZenen srul datvirTvas. magaliTad,

gansaxilvel nawarmoebSi deskrifciulia mezRapris metyvelebis mTeli

rigi teqstologiuri pasaJebi. Deskrifciis funqcia xom isaa, rom

,,erTgvarad anelebs fabulis dinebasa da siuJetis ganviTarebas, magram

amasTanave afarToebs Txrobis farglebs, xels uwyobs ambis gaSlas,

sxvadasxva momentisa da motivis SemotaniT amdidrebs nawarmoebs.

Deskrifcia retardaciis (fabulis Senelebis) erT-erTi saxea.”(119,350).

daTvis monologs mosdevs avtoriseuli deskrifciuli pasaJi: ,,amas,

iciT, Cveni daTvi rodis ambobda?-omgadaxdili ikvexoda Tavis

samflobeloSi, daburuls, uRrans tyeSi,-maSin roca mTeli ninias ojaxi

128

da misi mezoblebi gminavdnen da tirodnen didian-patariana

Tavpirdamsvreulni, tandalewilebi biZia daTunias wyalobiT”(33,500).

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba uSualod daTvis sityvebSi

gamoxatuli deskrifciuli pasaJi: ,,roca guli moijera boboqrobiT da

oromtrialiT, daTvma mixed-moixeda, Semdeg dayunTda, Tavi daqindra da

dafiqrda. ,,hoo,-warmosTqva dabolos,-vidre erTi urCia qveyanaze, Cemi

bednierad cxovreba yovlad SeuZlebelia. sruls bednierebas mxolod

maSin movipoveb, roca urCni mTlad gaswydebian, aRifxvrebian pirisagan

qveynisa, amitom saWiroa yvelas gonebis Carxi ase moimarTos, ase fiqrobdes

da sxvagvarad ara: ,,daemorCileniT uZlurni ZlierTa, rameTu maT xelT

aris sicocxle Tqveni, e.i. Cvenio”.(96,501).

Aavtologiis araerTi magaliTia vaJas SemoqmedebaSi.

Aavtologiis dros is mTeli ,,Tavisi realisturi sizustiT upirispirdeba

figuralur, tropul metyvelebas”(jumber WumburiZe). magaliTad, mocemul

zRaparSi mTxrobeli ityvis: ,,..mglebi, turebi, melebi, maCvebi da sxvani

muSaobden soflad Tanaxmad daTvis mier boZebulis planisa: aaoxres,

daawiokes soflebi qurdobiT, taciaobiT, sxvadasxva avazakobiT”(33,507).

Mmocemul citataSi avtologiis nimuSia sityva ,,plani”, gamoyenebuli

mezRapris metyvelebaSi. naTelia, rom avtologiis stilisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia barbarizmis Semotana metyvelebaSi.

Pprof. j. WumburiZe aRniSnavs, rom ,,avtologiis magaliTebi

sakmaod gvxvdeba vaJas poemebSi. Ees bunebrivia: epikuri Janris iseT

nawarmoebebSi, sadac gaSlili siuJeti da TxrobiTi mxare, ambavi

arsebiTad gansazRvravs mxatvruli qmnilebis xasiaTs, avtologiuri

pasaJebi aucilebelicaa”(28,353). Tu zRaparSi ,,daTvi” mxolod avtologiuri

pasaJi warmovadgineT, vfiqrobT avtologiuria mTeli mxatvruli teqsti

iseTi poemebisa, rogorebicaa: ,,sityva”(1905w.) da ,,deda-

Svilebi”(Tqmuleba)(1910w.). amis Tqmis saSualebas iZleva, upirveles

yovlisa, TiToeuli maTganis mxatvruli struqtura: orive nawarmoebi

Seqmnilia absoluturad gansxvavebuli stiliT. Ees gamoxatulia ritmikaSi,

striqonTa agebaSi 5,10-marcvlovani ganzomilebiT. Tumca ,,sityvis” riTma

tradiciulia, vaJasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia; erTmaneTs eriTmeba II-IV-VI-VIII

da X taepebi, xolo poemaSi ,,deda-Svilebi” avtori Zalze Tavisuflad

epyroba am sakiTxs.

Aavtologiurobas iwvevs am poemebSi siWarbe anJanbemanisa.

129

vaJa-fSavelas yvela nawarmoebSi moCans misi damweris

genialuri Wvreta samyarosi. ganusazRvrelad vrcelia da mravalferovania

mwerlis interesTa sfero. Aam sferoSi marto adamiani ki ar aris misi

dakvirvebisa da warmosaxvis obieqti, aramed floraca da faunac, rogorc

TviT vaJa ambobda: mTeli ,,uen-piro buneba”. Tavisi geniis wyalobiT maT

adamianuri suli Caudga, adamianurad aametyvela, adamianur vnebebs aziara.

erTi sityviT-usulo sagnebs suli STabera. vaJa-fSavelas mTeli proza

samyaros did sivrceze SeZaxili-xmaa, rogorc sicocxlisaTvis siyvarulis

udidesi qebaTa-qeba.

1902 wels dawerili moTxrobis ,,mgeli” erTaderTi mTavari moqmedi

piria mgeli, romelic avtorma warmogvidgina adamianuri gancdebiT, vnebiT

aRWurvili. mTxrobeli faqizi gulTamxilvelobiT epyroba mgels, mis

gancdebs, mis emociebs.

Ddidi fermweris funjiT daxatul tilos mogvagonebs mglis

adgilsamyofeli, Tavad mglis Sinagani sulieri ganwyobileba.

Aavtori dakvirvebuli fsiqologis TvaliT Wvrets mglis

nafiqrs, yuradRebiT usmens mis Sinagan metyvelebas: ,,friad daRonebuli

iyo. Bbevrjer mohSivnia... SimSilisagan Sewuxebuls bevrjer uTxovnia

RvTisaTvis: ,,RmerTo, Cveno gamCeno, momec sazrdo, rom gavZRe, nu momklav

simSiliT!... Seni gaCenili var, damarCine, ufalo!”-magram roca RmerTs

Seusmenia misi Txovna, mgels dahviwynia madlobis gadaxda. samagierod,

roca amaod Cauvlia mis Txovna-vedrebas, samduravi, sayveduri

gamoucxadebia RvTisaTvis”.

Aaq marto mgluri buneba ki ara Cans, aramed es aris adamianTa

fsiqologiuri qmedeba, rac, samwuxarod, bevr CvenTagans axasiaTebs.

Aavtori kvaldakval misdevs mglis fiqrTa denas, akvirdeba mis

feriscvalebas: sasayveduro sityvebis Tqmis dros ,,es sacodavi nadiri,

unda genaxaT, maSin ra sazareli Sexeduleba hqonda da masTan sabralo.

Tumc orive Tvali cisaken hqonda amarTuli, masTan erTi Tvali mainc

almacerad icqireboda: miwas, tyes ar aSorebda... an lukma ar amcdes, an

mtris msxverpli ar gavxdeo”.

Tvalebi sulis sarkeao, Tqmula da avtormac mglis sulieri

gancdebis damajereblad gadmosacemad mglis TvalTa elvareba asaxa

genialurad: ,,misi Tvalebi casa da dedamiwas cecxlis sxivebs esroda; es

130

cecxli sxva juris cecxli iyo, igi ar hgavda arc cecxls, arc mze da

mTvaris sinaTles, xolo saSineli sanaxavi iyo es sinaTle”.

warsulidan awmyo droSi gadmodis mTxrobeli, Tvals ar

aSorebs dRes yvelasgan moZulebulsa da SeCvenebuls mgels, romelic

,,iwva udaburs tyeSi. Oorive toti win gaewoda, didi sali klde Tavze

dasCereboda da zurgs umagrebda; mgeli cis sivrces gascqeroda”.

interieri xels gviwyobs ukeT ganvsazRvroT mglis ganwyobileba, misi

realuri yofa. mis gulTaxilvas axmianebs avtori, rodesac ambobs: ,,mas

sasmel-saWmeli aRar awuxebda. maS rada swuxda? rad iyo daRonebuli? ras

fiqrobda es beCavi cxoveli? gikvirsT? nu gagikvirdebaT!.. dRes mgeli

sruliad sxvas rasme fiqrobda da isev am fiqriT RmerTs emdureboda”.

raSi gamoixateboda es samduravi? samduravis sityvebi,

faqtiurad, gabezrebuli adamianis sityvebia, adamianisa, visac Tavisi yofa

ver autania, ukeTesis momlodine da msurveli kacis sityvebia:

,,RmerTo, rad gamaCine mglad?! rada vZulvar yvelas? rad momeci

buneba mglisa? rad var sisxliT gaumaZRari? Dda moulodnelad ucnaur

natvras inatrebs mgeli: ,,ratom ara var Sveli, an iremi, Tund beCavi

kurdReli?” aqve simarTles ityvis mgeli da damajerebelia misi naTqvami,

realobaa: ,,kurdRloba me ar SemiZlian, arc irmoba, arc Svloba... Cemi

buneba sul sxvaa, eSmaki mizis gulSi: ,,gaafuWe, waaxdine... rac SeiZleba

bevri sisxli daanTxie! Nnu dahzogav nuravis... Tese qveyanaze vaeba, tirili

da glova, sisxli da cremli!”

Semdeg ki iwyeba monanieba: ,,ar minda gavifiqro, ar minda

gavixseno Cemi codvebi... RmerTo, RmerTo, Se dalocvilo! ra ubeduri, ra

yvelaze sawyali gagiCenivar! Dda gana marto me? ra saWiroa an vefxvi, an

daTvi, an sxva sisxlis msmeli nadiri? ras vakeTebT Cven? Aarafers codvis

mets. Cveni sicocxle, Cveni arseba Tavidan bolomde dagvirgvinebuli

codvaa!... ra mqvian me?-mgeli. uvargiss, umsgavss saxels vatareb. nuTu

amisTana yofna yofnaa, amisTana sicocxle sicocxlea?! Aara es mkvdari

sicocxlea!... Cven roca gvSian, erTmaneTsac ki vWamT”. Aaq maxsendeba mgel

totias tragikuli aRsasruli brwyinvale nawarmoebidan ,,amodis, naTdeba!”

Mmgeli gulwrfelad sTxovs yvelas: ,,miTxariT, mirCieT, ra

vqna? riT vuSvelo Cems Tavs? saiT, rogor davaRwio Tavi am mglurs

bunebas, am wyeuls, am SeCvenebul wadilTa da grZnoba-miswrafebaTa

xrovas?... eeh!”-sTqva man, mwared kbilebSi daakraWuna”.

131

Aavtori dakvirvebuli TvaliT ixedeba mglis irgvliv arsebul

garemoSi. Ggadmogvcems Cxikvis, mdinarisa da tyis reaqcias mglis aRsarebis

mimarT. dasawyisSi warmoudgenlad miaCndaT Cxikvsa da mdinares amgvari

aRsareba, ar sjerodaT mgluri bunebis mqonesagan aseTi feriscvaleba.

Mmagram rodesac Caufiqrdnen naTqvams da irwmunes mglis gulwrfeloba,

yvelam TanaugrZno mgels da gaamarTles igi: Cxikvmac, mdinaremac, tyemac:

,,marTalia, marTali, ara styuiso!-daigriala tyem da miSolt-moSolta

Tavisi foTliani totebi”. Kkodalam ki yvelas gasagonad ,,daakakuna”: ,,gana,

aqao da mgeliao, simarTles ar ityvis, araferi daejereba?!” mgeli ki

garindebuliyo da male Tvlemac moeria.

ZilSi ki rac enatreboda, rac inatra, sizmrad aucxadda: ,,irmad

qceuliyo, mSvenieri tanisa, bojojRi rqebiT Semosili, yelmoRerebuli

sxva irmebTan erTad danavardobda tyeSi”.

erT bewo xans Tvalis moxuWva sicocxlis fasad daujda mgels.

mZinars xmeli foTlebis Sriali da lawa-luwi moesma, wamodga. Mmis win

damfrTxali irmebis gundi garboda. sinanuliT Tqva: ,,movtyuvdi, wavidnen,

wavidnen! Mmirbian, mirbian!.. irmebs Tan gahyva misi Tvalebi”. ,,mgeli ar

moSlis mglobasao”-da mas sasikvdilo ganaCenic gamoutana aman. yuradReba

moaduna, sifxizle da sifrTxile daekarga da irmebze xelmocarulma

monadirem erTi gasroliT mokla mgeli.

Ggasaocari gamodga imave Cxikvis, mdinaris, kldisa da tyis

damokidebuleba mglis aRsasrulis mimarT. Aavtori ase aRwers am ambavs:

,,am SemTxvevam yvelani gaaoca: ,,dideba SenTvis, ufalo, winadigrZno

sikvdilis moaxloveba, Torem vin mgeli, vin magisTana msjeloba?-ambobda

klde”; ,,sawyali, saawyali mgeli!- dudunebda mdinare, Tqven ar daijerebT,

cxonebulia!” Cxikvi ,,dafarfatebda da ugemurad Cxikvinebda... tye arafers

ambobda, Tavi dabla daedo da Rrma, saidumlo fiqrebSi iyo

garTuli.”(33,134).

Aam bolo sityvebiT avtorma faqtiurad sazogadoebas mouwoda

gulisxmierebisaken, rwmenisaken, rom unda gvjerodes gulwrfeli

aRsarebisa, rom TanamgrZnobelni unda viyvneT aseTebis mimarT.

Aam Txzulebis saxiT Cvens winaSea brwyinvale fsiqologiuri novela.

Ffsiqologizmi gansaxovnebulia mgrZnobiare lirizmiT, romelic avtoris

metyvelebaSia gamovlenili. Bb-n. grigol kiknaZis marTebuli poziciis

mixedviT, ,,mgeli” lirikuli moTxrobaa. Aaqve unda SevexoT prof. guCa

132

kvaracxelias originalur midgomas vaJa-fSavelas prozaul TxzulebaTa

bunebisadmi. kerZod, man gaiziara grigol kiknaZis ramdenime maxasiaTebeli,

romelTa mixedviTac poetika iseTi nawarmoebebisa, rogorebicaa: ,,ia”,

,,goCi”, ,,mTis wyaro”, ,,patara mwyemsis fiqrebi”, ,,xmeli wifeli”, ,,klde

tiris” da a.S. (,,..isini sam aTeuls aRweven)... aSkarad migviTiTebs imaze, rom

CamoTvlili nawarmoebebi prozas ar warmoadgens arc tradiciuli da arc

Tanamedrove gagebiT. isini arc lirikuli gadaxvevebia, vinaidan TiToeuli

maTgani Tavidan bolomde lirizmiT ganmsWvaluli damoukidebeli

Txzulebaa”(45,118-119). Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, maT ricxvs unda miematos aq Cvens

mier gaanalizebuli ,,mgeli” da ,,verxvic”.

Mmkvlevari gvTavazobs saintereso niSnebs mTel rig

TxzulebaTa damoukideblobis maxasiaTeblad. igi vaJas Txzulebebs

ganixilavs sazRvargareTuli literaturis arealis fonze da aRniSnavs:

,,...es arc lamartinis, miuses, vinis, hiugos romanebis an nervinis

moTxrobebis msgavsi prozaa, Tundac mcire formatis gamo, rac Tavis Tavad

bevr struqturulsa Tu Sinaarsobliv gansxvavebas aCens. Sedareba mainc

SeiZleba gavamarTloT imiT, rom yvela dasaxelebuli avtori, iseve

rogorc vaJa, poeti iyo da maT prozaSi eqspresiuli simboloebis

SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxva iseve dominirebda rogorc maTsave romantikul

poeziaSi”(45, 119).

sakuTari debulebis dasasabuTeblad g. kvaracxelia mimarTavs

saTanado Teoriul analizs, sadac Camoyalibebulia prozis specifika anu

,,..sadac, Cveulebriv, personaJis mravalmxrivi gamoxatva moqmedebisa da sxva

personaJebTan rTuli mimarTebis saSualebiT xdeba, vaJa mxatvruli saxis

Tavisebur tips agebs, imgvar lirikul saxes qmnis, romelic aRsarebiTi da

TviTgamoxatviTia”(45,119). Aam niSnis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, novela

,,mgeli” lirikuli prozaa im gansxvavebiT, rom lirizmis muxti

personaJTan SedarebiT ufro mTxrobelze modis. Mmgeli ki ufro

,,aRsarebiTi” tipia, struqturis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, avtoria

mTxrobeli. Aamdenad, ,,mgeli” marTlac ufro poeturi prozis nimuSia.

sizmris TemiT, poeturobiT, lirizmiT, romelic SeiZleba

miviCnioT safuZvlad miniaturis ideuri datvirTvis gansazRvrisaTvis unda

ganvixiloT 1905 wels dawerili ,,sizmari oblisa” (daibeWda ,,iveriaSi”-

1905w. #151) gaxlavT.

133

Ffabula, rogorc es miniaturas moeTxoveba, umartivesia!

,,fexSiSveli, Camoglejili kabis amara oboli Wilobze iwva da eZina...

sZinavs obols.. mcveli angelozi adga Tavs, igi lmobieria, oblebis

moyvaruli da mobraluli... man icis oblis gulis tkivili, unda uwamlos

da rogor?.. da mouvlina sizmari”(32,360).

Mminiaturis qronotopic myisieri, sizmriseuli masStabisa

aRmoCnda. sizmarSi man deda ipova. Uubednieresi iyo... daesizmra is, rasac

cxadSi natrobda, rac cxadad aklda... dedam yvela survili ausrula,

pirobac misca, Tavs aRar daganebeb, sul SenTan viqnebio, ,,gagaxareb da

gavixareb Sengano”(32,361). Bbunebrivia, sizmarma mcveli angelozis brZanebiT

feri maleve icvala. Oobols moevlina dedinacvali-gaaxdevina dedis

naCuqari kaba, moaZrobina sayureebic. gaiRviZa SemkrTalma obolma-,,xelebs

faTuri dauwyo, dedas eZebda, dabarbacebda kuTxidan kuTxeSi,

luRluRebda: ,,dedav, dedav! sada xar? sad damemale, dedi, dedii Seni

Wirime! Dda ... pasuxi xom ar moesma arsaidan xelebgafarCxuli miwis

iatakze gaerTxa da gaisma sazareli, gulsaklavi qviTini”.(32, 362). Aavtorma

Ooriode fraziT mianiSna drois Sesaxeb-gazafxulze: ,,gareT neli, JuJuna

wvima modioda, xexili wiTlad, yviTlad, TeTrad hyvaoda. Soridan

bulbulis kvnesa-galoba ismoda. Ggazafxulis Rame iyo...” rac mTavaria,

oblis TanamgrZnobeli mcveli angelozi ,,minam sizmriT oboli stkbeboda,

gaxarebuli iyo, exla ki isic tiroda”32,362).

Oobols mxolod misi megobari kata ,,totsa scemda ualersebda,

TiTqos eubneboda: ra gatirebs? ra gaCivlebs? Aade, vixtunoT,

viTamaSoTo...(iqve).

uaRresi sentimentalobisaa safinalo Sorisdebuli, warmoTqmuli

avtoris mier:-aax!..”

viziarebT, ra q-n g. kvaracxelias novatorul midgomas, am prozaul

poetur Txzulebasac misive poziciidan SevafasebdiT: es miniatura

,,moicavs Cveulebrivsac da UuCveulosac, arsebulsac da warmosaxviTsac,

zRaprulsa da miTosursac, cxadsac da sizmarsac, cnobiersac da

aracnobiersac-yovelive imas, ris moxelTebasac axali poezia da Semdgom

modernistuli prozac cdilobda da cdilobs”(45,123).

134

vaJas 900-iani wlebis prozis erTgvari mekvle gamodga moTxroba

„verxvi“. es iyo 1900 wels pirveli prozauli Txzulebis publikacia (ix. J.

„jejili“, 1900 w. №2 gv. 29.34).

vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrul interesTa erT-erT Tematur rkalad moiazreba

is moTxrobebi, romlebSic bunebis warmonaqmnTa asaxvas miniWebuli aqvs

TavisTavadi Rirebuleba”... sibralulis, siyvarulis, martoobis, Zlierebis,

gautexlobis, sikeTis, borotebis, siwmindis, simdablis, imedis da didi sevdis

gancdebia gadmoSlili am moTxrobebSi. aq TiTqos erTsa da imave TemaTa axal-

axal variaciebs qmnis vaJa, marad moubezrebels da marad mSveniers“ (27,411-412).

„verxvi“ iseT nawarmoebTa wyebaSia CarTuli, rogornic arian: „ia“, mTis

wyaro“, klde mtirali“, quCi“, fesvebi“, mTani maRalni“, „kldem mxolod erTxel

sTqva“, „Joli“, „napralni“, „usurvazis dasja“, „erTi uyureT tyesa -da“ da sxva.

martosulis mware fiqriTaa gabruebuli vaJas verxvi. mZimea misi xvedri,

magram martosuloba ar eTqmis n. baraTaSvilis „Cinarsa“ da giorgi leoniZis

„oles“ Sua mdgoms. Tu Cinaris fesvebs mtkvris talRebi eferebian, oles ki -

liaxvisa, verxvi, Cans, aragvispireli unda iyos. samive myar kldeze dgas:

„ganmartoebuls frialis kldeze sdgas alvis xisa norCi axali, mraval-

Stovani, magrilobeli, haerovani, turfa, maRali“ (nikoloz baraTaSvili

„Cinari“, 1844 w.) verxvi „martod-martoka idga erT mwirs goraze; mis axlo-

maxlo sxva xis WaWaneba ar iyo“ (vaJa-fSavela „verxvi“, 1900 w.) da „Sen lixvis

kldeze dgaxar, Zveli mosasxamiT, - ole, ole, martoxeo, dRisiTa da RamiT“

(giorgi leoniZe „ole“, 1931 w.)

am fonze vaJas „verxvic“ mravali aspeqtiT inarCunebs sayuradRebo

saxismetyvelebas.

verxvi saxea im kacisa, vinc mTeli Tavisi arsebiT daeZebs Tavis

funqcias cxovrebaSi, visac gulwrfelad stkiva sxvisi tkivili, vinc

gulwrfelad cdilobs sxvebisTvis dardTa ganqarvebas, alalgulad

sTavazobs Tavsa da sicocxlesac ki mis Soriaxlos myofT; magram, raca

RmerTma arguna bedad, ver gadavidoda saRvTo ganaCens da gulSi ibrunebda da

iklavda martoobis sevdas.

135

filosofiuri datvirTviT, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT pirovnebisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis saxismetyvelebiT, nawarmoebi, Cveni rwmeniT,

scildeba saymawvilo Tematikis repertuars, is ufro farTo-da-

mravalplaniani Txzulebaa; Tumca, Tavis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiT funqcias

odnavadac ar kargavs . novelisturi tempiT miedineba siuJeti. kompaqturi

moculoba, gancdaTa gamWvirvaleoba, sxarti da didebulad sada metyveleba,

movlenaTa logikuri da dinamikuri ganviTareba „verxvs“ samarTlianad miuCens

kuTvnil adgils „jejilis“ furclebze.

fabulac advilad aRsaqmelia da Tvalmisadevnebelia norCi

mkiTxvelisaTvis aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tu patara doziT mainc aTenebs Rames

poeturoba da fantazia bavSvis arsebaSi, uTuod didi STabeWdilebis momxdeni

unda iyos verxvis mZime xvedri balRebze.

Cveulebrivad Zalze STambeWdavia garemos xatva vaJas mier. StrixebiT ki

araa warmodgenili panorama, aramed didebuli ferweruli tiloa mkiTxvelis

win. garemo zedmiwevniT gamoxatavs verxvis martoxeobas, ufro metic, - mis

martosulobas.

RmerTsac emduroda verxvi, misi samduravi ufro filosofiuri gansja

iyo Tavisi xvedrisa - „rasa hgavs Cemi umadlo sicocxle, ras vakeTeb am frialo

mTaze martodmarto? Tu verafers gavigoneb, veravis ras gavagoneb, veravis

gavaxareb da TviTonac ver gavixareb, es xom mkvdari sicocxlea?!“ (32,320; ).

erTi patara niuansic vlindeba verxvis bunebaSi. is gvagonebs im pataras,

im bavSvs, da iseT mozrdilsac, romelic mTeli arsebiT cdilobs Sens

Tanaziarad gaxados misTvis sasixarulo, saintereso movlenisadmi: „ei, Zmebo

wamiyvaneT TqvenTan, Tu gwamT RmerTi, an aq, CemTan, wamodiT, aq maRla iqnebiT;

aqedan bevr rasme dainaxavT: ager qalaqi, mravali soflebi, ager tba da

didroni Tovliani mTebi! mSvenier sanaxavs hnaxavs Tqveni Tvalebi, mand

mxolod jurRmuls hxedavT, sxva arafers .

lirizmiT, didi adamianuri siTboTia savse xmeli foTlis epizodi, xom

patara, umniSvnelo saxe-detalia qariT motanili xmeli foToli, magram ra

metyvelia ra didebulad xsnis verxvis didbunebovnobas, kacTmoyvareobas,

sikeTes: „am ramdenisame wlis winaT qarma im Soreuli tyidan moitana erTi

136

xmeli foToli. da is iyo, unda gaecilebina verxvisaTvis, magram verxvi mTeli

Tavisi sigrZe-siganiT gadaizniqa, mohxvia magra totebi xmel verxvis foTols

da magra Caikra gulSi, dResac inaxavs mas da gvelis TvaliviT ufrTxildeba...

dRes ki erTaderTi xmeli foTolia imis nugeSi, imas ealerseba, ixutebs gulSi,

hlocnis, esaubreba, magram sabralo foToli pasuxs ver aZlevs“ (32,320 – 321).

magram rogorc TviT vaJa brZanebs -„buneba mbrZanebelia“, sikeTesTan

erTad bevrs avsac sCadis. bevrjer dastexia verxvs Tavze risxva bunebisa.

kinokadrebis specefeqtiviT STambeWdavia myisieri „gabrazebis“ kadrebi Semdeg

abzacSi: „roca saSineli qariSxali amovardeboda, delgma iyo, Weqa-quxili

iseTi, rom kacs egoneboda, qveyana iqcevao. da TviT verxvic elva-mexis

naperwkalebSi iyo gaxveuli“ - amas ferweriT, yalmiT, verasodes daxatavs

kacis xeli, es mxolod dRevandeli kinoefeqtiT miiRweva (xazgasma Cemia J.k.).

arc aseT delgmas epueba verxvi, saTavisod gamoyenebac surs, egeb man

mainc SeZlos misi natvris aRsruleba: igi „emudareboda saSinel bunebis

movlenas: „amomfxveri aqedan da gadamagde im Cem ZmebTan, tyeSi, dee, iq movkvde,

iq davlpe, davmiwde imaT kalTaze; Tu cremls ar maRirseben, qoqolas xom

damayrian da damwyevliano“. amaze didi adamianTmoyvareoba, moyvasTan yofnis

survili iSviaTad Tu gamoxatula mxatvrul literaturaSi. Tumca rogorc

mTxrobeli gveubneba: „arcara im Txovnidan gamovida: verxvi iqve adgilobriv

idga, mexisagan tanze mravalgan dazianebuli“ (iqve).

meore TavSi kidev erTxel dasturdeba verxvis keTilkacoba. rogorc

mTxrobeli gadmogvcems: „verxvs erTi dardi aqvs kidev, romlisTvisac Tavi ver

dauxwevia verc zamTarSi, verc zafxulSi“. mwkrivad mdgomi verxvebi, romelTa

gulisTvisac gulmxurvaled loculobda, im zamTarSi did zvavs gadmoeTela,

sul gaenadgurebina saSinel suraTs dascqeroda zemodan verxvi daRupuli

moZmeebisas: „es suraTi rom hnaxa, verxvs guli moukvda, dResac imasve vaebs da

hgodebs: „... sabralno!.. Cemebi aran... aq rom yofiliyvnen, xom ar daemarTebodaT

eg ubedureba?! netavi, mec imaTTan mainc vyofiliyavi, rom maTTan erTad

damelia mec sulio“ (iqve).

Txzulebis mesame TavSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi detali, aq aRwerilia,

Tu rogor uyvarda verxvs yvavilebi, rogor uklavda guls maTi dRemokle

137

cxovreba, rogor dahbutbutebda maT Tavze da rogor loculobda maTTvis

sagulisxmoa misi gancda: „mwyemsebi Tavis samwyemsoTi mis Crdilis qveS

isvenebdnen. amis gamo ver aswrebda verxvi Seeswavlebina yvavilebisaTvis

Tavisi ena da esaubra maTTan, Tumca TviTon ki esmoda maTi saubari“...

moTxroba 1900 wlis dasawyisSia gamoqveynebuli, igulisxmeba, rom

avtori masze 1890 wlebis bolos an 1900 wlis dasawyisSi imuSavebda. lodebis

amsaubrebeli da quCis gamTamamebeli Semoqmedis mxatvrul samyaroSi

SeiniSneba erTgvari impulsi ideisa. kerZod, verxvi cdilobs Seaswavlos

yvavilebs Tavisi ena da gaesaubros maT. yvavilTa enis codnam, amis Taobaze

dafiqrebam da did SemoqmedebiT tilod realizaciam Seaqmnevina mgosans

„gvelis mWamelis “ erTi garkveuli pasaJi.

TanagrZnobis gamomwvevia verxvis aRsasruli. man TviT sikvdilSi hpova

madli, romelsac mieltvoda mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze. naadrevma

zamTarma SeaRona mwyemsebi, SeSis Sovna gauZneldaT da didi yoymanis Semdeg

miadgnen sicxeSi maT maCrdilobel verxvs, moWres igi. qoxSi didi cecxli

gaaCaRes: „SeSad verxvi enTo, garSemo mwyemsebi usxdnen, didi da patara,

mklavtitvelebi, fexSiSveli balRebi ixuxebodnen cecxlis alze, agreTve

moxucni, da yvela ki amas gaiZaxoda erTxmad: „ih, ra cecxlia, dagloca

RmerTmao!“

mravlismTqmelia avtoris bolo sityvebi: „ase gaTavda verxvis

sicocxle, moeswro igi madlis qmnas, mxolod TviTon veRara grZnobda

sabralo, Tu madlsa Svreboda“ (32,233).

risi Tqma surda am nawarmoebiT avtors, ratom airCia mTavar adresatad

bavSvebi, ras STaagonebs maT, raze daafiqrebs maTs norC gonebas? am kiTxvebze

pasuxs isev geniosi mwerlis esTetikuri xasiaTis nawerebSi vpovebT.

mwerlis mier migneba, misvla martoxesTan aRgviZravs imis gagebis

survils, Tu rogor adamians SeiZleba gvagonebdes verxvi, didi bunebis es

pawawina gamovlineba. dabejiTebiT gvmoZRvravs avtori: „gareSe bunebisa da

adamianTa cxovrebisa ar aris poezia: visac kargad esmis buneba da cxovreba,

Tunda leqsebs, dramebs, romanebs ar swerdes, mainc poetia. ar SeiZleba kacTa

cxovrebaSi iseTi ram movlena davasaxeloT, rom misi msgavsi TviT bunebaSic ar

138

moipovebodes.“ iqve daskvnis saxiT brZanebs poeti: „Cveni cxovreba sruli

gamomxatveliao bunebisa“. am Txzulebis wakiTxvis Semdeg ki WeSmarit

Sefasebamde migviyvans wamkiTvelT es patara wevri uenpiro bunebisa,romelic

srulad gamomxatvelia Cveni, adamianebis, cxovrebisa: daiferfla keTilis

msurveli kargi guli verxvisa da madliT aRgvavsebs yvelas misi sulis

silamaze. analizi am mSvenieri sabavSvo moTxrobisa SeiZleba davasrulo

vaJasave sityvebiT:

„mrwams, fefrlni kargis gulisa

qarm rom gafantos xmelada,

TiToSi mainc enTeba

tial-survili cxelada.

avis mCagravad, keTilis

mudam iqneba mcvelada:

beCavis, gaWirvebulis

momxmareT, meSvlad mxsnelada.

karg guls ara hklavs buneba,

Tan daaqvs Zvelis-Zvelada“ (mrwams, marad

miwamebia“ )

Pprofesor guCa kvaracxelias aRniSnuli statia kidev erTi

mtkicebaa imisa, rom ,,vaJas poeturi ena, romlis Taobaze mravali

urTierTsawinaaRmdego azri gamoTqmula, mxatvruli azrovnebis iseT

nimuSebs warmogvidgens, romlebic ver Tavsdebian veraviTari esTetikuri

,,kanonebis farglebSi”(45,67).

Aam patara Txzulebam gviCvena moulodnelobis emociuri

zemoqmedeba ara marto mkiTxvelebze, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, uenpiro

bunebaze: amis Taobaze miuTiTebs sulxan Jordania, roca wers: ,,vaJas

,,...enobriv xatebSi moulodnelobisa da sagnebis esTetikuri Rirebulebis

kriteriumebi isea Sezavebuli, rom TiTqmis nebismieri poeturi xati

mkiTxvels siamovnebas aniWebs. misi xatebis yvelaze xSiri da mSvenieri

elementia samSoblos buneba, romlis silamaziT tkbebian gapirovnebuli

aracocxali sagnebic ki”(71, 70-71). Aamis garkveuli magaliTebi ganxilul

nawarmoebSic mogvepoveba.

139

rodesac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT gapirovnebaze uenpiro bunebis

persoficinirebaze, bunebrivia, vaJa maT ,,gaadamianurebaze” akeTebs aqcents

da amdenad, am drosac misi poeturi TvalTa xedvis areSi mudam adamiania

Tavisi rTuli cxovrebiT.

Cans! Ddid poets yovelTvis awuxebda da afiqrebda bedi,

cxovreba oblisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT yvela nawarmoebi aRsavsea maTadmi

avtoris TanagrZnobiT; ara aqvs mniSvneloba, adamiani iqneba is (suli

oblisa, eTeri), Tu frinveli (rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed), an

cxoveli(Svlis nukris naambobi, melia-serefenia...). garda Temis, ideis

tipologiurobisa, fabulam gamoiwvia erTi stilisturi xerxic mis

SemoqmedebaSi, rogoricaa TviTganmeoreba ( 60,354); gavixsenoT ,,Svlis

nukris naambobis sawyisi sityvebi: ,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva:

cud dros davobldi (32,13) da aseve sawyisi frazebis detalebi

Txzulebidan ,,melia-serefenia”: ,,patara daoblda. Mmagram arc ise patara

iyo, sazrdos mopoveba ar SesZleboda”(32,511). Aam nawarmoebTa Soris ki

idga meoTxed saukuneze meti.

Tavis droze prof. gr. kiknaZem aRniSna: ,,vaJa-fSavela sulis

poetiao”, es iTqva iq, sadac igi ganixilavda vaJa-fSavelas xuT poemas,

kerZod poema ,,eTersac”(9,149). marTlac, TviT poetic xom brZanebda:

Nnetavi imas, vinaca

suliT amaRlda, gadidda,

daTrguna grZnoba dabali,

cis kiduramde avida”

(suli oblisa, 1903w. 33,217)

cota qvemoT ki avtori Caufiqrebia oblis suls, mis beds da

kiTxulobs:

miwa varT, mainc miwa varT.

Bbevri aiReT, daiReT

Mmiwobas ver avicilebT,

aTasjer qrTamic gaiReT!

suli madardebs me, suli,

imisi yofna, Tviseba,-

ra iqna suli oblisa,

wyeulebs darCaT iqneba?!

(iqve,219,) 1903w.)

140

Tu am poemaSi avtori exeba sulis sakiTxs, oboli gogonas

sikvdilis Semdeg, nabij-nabij misdevs misi sulis moZraobas, da gamoxatavs

Cveul TanagrZnoba-Tanadgomas oblobis mimarT, oblis cxovrebis

autanloba sxvaganac didi siTboTi da dauviwyari ferebiT aqvs daxatuli

mas, gavixsenoT Tundac eTeris sityvebi:

vahme, ra Zneli yofnaa

yofna, sicocxle oblisa!

srul wyeva-krulva Cem Tavsa,

arsad alersi mSoblisa...

ra lanZRva minda, ra krulva

dalaxvruls Savis dRisagan,

wel-bed daleuls sofelSi,

Tavdanebebuls RvTisagan...

(eTeri,1890, 33,45)

rogorc vxedavT, oboli, obloba, tipologiur saxes Rebulobs

vaJas epikur memkvidreobaSi da misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis garkveul

aspeqtadaa Camoyalibebuli. Ees erTnairadaa mocemuli rogorc XIX, ise XX

saukuneSi miviCnevT, rom es sakiTxi moicavs TviTganmeorebis

SemTxvevebsac. miTumetes, rom ,,TviTganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi xelovani

sruliad Segnebulad, xolo ufro xSirad gaucnobiereblad ubrundeba

adre ukve mis mier damuSavebul Temas, suraTs, gansaxierebis garkveul

saSualebebs, garkveul leqsikur erTeulebs”(60,354).

vaJasmcodneobaSi detalurad aris Seswavlili da gaSuqebuli

TviTganmeorebis brwyinvale nimuSi ,,gogoTur da afSinas” da

,,gvelisWamelis” mixedviT. magaliTad, prof. lado minaSvili ,,vaJa-fSavelas

xuT poemaSi”(1975w.) aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelam 1887 wels Seqmnil ,,gogoTur

da afSinaSi” sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganasaxiera sakiTxi kai ymis

maRaleTikur idealebTan viwro ojaxuri, kerZod colis praqtikuli

interesebis SeuTavseblobisa. Ees Tema sagangebo dakvirvebis sagnadaa

qceuli, maRal poetur formaSia warmodgenili poema ,,gvelis-mWamelSi”. Aam

poemebSi ara marto motivebi dauaxlovda erTmaneTs, aramed calkeuli

situaciebic ki”(60,355). Aavtors ukve sailustraciod moaqvs gogoTurisa da

mindias colebis pretenziebi qmrebis mimarT da Sesabamisad maTi

meuRleebis brazmoreuli pasuxebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am poemaTa

Seqmnis TariRebs Soris ToTxmeti weli dgas.

141

garda zenoaRniSnuli sakiTxebisa, vaJas eposze saubrisas win

wamoiwevs agreTve sxva uamravi sakiTxic tipologiurobisa. Eesenia:

metafizikuri, religiur-mistikuri, miTologiuri, sayofacxovrebo,

zRaprul-legenduri, cxovelTa eposi, liro-epikurobis struqturebi da

a.S.

Tu eTeris (,,eTeri”), sofios (,,suli oblisa”), Svlis nukris, melia

serefenias yofa gausaZlisia maTi patara asakidanve, Tu daTvi (zRapari

,,daTvi”), goCi an mucela mZime codvebis msxverplni xdebian, Tu aRazam,

aludam, joyolam, TaviaanTi feriscvalobiT Searyies zneobrivad

mravalsaukunovani Cakiruli mkacri adaT-wesebi, tradiciebi, Tu beri

luxumi, lela, kviria, ivane kotoraSvili, giglia, gogoTuri an ZaRlika

ximikauri Rirsebisa da gmirobis, mamuliSvilobis SaravandediT

sxivmosilni arian, Tu axundsa da beslans, uzneobisa da moRalatis lafiT

saxelSercxvenilebs vxedavT, Tu sanaTas, mamida xoSias, qiCirs

asuldgmulebT qveynis, ojaxis uzneobaze, mtrebze, gamarjvebisa da

SurisZiebis survili da qmedeba da maTi gansaxovnebiT igavmiuwvdomelia

vaJa-fSavela, aranakleb gamaognebelia am bumberazi Semoqmedis siTbo da

sinaze ,,jejilisa” da ,,nakadulis” norCi mkiTxvelebis mimarT da rogori

RvTisnieria igi uflisa mimarT aRvlenil vedrebaSi: ,,RmerTo, nu mohklav

pataras!”, an ra didi TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis bavSvebisadmi moTxrobidan

,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”, poemidan ,,anna-bulbuli”, lirikuli

leqsidan ,,oblebis simRera”...

rogorc cnobilia, prof. gr. kiknaZem sxvadasxva Tema gamoyo

vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. im CamonaTvalSi mecnieri oblobis sakiTxs

brwyinvaled ganixilavs ,,Svlis nukris naambobis” mixedviT. sagulisxmoa,

rom vaJa-fSavela oblobis Temas xSirad mimarTavs rogorc poeziaSi, ise

prozaSi da am aspeqtiTac naTlad vlindeba tipologiuroba. (ix. ,,Svlis

nukris naambobi”, ,,anna-bulbuli”, ,,eTeri”, ,,suli oblisa”, ,,rogor gaCndnen

buebi qveyanazed”, ,,melia serefenia” da sxva. lirikidan ki sagulisxmoa

,,oblebis simRera”.

Tu CamoTvlil nawarmoebTa fabulebs, ideur Canafiqrs, siuJetur

gardawyvetas gadavacliT Sreebs, plastebs, es bevrgan migviyvans

TviTCasaxvis, zogan TviTgameorebis faqtebTan. aRniSnulis dasasabuTeblad

jer unda davideT uSualod TviT avtoris SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi da

aqedan movaxdinoT gasvla globalur sivrceSi.

142

Tqmulia, rom TviTCasaxvis procesi TavisTavad moicavs sesxebis

faqtebsac. Aaqedan Cvens amocanad rCeba garkveva imisa, Tu ra Tema, ra idea,

ra mxatvruli aqsessuarebi, ,,isesxa” mweralma jer uSualod Tavis

SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi da mere gairkves, Tu sad moiZeveba kidev

analogiebi gareT, sxvagan msoflio arealSi.

Cveni fiqriT, sesxebis Teoriis erTgvar msubuq gamovlinebad migvaCnia

TviTganmeoreba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis maxasiaTebeli faqtori,

rogorc friad gasaTvaliswinebeli movlena mwerlis mxatvrul-

SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis istoriis, SemoqmedebiTi interesebis kvlevis

dros.

Aam TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT Tvalis gadevneba

oblobis Temis ,,sesxebaze” uSualod sakuTari ,,resursebidan” vaJas mier.

Aam dros saimedo gzamkvlevia prof. gr. kiknaZis naSromebi ,,vaJas

fenomeni”(48, 5-27), ,,vaJa-fSavelas prozis stili”(aqve, 67-90), ,,vaJa-fSavelas

poema ,,baxtrioni”(aqve,91-143), ,,vaJa-fSavelas xuTi poema” (aqve,144-183) da sxva.

daviwyoT im sakiTxis dasmiT, Tu vaJa-fSavela gameorebaTa ra

stilistikuri xerxis gamoyenebiT da rogor aRwevs CvenSi ,,stilistikuri

erTianobis STabeWdilebis ganmtkicebas”. Mmkvlevars Txzulebis

stilistikuri erTianobis saCveneblad ganxiluli aqvs mravali niuansi.

magaliTad, aRniSnulia, rom ,,..stilisturi erTianobis saCveneblad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi gamoTqmebis aRnusxvas, romlebic pirdapir

gamoxataven da upasuxeben am nawarmoebis Temasa da ideas; sruliad

ueWvelia, rom stilis mTlianobis yvelaze ufro TvalnaTliv magaliTad

is momentebi CaiTvleba, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT meordebian. Ee.i. stilis

erTianobas swored gameorebis saxiT mocemuli kavSirebi amJRavneben.

rodesac am TvalsazrisiT vakvirdebiT ,,Svlis nukris naambobs”,

aSkara xdeba iseT gameorebaTa arsebobis faqti romlebic miuTiTeben

TxzulebaSi ,,am gamoTqmisa da masSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsis gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobaze nawarmoebis dedaazrisaTvis”(48,87).

vfiqrobT, aq miniSnebuli gameoreba gansxvavdeba TviTganmeorebisagan,

radgan Txzulebis stilisturi erTianobis Sesaqmnelad gameoreba

nawarmoebis teqstis makonstruirebeli saSualebaa, TviTganmeoreba ki

sruliad gansxvavebuli funqciisa da Sinaarsisaa.

143

Aamis sailustraciod pirobiTad unda moxdes erTad dajgufeba

sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili nawarmoebebisa. Bbunebrivia, sawyisi, saTao

Txzuleba iqneba ,,Svlis nukris naambobi”.

Gganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad gameorebebi stilistur funqcias

asruleben ,,Svlis nukris naambobSi da intimizaciisa da intensifikaciis

amocanebs emsaxurebian (gr.kiknaZe). swored pirveli piriT gadmocema

gancdebisa sxva emociuri muxtis Semomtania nawarmoebSi, rac prof.

Ggrigol kiknaZes am nawarmoebis ,,lirikulobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel

momentad” miaCnia. Nnukris godebaSi ukve Tavidanve mTeli arsebiT ,,ixateba”

arsi oblobisa.

qrestomaTiul sayrdenad Cvenc miviCnioT uSualod Svlis nukris

mier mkiTxvelisaTvis gaziarebuli Tavisi mware gancdebi da mere aqedan

gadavinacvloT vaJas mier Semdgom wlebSi daweril TxzulebaTa

analogiuri Sinaarsis mqone pasaJebisaken:

,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva: cud dros davobldi. tanzed

macvia patara, moklebewviani, TeTris TvlebiT mowinwkluli Txeli qaTibi.

jer rqebi da kbilebi ar amomsvlia, Cliqebic ar gammagrebia.

Ggzadakarguli davdivar... guli miwuxs... guli... sabralo

dedaCemi! minam deda myvanda cocxali, sul alersSi vyvandi... ZuZus

mawovebda, mialersebda, mafrTxilebda. raRa meSveleba me sabralos exla!

ZuZus aRara vwov, mxolod balaxis namsa vsutav diliT da saRamoTi,

rodesac namia, da rZis ndomas imiT viklav. Uupatrono rom var, sul

meSinian, vkankaleb, mudam dRe sikvdils veli, gzaareuli davexetebi...

RmerTo, ramdeni mteri gvyavs!”(32,13).

Ees SeiZleba miviCnioT didebul ,,uvertiurad”, romelSic mokled,

emociuradaa gadmocemuli laitmotivi mTeli Txzulebis ideuri

Canafiqrisa. Ooblobis amsaxveli situaciis, garemos, ideis

TviTganmeorebad aRiqmeba lirikuli leqsi ,,oblebis

simRera”(dekemberi,1888w.), romelic qronologiurad mosdevs ,,Svlis nukris

naambobs”.

Txzulebis Janruli specifikidan gamomdinare, didi emociurobis,

oblebisadmi TanagrZnobis gamomwvevia obolTa lirikul aRsarebaSi

gansaxovnebuli gancdebi. maTs ,,naambobSi”, garda Tematikisa da ideis

TviTgameorebisa, TvalSi sacemia mkiTxvelTan kontaqtis momenti,

intimurobis amsaxveli gameorebis faqtori.

144

,,Svlis nukris naambobis” erTiani stilis mokle analogad miviCnevT

,,oblebis simReras”. Ees ki aseT suraTs iZleva: ,,pirveli piriT gadmocema

TaviaanTi yofisa, msgavsi gancdebi, gamowveulni autaneli cxovrebiT,

xvedriT. is, rac genialurad SeZlo vaJa-fSavelam ,,uenpiro bunebis

Svilis” ametyveleba-asaubrebiT imgvarad, rom Tavad erTi fraziTac ki ar

Careula nukris metyvelebaSi, analogiuri stiliT xasiaTdeba miTiTebuli

lirikuli leqsi; nawarmoebSi gamoricxulia lirikuli JanrisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli uSualod avtoris gancdebis gadmocema. Aam dros

garkveuli siuJetis mqonecaa es leqsi. is, rac nukrma gadmogvca moTxrobis

ramdenime TavSi, TiTqmis mTeli TavianTi mZime cxovrebaa gansaxovnebuli

ormoc-striqonian leqsSi-,,oblebis simRera”(30,132 ).

Cveni fiqriT, mZime socialur garemoze, drois faqtorze maRla

dgas leqsis ideuri Canafiqri-obloba, oblis Zirmware cxovreba erTnairad

mZime da autaneli iyo, aris da iqneba nebismier formaciaSi,

saxelmwifoebriv wyobaSi. ,,oblebis simReraSi” socialur siduxWires,

materialur mZime mdgomareobas da sazogadoebis avdedinacvlobas patara

oblebis mimarT poetma mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana striqonTa Soris,

qveteqsturad ise, rom TviT mas erTi sityvac ki ar dascdenia, oblebis

bavSvur CivilSia yvelaferi Caqsovili. Mmis gadmosacemad mTliani leqsis

gadmowera mogviwevda.

,,Svlis nukris naambobidan” ramdenime detalze mainc mivuTiTebT,

rogorc TviTgameorebis nimuSze. magaliTad, es Cans kompoziciur

modelSic da motivaciaSic. tipologiurad miviCnevT drois, garemos,

personaJTa gancda-ganwyobilebis faqtorebs. Sedarebam cxadyo

saxismetyvelebis logikuri ganviTareba TiToeul TxzulebaSi

damoukideblad:

,,Svlis nukris naambobi” 1,,oblebis simRera”

1.Ppawawa var oboli bedma mSier-titvelni, beCavni

Ddamibriyva: cud dros davobldi. niadag agibirdebiT;

umweo-upatrononi

nuravis gagikvirdebiT.

2.gzadakarguli davdivar.ai 2.umweo upatrononi

daxedeT Cems sisxlian fexsa, nuravis gagikvirdebiT!

es wylis dasalevad rom Cavedi fexni gvqon ekliT naSaSrni,

xevSi, maSin vitkine. Tmebi gagvbmia birkebiT.

145

kacni varT, Tqveni Wirime,

nuravis gagikvirdebiT.

3. genacvale tyeo! Sen bevrs mSveli 3. mama laSqarSi mogvikles,

Torem aqamdis Cemis qaTibis bewvic deda tyved waiyvanesa

ar iqneboda!.. mxolod erTi kvira wagvarTves lekis Svilebma,

viyavi dedasTan... dedasgan kargad daRistans gadiyvanesa...

vcxovrobdi, Tavisuflad binad gvaqvs tye da velia

vsunTqavdi. sabnad foToli gvexurvis,

leibad gvigav lelia.

nuravis gaukvirdeba,

Zmao , obloba Znelia!

4. RmerTo, ramdeni mteri gvyavs! 4. rad gagvaCine, ufalo,

Tu am dRes moveswrebodi.

5. davdivar da Sevstiri xeebs, 5. ubedurebam mogvaswro,

mTasa da kldeebs; davstiri rogorac nislma weroTa..

wyalsa da balaxs ar viciT, sadRa wavideT,

magram CemTvis deda ara Cndeba. vis are-mare vTeloTa;

dedaCems veRara vxedav, var vin Segvibralebs, vin

oboli da, vin icis, vin daepatroneba gviSvels

vin SeiRebavs Cemis sisxliT xelebs?! beCavT, xmelT anwlis

ReroTa?!

Tu amowerili xuTi magaliTiT SevZeliT TviTganmeorebis

dafiqsireba mTlian nawarmoebebs Soris, uSualod leqsSic aRmoCnda

sityvieri masalis TviTganmeorebis faqti. esaa fraza: ,,nuravis

gagikvirdebaT.”

,,Svlis nukris naambobisa da ,,oblebis simReris” Taviseburi eqo

moismis poema ,,eTeris”(1890w.) pirveli da meore Tavebidan, gansakuTrebiT

Walis, velebis aRwerisas da eTeris ori monologidan:

a)ra ubeduri Walaa, es mxare SeuWamia...

rogor didroni mTebia, am are mares sTelavdnen

magram sofeli arsad sCans marto nadirni tyisao

arsad savali gzebia... da mwyemsi qali ,oboli,

kacis xmiT ara xmianobs: yvavili edemisao...

Wala, velebi, mTania. etyoba miwas lamazi

mTaTa da nadirT Jriamuls navali eTerisao (,,eTeri”)

146

eqsterieris am aRweraSi nukris sacxovrisis koloriti da

suli SeiniSneba.

b),,oblebis simReris” lirikul personaJTa godebis gamoZaxili,

intonacia SeigrZnoba eTeris daCivlebaSi:

,,..netav bulbulad maqcia,

SenTan vifrino velada...

titveli aRar vivlidi,

daRonebuli yvelada,

da movrCebodi am bebers,

CemTvis gaCenils gvelada(t.I)

eTeris godebaSi axali motivi gaCnda . es aris frinvelad qcevis motivi.

Bbulbulis sevdianma galobam bulbulad qceva anatrebina

gogonas: ,,netav bulbulad maqcia, SenTan vifrino velada...” frinvelad

qcevis motivi mniSvnelovan siuJetur funqcias asrulebs kidev sxva epikur

TxzulebebSic. Yyvelaze mkafiod es gamoCnda poema ,,eTerTan”

qronologiurad axlo mdgom poemaSi ,,anna-bulbuli”(1892w.). am nawarmoebis

mimarT imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom ,,garkveuli saxiT TviTon mwerli gamodis

Tavis winaprad”, radgan ,,..xSirad mwerali adre gansaxierebul Temas

ubrundeba. Mmobrunebis motivebi nairnairi SeiZleba iyos” . es ki imaze

metyvelebs, rom poeti msgavs sakiTxTa gamoxatvisas erTgvarad

damsgavsebul situaciebs aRwers”(vladimer minaSvili, 60,355).

,,anna-bulbulSi” iseTi didi muxtia lirizmisa, rom 1946 wels

aleqsandre abaSelisa da akaki SaniZis, 1957 wels giorgi leoniZis

redaqtorobiT gamocemul vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa krebulebSi es

nawarmoebi Setanili aqvT lirikul nawarmoebTa ganyofilebaSi (64,65-75),

rac gamoxatavs uSualod Semdgenel-redaqtorTa pozicias, Tvalsazriss am

Txzulebis Janruli kuTvnilebis gansazRvrisas. Jurnal ,,jejilSi”(1892 w.

#3; gv.15-22) ki miTiTebulia, rom ,,anna-bulbuli” poemaa(34,13).

Tumca TviTganmeorebis dasadgenad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar

unda hqondes, Txzuleba lirikulia, epikuria Tu dramatuli Janrisaa,

leqsadaa Tqmuli Tu prozad.

davubrundeT frinvelad qcevis motivs. motiviT, SinaarsiT, leqsikis

gameorebiTac ki tipologiasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac avtoris SemoqmedebiT

mrwamsze migviTiTebs:

147

,,eTeri”:

Ggenacvle, Cito,-dudunebs,-

Llamazad hxmarob enasa...

Nnetav ras ambob, vicode,

Nnetavi gamagebina;

SensaviT guli ufalsa

CemTvinac Caadebina!..

Nnetav bulbulad maqcia,-

SenTan vifrino velada..

titveli aRar vivlidi,

daRonebuli yvelada

da movrCebodi am bebers

CemTvis gaCenils gvelada”(1890w.)

Bbulbulad gadaqcevis natvra ganmeorda poemaSi ,,anna-

bulbuli”(1892w.): wyarosTan gaSeSebuli oboli anna ufals SesTxovda:

,,anna-bulbuli”:

muxlmoyriT SesTxovs ufalsa:

,,RmerTo, maqcie Citada brZana: ,,iqeci bulbulad,

gadamarCine oblobas, STenilo oxer-tialad,

Txovna miiRe wmindada!” auwye xalxsa tkbili xmiT

Tqmulia, cremli oblisa Seni varami xmianad!”

ufals unTia sanTlada, oboli iqca bulbulad,

oblis Sewyalva ucvnia daifrTxiala, gafrinda,

saukeTeso madlada. xSirs bardSi, eklianSia

gul-Seudreklad Cafrinda”.

(1892w.)

frinvelad gadaqcevis ciklidan, bulbulad qcevis saintereso

motivacia aRmoCnda moTxrobaSi ,,svavi”(1896w.); Tu kldis Tavze Semomjdari

svavis ,,monologi” Tavisi SinaarsiT, gamoxatvis xerxebiTa da

saSualebebiT, personaJis ganwyobilebiT, saxe-detalebiT exmianeba

,,mucelasa” da ,,goCis” ideur funqciebs, samagierod aqve avtoris

Canafiqris ideuri siaxliT absoluturad gansxvavebulia yornis

bulbulad gadaqcevis motivi, novelaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,-yoranav, yoranav!-

miubrunda svavi yorans da mediduris kiloTi dauwyo kiTxva:-rogorao? ras

148

miambobdi im dRes bulbulze, lamazad mRerodao? Nnetavi mec bulbulad

maqciao?! uWkuov, utvinov!”

-ho, imasve giambob, rac miambia SenTvis: misi mRera ar damaviwydeba

Cems sicocxleSi da ar daijereb, misi simReris gagoneba ager im leSis

grovasac ki mirCevnia”.

Tu anna bulbulad iqca, eTeri da yorani ki bulbulad gadaqcevas

natroben da maTi natvra mxolod ocnebad rCeba, sxvagan, marTalia,

bulbulad qcevis motivi aRar Cans, magram saxezea sxva frinvelebad

gadaqcevis TviTgameorebis motivi.

eTerisa da annas sve-beds ukavSirdeba ori oboli bavSvis –vefxviasa

da mzias mware bavSvoba. samsave nawarmoebSi oblebis frinvelad gadaqcevis

motivi saerToa-avma dedinacvalma ganapiroba es.

A,,avi da boroti dedinacvlis mier tyeSi mzakvrulad garekili

,,bavSvebi SiSiT zezeurad dnebodnen, caxcaxebdnen, yovel fexis gadadgmaze

sikvdils moelodnen, saqoneli ki, oxeri, arsada Canda. Tavis dacvis Zal-

Rone ara hqondaT.

,,oh, RmerTo, RmerTo!-warmosTqves erTad, erTxmad erT did Wandris

fesvebSi mikunWulebma: ,,RmerTo, gvaqcie frinvelebad, rom maRla xeze

SevafaroT Tavi, mxecebma veRaraferi dagvaklon, advilad moviaroT es are-

mare da maRla vipovoT saqonelio!” swored am dros Camoiara ,,aminma”...

roca vefxviam da mziam frinveloba inatres, ,,aminma” amini dauca da

gadaiqcnen buebad. erTmaneTis gamomSvidobeba verc ki moaswres, erTi erT

mxares gafrinda, meore-meores da Seudgnen TavSesafris Zebnas”(1909w.).

Aamave nawarmoebis fabulis mixedviT, roca oblebis mama klded

gadaiqceva, xolo ,,vefxvis Zvlebis da leSis naRvenTisa amovida deka quCad,

dayunTebul vefxvis saxed”(96,499), gameorebasTan, an TviTganmeorebasTan ki

ara gvaqvs saqme, aramed es orive momenti Txzulebis kompoziciaSi

sxvadasxva motivis logikur urTierTkavSirSia da mas kompoziciur

gamarTulobas aniWebs. Aaq motivaciaa TviTganmeorebadi.

Mmizandasaxulebis siaxliT wina nawarmoebisagan sruliad

gansxvavebulia, Cveni rwmeniT, literaturuli zRapari ,,Seyvarebuli”(1914w.

29,157); upasuxo siyvarulis tragizmma ganapiroba monadiris gadaqceva jer

arwivad, bolos ki-circelad. vfiqrobT, sxvad qcevis motivis

TviTganmeorebiT es Txzuleba SeiZleba moviazroT zemoganxilul

nawarmoebTa ciklSi, miuxedavad ambis, fabulis gansxvavebulobisa.

149

Uuzomod Seyvarebuli, Zalze mizanmimarTulic aRmoCnda. Mmiznad

daisaxa grZneuli Seyvarebulis naxva, masTan Sexvedra da ra zomas ar

mimarTa, bevrjer moecara xeli, bolos Sexvda ,,erT uRran tyeSi, udabur

adgilas” saswaulmoqmed moxucs, romelsac sTxova-arwivad maqcieo.

Aausrulda survili da umal mifrinda im kldis qimTan, sadac gauCinarda

misi sanatreli arseba, danaTlebuli foladis niskarti da klanWebi im

kldis gamongrevas SeacviTa, sadac Sevida is ulamazesi arseba da mainc

verafers gaxda. Ggawbilebulma isev miakiTxa im keTilismyofel moxucs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom arwiv-monadires kldis siRrmidan saamo xmiT

gamoelaparaka is asuli-,,aqa var, magram ara maqvs neba gamosvlisa, arc

amaze metis Tqmisa, rasac geubnebio”(71,164). Ggadioda wlebi magram qali

xmas aRar scemda.

grZneulma moxucma Seicoda arwivi da, misive Txovnis Tanaxmad, aqcia

circelad, kldis xed. ra iyo imis mizani? is, rom danergiliyo im kldis

Tavze, raTa, rogorc man uTxra moxucs: ,,Cems fesvebs hqondes iseTi

Tviseba, veraferi ver iWerdes, ver abrkolebdes maT zrdas, xarebas.

Ggaizardos Cemi fesvebi, rom Caswvdes im Cemis satrfos sadgurs,

Semoertyas garSemo... monadiris natvra asrulda: kldis Tavze, mis mier

amorCeul adgilas, mSvenieri circeli amovida... fesvebma gza gaikvlies

qalis sadgurisake... isinic eqsovebian oqros ZafiviT lodebis wyebas...

qalic grZnobs amas da sdums, isic gulisfancqaliT moelis im wuTs, roca

circvlis fesvebi SeaCenen cxvirebs aqeT-iqiT da Seexebian:

,,gamarjveba Seni, qalo lamazo, asulo kldisao!...(33,167).

Ggarkveulwilad TviTganmeorebad miviCnevT monadiris natvraSi aseT

frazas: ,,monadire mzad iyo eSmakisaTvisac ki suli mieca, oRond Tavisi

wadili aesrulebina, miznisTvis mieRwia. gavixsenoT Seresa da bebris

dialogi poemidan ,,eTeri”. Aaq saqme gvaqvs siuJeturi detalis

ganmeorebasTan, ufro swored siuJetur TviTganmeorebasTan. rac

Tavisuflad moiazreba stilur faqtorTa TviTganmeorebis ciklur

movlenad.

WeSmaritebaa, rom sadReisod ,,literaturuli nawarmoebis umaRles

kriteriums-rogorc Cvens mier zemoTganxiluli nawarmoebebiT

davrwmundebiT-emociisa da inteleqtualis integracia warmoadgens (72,115).

Mmkvlevrebi amodian eliotis Teoriuli koncefciebidan.

150

vfiqrobT, analogiuri midgoma mxatvruli teqstisadmi ucxo ar iyo

da ucxo ar aris qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvisac. marTalia, es

yovelive CvenTan gamokveTil mimdinareobebad an skolebad ar gaformebula,

magram, garkveuli aspeqtiT Zveli qarTuli esTetikuri koncefciebisaTvis,

agreTve XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da XX saukunis qarTuli kritikuli

azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivia ,,emociisa da inteleqtis” Taviseburi

integrireba, rasac arasdros ar daukargavs Tavisi saxe.

sailustraciod movixmobT prof. gr. kiknaZis azrs, gamoTqmuls vaJa-

fSavelas xuTi poemis Sefasebisas. igi wers:

,,vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi qarTulma kritikam, literaturis istoriam

da yovelma mkiTxvelma gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis socialuri da

msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiuri sakiTxebi da azri dainaxa. amiT vaJa

erTbaSad gamoirCa sxva qarTveli mwerlebisagan da qarTul-literaturul

kritikuli msjelobac Sinaarseulad gaamdidra: vaJas gacnobam ubiZga

kritikosebs, rom misi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba warmarTobis, animistobis,

anTropomorfistobis da panTeistobis TvalTaxedviT ganexilaT.

literaturul aspeqtSi sruliad naTeli gaxda vaJas Tavisebureba, ramac

erTxans simbolistad misi miCnevac ki ganapiroba.

Ddabolos, vaJa-fSavelas xatovanma metyvelebam, misi poeturi enis

araCveulebriobam, saerTod ki-samyaros xilvis aqamde arnaxulma saxeobam-

vaJa genialur xelovanTa ricxvs miakuTvna da, misi Semoqmedebis

mecnieruli analizi da kritikuli Sefaseba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

gaZnelda.(48,15).

swored ,,emociisaa da inteleqtis integraciis” suliskveTebas

vamCnevT mkvlevaris am gancxadebaSic: ,,vaJa-fSavela didi xelovania da

amitom kvleva-Ziebis romelime erT doneze namdvilad dauZlevelia igi.

TviTon vaJa advilad Txzavda, Cven ki Znelad gasarkvevi Txzulebebi

dagvitova, racaa misi poeturi sicocxlis ukvdavebis piroba”(48, 6).

Pprof. gr. kiknaZe xazgasmiT miuTiTebs: ,,vaJa-fSavelas mTeli

Semoqmedeba SeiZleba ganixilos da Sefasdes erTimeoresTan gadajaWvuli

sami rigi faqtorebis mixedviT: rogorc eTnografiuli faqti, rogorc

socialur-politikuri faqti da rogorc literaturul-mxatvruli faqti:

gansakuTrebiT saWiroebs amgvar midgomas misi poemebi”(48,10). Aaq moxmobil

faqtebze sagangebod ar gavamaxvilebT Cven yuradRebas, radgan

vaJasmcodneoba am TvalsazrisiT zRva masalas Seicavs.

151

tradiciuli vaJasmcodneobiTi miRwevebis kvaldakval,

SeZlebisdagvarad vcdilobT movimarjvoT kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi,

kerZod ,,hermenevtika, anu teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria da

praqtika, romelic moiazreba rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebis axsnisa

da ganmartebis universaluri meTodi, romlis ZiriTad amocanas

warmoadgens teqstis swori interpretacia, anu teqstis gamnarteba misi

afsolituri mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstSi” (121,102).

Tavis cnobil werilSi ,,Cemi poemebis Sesaxeb” vaJa aRniSnavda:

,,poetma Tu yovelive Taviseburad ar SeimuSava, Tavis grZnoba-gonebis

sakuTrebad ar gadaaqcia, amaod daSvreba, mis nawarmoebs aravin WkvaTa-

myofeli xelovnurs ar uwodebs. Ees WeSmariteba dResaviT, mzesaviT

aSkaraa”(34,341)

aqve gvsurs daveyrdnoT isev vaJas sxva Teoriul statias ,,fiqrebi”,

romelSic igi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu ginda originaluri mwerali dagiZaxon,-

uTqvams bernes-swere ise, rasac hfiqrob, ise, rogorc hfiqrobde, rogorc

Sens sulsa da guls undodes, moswondeso”(22,342)

Tu kritikuli TvaliT gadavxedavT misi poeturi eposis

memkvidreobas, Seqmnils XXsaukunis dasawyisidan, naTlad davrwmundebiT,

rom did poetis yvela Tema, siuJeti, fabula Taviseburad brwyinvaled

gadaumuSavebia da Seuqmnia iseTi nawarmoebebi, romlebic mis sulsa da

guls undoda da moswonda.

Ees naTlad gamovlinda ara marto XIX saukuneSi Seqmnil

nawarmoebebSi, aramed 1900 wliT daTariRebul pirvelsave poemaSi

,,nangrevTa Soris”(monadiris naambobi)”-daibeWda ,,iveriaSi. 1900wlis #141.

Aarc Tu didi moculobis poemis fabula agebulia legendur-

alegoriulisa da miTosuri xilvis SerwymiT. miTosuri xilva

dakavSirebulia legendur alegoriulobasTan. Aavtorma poeturi xedvis

areSi moaqcia fantaziiT gacocxlebuli Zveli drois qalaqi cxovneTi,

masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, romelTa analogebi mravladaa Zveli da

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. swored amis gamo Rebulobs fabula

alegoriul Seferilobas, rac mkafiodaa gansazRvruli TiToeuli xilvisa

Tu poeturi xedvis mxatvruli funqciebi mocemul nawarmoebSi

vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi xelwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

poemaSi asaxuli drois namyo droSi gadatana. xSirad saTauris Semdeg aris

152

xolme amaze miTiTebuli, zogan ki es amoikiTxeba uSualod teqstSi . asea es

gansaxilvel poemaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris“.

Tu Sinaarsobrivad gavSifravT saTaurs, aq sityvaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris“

ukve miniSneba igrZnoba ganvlili drois Sesaxeb. mTxrobeli aq avtori ki ara,

aramed monadire (poets misTvis saxeli ar miucia).

erT ucnauri kompoziciuri svla ipyrobs yuradRebas. poemaSi 208

taepian nawarmoebSi mxolod 2 taepSia moqceuli avtoriseuli remarka: ,,TviT

nangrevebis ambavi sTqva TandilaanT xutama:“(31,163)

poemis pirveli Tavi mTlianad da meore Tavis 28 taepi warmoadgens

monadiris naambobs, xolo meore Tavis danarCeni 18 taepi da mesame Tavi

mTlianad eTmoba meore mTxrobels –TandilaanT xutas.

1900wels dawerili es poema gansakuTrebuli kompoziciiT ar

gamoirCeva. aq ar aris peizaJuri foniT dawyeba, romelSic xSirad Caqsovilia

xolme momavali koliziebi, poets arc damxmare vinme, anu ambis momtani,

dasWirvebia fabulis gasaSlelad, arc ,,reportaJis“ msgavsi dasawyisi aqvs

gamoyenebuli gansaxilvel poemaSi. ambis gadmocema, Txroba spontanurad,

garegani gavlenis gareSe, iwyeba.

mTxrobeli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, monadirea. saubris kilo,

intonacia gvagrZnobinebs iqve msmenlis arsebobas, Tumca araviTari sityvieri

miniSneba arc mTxrobelis, arc avtoris mier araa mocemuli:

mTas vinadire, davbrundi,

mTis Zirs mivdevdi Walasa,

meCqareboda Sin misvla ,

muxlebs vatandi Zalasa(31,161)

ramdenime sityviT, oriode StrixiT daixateba eqsterieri, garemo,

sadac gaiSleba fabulis dasawyisi:

piria gazafxulisa:

CirTic axali,mwvaneca;

SiSs ra gaavlevs Cems gulSi,

dRec tyeSi vcxovrob, Rameca(iqve)

153

rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba, sivrce drois faqtoris gareSe ar

moiazreba da avtori maSinve gvTavazobs Sav fons, sasuraTe tilos ,,miwad“ rom

gamodgeba, anu Rames. ZiriTadi ambis gasaSlelad swored Rame Caayenebs

mTxrobels, anu monadires, iseT garemoSi, romelSic mkiTxveli Tvals

miadevnebs teqstSi gaSlil miTosur xilvebs.

unda iTqvas, rom monadiris naambobi mistikur saburvelSia

gaxveuli; saburvelSi, rasac gauocebia gamocdili monadire:

uxilav arsebaTa gadalaparakebisas amotivtivda saxeli RvTiT

Serisxuli qarTveli kacisa, eliozisa:

balRebs gviWrian Tavebsa,

ra upatronod vwydebiTa!–

RmerTi grisxavdes, elioz,

rom umweoni vrCebiTa!“

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ar wydeba maTi Civili. bunebrivia

SiSiT monadiris Sepyrobac:

SiSma Samipyro maSin ki,

vsTqvi: ,,davixelTo iqneba,

ra momelanda, ra ari;

saiT ra momevlineba?“

vloculob, viwer pirjvarsa,

mival, ar vixev ukana.

an sad gaviqce, rom SfoTi

ar cxreba,ismis yvelgana“(iqve,gv.162)

poetis mier daxatuli eqsterieri da iq myisierad warmoqmnili

gancdebi mSvenier masalas aZleven fsiqologebs. iq rac datrialda, mxolod

dakvirvebuli fsiqologi Tu gaaSuqebs da Seafasebs. maT garkveul daxmarebas

TviT dakvirvebis obieqti, monadirec gauwevs:

pirvelad davafiqsiroT garemo, saganTa ganfena midamoSi, sadac

RamiT modis monadire:

Tumca ki kaci WaWada

ar minaxia sworeda,–

154

arc sulieri sxva rama...

nangrevebi dga yoreda...

sakvirvlad sakvirveleba

am nangrevT Saunaxia.

netavi maSin menaxos

kacis erTisa saxia.(31,162)

meore: gaviTvaliswinoT , Tu ra reaqcia mohyva amas, anu ra

SfoTianoba daeufla monadires, ra emociur stresSi Cavarda igi:

bolos sam kvnesa gaisma,

glovis wkaruni zarisa,

da didi oxvra amoxda

dablaiT miwa–myarisa.

SavSinebulvar Zalian,

veRara vZravdi bagesa.

gulSi vloculob, vevedri

am are–maris gamgesa.

SavTxovdi: Wkvidam nu SamSlis,

nu gamimwarebs yofasa,

nu daananebs deda–Cems

bedkrulis Svilis Sobasa.“(iqve)

saTanado samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia

aRvniSnoT, rom monadiris stresi emociuria da gamowveuli pirovnebis

SeSfoTebiT. misi es stresi, SfoTianoba gamowveulia ,,...ara realurad

mocemuli saxifaTo situaciiT, aramed es aris misi rogorc mosalodnelis,

warmosaxva da amdenad molodini am SesaZlo xifaTisa“(63,545).

aRsaniSnavia, rom monadireSi stresis aRmoceneba ganpirobebulia

ara mxolod obieqturi pirobebiT (aq: Rame, sasaflao, nayari lodebi, yornebi,

nangrevebi), aramed eqsterieris ,,gaSinaarsebiT“ (aq: garemo, atmosfero

damuxtulia istoriuli realiebis warmosaxviT Seqmnili viTarebiT: omis

yiJini, saomari moqmedebis fragmentebi, nacixar–nasimagralis nangrevebi, misi

155

toponimi ,,diakvnis gverdis cixe“ da am nangrevebis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli

moRalate qarTvelis–eliozis“–saxelis wamotivtiveba mexsierebaSi).

poemis meore Tavis dasawyisSi grZeldeba pirvel TavSi

datrialebuli gancdebiT gamowveuli STabeWdilebebi. avtori gamocdili

fsiqologis utyuari alRoTi Seafasebs monadiris mier Tanmoyolil stresul

gancdebs.

sagulisxmoa, rom axloblebi ar eTanxmebian mas da gamowveul

stresul gancdebs devebs ki ara, ufro realur movlenebs ukavSireben.

aRmoCnda, ,,rom yvelas es emarTeba RamiT am adgils mavalsa” da ,,yvelasac

moeCveneba saxe grgvinvis da omisa (31, 162)

amis Semdeg subieqturi motivacia stresulobisa TandaTanobiT

gadainacvlebs obieqtur–istoriul motivirebaSi da ambis dineba mTlianad

gardaisaxeba realistur–poetur xedvad. logikurad es daukavSirda fabulaSi

axali personaJis, TandilaanT xutas, Semoyvanas: ,,TviT nangrevebis ambavi sTqva

TandilaanT xutama“.

TandilaanT xutas naambobidan garkveulad Cans, rom monadiris

pirovnebaSi da mis axloblebTa Soris arsebul xilvaTa warmosaxvam xeli

Seuwyes maT Soris mexsierebis gamoRviZeba–gaaqtiurebas. aman ki gardasaxvis

obieqtad qceuli ambavi aqcia realisturobad, istoriuli peripetiebis

gamococxlebad.

poemis personaJi, xuta, arwmunebs msmenelebs, rom nangrevTa Soris

atexil xmaurs misTvis xeli araferSi ar SeuSlia, rom ,,arc vin Sacvlila

Wkvidama, arc vis mahSlia cxovreba, janzedac kargad arian, ukeTesi aqvT

goneba.“

TandilaanT xuta darwmunebulia, rom ,,minam qveyana arsebobs, am

ambebs hnaxven mudama,“ rom: ,,nu ityviT –borotni iyvnen, keTilni sulni arian“ :

mand, dRes rom yoreebs vxedavT,–

cixe–koSkebis nangrevTa–

Zvels dros qalaqi yofila

mter–Seuvali, magari,

cxovneTad saxeldebuli,

swored samoTxis sadari(31,163).

156

xuta Seaxsenebs msmenelebs, rom Cven mxares Zvelad mravali mteri

hyolia. axlac bevri mteri gvyavso da ,,dro Tu daudgaT, kidevac gadmohyudeben

yurebsa, kidevac dagviqroleben, aaSfoTeben gulebsa.“

urumTa, anu osmaloebis, Semosevis xanas acocxlebs mTxrobeli.

xutas TqmiT, mteri bolos mosula im adgilas, ,,sadac dRes gvesmis kiJina

RamiT da abjris Cxaruni“. darbeul qarTvelebs pirze mxolod erTi

moRalatis , eliozis, saxeli ekera:

elioz, RmerTi grisxavdes!“–

yvela erT–pirad iZaxis...(iqve)

vkiTxulobT mis daxasiaTebas da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poetma

mogvca tipiuri moRalatis saxe tipiurad qceul garemoSi. eliozic

klasikuri personaJia Cvens literaturaSi arsebul moRalate pirebs Soris

(varsqeni, ori iese, Sadimani, svimon mayaSvili da a.S).

avtori patara StrixiT migvaniSnebs erT niuansze–,,aravin icis, ra

rjulis, CvenSi siT gamoreuli.“ misi mxolod saxeli scodniaT cxovneTelebs–

,,es ki ician, sul–krulsa rom eliozi hrqmevia“.

bevri qarTveli moRalatis analogiuri gza gauvlia eliozs:

,,TaTrebi gaulaRebav, cxovneTi dauqcevia: gza uswavlebav mtrisada erT bnels,

ukuneTs RameSi... TiTon didoba miuRav imav TaTrebis mxareSi.“

TandilaanT xuta mokled afasebs misi RalatiT gamowveul ,,codva–

bralis suraTs“. am Sefasebisas erTi miTologiuri detali cocxldeba

mkiTxvelis Tvalwin; kerZod:

im codva–bralis suraTi,

rac im erTs Rames momxdara,

Saunaxia haersa,

scocxlobs da rodi momkvdara!

yuradReba miipyro pirvelma am oTxma taepma. aq unda gamovyoT

sintaqsur–gramatikuli momenti. saxezea rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba rTuli

konstruqciisa. mTavari winadadebidan gvsurs gamovyoT fraza–,,codva–bralis

157

suraTi Saunaxia haersa“, romelsac mosdevs mTxrobelis komentari:

,,scocxlobs da rodi momkvdara da ,,samSoblos erTgulT sulebi, spetakni,

rogorc cvilebi, Tavze dahbrunven cxovneTsa, rogorac dedas Svilebi.“

mTavari winadadebidan gamovyoT fraza: ,,Saunaxia haersa“. haeris mier

informaciis Senaxva ki indur filosofiaSi cnobili movlenaa. mas ,,akaSa“

ewodeba. vfiqrobT, didi vaJa misdauneburad, Tavisi genialuri gonis wyalobiT

, Sehxmianebia indur filosofiaSi, indur metafizikaSi gavrcelebul movlenas

da mogvca misi qarTuli, mxatvruli interpretacia.

magaliTad, v. nugatovis mier Sedgenil ,,tantris enciklopediaSi“,

romelSic aqcentebi eqstazis alqimiazea gadatanilili, vkiTxulobT:

,,indur filosofiaSi akaSa aris: eTeri, anu nivTierebis vibraciuli

mdgomareoba, akaSas Tvlian yvelafris sayovelTao saTavsod,-ra iyo, ra

aris da ra iqneba... zogjer akaSas uwodeben ,,faqiz, natif eTers”. (elifas

levi), an ,,astralur Suqs” (alister krouli) Tumca maTi aRmoCena

miewereba piTagoras”.

vaJas poemaSic analogiuri Tvisebaa dafiqsirebuli haerisa, romelsac

Semounaxavs informacia momxdarze. amave dros haers, mokamkame eTers, berZnul

miTologiaSi yvelaze zeda da wminda, gamWvirvale fenas, unari hqonia

Semoenaxa informacia mimdinare ambebze da ewinaswarmetyvela samomavlo

viTarebac; analogiuria situacia nawarmoebSi:

vpovebT am qveyanazeda

imaT keTilis–myofelsa?!

Tavis samSoblos gamcemze

visme keTilis mTxrobelsa(31,163).

vaJas mier faqtebSi intuiciurma wvdomam indur Tu berZnul

miTologiur garemos organulad daakavSira fSaur da xevsurul miTologiur

panTeonSi arsebuli fenomenebi: moZaxurebi//maZaxurebi:

cxovneTis moZaxurebi

amaSfoTaris xmebiTa

Cven gonebaSi gvagdeben,

radgan xSirada vscdebiTa (31,164)

158

maZaxura fSav–xevsuruli crurwmeniT, uCinari mavne sulia, romelSic

sofelSi RamiT Camoivlis da mZinare ojaxs sakomidan (sakvamledan–J.k)

CasZaxebs(87,351); cota qvemoT vxvdebiT damatebiT ganmartebas–,,moZaxura(fS.)

xalxis warmodgeniT, raRac arsebaa (87 gv.386).

Cvens mier xazgasmuli taepebidan naTlad gamoCnda, Tu vaJam warmarTuli,

miTiuri, rogor moaqcia qristianuli rwmenis safarvelSi.

es faqtori damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtia misi SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis.

samarTlianadaa uaryofili nihilisturi Tvalsazrisi 900–iani

wlebidan vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi energiis modunebis Taobaze. Tu Tvals

gadavavlebT 900–910–iani wlebis SemoqmedebiT produqcias, davrwmundebiT im

WeSmaritebaSi , rom vaJas SemoqmedebisaTvis mis pirad cxovrebas, yofiT

simZimes, sazogadoebaSi momxdar kataklizmebs niri odnavadac ar Seucvlia.

piriqiT, sakmaodaa gafarToebuli misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis sfero. amaSi

vgulisxmobT misi moqalaqeobriobis gaaqtiurebas, polemikur tons, mxatvrul

SemoqmedebaSi Janrobriv mravalferovnebas, umaRles mxatvrul–esTetikur

dones, SemoqmedebiT nayofierebas.

Tu vimsjelebT jer kidev 1900wlis Taobaze poeturi eposis mixedviT,

ukve am periodSi gamoqveynebuli ori poema naTlad adasturebs avtoris

SemoqmedebiT intensiurobas Tematikis damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, miTumetes,

rom qronologiurad axlos dgas maTTan ,,gvelis–mWamelze“ muSaobis procesi.

ramdenadac gansxvavebulia ideur–Tematuri datvirTva poemisa

,,nangrevTa Soris“, absoluturad sxva samyaroSi gadavyevarT poets poemaSi

,,brZeni viri (Zvelis-Zveli ambavi)“.

,,Zvelis–Zvel ambavSi“ faqtiurad araki qceula zRapar–poemad. ,,araki“

terminologiurad zustad gamoxatavs fabulaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs

(mxedvelobaSi vRebulobT ,,arakis“ ilia WavWavaZiseul ganmartebas).

alegoriulad bevr rameze migvaniSnebs nawarmoebi. bevri sagulisxmo ram

winaswarmetyveluric aRmoCnda fabulaSi.

ukve saTauricaa momgvreli Rimilisa. es viri namdvilad ar igulisxmeba

sulxan–sabas sedraqiseul virad. aq vaJam ironiiT Sefera Tavisi Txzulebis

159

mTavari personaJi. problema ki maSinve rom aqtualurad iyo miCneuli,

dasturdeba imiT, rom ,,iveriaSi“ gamoqveynda.

aseTi martivi, gamWvirvale siuJetis mqone Txzulebis publikacia

,,iveriaSi“ imazec migviTiTebs, rom ,,iveria“ gulisxmierad ekideboda ymawvilTa

repertuarSi Setanil nawarmoebebsac. migvaCnia, rom ,,brZeni viri“ uTuod

daimkvidrebda saTanado adgils vaJas saymawvilo nawarmoebTa Soris. swored

migviTiTeben, rom brwyinvale ,,sabavSvo qmnilebaTa“ avtoria vaJa. magram es jer

kidev ar niSnavs, rom es nawarmoebi mxolod ymawvilTaTvis sakiTxav masalad

hqondes mas Cafiqrebuli. mwerlis mxatvrul moTxovnilebaTa gamoxatulebad

arian CaTvlilni isini, rameTu WeSmariti ,,sabavSvo qmnileba“ yovelTvis

momxibvleli da zneobrivia mozrdilTaTvisac“–l.tolstoi“(49,445).

ambavs mTxrobeli gadmogvcems. didi roli akisria mas siuJetis

mdinarebaSi. igi TavSive iZleva viris daxasiaTebas:

viri ram, erTi CoCori,

didyura,ugzod myvirala,

ar vici, siT, rogor moxda,

ase ram gaamZvinvara:

yroyiniT mTa–bars aqcevda:

,,CemTan mogrovdiT yvelao,

saca ram cxovelebi xarT,

Tu gindaT Tavis Svelao!“(31,165).

amas mosdevs cxovelTa reaqciis mSvenieri aRwera. didebuladaa

daWerili sityvas ayolili brbos fsiqologia. SiSiTa da wrwoliT

gulaTaxTaxebulni–

daiZrnen tyidam nadirni

viris mquxare xmazeda,

ar darCenila arc erTi

arc mindvrad, arca mTazeda,

unda iaxlon didyuras,

scnan, mxecT ibarebs razeda...(iqve).

maTs maraqaSi ar gareulan lomi, vefxvi, daTvi da mgeli.

160

kargad aris mocemuli viris daxasiaTeba sityvis dawyebamde:

viri gorazed Semdgara,

icqireboda gmirulad,

Tumca–ki qceva da sityva

mas mosdioda virulad.

nadirT xro imis winaSe

sdgas mowiwebiT,mwirulad(iqve,166).

sityva virisa farisevluria,trabaxia: mas Turme ,,guls uklavs“

cxovelTa tanjva da kvnesa, rom zecam gamogzavna igi maT batonad da patronad,

rom ,,dReidan unda ixaros, vinc aqamomde ewama“.

amas igi moayolebs trabaxiT gaJRenTil sicrues: Turme didi sasjeli

moeliT misgan ,,vefxvsa, lomsa da mgelsao“. aq mousvlelobisaTvis.

mas SiSiT ver Sexedaven ,,vefxvi, mgeli da daTuna“.

,,mxecebi gaocebulni wamoyayandnen viSiTa“:

ufro Tavzari daecaT,

SiSiT ekvrodnen mawasa,

raki lom–vefvxvsaca swixlavs,

xmas viRa gascems imasa.(iqve).

Sedegi gamoiRo viris yroyinma, misma xmamaRalobam. iumoristulia

mTxrobelis komentari brbos fsiqologiis Sesaxeb:

,,mxecTa kvalada sTqves: ,,ar styuis,

jer xma rogori hqonia,

aba Tu visme misTana

tyeebSi gagvigonia?!

yurebic ramodena aqvs,

didi eqneba gonia.

batonad amovirCioT

Zalian mosawonia...

groteskis simaRlemde adis am pasaJis safinalo sityvebi:

erTbaSad daiyrantales,

gaiZaxodnen vaSasa!

161

vin miscems aseTs didebas

Taviss saymoSi faSasa!(31,166).

Txzulebis III TavSi logikurad viTardeba movlenebi. mgeli mSieri

daexeteboda tyeSi. mivida xmauris adgilze da Tavisi yuriT moismina, rac iqa

xdeboda. umal Seafasa situacia da ,,orator“ virs ,,mietia mtrulada“.

avyia, utvino viris ubedurebiT, mglis garda, meliac moeloda viris

leSiT gaZRomas.

IV TavSi gadmocemulia am viris mimarT damokidebuleba misive moZmeebisa,

virebisa. maT ar Seicxades viris daRupva, piriqiT, bevric ki icines. amis gamo

mTxrobeli pirdapir mimarTavs mkiTxvels , msmenels:

es samgle viri virebSic

Turme Tavobas hbedavda(iqve).

patronisgan gazuluqebuli viri Tavs gavida, gaatiala baRCa–bostani.

viris ,,mgosnoba“ ar ikmara mTxrobelma da es viri Seadara ,,sabWos xmosnebs“;

anu iseT adamianebs, romlebic usafuZvlod iCemebdnen brZenis saxels.

daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos: ,,vaJa–fSavela Seuborkavi fantaziisa da

didi warmomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebiT aRsavse xelovani iyo, romelic

swored yvelaze maRla ayenebda saTnoebiT da sifaqiziT savse guls, da guli

ki,–rogorc amboben, bavSvebs ekuTvnis, magram ,,danaxva gulis moZraobisa xom

didsac swyuria“(grigol kiknaZe); amitomac erTnairad momxibvlelia vaJas

sabavSvo nawarmoebebi rogorc ymawvilTaTvis, aseve asakovani

adamianebisaTvisac“(49,447).

amrigad, msgavsi siuJetisa da fabulis mqone nawarmoebebi naTlad

migvaniSneben didi poetis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT–erT mniSvnelovan

aspeqtze.

Tu davesesxebiT cnobili moRvawes akaki papavas vaJa–fSavelas prozis

Sesaxeb: misi rwmeniT, vaJas mSvenieri moTxrobebi Tuki vinmes erTxel

waukiTxavs, igi iq aRmoaCenso ,,...mziur xalisianobas, usazRvro siyvaruls

yovel arsisadmi, haers, gaSlilobas, erTgvar religiur saTnoebas, rasac

,,ueWvelia TviTon ganicdidao“(67, 257–258).

162

vaJas prozidan , gansakuTrebiT sabavSvo repertuarSi damkvidrebuli

Txzulebebidan, Tavisebur ciklur rkals qmnian ,,iseTebi, romelTa fabulebic

agebulia ,,naambobze“, ,,ambavze“. es qvesaTaurebi ufro mimzidvelni arian

mkiTxvelisaTvis, ganawyobs mas msmenladac da mkiTxveladac. es momenti

brwyinvaled aqvs gaanalizebuli prof. gr.kiknaZes statiaSi ,,vaJa–fSavelas

prozis stili“.

mkvlevarma detalurad ganixila vaJas prozis stili ,,Svlis nukris

naambobze“ dayrdnobiT. igi daskvnis saxiT aRniSnavs: ,,naambobs

damajerebloba vaJam imiT moupova, rom cocxali mxedvelobiTi xatebi Seqmna,

TvalsaCinoebas miaRwia da sakuTar msjelobaTagan Tavi Seikava... gamoTqmaTa

gameorebiT, sityvaTa da maTi formebis mimsgavsebiT, frazaTa ganlagebiT is

SesZlo, rom... nawarmoebis stilisturi erTianobis mkafio STabeWdileba

Sehqmna“(49,90). ra viTarebaa am mxriv vaJas moTxrobaSi ,,axali weli

fSavSi(beJanas naambobi)“, romelic daibeWda ,,nakadulSi“(1909w.).

ver vityviT, rom am moTxrobis ,,stili xatovania(gr.kiknaZe). kilo

TxrobiTia, msjeloba–dinjia, dro aRwerili ambisa winare warsulia. drois

sarCuli winasaaxalwloa, moqmedebis adgili–fSavi.

Txzulebis pirvelive fraza garkveulwilad motivirebulia, aqcenti

socialur sakiTxzea aRebuli: ,,Zalian Raribad vcxovrobdi, xelmokled,

sawylad. gana ar iciT,siRaribe rogoric aris?(32,455). umweo beJanas simdidred

Tavisi ori Svili–eqvsi wlis gogona, oTxi wlis biWi da coli miaCnda.

moTxrobis pirvel abzacSi yuradReba miiqcia erTma sityvam, rogorc

,,periferiulma sintaqsurma erTeulma“(26,109). ,,marTla, esec xom simdidrea:

ori Svili myvanda–qali da vaJi; qali eqvsi wlisa, biWi oTxisa da coli“. Cvens

mier xazgasmul sityvas (,,marTla“) beJanas metyvelebaSi emociur–eqspresiuli

funqcia gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli sityva (an misi msgavsi sityvebi sxva

SemTxvevaSi–J.k) ,,Cveulebriv gamoxataven mTqmelis damokidebulebas

gamoTqmuli azrisadmi. am funqcias metyvelebaSi asruleben Sorisdebulebi...

modaluri sityvebi... da nawilakebi“(26,114). tradiciulad , gramatikaSi amgvari

konstruqcia gankerZoebaze miuTiTebs. aq ki , konkretulad, gankerZoebis is

SemTxvevaa, romelsac CarTuls uwodeben. mocemul metateqstSi CarTuli–

163

,,marTla“ exeba ara romelime erT wevrs winadadebisas, aramed intonaciurad

igi mTel frazas faravs(46,304) am sityvis meoxebiT beJani uSualo kavSirs

amyarebs mkiTxvelTan, zrdis intimuri urTierTobis dozas, Tavis naTqvams

sZens damajereblobas, gul–gaxsnilobas. am erTma sityvam xazi or garemoebaze

gausva: 1)ironia socialuri ,,simdidris“ mimarT: ,,erTi furi, erTi xari, sami

dedali, erTi mamali“ da 2)siTbo–siyvaruli marTla auwyav simdidreze –col–

Svili.

rogorc saTanado literaturaSia miTiTebuli, msgavs SemTxvevaSi eseTi

erTi sityva struqturulad daunawevrebelia da winadadebis ekvivalenturia

(ap.daviTiani).

mocemuli moTxrobis analizis dros gamoikveTa garkveuli mimarTeba

nawarmoebis qronotopisadmi, dro–sivrcis fenomenisadmi. kerZod,–samecniero

wyaroebSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,xelovnebisadmi arsebiTia mimarTeba oTxi

droisa: maradiulobisa, empiriuli droisa, egzistencialuri droisa da

siuJetis droisa. xelovnebaSi da Sesabamisad Tanamedrove TeoriebSi,

siuJeturi droa saxe da xati maradiulobisa. mxatvrul nawarmoebs Tavisi

sinamdvile aqvs da Tavisi dro, anu siuJeturi dro. siuJeturi dro aris

empiriuli drois sazrisis Zebna mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi... siuJetur dros

orgvari mimarTeba aqvs empiriul drosTan da meorea nawarmoebis wakiTxvis

dro. ase vTqvaT, Sida–siuJeturi dro(81,27).

moTxrobis pirvelsave frazaSi Cadebuli Sinaarsi, socialuri

motivaciis garda, sayuradReboa dro–Jamis TvalsazrisiTac. naTlad

gamoikveTa empiriuli da siuJeturi droebi.

ambavi iwyeba siuJetur droSi. beJani ixsenebs erTi wlis winandel

axalwlis ambavs: ,,Zalian Raribad vcxovrobdi, xelmokled, sawylad“.

socialur yofas beJani ritorikuli SekiTxviT amuqebs da Tavisi gancdebis

mizidulobis velSi miizidavs mkiTxvels–,,gana ar iciT, siRaribe rogorc

aris?“

enawyliani mTxrobeli gamodga beJani. monologiuria ambis gadmocema.

beJani cdilobs, yvelaferi gaandos virtualur mosaubres.

164

Cvens winaa ZirZveli, naRdi fSaveli kaci: miwis muSa da xiTxuroic. misi

qeri sam Tves yofnida ojaxs, danarCen cxra Tves ki sul yidulobda. fuls

Sovna undoda. ,,fuli–ki rogorc Tavad beJani ambobs,–Cemi mklavebi iyo culi,

satexi, saWreTeli da xowi. vxvewdi xonCebs, xis jamebs, TefSebs, baknebs.

vatarebdi soflidan–soflad da vcvlidi purze. fasi xis avejisa ganixruli

iyo, fulze arc ki vyiddi, Cems balRebs puri erCivna fulsa: jami Tu xonCa

ramden pursac Caitevda, imis fasi is iyo“. da kvebavda col–Svils, ,,rogorc

Citi Tavis bartyebs“.

miuxedavad ekonomiuri siduxWirisa, mama mainc bednierad grZnobda Tavs

da amas ase ganumatravs Tanamosaubres: sadRegrZeloSi ,,SevTxove RmerTs, rom

damdegi, momavali weli mainc bednieri qmniliyo CvenTvis. bednierad vgrZnobdi

Cems Tavs: Tumca Camoglejil–Camowewili col–Svili damixvda, magram

madloba RmerTs, rom cocxlebi arian, vambobdi“.

didi mwerali adamianis sulis Rrmad mwvdomi pirovnebaa, icis adamiani

da mianiSnebs kidec imaze, Tu ra cota ram kmara adamianis gasaxareblad. beJanis

SemTxvevaSi es iyo Semotanili ZRveni–Tafli da nanadirevi, da Zroxis mier

xbos mogeba.

amis Semdeg ufro detalurad iSifreba siuJeturi dro, itvirTeba

eTnografiuli detalebiT: moiZebna Wvartliani fanduri, diliT adre daikepa

saxinkle xorci, evam (beJanis colma) moamzada Tafl–erbo mekvlisaTvis,

diliT saxlis karze raRac daxmaurda, es ki mekvlis mosvlis niSani iyo, ase

Seatyobina mekvlem mosvla, rogorc beJani ganumartavs msmenels Tu mkiTxvels:

,,daZaxeba axal weliwads kargi ar ariso“.

mekvlis, ramazis, mosvlisTanave Seerwymis erTmaneTs siuJeturi da

empiriuli droebi.

aq yuradRebas ipyrobs beJanis Semdegi sityvebi: ,,es axali weli CemTvis

sxvafriv, sxva mxriv aris Rirssaxsovari“. beJanis pirovnebaSi moWarbebulia

emociuroba, TviTkritikulia mis fiqrTa Sinaarsi. amas ki beJanma imiT miaRwia,

rom ,,warsuls igi awmyos fonze aSuqebs, urTierTmomdevno frazebSi gvawvdis

da amiT warsulis iseTive aqtualur gancdas axerxebs, rogoradac awmyo

viTareba ganicdeba“(81,76).

165

safinalo akordi am patara moTxrobisa SemecnebiT–aRmzrdelobiTi

suliskveTebisaa. beJanma, ojaxuri viTarebidan, yvelaze metad ki Tavisi

balRebis didi sixarulidan gamomdinare gulSi mtkiced gadaswyvita: ,,unda

rac aqamde viyav, erTi aTasad viqce, rom sawyali Cemi col–Svili marTlac

namdvili cxovrebis Rirsi gavxado, da marTlac ase moviqeci. Sromas movumate,

naSovaric davzoge, duqans aRar mivekare da dRes, dailocos RmerTi, CemTvis

yvelaferi sakmao maqvs... Cemi col–Svili sxvas aRar Sehnatris. madlobeli var

im axali wlisa, RmerTma Senc nu mogaklos gonebisa da grZnobis

gamxsneli!..“(32,458)

Bbunebrivia, beJani avtoris mizandasaxulobiT, keTil zegavlenas

moaxdens ,,nakadulis” mkiTxvelebze. rameTu aqaa pirovnuli daZleva

droisa”, pirovnebis ,,TviTdadginebisa”(r.siraZe). amas ki beJanma imiT

miaRwia, rom Seewia ,,gonebisa da grZnobis gamxsneli”-ufali Cveni.

amJamad ganxilva-dakvirvebis obieqtad gavixadeT vaJas poema ,,sisxlis

Zieba” (ambavi CerqezTa cxovrebidan), romelic pirvelad daibeWda 1897 wels

Jurnal ,,kvalSi”, #2,3,4,5,6. 15.I-2(35,216-246). Ffaqtia, rom am poemas ar

mohklebia mkvlevarTa saTanado yuradReba. aris mcdeloba misi

kompleqsuri analizisa. Cven ki am mSvenieri Txzulebis ,,absoluturi

mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstidan” gvsurs SevexoT vaJas poemebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli stiluri xasiaTis movlenis, kerZod ,,siuJeturi

CarCoebidan gadaxvevebs-filosofiuri gansjiT gatacebas da mkiTxvelTa

CaTrevas eTikur-problemaTa siRrmeebSi”(35,13). miTumetes, rom ,,am rigis

gadaxvevebi... TvalsaCino kompoziciur rolsac ki asruleben”(35,14). Eese igi,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cvens win dgeba ,,mxatvruli teqstis

interpretaciis sakiTxi”(44,122). vacnobierebT, rom saanalizo teqstis

mxolod am aqcentiT interpretacia nawilia Txzulebis kompleqsuri

ganxilvisa.

,,siuJeturi CarCoebidan gadaxvevis” TvalsaCino magaliTia mocemuli

wignSi ,,vaJa-fSavelas xuTi poema” (35,341-367). saTanado ilustrirebiT

gaSuqebulia lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, deskrifcia, avtologia, siuJetur

qargaSi CarTuli sxvaTa Tqmebi, aforizmebi. Cven ki ,,sisxlis Ziebis”

analogiur analitikas davamatebdiT iseT mxatvrul-kompoziciur xerxze

saubars, rogoricaa retardacia.

166

gvTavazobs ra vaJa-fSavelas fenomenis brwyinvale daxasiaTebas,

prof. gr. kiknaZe migviTiTebs: ,,poets xSirad imdenad xiblavs da itacebs

esa Tu is movlena, rom wyvets ambis Txrobas, uxvevs misi ganviTarebis

gzidan da amJamad xilululi movlenis winaSe Cerdeba. imdenad didi

mxatvruli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rac ama Tu im momentSi poetis

cnobierebaSi SemoWrilia, rom TiTqmis neldeba misi interesi ambisadmi,

sakuTriv siuJetisadmi (48,17-18). Aaqve mokled aRniSnavs ,,sisxlis Ziebis”

siuJetSi arsebul gadaxvevis ramdenime SemTxvevas.

Cveni amocanidan gamomdinare, mivyeviT ra Txrobis temps, yuradReba

SevaCereT naratologiis iseT tipur SemTxvevaze, rogoricaa

,,deskriptiuli pauza”, anu rodesac ,,Txroba Cerdeba, viTarebis, peizaJis,

interieris an sagnis aRwera iwyeba”(121,90).

Ppauza droTi unda izomebodes da poemaSic misi ganzomilebis met-

nakleboba ganvsazRvreT TxzulebaSi arsebuli siuJetidan gadaxvevis an

retradiciis oTx aTeulze meti SemTxveviT. movaxdineT ra maTi

Sinaarsoblivi Tu funqciuri klasifikacia, samsjavrod gamovitaneT

mxolod stilistikuri figurebi, xolo maTi ricxvidan SevCerdiT

ritorikul SeZaxilze. sxvagan ki saubari iqneba aforizmul gamoTqmebze,

andazebze, wyevlis formulaze, Segonebaze, riTac ase uxvia poema ,,sisxlis

Zieba”.

Ppoemis pirvel TavSi mocemulia bunebis suraTi, peizaJi. Aaq peizaJi

ar asrulebs dekoraciis funqcias. esaa idumali gasaubreba poetisa

garemosTan. gapirovnebisa Tu metaforizaciis saSualebiT naTeli xdeba

avtoris mimarTeba, damokidebuleba ,,uenpiro” bunebisadmi. Ddidi siTbo da

siyvarulia Caqsovili mgosnis damokidebulebaSi mTa-qedebis, caze

ayvavebuli Rrublebis, pirbadeaxsnili mTebis, miyril-moyrili kldeebisa

Tu salis kldis naJurisadmi, wyarosadmi.

Mmeore TavSi ukve fiqsirdeba mTis bilikze momavali mxedari. sul

raRac oriode StrixiT gamoxata poetma mxedris Sinagani ganwyobileba:-

,,mTis biliks mosdevs mxedari// aRvirCaxsnili cxeniTa,//aRviZebs balaxs

mTisasa// xamuS-xamuSis stveniTa”(31,217).

Mmxedris daxasiaTebisas xazgasmulia misi Tavdajerebuloba,

TviTkmayofileba; Cans, didi miznisaTvis ukve miuRwevia da ,,valmoxdilis”

TvalebiT daeZebs vinme TanamgrZnobels da Cqarobs sakuTari binisaken.

Cveulebrivia Txrobis tempi im drosac, rodesac mxedarma ,,midamos Tvali

167

gadaavlo,//naxa Tavisi sofeli,// lxiniT aevso sul-guli, iq elamaza

yoveli”. Aam sityvebis Semdeg garkveuli Seyovneba igrZnoba Txrobis tempSi

da Cndeba iseTi poeturi gamoTqma, iseTi stilistikur-mxatvruli figura,

rogoricaa ritorikuli SekiTxva:

,,gana martoka kacT gviyvars

Tavisi miwa mSobeli?!(31,218)

Aam SekiTxvaSi mxolod mTxrobelis TvalTaxedva amovikiTxeT.

Txroba gamovida personaJis siuJeturi velidan. Mmocemul figuraSi arc

Segonebaa, arc aforizmia da arc andaza. mas arc retardacia mouxdenia

Txrobis dinamikaSi; ufro zustni rom viyoT, Zalze sustia igi.

am SekiTxvaSi dagvainteresa qveteqstma, striqonebs Soris

gatarebulma azrma, romelSic, faqtiurad, mxedris zneobriv iersaxeze

miniSneba amovikiTxeT. kerZod, igrZnoba albaT is, rom ,,kacisagan”,

,,kacobisagan” Sors unda iyos es mxedari. Cveni varaudi momdevno frazebmac

gaamyares. Aaq aSkarad iSifreba mxedris uaryofiToba: ,,arc modis

usaxeloda//sisxlis davlaze mSromeli,//sisxliani aqvs xmlis vada,//egrev

xanjrisa tarica”(31,218). Mmxedars Tavi marTali hgonia, valmoxdilia,-,,raca

hqmna-sasaxeloa,//odnavac ara rcxvenia”(35,218).

Mmisi saqcieli ar Cans sazogadoebrivi masStabisa, saTemo

Rirebulebisa. mTxrobeli Cagvaxedebs saqmis viTarebaSi da iZleva

mamxilebel Sefasebas. Aara rcxvenoda mxedars imitom, rom taxtze

dakidebuli marjvenis safasurad ,,unda saCuqrad miiRos xmali, fuli da

cxenia” (24,218). Tu isev vaJas davesesxebiT, mxedars vaJkacoba fulze

gauyidia .

simptomaturad gveCveneba isic, rom am mxedris saxels mTxrobeli

mxolod mesame Tavis miwurulSi gvTavazobs-demuria misi saxeli.

amave TavSi vecnobiT erTimeorisagan gansxvavebul, erTmaneTTan

dapirispirebul or mTavar personaJs-aslan-begsa da qiCirbes. specialur

naSromSi naTqvamia: ,,..avtorma adgili unda dauTmos personaJebs”(121,190).

Hhenri jeimsis es mosazreba, faqtiurad xom aristoteles gancxadebis

analogiaa, rodesac igi homerosis, rogorc avtoris, Sesaxeb saubrobda.

vaJa-fSavela Taviseburad amJRavnebs Tavis mimarTebas movlenebisadmi.

Mmesame TavSi ,,Tavidanve Txrobis centrSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs da Sinagan

TvalTaxedvasac amJRavnebs amiT”(121,190).

168

personaJis (aslan-begis) wardginebisTanave aCqarebs Txrobis

temps da svams ganmazogadebeli funqciis matarebel ritorikul SekiTxvas:

2) rad ari gaumaZRari

N netav buneba zogisa?!(31,218)

Ees SekiTva uSualod mohyva aslanis daxasiaTebas, aRiniSna aslanis

sixarbe, gulboroteba, ampartavnoba-ambiciuroba, zRapruli simdidre misi.

,,bevri aiklo saxl-kariT,//bevri atira viSiTa”. Oodnav win ki sxvaTaSoris

Tqva-,,ityvian, viTom aslanma// gasca samSoblo Tavisa”(24,218).

amgvari kompaqturi daxasiaTeba aslanisa mSvenieri fonia masTan

dapirispirebuli personaJis qiCirbes srulyofilad warmoCenisaTvis.

mTxrobeli oriode StrixiT hqmnis qiCiris zneobriv saxes-,,erTi

qiCirbe ar hmonebs,//ganTqmuli vefxvis jiSiTa”(31,219). qiCirbe ara marto

sworupovari mebrZolia, xerxiania, aramed imavdroulad ,,dadis da yvelas

arigebs//sityviT ZmuriT da mtkiciTa”. Mmisi sityvebi gamoirCeva gonierebiT,

awon-dawonilia; mimarTva mdidaria imgvari sibrZniT, rac moeTxoveba misi

mdgomareobis pirovnebas. aTtaepian monakveTSi amovikiTxavT aforizmul

gamoTqmasac da or ritorikul SekiTxvas.

jer gvxvdeba ritorikuli SekiTxva monakveTis dasawyisSi:

3),,rad hmonebT aslans, Cerqezno,

uRels rad idgamT kisrada,

sxvisa naymevi, nalaxi

gamoadgeba vis rada?!(31,219)

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ritorikuli SekiTxva ar warmoadgens

siuJeturi CarCodan gadaxvevas. igi CarTulia personaJis monologSi da

dinamiuricaa da simZafris Semomtanicaa imave dros. Aam sintaqsur figuras

uSualod mosdevs aforizmuli gamonaTqvami. igi aforizmebSi aqvs

moqceuli gela saiTiZesac (75,49).

,,ubatonoba riT ar sjob,

Nnetav, batonis yolasa?

riT ar sjobia raindi

Ramis salaRob colasa?

omSi mokluli vaJkaci

meCeTSi myvirals molasa?”(31,219)

rodesac am aforizmul gamoTqmaze SevaCereT yuradReba,

Temidan ar gadagvixvevia, radgan aforizmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

169

goniereba personaJma faqtiurad ritorikuli SekiTxvis semantikur velSi

moaqcia.

Ppoemis IV Tavi iwyeba CerqezTa mxaris Tbili daxasiaTebiT.

Ggamovlenilia avtoris pozicia im geografiuli garemosadmi, romelSic

mouwevT gmirebs moqmedeba. Aaq kidev erTxel mJRavndeba vaJa-fSavelas

sazogadoebrivi xedva-sxva kuTxeebisadmi da maTi Svilebisadmi simpaTiuri

damokidebuleba. Cans, CerqezTa qveyanac, saqarTvelos msgavsad, mZime

problemis winaSe dauyenebia mters, poemis mixedviT, CerqezTa qveyanac

RvTisgan nakurTxia ukvdavebiTa, isic qor-SevardenTa budea da, rac

mTavaria,-,,bevri gazarda vaJkaci//Tavis wylulebis sapoxlad,// Tavisa

sadidebelad,// mtrisa gul-mkerdis sapoblad”(35,220) da aqve Cailaparakebs

sxvaTaSorisad:

5) netav vin dasZravs bagesa

arwivTa budis sagmoblad?!(31,220)

myisieria Seyovneba mTxrobelisa am ritorikuli SekiTxvis dasmisas.

rogorc wesia, ukve SekiTxvaSivea pasuxi gacemuli da komentarebi zedmetia.

vfiqrobT, SeigrZnoba saerTo dinebidan Txrobis ritmis amovardna, erTi

tonalobidan gansxvavebulze gadasvla.

Semdgom sintaqsur figuramde poemaSi vixilavT andazur Tqmas,

aforizmebs, wyevlas, andazas. Txzulebis VI TavSi gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis

poeturi gamoTqma, romelic gawbilebul, aforiaqebul qiCirs ekuTvnis:

6) midis tye-tye da miubnobs:

-wadi, kacs ende soflada,

Sens mosaklavad is modis,

vinc gicnobs kargis myoflada(31,229)

rogorc vxedavT, qiCiris sityvebSi poeturi gamoTqma ,,SiSveli azr-

formulis saxiTaa” warmodgenili da es ,,..gamoTqma e.w. meditaciis xasiaTs

iZens”(44,76). naTqvami personaJisa garkveul stilur niSansac atarebs.

kerZod, misi azri TiTqmis kategoriuli formiTaa gadmocemuli (21,76).

Tumca, imavdroulad gulnatkeni, gawbilebuli kacis mware

ganwyobilebiTaa Sezavebuli. Mmocemul pasaJSi swored es momenti migvaCnia

wamyvan faqtorad.

,,sisxlis Ziebis” meTerTmete Tavi mTlianad mTxrobels (avtors)

daukavebia. Aaq is viTarebaa, rom mTxrobelis (avtoris) Txrobis funqcia

garkveulwilad ganmartebis funqcias iZens, romelSic miniSnebulia

170

gansjis, interpretaciis aseve temporalobis ideebi’(121,179). Aaq mTavari

datvirTva modis XI Tavis safinalo akordze: aslanma ,,siflides mihmarTa”

da am gziT gadawyvita qiCiris xelSi Cagdeba. es gza ki miuRebeli aRmoCnda

mTxrobelisaTvis da mkacrad gansjis uRirs pirovnebas. Bbolos rasac

ityvis igi, naTeli nimuSia siuJeturi CarCodan gadaxvevisa. Ddidia

ganzogadebis xarisxi da mkiTxvelTan mWidro kontaqts ritorikuli

SekiTxviT amyarebs, romelic andazuri gamoTqmiTacaa fonirebuli:

7)Eenaze mWreli ara ars,-

Zvelebsac uTqvams sworeda,

vah, kacno, bevrjel brmani xarT,

xSirad qvas uen-pirosa

qveynis Semqmnelad hgonebTa!(31,285)

dabolos sul oriode pasaJSi gamoCndeba qiCiris deda. Mmagram vaJa-

fSavelas poeturma geniam aseve oriode StrixiT gamoZerwa dedis

kolorituli saxe. WeSmaritebas amboben, rom didi vaJa uaRresad raindia,

keTilSobiluria mandilosnis mimarT (Tu mas ar mivawerT mindias,

gogoTuris, demuris sityvebs TavTavisi meuRleebis misamarTiT TqmulT da

arc unda mivaweroT): iqneba es sanaTa, sxlovanSi atirebuli moxuci, aRaza,

lela, eTeri Tu sxva. maT rigebSi unda movixsenioT qiCiris dedac.

Ees pirovneba Cndeba SvilTan saubris dros da cxovrebisagan

dabrZenebuli dedakaci Wkuas arigebs, afrTxilebs arcTuise gamoucdel

vaJkacs.

rogorc ambis ganviTarebidan Cans, flidma Suakacma daiyolia qiCiri

da miiwvia ,,Sesarigeblad” aslanTan. qiCirisTvis myari aRmoCnda pirobis

argumentebi-,,bolos ifiqra-wavides,//Tuki qveyanas argebda”(31,238). amiT

motyuvda qiCiri, dedamisi ki-ara. Mmas ukeT scodnia aslanis buneba da

surs gonebaze moiyvanos, gamoarkvios Tavisi Svilic, raTa ar endos

aslans.

Mmoxuci yovelnairad cdilobs, Svils gadaafiqrebinos aslanTan

wasvla. Ppirdapiria igi da mSvenier argumentebsac iSveliebs:

-ras ambob? rogor endobi,

Ggoneba-gamoSretilo!

balRi xar, axlac mostyuvde,

rom mgels eZlevi pirSia.

vin miscems, sad gagonila,

171

biWo, bedaurs virSia?!

zavisa iman ra icis,

gvel-bayayebis budema,

CerqezTa qveynis gamcemma,

Dda jojoxeTis zRudema?(31,239).

aRelvebuli dedis sityvebSi disonansi ar Seaqvs mis mier Tqmul

frazas-,,vin miscems, sad gagonila,// biWo, bedaurs virSia?” sityvaTa es

kompleqsi sainteresod gveCveneba imitomac, rom, Cveni rwmeniT, aq

erTdroulad sami saxis mxatvrul-stilisturi erTeulia Serwymuli:

aforizmic, ritorikuli SekiTxvaca da mimarTvac. vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli

fraza albaT SeiZenda calke aforizmis, calke andazisa Tu calke sityvis

masalis funqciebsac.

Aamrigad, vaJa-fSavelas poema ,,sisxlis Ziebis” teqstis interpretacia

vecadeT mogveca poetur-sintaqsuri figurebis analizis saSualebiT.

yuradReba gavamaxvileT ZiriTadad ritorikul SeZaxilze, saTanadod

gaSuqda Txzulebis ideur-Tematikuri mxare im saxis konteqstebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebSic xsenebuli poeturi figurebi moqceulni arian

sxva stilur movlenaTa semantikur velSi. TiToeuli sintaqsuri figuris

analizisas xazi gaesva iq akumulirebul motivacias, maTSi Cadebul

mxatvrul-esTetikur funqcias.

vaJa-fSvela ,,sisxlis ZiebaSi”, Cerqezebis, araqristiani tomis SvilTa

cxovrebas aRwers. misi rwmenidan gamomdinare, misTvis erovnebas, rjuls

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aRar aqvs, rodesac aqcenti zneobazea gadatnili.

samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom ,,wuTisofeli vaJas SemoqmedebaSi sinaTlisa

da sibnelis, sikeTisa da borotebis, silamazisa da simaxinjis, sikvdilisa

da sicocxlis Widilia”(101,262). Aam TvalTaxedvis arealSi unda gaviazroT

am poemis saTauris Sinaarsic.

saTanado literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,SurisZieba (aq sisxlis

Zieba-J.k.) aris miyenebuli Seuracxyofis, damcirebisaTvis an zianisaTvis

samagieros gadaxda...

...SurisZiebis grZnoba Tavisi warmoSobiT instiqtTa sferos

ganekuTvneba da risxvis gamomxatvel grZnobaTa klasSi CairTvis, xolo

Semdgom, misi ganviTarebis manZilze, rodesac masSi gonebis aqtivobac

ereva, is miCneulia samarTlianobis grZnobis gamovlinebad. Bbolos is

172

socialur mniSvnelobas iZens, ganicdeba rogorc movaleoba koleqtivis

winaSe da amdenad zneobrivi normis saxes iRebs”(11,178-179).

naTelia, rom aq CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebidan TiTqmis yvela

komponenti Seefardeba poemaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. rogorc zemoT

gvaqvs miTiTebuli, Txzulebis teqstis interpretaciaSi, garda

ritorikuli gamoTqmebisa, damatebiT did rols TamaSobs sxva iseTi

stilistikuri faqtorebi, mxatvruli gamosaxvis is xerxebi da saSualebebi,

romlebic datvirTulia filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri, didaqtikuri,

sayofacxovrebo Tu wminda zneobrivi tendenciebiT; TiToeuli maTgani xom

zedmiwevniT da srulad asabuTebs rogorc Txzulebis motivacias, ise

moqmed pirTa msoflSegrZnebas, maT fsiqologias, anu romelTa saqmeebis

motivirebac detaluradaa gaSifruli siuJetur pasaJebSi.

qvemoT gTavazobT poemis ZiriTad siuJetur qargaSi Tu mis CarCoebs

miRma CanarTebSi, gadaxvevebSi, lirikul wiaRsvlebSi arsebul Cveni

SexedulebiT poetur da brZnul gamonaTqvamad miCneul nimuSebs.

b-n gela siTiZis mier Tavis droze (1961w.) poema ,,sisxlis Ziebidan”

gamokrebilia oci aforizmi. damatebiT moviZieT: eqvsi aforizmi da sami

aforizmuli Tqma, ori andaza, ori andazuri Tqma, erTi wyevla, erTi

sityvis masala, oTxi Segoneba.

winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom qvemoT warmodgenili nimuSebi oden

gamoikriba teqstidan da maTi funqcia-daniSnulebaze, semantikur mxareze

msjeloba samermisod gadavdeT.

brZnul da poetur TqmaTa klasifikaciis sruli suraTi ase

warmogvidgenia:

I. aforizmebi

1. MmTxrobeli:

Mmtroba, trfoba da siZule

erTurTs ugmoben saxeTa.

(31,144)

2. mTxrobeli:

gafxavebuli maxvili

mosaqnevia doneda

(31,144)

3. qiCiri:

es wveuleba mtkiced gvaqvs

173

wmindad Senaxva kerisa,

pirobis daurRvevloba,

Zmad Sin Senaxva mterisa.

(31,147)

4. aslani:

mtrobisTvis mtroba uzomo

wesia Cveni miwisa.

(31,147)

5. mTxrobeli:

gmirebis moyvarulia

Tvali da guli erisa.

(31,147)

6. mTxrobeli:

cecxli cecxls daswvavs, ra uSavs,

gars Semortymuli alebiT,

TviT itanjeba, rom iwvis,

sxvas ki gaaTbobs wvalebiT.

7. qiCiri:

Tavis gawirva advilad

vaJkacTa sulis Ronea. (31,148).

II aforizmuli gamoTqmebi

1. mTxrobeli:

yvavilni sanTlad naToben,

gmirT sulebs gaaxarebsa. (31, 142)

2. aslanis msaxuri:

diacis fiqri wyeul ars,

vin Seva imis kvlevaSi?(31,143)

3. qiCiri:

suldgmuli dResac vsuldgmuleb

mama-papaTa rjuliTa;

174

nagrZnobi Cemis gulisa

ar miwonia fuliTa...

vin icis, vina vcxondebiT

da vin wavwydebiT suliTa! (31,148)

III andazebi

1. mTxrobeli:

guli eZleva mxedarsa

mterTan Seyrisa ndomiTa. (31,140)

2. mTxrobeli:

Tavis wamwymedis wawymeda

misi wesi da rjulia (31,141)

IV andazuri Tqmebi

1. demuri:

axla TiTonac igemos

gemo nalesis xmalisa:

Tu sxvaze Zala kargia,

Hha, esec sitkbo Zalisa. (31,138)

2. qiCiri:

vai, Sen, ficis gamtexo!

Senebr ar moval farulad!

mela ara var, arc tura,

qaTmebs veparo malulad!(2,141)

V wyevla

1. demuris coli:

Seni umsgavsi marjvena

Mmtersac miekras qavzeda!(31,138)

VI sityvis masala:

175

1. qiCiri

rodi maSinebs sicocxlis

sikvdilad gadacvaleba.(31,144)

2. qiCiri:

nu gaagoneb CerqezTa,

rom momatyue zaviTa,

nu waryvni moZmeT bunebas

Sxam-sawamlaviT aviTa.(31,146)

3. flidia ese sofeli,

flidTa sayreli xelisa,

kargebsa sCagravs, umsgavsT ki

kalTebs afarebs, hSvelisa,

marTali wuTisofelSi

Svebas amaoT elisa. (31,148)

4. mTxrobeli:

bevri ram xdeba qveynada,

Sig codva-brali didia,

Bbuneba warbsac ar ixris,

Mmainc mSvidi da mSvidia. (31,149).

5. qiCiris deda:

vin miscems, sad gagonila,

biWo, bedaurs virSia?!(31,145)

6. qiCiri:

marTali wuTisofelSi

Svebas amaoT elisa (31, 148)

VIII. ritorikuli SekiTxva

1. avtori:

gana martoka kacT gviyvars

176

Tavisi miwa mSobeli?! (31, 136)

2. avtori:

rad ari gaumaZRari

neta buneba zogisa?(31,136)

3. qiCirbe:

sxvisa naymevi, nalaxi

gamoadgeba vis rada?(31,137)

4. avtori:

netav vin dasZravs bagesa

arwivTa budis sagmoblad?(31,137)

IX. ritorikuli SeZaxili

1. qiCiri:

wadi, kacs ende soflada,

Sens mosaklavad is modis,

vinc gicnobs kargis myofada (31,141)

X. ritorikuli mimarTva

1. avtori:

vah, kacno, bevrjer brmani xarT,

xSirad uRirsTa hmonebTa (31,144).

Ppoema ,,mamidis danabarebi” vaJas mier gamoqveynda ,,iveriis” 1902 wlis

#39-Si. Temisa da ideis mixedviT nawarmoebi uaRresad tradiciulia... aq

Taobidan Taobaze gardasul gadmocemebiT aris nasazrdoebi Cveni xalxis

patriotuli Tavdadebis daxasiaTeba, warsuli Sepirispirebulia awmyosTan

ukanasknelis dakninebis saCveneblad (48,146). Cveni mxriv aqve davamatebdiT,

rom es poemac ,,arsebiTad monoTematuria”(gr. kiknaZe).

Txzulebis kompleqsur analizs daviwyebT misi saTauris

daxasiaTebiT, radgan, tradiciulad, saTauri nawarmoebis mniSvnelovan

kompoziciur elements warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, saTauris funqciis

mravali interpretacia arsebobs. Cveni arCevani SevaCereT prof. fiqria

177

zandukelis naSromze ,,cxovelTa eposis struqturuli sakiTxebi”, romelic

nawilobriv zemoT movixmeT: aq gvaqvs e.w. ,,orwevriani saTauri” da is

informaciuli xasiaTisaa, didi doziT Seicavs dainteresebis faqtors

(38,92).

Ees patara poema peizaJuri uvertiuris gareSe iwyeba. Tu

gavixsenebT ,,aluda qeTelaurs”, ,,mamidis danabarebis” sawyis striqonSi

misi frazebis elementebis TviTganmeorebac SeimCneva: ,,aluda-qeTelaurSi”-

bisos movida ambavi” da ,,mamidis danabarebSi”-,,aluds moudis ambavi”. Ees

momenti xom poetis erT-erTi stilur-kompoziciuri xelweris nimuSia.

marTalia, saTauris qveS avtoris mier miTiTebuli ar aris misi fabulis

Janruli kuTvnileba, magram poemis pirvelive striqoni miuTiTebs, rom es

aris leqsad Tqmuli patara ambavi, ambis gadmocemaze gaSlil-agebuli

siuJeturi xaziT.

ideuri TvalsazrisiT ,,mamidis danabarebi” moiazreba

sayofacxovrebo-patriotul nawarmoebTa ciklSi. monoTematuria Txzuleba

imitom, rom fabulaSi mocemulia erTi konkretuli Tema-aRsruldes moxuci

qarTveli dedakacis, xoSias danabarebi-

,,ar darCe ukacravada,

sircxvili Cagbarebia;

cocxalsa augiansa

guls miwamc dagfarebia.

Aamas gibareb... imedi

Senze-Ra dammyarebia!”

mamida xoSia Zmiswul aludas Surisgebas sTxovda-mosisxle unda

moekla da maTi ojaxis wevris zurias sisxli unda aeRo.

aRmzrdelobiTobis, zneobis TvalsazrisiT moxucs Wabuki Surisgebaze ar

unda waeqezebina, magram imdroindeli tradiciis mixedviT Surisgeba

aucileblad unda momxdariyo, miTumetes, rom sasuliero Zeglebidan

vgebulobT: ,,miec maxvili xelsa missa Suris-sageblad ucxoTeslTa”0.

mivdiT. 9.2).

poemaSi ori mTavari (mamida xoSia, misi Zmiswuli aluda) da

erTi epizoduri (bebo) personaJia. Gadaadgileba drosa da sivrceSi,

marTalia, upiratesad aludas uwevs, magram mTavari moqmedi piri mainc

mamida xoSiaa. aseTi ganviTareba siuJetisa,,vefxistyaosans” gvagonebs

178

(gavixsenoT tarielisa da avTandilis tandemi). Aam Txzulebis idea

akumulirebelia xoSias pirovnebaSi da misgan ki- aludas qmedebaSi.

,,mamidis danabarebSi” poema ,,sisxlis ZiebasTan”

tipologiurobis niuansebi SeiniSneba mxolod SurisZiebis, sisxlisZiebis,

rogorc aqtis, aspeqtiT. Tumca, motivaciurad qiCirbeisa (,,sisxlisZieba”)

da aludas (,,mamidis danabarebi”) mier Catarebuli aqtebi Tavisi

mizanswrafviT absoluturad gansxvavebulni arian. es poemebi

erTimeorisagan sxvaoben monoTematurobis (,,mamidis danabarebi”) da

poliTematurobis (,,sisxlis Zieba”) mixedviTac.

Ffabulis moculobazec aisaxa es, aman ki Tavisi gavlena iqonia

TiToeul teqstSi ritorikul-figuraluri gamoTqmebis mxatvrul-

stilistikur funqciaTa rolze da siuJetis dinamikur ganviTarebaze.

,,mamidis danabarebSi” vaJasmcodneobiTi miRwevebis kvaldakval, kvlevis

Tanamedrove meTodebis gamoyenebiT gaanalizda teqstSi mocemuli

ritorikuli SekiTxva, ritorikuli mimarTva, ritorikuli SeZaxili,

retardacia.

sul poemaSi davafiqsireT aforizmis, aforizmuli gamoTqmebis,

andazis, andazuri Tqmebis, wyevlis, sityvis masalis, Segonebis,

ritorikuli SekiTxvis, ritorikuli mimarTvis, ritorikuli SeZaxilis 28

sailustracio pasaJi.

Surismgeblobis tipologiurobam gvibiZga ,,mamidis

danabarebSic” mogveca klasifikacia teqstSi arsebuli ritorikul-

figuralur gamoTqmaTa, sityvis masalisa da a.S.

I. aforizmebi

1. mamida xoSia:

,,cocxalsa augiansa

guls miwac dagfarebia”(75,184. g.s. #331)

2. avtori:

,,kargia TavSesafari

Ddelgma-avdarSi, wvimaSi”(75,185)

3. avtori

,,zogni ro vtiriT Tavis beds,

sxvani dadian cinebiT”(75,185).

179

4. avtori:

,,ra uyoT, imas ese hSvens,

Uunda iCxavlos katama.

Uunda mSieri gaaZRos

wurvilianma qadama!”(75,185. g.s. #220)

5. avtori:

,,usisxlod ra qnas beCavma

sisxlis-Ziebis madama?”(75,185, g.s. #289)

6. mamida xoSia:

,,foladi unda vaJkaci

Aar unda iyos boSia”(75,185, g.s. #297)

7. mamida xoSia:

,,saamuria sasinjad

vaJkaci mtrisa rbevaSi”(75,186, g.s.#255)

II. sintaqsuri figurebi

a) ritorikuli SekiTxvebi

1. bebo:

,,modi da gulze ar Sasvas

Aam sityvam gasasenavma?!(75,184)

2. bebo:

,,rodi gauZRo sul-guli

Aamdenma sisxlis denama?!(75,184)

3. bebo:

,,egec rom mtersa SevaklaT

vin-Ra dagvrCeba binaSi?!(75,184)

b)mimarTva

1. aluda:

,,tanze Caicvi salxino,

180

aRar meCveno SaviTa!”(75,185)

III. Segoneba

1. avtori:

,,xevSi moqoTobs mdinare,

javrobs da wyreba radama,

iqneb imasac Ciodes

risTvisa scoda adamma.(75,185)

IV. ficis sityvebi

1. mamida xoSia:

,,Tu rac agiTqvi, gadavTqva,

wyeuli viyo RviTsgana.”(75,186).

V.andaza

1. aluda:

,,advil yofila, Tu javri

Kkacs mahbjenia yelSia,

mtris mokvla, Cemo mamidav!(75,186)

VI. retradicia

1. avtori:

mgonia, asgan dakodes

vaJkacis guli mzeriTa (75,186)

VII. sityvis masala

1. avtori:

araferi swyins bunebas,

Seumosia didoba.

Uuxdeba mTaTa maRalTa

Ggaremos Tvissa bindoba,-

azriT da fiqriT cad asvla,

gangebisaTvis mindoba(75,185)

2. avtori:

181

ayovda sanovagiTa

sufra, stumris win morTmuli.(75,186)

3. mamida xoSia:

ar minda WuWyi ekidos

Cems guls, an Sensa bargada.(75,186)

4. mamida xoSia:

raki mtris javri iyare,

raki ar darCi mtris qveSa,

unda daviwva SenTvisa,

rogorac sakiris SeSa.(75,186).

5. avtori:

darbazis deda-boZebs sZravs

didi fanduri JReriTa...

TiTqos mWedeli hkveravdes

grdemlze civs rkinas kveriTa. (75,186).

VIII. zRapris finalis transformirebuli formula

1. avtori:

mTas aqaT ismis celqoba,

taSis xma, rokva, bibini,

mTas iqiT Sav-bnelobaa,

umaspinZldeba qviTini.(75,186)

ar gamovricxavT, rom Cvens mier warmodgenili dajgufeba-klasifikacia

poeturi sityva-Tqmebisa rogorc ,,sisxlis ZiebaSi”, ise ,,mamidis

danabarebSi” xSirad subieqturia da rig SemTxvevaSi iqneb sadaoc iyos,

magram raca gvjera, rogorca gvwams, ise warmovadgineT.

Amoxmobil magaliTebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebac ki cxadyofs, rom yvela

maTganSi cxadad Cans avtoris zneobrivi mrwamsi, misi moqalaqeobrivi

pozicia, poeturi kredo. Aamis Taobaze marTebulad miuTiTeben: ,,vaJa-

fSavela gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli

problemebisadmi. Aam SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs

182

Cveni xalxis gancdaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle

warmodgenebidan”(54,216).

,,mamidis danabarebSi” bebo saxea cxovrebisagan natanji,

mravalWirgadanaxadi Savkabiani didedisa, gasagebia misi SiSi SviliSvilis

mosalodneli xifaTis mimarT. Ggamwarebuli deda, romelsac mravali

Svili dahRupvia mtrebTan brZolisas, axla axirebad Tvlis Tavisi

qaliSvilis mier aludas waqezebas SurisZiebisaTvis:

,,Svilebi amamiwyvita es erTi balRi-Ra dagvrCa,

mis geslianma enama; magasc agdebs xifaTSi:

rodi gauZRo sul-guli egec rom mtersa SevaklaT,

amdenma sisxlis denama?! vin-Ra dagvrCeba binaSi?!”(31,184)

magram mamida xoSia sanaTas (,,baxtrioni”) xasiaTis gamodga.

Tu sanaTas da kvirias dialogs Temis gaSlis mravali ganStoeba

mohyva, mamidis survilis aRsruleba monoTematurobaSi iketeba. Aam

fragmentSi ideis TviTganmeorebis momenti SeimCneva: sanaTa-mamida xoSia,

anu sanaTa: ,,gulidam eklis saltasa maSinis movifonebdi”- ,,amas gibareb...

imedi Senze-Ra dammyarebia!”-mamida xoSia.

ZmisSvilma uvneblad SeZlo mamidis danabarebis aRsruleba da,

gadascems ra zurias mkvlelis Tavsa da moWril mklavs, etyvis-,,tanze

Caicvi salxino, aRar meCveno SaviTa”. sanaTas winaswari pirobis TiTqos

aRsruleba Cans aludas sityvebSi (sanaTa: ,,imav dRes, Svilo, dedilam,

Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”) es patara Strixi detalis ganmeorebis nimuSad

migvaCnia: ,,tanze Caicvi salxino, aRar meCveno SaviTa”.

rogorc cnobili qarTveli poeti simon Ciqovani werda: ,,me-19-me-20

saukuneebis mijnaze igi yvelaze didi epikuri azris poetia mTel

msoflioSi. vaJa-fSavelam poeziaSi qarTveli xalxis epikuri genia yvelaze

srulyofilad gamoavlina da dasavleTis dekadenturi poeturi kulturis

garemocvis xanaSi poezia klasikurobisaken moabruna”( 103,432 ). Aamis

dadasturebaa ,,gvelis mWamelic”, ,,ZaRlika-ximikauric”, ,,suli oblisac” da

danarCeni poemebic.

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi prof. grigol kiknaZem, rogorc viciT,

calke gamoyo ,,colis motivi” da vaJasmcodneobaSi farTod gaiSala kvleva

am sakiTxze. mkvlevarTaTvis qrestomaTiul saxelmZRvanelod iqca am

aspeqtiT ,,gogoTur da afSinasa” da ,,gvelis-mWamelis” SedarebiTi analizi

(ix. saTanado literatura).

183

marTlac, ori didi pirovnebis-gogoTurisa da mindias-colTa

brwyinvale mxatvruli saxeebi mkiTxvelT xiblaven, rogorc Svilebis,

ojaxebis interesTa damcvelebi; miuxedavad imisa, rom raRaca doziT

,,mkacrad” uwevT TavianTi qmrebisaTvis Cveulebrivi sayofacxovrebo

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad pretenziebis wayeneba; vnexeT, ra

uaryofiT reaqcias amJRavneben gogoTurica da mindiac amaze. vfiqrobT,

didma poetma safiqrali dagvitova. Cveni rwmeniT, arc erT mxares ar

gaemtyuneba Tavisi poziciebis dacva. AamiT qarTuli ojaxis zneobriv

siwmindes odnavac ar misdgomia Crdili.

Tumca.. vaJas mier 1908 wels dawerili da 1916 wlis gazeT ,,saxalxo

furcelSi” gamoqveynda poema-,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali. Tqmuli

Tandila aragvelisa”. vaJasmcodneobaSi samarTlianad uyeneben pretenzias

am Txzulebis mxatvrul dones, magram TematikiTa da ideiT iq bevri

sagangaSo movlenaa gansaxovnebuli-aqac colis motivi, ojaxis problemaa

win wamoweuli, magram ,,gogoTur da afSinasagan” da ,,gvelis-mWamelisagan”

absoluturad gansxvavebuli.

Ppoemis saTauric migviTiTebs, rom fabula saTavgadasavlo xasiaTis

iqneba. siuJeturi xazi da mTeli nawarmoebis movlenebi pirveli piriTaa

gadmocemuli, simwriT naTqvami avtobiografiaa faqtiurad.

Ppoemis I da II Tavebi Taviseburi prologia fabulisa da rogorc

prologs moeTxoveba, kompaqturadaa Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi ideis arsi.

Tandilas naambobSi, faqtiurad, imdroindeli sazogadoebis

zneobrivi atmosfero ixateba. kerZod, dasawyisSive miTiTebulia, Tu

rogoraa qalis zneobrivi degradireba. marTalia, es iSviaTobad unda

moviazroT, magram dacemis simptomebis gaCena ukve xifaTis momaswavebelia

da poetic ,,Cvens cuds ar malavs”(ilia).

xelmocaruli pirovnebaa Tandila aragveli. Mmizezi misi ubedurebisa

misive coli gamxdara da sve-bed gamwarebuli sajarod moTqvams: ,,mainc

vecdebi, mogiTxroT Cemi ambavi srulia, sitkbo qceuli Sxamada, siame

dakargulia”(31,238).

diacisadmi sayveduris gamoxatvis nacnobi motivi Cans mitos

personaJis mier Tqmul ganmazogadebel sitvvaSi (gavixsenoT mindia,

gogoTuri):

Nnu miendobi diacsa, dagigebs eklis loginsa,

Mmis erTgulebis ficilsa, eklis dagxuravs sabansa,

184

nurc xvevna-kocnas,-cruvia, rom ar gegonos, erTs wamSi

nurc imis sicil-kiskissa: Sehqmnis sazRapro ambavsa.

Sen rom gicinis, imav dros dagawyevlinebs dedis mkerds,

sxvasac dauwyebs Rimilsa. Tavis beds, Tavis akvansa

(31,239).

Semdeg Tandila dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems, Tu rogor, ra

Tavgadasavlis Sedegad daojaxda mito da ra mwared iqna motyuebuli,

imedgacruebuli.

misi moTqma-godeba ar aris monotonuri, aqa-iq iumorsac ar gaurbis

igi Tavisi Tavgadasvlis aRwerisas. rac moimko vnebas ayolilma,

gonebadabindulma, maleve gacxaddeba, magram ukve dagvianebuli aRmoCndeba

yvelaferi-,,im drosa tkbili, dRes SxamiT mTels saqarTvelos gadaswvda.

Tqvens mters da avis mendomes, rac me Tavs bedi gadamxda... dRes im

Tvalebis siturfe Sxamisas mawvdis fialas”(31,242).

kato ukve tipia, romeliTac soflis zneobriv suraTs gvixatavs

mTxrobeli, rac unda aRviqvaT sagangaSo signalad. Uumankoebadakarguli

qali SeaCeCes Tavmomwone kacs, magram qalis gaqlesilma enam, cbierma

cremlebma da alersma Tavisi gaitana da beds Serigebuli ityvis: ,,rogorc

codvili xatis win, fexT-qveS vegebi flasada”(31,245).

tipiuria is garemo, atmosfero, rac Seqmna katom. Eesaa uzneobis,

Zveli tradiciebis rRvevis realisturi suraTi. tipiuria motyuebuli

qmris saxec. TviTon mitua ironiiT gadmogvcems Tavisi, anu gabriyvebuli

qmris uniaTobas:

ra miWirs, coli kargi myavs,

wmindaa, rogorc RvTaeba,

Tumc vexvewebi Sin ijdes...

Zalad saqmeSi Caeba.

YTurme sxva saqmes akeTebs,

Mme ara mqonda gageba(31,246).

RalatSi gamoWeril cols gaeyara mitua, magram katoSi iZala

agresiulma provincializmma da Savi dRe daawia qmaryofils. Ees momenti

Cveulebriv aqtad CaiTvleboda, rom mitos ufro sxva saxifaTo Sefaseba ar

moeca mkiTxvelisaTvis. Mmas ara mxolod piradi ojaxis ngreva adardebs,

aramed aseTi qalis saqcieli erovnuli ubedurebis momtanicaao.

,,timoSkin-puriSeviCi

185

Cems wmindan colTan fasoben,

qarTveleb, saqarTveloze

isini vera brazoben

imdens, ramdensa es navsobs

es Cemi vardi gulisa

dRes ki Sxami da naRveli

da amomwvdeli sulisa (31,247).

rogorc vxedavT, vaJa-fSavelam sul sxva rakursiT warmoadgina

qarTuli ojaxis problema. is ojaxi, romelsac safuZvlad daedeba

daufiqrebeli nabijis gadadgma, sicrue, angareba, cinizmi, Ralati,

dasangrevadaa ganwiruli. vaJas am nawarmoebze amdens ar SevCerdebodiT, aq

aRwerili ambavi zogadi erovnuli katastrofis tipiuri movlena rom ar

yofiliyo im droisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Sio aragvispirelis, mopasanis

novelebi. swored aq marTldeba, Cveni fiqriT, cnobili debuleba-,,tipiuris

asaxva tipiur garemoSi”. Aaq aRar SevCerdebiT im fabulebis, siuJeturi

xazebis damowmebaze, romlebic Warbadaa mocemuli Sio aragvispirelis

novelebSi: ,,xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs”, ,,qari ki am dros zuoda, kvnesoda da

gminavda”, ,,balRi yofilxar!” da sxva.

Sio aragvispirelis skefsisze siyvarulis Taobaze Tavis droze

xmamaRla iTqva qarTul kritikaSi-,,iveriis” werilebi, kita abaSiZe, mixeil

zandukeli, sergi Wilaia, dimitri benaSvili da sxva.

Cans, aragvis xeobis mkvidrT erTnairad awuxebda ojaxuri siwmindis

dacvis problema, magram es rom marto XIX saukunis meore naxevris da XX

saukunis aTiani wlebisaTvis yofiliyo tipiuri movlena, gasagebi iqneboda,

magram es iseTi sicocxlisunariani, mcocavi mankierebaa, rom msgavsma

tipiurma ambavma Tavisi brwyinvale asaxva hpova mixeil javaxiSvilis

romanSic ,,TeTri sayelo”(1926w.)

gulCinas (,,mxrebi-Ra aviCeCe”), anas (,,xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs”),

baTos (,,qari ki am dros zuoda, kvnesoda gminavda”)-(Sio aragvispireli),

katos (,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali-(vaJa-fSavelasi) rigs uerTdeba

cucqiac (m. javaxiSvilis ,,TeTri sayelodan”). maTi saxiT saerTo xasiaTis

tipebTan gvaqvs saqme.

Pprof. dimitri benaSvili Sio aragvispirelis Semoqmedebaze

saubrisas wers: ,,Sio aragvispirelis azriT, siyvarulisagan gantvirTuli

ojaxuri movaleobis grZnoba adamians aCvevs sicrues, orpirobas,

186

veragobas, egoizms, pativmoyvareobas da yovelive mankier grZnobas,

romelic xrwnis ojaxs, rogorc eris sasicocxlo ujreds. ojaxis

safuZvlebis Seryeva bunebrivad iwvevs erovnuli cxovrebis moSlasac. Ees

garemoeba daedo safuZvlad Sio aragvispirelis sevdian kilos”(10,136).

Aanalogiuri ganwyobilebisaa vaJas damokidebulebac xsenebul

poemaSi gaSlili koliziebis mimarT. Ees tragedia mixeil javaxiSvilma

ori sagulisxmo saxe-detaliT daamZima sul sxva formaciis dros, sul

sxva viTarebaSi. kerZod, cucqiam rodesac deida maikos werili waikiTxa

aseTi reaqcia gamoamJRavna:

-oCen nado!-wamoiZaxa cucqiam, is werili rom waikiTxa, da inglisuri

kepi Camoifxata.-padumaeS!

Dda qalTa krebaze wavida. “ es sagulisxmo saxe-detalebia inglisuri

kepi da rusuli saubari.

Aam brwyinvale sameulis SemoqmedebiTi Tanxvedna sasikeTo movlenaa

qarTuli mwerlobis istoriisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT eposis

ganviTarebisaTvis. sakmaod maRali Sefaseba misca istoriam Sio

aragvispirelis Semoqmedebasac, mixeil javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebasac.

Mmagram gamorCeulad mainc vaJa-fSavelaa kanonierad dafasebuli. vaJas

eposis arsi gvsurs warmovadginoT tician tabiZis brwyinvale werilis

mixedviT. Ddidi poeti brZanebda: ,,mxolod vaJa-fSavelam SesZlo mieca

qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis namdvili eposi... qarTuli eposis saukeTeso

nawarmoebebad CaiTvlebian vaJa-fSavelas poemebi... vaJas fantazia aq met

gasaqans naxulobs, grZeli rbeniT gaTamamebuli leqsi ufro awyvetilia da

swrafi...

sruliad gancalkevebuli adgili uWiravs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi

prozas... vaJa weris maneriT realistia. Mmisi stili daxvewilia, ara aqvs

arc erTi provinciuli gamoTqma da misi wminda qarTuli kidev didxans

darCeba qarTul mwerlobaSi”(83,25-26).

187

III. Tavi-Ddramatuli Janri vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi (1910-

iani wlebis mixedviT)

prof. Aakaki gawerelia aRniSnavda: ,,poetis (vaJasi J.k.) epikuri

nawarmoebebis Sinagani dramatizmi, mTeli rigi epizodebis ageba dramatuli

principis mixedviT, mZafri dialogebisa Tu replikebis iSviaTi ostatoba

(mag. Aaludasa da mucalis urTierTgadaZaxilebi poemaSi ,,aluda

qeTelauri”)-saerTod mkafio scenuroba calkeuli pasaJebisa (movigonoT

dramatuli scenebi ,,stumar-maspinZlidan” da ,,sisxlis Ziebidan”), im

mxrivacaa saintereso, rom gviTvaliswinebs poetis miswrafebas siuJeturi

dramaturgiuli agebisadmi. Aaraa SemTxveviTi, rom vaJas mTeli Tavisi

Semoqmedebis manZilze ar ganelebia interesi dramis, rogorc

Janrisadmi”(21,486).

Aamis Sesaxeb adrec miuTiTebdnen prof. gr. kiknaZe, prof.

jumber WumburiZe, prof. dimitri benaSvili, prof. a.maxaraZe. amgvari

tendencia vaJas mwerluri xelwerisa gasaTvaliswinebelia, radgan XIX

saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT 90-iani wlebis bolos da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi ,,qarTul dramaSi ar Canda im dros qarTveli kaci, Tavisi

namdvili fiqrebiT, gancdebiT, miswrafebebiT da vnebebiT.” Ees

imdroindeli sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxad iyo miCneuli da

mkvlevari (a.gawerelia J.k) iqve iSveliebs ilia WavWavaZis azrs amis

Taobaze. ilia WavWavaZe gazeT ,,iveriaSi” miuTiTebdao: ,,dramis Seqmna

didad Zneli ram aris, imitom, rom drama sulisa da gulis cxovrebaa,

sulisa da gulis did Zvrazea asagebeli da asaSenebeli. metismetad

mWreli, metismetad mxilavi niWi unda, metismetad naTeli goneba, rom kaci

miswvdes, Suqi ram mohfinos im saocars, im ucnaurs saidumloebas,

romelsac adamianis sulisa da gulis Zvra hqvia, da romelic imdenad

ufro did saidumloebad gvevlineba, ramdenadac ufro axlos miuvalT.

amitom dramis Seqmna, yvela sxvagvar poetur Txzulebaze gacilebiT

Znelia da yvela mwerali, Tundac niWieric, ver hbedavs xeli

SehmarTos”(21,487). vxelmZRvanelobT prof. grigol kiknaZis debulebiT:

,,vaJas Semoqmedebaze ase Tu ise sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad misi

piesebic unda iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, ramdenadac vaJas dramatuli

memkvidreoba misi niWis mravalferovnebis erTi damadasturebeli

sabuTTagania”(49,248).

188

qarTuli literaturis kritikaSi ZiriTadad vaJa-fSavelas drama

,,mokveTilia” ganxiluli (grigol kiknaZe: ,,vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba”, akaki

gawerelia: ,,qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.IV”, dimitri benaSvili: ,,vaJa-

fSavela. Semoqmedi da moazrovne”, apolon maxaraZe, vaJa-fSavelas

dramaturgiis swavlebisaTvis XI klasSi. qarTuli enisa da lit. swavlebis

sakiTxebi skolaSi, 1955w. kreb.8 da sxva).

vaJa-fSavelas yvela ,,scena” da ,,mokveTili” XIX saukunis drois

farglebSia moqceuli. Mmxolod ,,tyis komediaa” Seqmnili XXsaukunis 10-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Ees piesa gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,nakadulSi”

(mozrdilTavis), 1911weli,N3. gv.5.

wignis anotaciaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,wignSi... ganxilulia saqarTveloSi

dramis mier naTlad gansazRvruli piesis Janri-komedia.

miuTiTeben, rom arsad ar Sexebia dramis Teoriul sakiTxs vaJa-

fSavela. Tumca, imdroindeli literaturul-kulturuli cxovreba

uyuradRebod ar tovebda mas, dramaturgias. es problema monografiulad

aris warmodgenili i.WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlisa da g.wereTlis

literaturul-esTetikur naazrevSi. gaSuqebulia Sexedulebani iseT

sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa dramis specifika, dramatuli konfliqtisa da

xasiaTis buneba, dramis siuJetur-kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi, komikurisa

da tragikulis esTetikuri arsi da sxva(56,2).

Cvens amocanas ar warmoadgens dramis Taobaze Teoriul siRrmeebSi

wvdoma. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mxolod komediis Sesaxeb, imasac

mxolod ilia WavWavaZis naazrevis gaTvaliswinebiT.(citirebebs movaxdenT

prof. givi lomiZis monografiidan).

didi ilia misTvis Cveuli mecnieruli siRrmiT Seexo dramatul

Janrebs, maT Soris komedias. ilias SexedulebiT ,,komedia asaxavs

sinamdvilis, cxovrebis uaryofiT mxareebs, raime cdomilebas, gaugebrobas,

cud zne-Cveulebasa da saqciels”(56,74). komediis niSan-TvisebaTagan

gamoyofilia sicili da prof. g.lomiZis daskvnis mixedviT: ,,komediaSi

gamoyenebuli sicili, rogorc uaryofiTis uaryofis, mankierebis mxilebis,

kritikis forma unda iyos, ,,basr xmalze ufro mWreli”, ,,cremlze mware”,

da garkveuli mizandasaxulobis mqone da ara ubralo gasarTobi,

TviTmiznuri”(56,75). Tu am kriteriumebiT mivudgebiT vaJas ,,tyis komedias”,

zemoTqmuli punqtebidan yvelaze ufro metad garkveulia mizandasaxuleba

189

piesis avtorisa. miuTiTeben, rom ,,vaJas nawarmoebTa gmirebis

sayofacxovrebo lokali mikroeTnografiuli xasiaTisa”(102,2).

vaJa-dramaturgi am patara piesaSic ,,yovelgvari paTetikis gareSe

muxtavs mkiTxvels amaRlebuli zneobiT”(102,289). Ees imitomacaa

gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli, rom nawarmoebi bavSvebsTvisaa gamiznuli.

Aavtoris mier piesis formad SerCeulia ojaxur-

sayofacxovrebo Janris komedia.

Aambis simartiviT, moqmedebis dinamikurobiT, emociuri muxtiT piesa

garkveul lirikul Sefasebas Rebulobs. saTanado literaturaSi

miTiTebulia,rom ,,ojaxur-sayofacxovrebo” Janris komedia Tavisi bunebiT

uaxlovdebao e.w. lirikul komedias. ,,am Janris piesebSi umTavresia

qveteqstebi, romliTac personaJTa replikebi atareben iumoristul

xasiaTs”(13,366-367).

rogorc prof. grigol kiknaZe aRniSnavs: vaJas ,,...moTxrobebi interess

iwveven, rogorc TavianTi siuJetebiTa da personaJebiT. ise gansakuTrebiT,

Txrobis maneriTa da enobrivi daxvewilobiT”(49,237). Ees mkvlevars vaJas

sabavSvo prozis ganxilvisas aqvs miTiTebuli da, Cveni rwmeniT, sruliad

miesadageba piesas ,,tyis komedia”.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Txzulebis personaJTa ,,sayofacxovrebo

lokali mikroeTnografiuli xasiaTisaa” da mosalodneli iyo dialeqturi

enobrivi formebis Setana, vaJa fSavelas ar gadauxvevia Tavisi prozis

stilisaTvis da ,,...martiv da gulRia arsebaTa SegrZnebebisa da

warmodgenebis erTgvar ,,simaRles” gvimJRavnebs da amitom Taviseburadac

JRers. Aam niadagzec aris miRweuli vaJas prozaSi (winamdebare

gansaxilvel piesaSic –J.k) sityvis intensifikacia”(49,236).

,,tyis komediis” fabulaSi vxedavT im zogad suliskveTebas, romelic

warmodgenilia vaJas adreul dramatul nawarmoebSi: ,,scena mTaSi” (1889w.),

scenebi (fSavlebis cxovrebidan)-1889w., ,,scenebi (scena xevsureTSi). 1889w. es

gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa maTi mikroeTnografiuli lokaliT, garda

amisa, personaJebis zneobrivi qcevis mkveTrad gamoxatuli motivebiT. yvela

piesas (scenas-J.k) Tavisi ideuri datvirTva, problemaTa specifikuroba

gaaCnia, sxvadasxva zneobrivi RirebulebiTaa isini Sesafaseblebi.

maTgan mizandasaxulobiT, avtoriseuli midgomiT absoluturad

gansxvavebuli datvirTvisaa Jurnal ,,nakadulSi” gamoqveynebuli piesa

,,tyis komedia”.

190

viziarebT im mosazrebas, rom ,,scenebica” da es piesac sakiTxav

dramaTa Janrobriv arealSia gasaTvaliswinebeli da ara scenaze

dasadgmelad (gr.kiknaZe). Tumca, ,,tyis komedia” Tavisi dramaturgiuli

niSnebiT, agebulebiT ufro metad pasuxobs scenis specifikas; aki

gamiznulic yofila Tojinebis TeatrSi dasadgmelad gasuli saukunis 60-

ian wlebSi (naTela uruSaZe, vaJa-fSavela qarTul scenaze. 84,286).

Ggrigol kiknaZis monografiisadmi-,,vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba” –

miZRvnil recenziaSi prof. jumber WumburiZe detalurad axasiaTebs

avtoriseul midgomas vaJa-fSavelas dramatuli Txzulebebisadmi; kerZod,

gr. kiknaZis mier ,,mokveTilisa” da ,,stumar-maspinZlis” motivTa siaxlovis

analizs da, Semdgom amisa, rodesac mocemulia dramaturgiuli teqnikis

mxriv ,,mokveTilis” daxasiaTebaze, recenzenti aRniSnavs:

,,saintereso aq is aris, rom avtori, garda vaJas dramaturgiis ideur-

Tematikuri analizisa, mkiTxvels acnobs vaJas piesebis specifikur mxares ,

e.i. uCvenebs, Tu rogoria mwerlis piesebi dramatuli xelovnebis

TvalsazrisiT, maSasadame, avtori gviCvenebs, Tu ras warmoadgens vaJa,

rogorc dramaturgi”(118,203-204).

Pprof. Ggr. kiknaZe garkveviT miuTiTebs: ,,piesis arqiteqtonikas

ramdenime piroba gansazRvravs”, vecdebiT mivyveT mkvlevris mier daxatul

gezs am TvalTaxedviT:

1.,,mTavaria avtoris saerTo ideuri koncefcia”(49,254);

2 mTavar gmirTa ,,dramatuli danaSaulis” warmodgena(gv.255);

3. mwerlis mier gmirTa nebisyofis maqsimumis gamoxatva (iqve);

4. piesaSi vnebaTa Widilis mkafiod gamoxatul azrTa da

SexedulebaTa brZolis asaxva (iqve);

5. ra gzas iyenebs dramaturgi piesaSi gmirTa dasaxasiaTeb-

Llad: gmirTa daxasiaTebis TandaTanobiTi gaSlis gzas Tu

Mmza xasiaTebis mowodebis sistemas(gv.255-256);

6. ,,dramaSi moqmedebisa da xasiaTebis ganviTareba dialogebis

sisxarte-gamokveTilobazea damokidebuli”(49,254-256).

Semdgom amisa, mkvlevari detalurad warmogvidgens ,,mokveTilis”

Sinagani arqiteqtonikis suraTs, iq mocemuli TiToeli specifikuri niSnis

ganzogadebiT SeiZleba vaJas yvela originaluri Tu naTargmni dramatuli

Txzulebebis ganxilva-daxasiaTeba.

ra viTarebaa am aspeqtiT ,,tyis komediaSi”?

191

bunebrivia, masStaburobiT, problematikiT, mizandasaxulobiT ,,tyis

komedia” arc da verc upasuxebs ,,mokveTilis” Sinagani arqiteqtonikis

yvela detals, radgan piesa bavSvTa sakiTxav repertuarisTvisaa gamiznuli,

Tumca, dramis literaturul-Teoriul aqsesuarebs udaod atarebs es

patara moculobis Txzuleba.

mis Sesafaseblad garkveulwilad specifikuri midgomaa saWiro.

gavimeorebT WeSmarit azrs , rom TergdaleulTa ideur-esTetikuri

msoflgagebidan gamomdinare, vaJas Semoqmedeba obieqtur viTarebas

gamoxatavs da misi yvela Txzuleba misive SemoqmedebiTi interesebisa da

poziciebis gamomxatvelia. ,,tyis komediis” mixedviT, misi avtori

warmoCndeba gulisxmier aRmzrdelad, pedagogad, bavSvebis sasurvel

megobrad. piesis ideuri koncefcia erTi naTeli gamosxivebaa ,,mwerlis

saerTo koncefciisa”.

TxzulebaSi martivad, sxartad, sabavSvo nawarmoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sixalisiT mocemulia, dramis Teoriis terminologiiT

rom visargebloT, e.w. ,,mTavar gmirTa ,,dramatuli danaSauli”-

qurdbacacoba da sakadrisad dasja damnaSavisa.

Txzulebis amocana arc iTvaliswinebda ,,gmirTa nebisyofis

maqsimumis gamoxatvas”, miTumetes daZabul moments.

mivyveT gansaxilvel piesas da sustad, magram muqi StrixebiT bavSvis

fsiqologiis dasaZlevi mimoxvriT mocemul ,,vnebaTa Widilis mkafiod

gamoxatul azrTa” konfliqtur situacias davinaxavT.

Aam piesaSi vaJa-fSavelas mier gmirTa(personaJTa) dasaxasiaTeblad

,,mza saTaurebis miwodebis sistemaa” gamoyenebuli.

Yyvela klasikuri piesis, speqtaklis ukvdaveba gansazRvrul-

ganpirobebulia droiTa da epoqiT, avtoris msoflmxedvelobiT, mxatvrul-

esTetikuri doniT, piesaSi mocemuli scenuri azrovnebiT. iqneb ucnauradac

JRerdes, magram vaJas am piesas verasdros daemuqreba droisa da epoqis

cvlilebebi, radgan zneobrivi aRzrdis specifika, mankierebaTa mxileba

yvela droSi da epoqaSi dgas sazogadoebis znekeTilobis dacvis

keTilSobilur sadarajoze.

avtorma, rogorc sabavSvo mweralma, nawarmoebi Semofargla erTi

ZiriTadi TemiT. es mkiTxvels daexmareba nawarmoebis swrafad aRqmaSi, aq

gamoricxulia e.w. qveTemebi. samagierod, natifi poeturoba unda

ganapirobebdes piesis xibls. Aamis Sesaxeb Teatrmcodne aleqsandre

192

SalutaSvili wers: ,,poeturoba adamianis saukeTeso gamovlinebaa. is

aucileblad gvamcnobs Semoqmedis humanurobas, kacTmoyvareobas.

Ddaucveli silamazis dacva, susti, miusafari adamianisadmi TanagrZnoba,

TanagrZnoba xmeli wifelisadmi, Svlis nukrisadmi, rac vaJa-fSavelam Tavis

prozaul nawarmoebebSi gvagrZnobina, poeturobis SesaniSnav magaliTs

warmoadgens”(99, 18).

Ppoeturobis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli aqsesuaria alegoriuli

azrovneba, simboluri saxismetyveleba, mxatvruli gamonagoni. ,,tyis

komediaSic” saxezea alegoriuli azrovnebis naTeli nimuSi.

rogorc cnobilia da rogorc davrwmundiT, didi vaJa-fSavela

uyuradRebod ar tovebs warmarTul Tu qristianul RvTaebaTa panTeons.

Aadamianebs, Sobidgan gardacvalebamde Tu saiqio cxovrebiT damTavrebuls:

xe-mcenareebs, fesvebidan dawyebuls camde awvdili kenweroebiT

damTavrebuls (zrdis yvela stadiaSi); frinvelebs, wipria CitiT

dawyebuls, daWrili Tu laRad monavarde arwiviT damTavrebuls;

cxovelTa samyaros, patara TaguniebiT dawyebuls, daWrili vefxviT

damTavrebuls; miTologiur arsebebsa da miTiur movlenebs; sxvadasxva

stiqiur Zalas; ciur mnaTobebs. Tu ara vcdebiT, florisa da faunis

farTo speqtri qarTul poeziaSi pirvelad didma SoTa rusTavelma Seqmna,

daamkvidra da am mtkice balavarma ganapiroba ,,uenpiro bunebis” brwyinvale

saxismetyveleba Semdgom epoqebSic.

Yyvelasgan gamorCeulad am aspeqtiT mkvlevarTa mier samarTlianadaa

miCneuli vaJa-fSavela.

vaJasmcodneobaSi es problema mravali aspeqtiTaa Seswavlili,

dasabuTebulia mtkice argumentebiT, magram vfiqrobT, meti poeturobiT

xasiaTdeba am sakiTxis ganxilva uSualod poetis mier vaJas

gardacvalebidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis gavlis Semdeg. mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs poetisa da dramaturgis viqtor gabeskirias werili ,,frinvel-

cxovelTa samyaro da vaJa”(18,575-582).

mas cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaro miaCnia ra mwerlis humanizmis

gamosavlen vrcel asparezad, wers: ,,am mxriv gansakuTrebuli movlenaa

vaJa-fSavela. mas, msgavsad yvela didi mwerlisa, faunis

warmomadgenelTadmi siyvaruli da Tanadgoma gamomJRavnebuli aqvs mraval

nawarmoebSi(18,575). bevri sagulisxmo magaliTi aqvs damowmebuli avtors

vaJas Semoqmedebidan, sainteresoa misi midgoma TiToeuli Txzulebisadmi.

193

daskvniT nawilSi v.gabeskiria acxadebs: ,,vaJa mxatvruli

literaturisagan, saerTod xelovnebisagan, xalxis samsaxurs moiTxovda,

amis gareSe arc swamda xelovneba, xalxis sulier cxovrebaSi vaJa did

rols aniWebda xelovnebas, is did Zalad miaCnda adamianebze sasikeTod

zemoqmedebisaTvis”(18,582).

Bbunebrivia, am aspeqtiT vaJa gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekideboda

bavSvTaTvis gamiznul Txzulebebs da am mxriv rogorc zemoT mivaniSneT,

arc ,,tyis komedia” Ggamonaklisi.

Pprof. Gdimitri benaSvilis TqmiT: ,,vaJa-fSavelas meore piesa ,,tyis

komedia” friad Tavisebursa da originalur nawarmoebs warmoadgens... vaJa-

fSavelam am piesiT Segviyvana bunebis samefoSi da gvaCvena, Tu rogor

cxovroben, ra awuxebT bunebis uSualo Svilebs? Ppiesas Aaqvs pretenzia

iTvlebodes mozardi Taobis mxatvruli aRzrdis saSualebad. Ppiesis

MOmizania axalgazrdoba ganmsWvalos bunebisadmi siyvaruliT...

,,tyis komediis” morali advilad gasagebi da misawvdomia

bavSvebisaTvis. is aswavlis maT qurdobisadmi da zarmacobisadmi

siZulvils, simarTlisadmi siyvaruls”. (10,319). mkvlevarma mocemul

SefasebaSi, faqtiurad, aqcenti gadaitana mxatvrul ganzogadobaze , rac

safuZveli xdeba imisa, rom vimsjeloT mocemuli Txzulebis

aRmzrdelobiT da SemecnebiT funqciazec.

Ees bunebrivicaa, radgan ,,qarTul erovnul cnobierebas yovelTvis

farad edga erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia. qarTveli moRvaweni

yovelTvis zustad grZnobdnen saSiSroebis moaxloebas da TavianTi

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT cdilobdnen eri exsnaT nihilizmisa da

gadagvarebisagan. Yyvelaze mZime am mxriv mainc XIXsaukune iyo, roca

caristuli ruseTi mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda mkacr rusifikatorul

politikas”(7,319).

Aam politikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvel arsenalSi didi mniSvneloba

eZleoda Teatralur xelovnebas, dramaturgias, scenas. amis Taobaze

vkiTxulobT: ,,ilia gvmoZRvravs, rom didi ganmanaTlebluri,

aRmzrdelobiT-SemecnebiTi funqciis matarebelia Teatri. amasTan igi

skolaa, romelic naTeli suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuas,

Zlierad moqmedebs adaminis guneba-ganwyobilebaze, amaRlebs, swmends

afaqizebs mis azrs da grZnobebs da aqvs erTi ,,Zvirfasi Tviseba, rogoric

xalxis wrTvna da zrdaa”(ix. ilia WavWavaZe, pedagogiuri Txz., gv.172;399).

194

qveteqstiT imazecaa miniSneba, rom gansakuTrebul rols didi ilia

mozardis esTetikur aRzrdasac akisrebda dramaturgias, scenas.

rogorc piesis fabula migvaniSnebs, motivireba, mizandasaxuleba

avtorisa, nawarmoebisa naTelia. igi mSvenivradaa daxasiaTebuli

vaJasmcodneobaSi, vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc dramaturgis, originalurobas

misi piesebis struqturaSi vxedavT. kerZod, originaluria misi ,,scenebis”,

,,tyis komediis” remarkebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT win wamoiwevs avtoris,

mTxrobelis funqciebi nawarmoebSi. vaJas eposi am aspeqtiT Rrma

mecnieruladaa damuSavebuli (ix. saTanado literatura-J.k). dramatul

TxzulebebSi mTxrobelis, avtoris, wamyvanis roli gadadis remarkaSi.

rogorc dadgenilia, piesis kompoziciur modelirebaSi mniSvnelovan

funqcias asrulebs remarka. antikuri periodidan dawyebuli

dRevandelobamde kacobriobam remarkis mravalsaxeoba Seqmna. es ki

remarkebis funqciebis, mravali niuansiT aris ganpirobebuli.

remarkis mravalnairi interpretaciaa cnobili. ZiriTadad remarkas

odiTgan evaleboda, sxartad, mokled moeca ,,axsna-ganmarteba, SeniSvna,

miTiTeba moqmedebis gaSlis fonis, drois, adgilis, gmiris garegnobis,

qcevis, Cacmulobis Sesaxeb. zogjer miTiTeba exeba moqmed pirTa

intonacias, Jestebs, mimikas, maT asaks, xasiaTis Taviseburebebs da misT

(116,258). rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs avtoris saxesTan,

mTxrobelTan. Aaman ki win wamoswia dramatul TxzulebaTa personaJebTan

iribi damokidebuleba , Aanu mTxrobeli arsad ar CaerTveba personaJebis

metyvelebaSi. remarka ZiriTadad informaciis Semcvelia Tavisi funqciiT.

Tumca, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mas mniSvnelovani, axal-axali Sinaarsi,

daiSnuleba SeuZenia. miuTiTeben, rom remarkis forma ganisazRvreba

dramatuli nawarmoebis JanriTa da stiliT.

Ggvxvdeba e.w. beletrizirebuli remarkebi (l. andreevi, l.meterlinki,

b.Sou), XIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunis dasawyisis piesebSi gvaqvs

gaSlili, aRweriTi sagnobrivi remarkebi (hauptmani, ibseni, Cexovi, a.

ostrovski da sxva); magaliTad, Bbernard Sous zogierT piesaSi remarkas

ukavia piesis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi da asrulebs ara miTiTebebs, mokle

informaciebs, aramed faqtiurad warmoadgens piesis avtoriseul komentars

(iqve).

magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas piesaTa remarkebidan pirveli piesis

(qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT) remarka udaod beletzirebuli saxisaa.

195

Nnawarmoebis saTaurs-,,scena mTaSi” da saTauris qveS minawers-,,xevsurebis

cxovrebidan”, mosdevs faqtiurad miniatura, eskizi, romeliTac sxartadaa

daxatuli interierica da eqsterieric; interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos

misi moxmoba damadasturebel nimuSad: ,,ganTiadia. Aaqa-iq roWuebma daiwyes

kakani. Soridam, mTis piridam, modis SurTxis stvena. Nnami uxvad dahyria

balaxs; danamuls balaxze saamurad ismis stvena celisa gaRma-gamoRmidam.

moTibulis, damWknaris balaxis suni saamod mosdebia im aremares. jer

mTiblebis ,,gvrinva”, simRera ar gaxSirebula, Zvlebi ar gamTbara, ofli ar

daZrula gul-mkerdzed. Abikam da mamaswveramac gaiRviZes, wamosxdnen;

ezarebodaT ki adgoma, magram sxva mTiblebis celis ,,wivili” aRar

aZinebdaT. Seacqerdnen erTi-meores, gaiCmuCnen mxrebSi”.(33,201). Aamas

mosdevs piesis moqmed pirTa dialogi moqmedebis dinamikurad ganviTareba.

sxva remarkebi tradiciulia, moklea, sxartia, dawurulinformaciulia.

Ees piesa erTmoqmedebiani da erTsuraTiani Txzulebaa. Mmas garkveul

kompoziciur mTlianobas aniWebs safinalo remarka Tavisi SinaarsiT,

pirveli remarkis Janrul-struqturuli saxesTan msgavsebiT.

Tavad ambavi novelisturi bunebisaa. Aavtori Tavisi remarkiT

amTavrebs piesas: mamaswveras (piesis gmiri-J.k) ,,exveweba adgilis dedas,

RvTisSvilebs qudmoxdili, rom gadaarCinos dev-eSmakebsa da iZinebs).

Ppiesis epilogi ki aseTi Sinaarsisaa: ,,myudroeba sdgas garSemo,

mxolod xevi mosCqefs, kldezed gadamdinari hyviris, SfoTavs, aTasgvar

gamoxmobasa hbadebs. mTis piridam mTvarem amoyo yuri da badesaviT

gadaafina mTis wverebs Tavisi sxivebi. mTvaris sxivi daadga mamaswverasa da

abikas (piesis gmirebs-J.k) da TiTqos yurebSi CasCurCulebda, TiTqos nanas

eubneboda: nu geSiniaT, nu hkrTiT, devebs me mogaSorebT, damaSvralni

xarT, tkbilad daiZineT, me var Tqveni daraji, Tqveni patronio”(iqve,206).

am amonawerSi naTlad Cans dramaturgis pozicia. igi logikurad

amTavrebs fabulas, romlis finaliTac sakuTar damokidebulebas

amJRavnebs dramisadmi, movlenisadmi. safinalo akordi ki mauwyebelia

avtoris msoflmxedvelobisa miTiuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT.

imave wliT, 1889wliT, TariRdeba meore piesa ,,scenebi” (fSavlebis

cxovrebidam).

Taviseburia am ,,scenebis” kompozicia. Aavtors igi oTx scenad anu

moqmedebad aqvs dayofili. specifikuria TiToeuli scenisadmi

wamZRvarebuli remarka. esenia remarka-saTaurebi, wamZRvarebuli, darTuli

196

TiToeuli moqmedebisadmi. TiToeuli remarka-saTaurebi wamZRvarebuli,

darTuli TiToeuli moqmedebisadmi. TiToeuli remarka-saTauri

realizdeba Sesabamisi siuJetiT, fabuliT. maTi ganxilva ar warmoadgens

Cvens amocanas am konkretul SemTxvevaSi. interess aRgviZravs saTaurebis

xasiaTi: ,,scena I. yoCaR xafango!, ,,scena II. ,,vahme, cxviro!”, ,,scena III.

,,xarsaca da fursac!” da ,,scena IV. gTxovT, damiWiroT!”

,,Tavisi konstruqciiT, SinaarsiT imave 1889wliT daTariRebuli

,,scenebi” (scena xevsureTSi) faqtiurad dramatuli aqsesuarebiT SeTxzuli

ornawiliani moTxrobaa. Mmas yvelaze nakleb moeTxoveba dramatuli

Txzulebebis pretenzia. remarkebic klasikuri, mokle, sxarti informaciis

matareblebia.

remarkis beletrizireba TiTqmis gamoricxulia ,,tyis komediaSi”.

Tumca, avtori erTi wuTiTac ki ar tovebs piesas miTiTebis, mokle

komentaris gareSe. igrZnoba, igi amiT garkveul gzamkvleobas, daxmarebas

uwevs mozardebs siuJetis ganviTarebaSi maTi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT.

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos is faqtic, rom patara piesaSi avtori 58-

jeraa CarTuli fabulis gasaSlelad: 29-jer I moqmedebaSi da 29-jer II

moqmedebaSi.

sayuradReboa piesis saTauri-tyeSi datrialebul ambavs pirobiTad

SeiZleba ewodos komedia, rameTu, piesaSi ver vxedavT grotesks,

hiperobolas, satiras, karikaturas, rogorc klasikuri komediebis ZiriTad

maxasiaTebel niSnebs, ver vxedavT tipadqceul gamokveTil xasiaTebs.

Lliteraturis TeoriaSi, rogorc zemoTac gvqonda aRniSnuli,

ganarCeven erTmaneTisgan garemos, viTarebis komedias, xasiaTebis

komediisagan. Cveni rwmeniT vaJas ,,tyis komedia” warmoadgens viTarebisa da

XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi gaCenil ,,ideaTa

komediebis” erTgvar sinTezs.

maSasadame, aRniSnuli piesis saTauri orcnebiani frazaa: ,,tye

miuTiTebs, azustebs moqmedebis adgils, xolo ,,komedia” gansazRvras

Txzulebis Janrobriv saxesxvaobas.

qvemoT mokled, SeZlebisdagvarad, gavarkvevT, Tu ramdenadaa es piesa

komedia, ra doziTaa iq komikuri, satiruli Tu ,,iumoristuli”(am bolo

termins am formiT xmarobs prof. gr.kiknaZe-J.k). CamoTvlil Teoriul

cnebaTa brwyinvale ganmartebebi da analizia mocemuli prof. gr. kiknaZis

197

monografiaSi: ,,qarTuli satira da iumoris ganviTarebis

istoriisaTvis”(50,9).

satirisa da iumoris sazogadoebrivi funqciis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT:

sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi arsebul Widilsa Tu brZolas mkafiod

gamoxatavso satiruli da iumoristuli literature, radgan ,,moxerxebuli

da mignebuli dacinva obieqtis gacamtverebis, misi uvargisobis

gamomJRavnebis nacadi da utyuari saSualebaa”(50,9). Aavtors miaCnia, rom

amgvari TxzulebebisaTvis ,,damaxasiaTebelia is, rom maTSi yvelaze

TvalnaTliv da uSualod gveZleva avtoris SefasebiTi damokidebuleba

gansaxilvelad aRebuli obieqtisadmi... satirasa da iumorSi Zalian cxadad

Cans mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia maSinac ki, rodesac igi

garegnulad ama Tu im movlenis mxolod dagmobiTa da gakicxviT aris

SeSfoTebuli da Tavis pozitiur mrwamss pirdapir ar amJRavnebs”(50,9).

avtorTa amgvari midgoma ufro mkveTrad mocemulia, Cveni rwmeniT,

lirikur da epikur JanrebSi. naTelia avtorTa SefasebiTi damokidebuleba

movlenebisadmi da maTi msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciac. rac Seexeba

dramatul Janrs am TvalsazrisiT, aqac midgoma analogiuria, magram

lirikul da epikur Txzulebebisagan gansxvavebiT avtori Tavis

msoflmxedvelobriv pozicias aSkarad TiTqmis ver gamoxatavs, radgan misi

xvedriTi wona siuJetSi Zalzed SezRudulia, piesaTa Txzvis tradiciuli

kanonebi ar aZleven mas amis saSualebas (zogierT gamonaklisze

remarkasTan dakavSirebiT win gvqonda saubari), anu lirikaSi da eposSi

avtori, mTxrobeli mniSvnelovan siuJetur-kompoziciur komponents

warmoadgens, metyvelebis, gansja-msjelobis, emociaTgamJRavnebis

TvalsazrisiT.

Ddramatul nawarmoebSi did rols TamaSobs avtoris simpaTiuri,

ironiuli, iumoristuli Tu uaryofiTi damokidebuleba personaJebis

xatvis, Zerwvis procesSi maTi xasiaTebisadmi, garegnobisadmi, remarkebis

tonebSi. raRa Tqma unda, konfliqtebis, koliziebis, viTarebis

prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs am aspeqtiT ,,tyis komediaSi”?

Tu gaviTvaliwwinebT imas, rom piesa dabeWdilia Jurnal ,,nakadulSi”,

rom mkiTxvelis asakobrivi zRvaric amiT Semofarglulia, avtoris

humanizmi ki zRvardaudebelia, xolo moqmed pirebad umweo, pawawa

cxovelebia gamoyvanili da fabulac patara, novelistur SemTxvevas exeba,

198

piesaSi idea arc e.w. ,,zogadsakacobrio” da arc didia, masStaburi. maSin

Tamamad unda mivakuTvnoT ,,iumoristikul” nawarmoebTa jgufs.

vaJas pozitiur mrwamsze piesis mixedviT zemoT iyo saubari.

Aavtoris ra ,,SefasebiT damokidebulebas” amovikiTxavT piesis

personaJebisadmi? Nnawarmoebis ideis mimarTebisadmi mozardebis, zogadad

sazogadoebis, mimarT?

mivyveT piesas.

ambavi or ojaxs Soris konfliqtur urTierTobas gadmogvcems.

kerZod, erT ojaxs, simSilaanT ojaxs, sonasTvis erTi ormo Txili

mouparavT da amiT mZime mdgomareobaSi CaugdiaT mezobeli. pirveli

moqmedebis pirvel gamosvlaSi mwared mosTqvams naqurdalis gamo erTi

Tagvi, sona. Mmaleve iwyeba misi dialogi sxva mezobelTan, TebronesTan.

Yyurs vugdebT maT msjelobas, momxdaris Sefasebas da Cvens warmodgenaSi

waiSleba kvali daburul tyesa da Cveulebriv qarTul damwuxrebul ojaxs

Soris. avtors ostaturad gadavyevarT adamianTa Soris urTierTobaze.

TagvTa metyveleba, maTi ganwyobileba, maT mier gamoxatuli eWvebi da

varaudebi, piesas gapirovnebis mxatvrul-stilistur funqcias sZens.

nawarmoebSi qveteqsturi gaazrebis gareSe gadmogvcemen moqmedi

pirebi TavianT mZime socialur-ekonomiuri cxovrebis ambavs.

vfiqrobT, mozardis gaRimebas gamoiwvevs Tebrones ,,sagamomZieblo”

da ,,kriminaluri” alRo. moviyvanT srulad am adgils piesidan:

,,meore Tagvi, (Tavs aqeT-iqiT iqnevs), maS, maS! Hhm! CvenSi ki darCes da

erTi ram unda giTxra. marTalia, Rorsa, daTvsa da maCvs davabrale

(Txilis ormos aTvalierebs), magram ara. Ees arc erTis brali ar unda

iyos!”- aq cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba Tebrones faqtis marTebuli

Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs; marTlac, logikuria da damajerebelia misi

,,kriminalisturi” daskvna: ,,ormos zed muxis fesvi afaria. yoCaR, gcodnia,

sad da rogor gavakeToT ormo. agre unda, Rors an maCvs rom amoeTxara,

ueWvelad fesvs amoglejdnen da didaTac amosTxridnen... es Tagvis oinia”.

Bbunebrivia, amis Semdeg eWvis doneze dasaxeldeboda qurdis vinaoba.

Tebrone iqve daamatebs: ,,dabal xmaze): simSilaanTidan mudam Rame

oromtrialis, taS-fanduris da Wianuris xma ismis; saidan? rogor?

(pirveli Tagvi yurebs ascqvets”(iqve).

Aamis Semdeg martivad, mezoblur saubarSi or Tagvs Soris iwyeba

Sekvra siuJeturi naskvisa. eWvs xom dasabuTeba sWirdeba da TandaTanobiT

199

rwmundebian eWvis simarTleSi. Tavis varauds faqtebiT amyarebs Tebrone.

ixsenebs cota xnis win Tavis Sexvedras simSilasTan (maTi varaudiT

qurdTan-J.k); simSilasTan am erT kviraSi Sexvedra gaixsena sonamac.

simSila Tebrones Tu aTiode Txilsa sTxovda sesxad, sonam

gaaanaliza simSilas xetiali sonas ormos maxlobel mzvareSi: ,,.. gana ara,

am erT kviraSi, sul ai, am mzvareSi mxvdeboda, aq daeTreoda. Mmec xom

yaraulad ar vudgevar Cems ormoebs, ,,Saigulebda da memre erT Rames

gadazidavdnen”(33,266).

maTi dialogidan gamoCnda TiTo Strixi TiToeli maTganis

dasaxasiaTeblad. Aanu rogor gamoixata TiToeulis reaqcia,

damokidebuleba erTsa da imave faqtze.

Tebrone frTxilobs. Ffaqts, varauds ar uaryofs, magram mainc

eubneba sonas: ,,ra vici, ram gaagiJa eg xalxi (simSilaani Tu imaT Tavs

erTi ram ambavi ar aris? Ees daixsome. Mme eWviT vlaparakob, xolo Tavis

TvaliT araferi minaxavs da yuriT rac mesmis, imas mogaxseneb”.(iqve).

samagierod, sjera sonas, rom qurdi simSilaa da simarTlis dadgena

mtkiced gadauwyvetia. Tu Tebrones msjeloba wynaria, dinjia,

dazaralebuli qvrivis sityvebi muqariTaa savse da SurismaZieblad aris

qceuli sona: ,,maS dedakaci ar viqnebi, iseTi dRe ar davawio, Tavis gaCenis

saaTsa swyevlides. iqneb imas fiqrobdes, qvriv-oxeria, vina hyavs patroni,

SamrCeba, araferiao!.. moica, am kavebs gaviyreineb , Tu ver gawvnio...”(iqve).

siuJeturi naskvi ukve gvaqvs, logikuri iqneboda maTi dialogis

Sewyvetac am sakiTxze da Cinebuli migneba SemogvTavaza avtorma Tavisi

mokle …remarkiT: (am dros caze Zera gamoCndeba da Tavs dastrialebT). im

wuTSive Seicvala situacia, ganelda saubris muxti.

Ppatara ……detaliTac naTeli gaxda TiToeulis Sinagani mdgomareoba;

Tebrone, rogorc dinji, aradazaralebuli, ufro fxizlad afasebs

garemos, swored mas SeaniSnina dramaturgma caze Zera braziTa da

SurisZiebiT aRgznebuli sonasaTvis: ………………

,,pirveli Tagvi. sona, sona! Cqara, Tavs vuSveloT!

meore …Tagvi . rao? ra ambavia?

pirveli ……Tagvi. Seixede maRla, hxedav, rogor Tvalebs gvacecebs is...

isa?

meore Tagvi. (caSi icqireba) uh, RmerTma dagwyevlos! (oriveni soroSi

miZvrebian)”(iqve, gv.267).

200

amiT daasrula dramaturgma piesaSi ,,pirveli gamosvla).

rogorc vxedavT, Temis erT-erTi wevris mier Cadenilia zneobrivi,

socialuri danaSauli, romelic pirobiTad SeiZleba gansazRvros rogorc

e.w. …,,dramatuli danaSauli” (am termianis Taobaze …ix. Pprof.……givi

lomiZis monografia ,,komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb”, Tb.

1969w. gv. 43-44 da a.S). bunebrivia, maleve unda gaixsnas es danaSauli.

Ppiesis ………pirveli moqmedebis meore gamosvlaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi

swored aqeTkenaa mimarTuli (55,17).

scenaze xalisis Semomtania axali personaJis Semosvla. Eesaa

axalgazrda celqa, sona Tagvis siZe. Mmis gamoCenisTanave avtori Tavisi

remarkiT udaod gamoiwvevs mkiTxvelSi Rimils.

SiSisagan soroSi Cabudebuli Tagvebi kars iqidan exmianebian celqas.

sonas …SekiTxvaze romeli xaro, celqa upasuxebs: ,,sidedro, Sen? Mme var

celqa, Seni siZe. (ityvis ra amas, iWimeba da ulvaSebs isworebs)”

roca sorodan xma afrTxilebs: ,,exlaxan Zera dalaxlaxebda, Tavze

ar dageceso”, celqas pasuxSi patara StrixiT gamoCnda trabaxa

axalgazrda:

vfiqrobT, gaRimebasTan erTad daafiqrebs kidec mozards asakovanTa

da axalgazrdis Sexvedris fragmenti. Rimilis momgvrelia familaruli

toni misalmebisa, xolo damafiqrebeli da Wkuis saswavlebelia

darbaisluri, qarTuli urTierTobis gamomxatveli momenti:

,,sona. mSvidoba Sens mobrZanebas, siZev batono!

Tebrone. mSvidoba SenTan, vaJkaco tol-upovaro!

celqa. RmerTma mogsceT mSvidoba, Zvirfasno mandilosanno”(33,267).

is iyo, maTi saubari mTavars, qurdobas, unda Sehxeboda, rom scenaze

xmauriT, aurzauriT Semodis daTvi, Tagvebi soroSi gainabebiaan, celqa

muxis fesvs amoefareba, tyis sxva binadarni panikaSi Cacvivnulan.

Aavtors scenaze aJiotaJis gamosawvevad Semohyavs daTvi. amaSi mTavar

damnaSaveebad ki xeebze Citebi da miwaze Tagvebi miaCnia: ,,netavi SemeZlos,

xeli mimiwvdebodes, sul gavJuJo eg gasawyvetebi! (daTvs Tavze Cxikvi

dasCxavis. daTvi buzRuniT tyeSi miimaleba). albaT, Cxikvis Cxavili

gabezrebuli daTvis Tavze patarebis sicils unda iwvevdes.

wyevla-krulvas uTvlian damSvidebuli Tagvebi daTvs da

miubrundebian TavianT sawuxar ambavs. celqas, sonasa da Tebrones saubriT

TandaTan kulminaciisaken midis viTareba. Ddaskvna- naTelia qurdi-

201

simSilaa. Aaxla moqmedebaa saWiro da isinic swor gadawyvetilebas

Rebuloben:

,,sona (celqas). maS Cemo Zvirfaso siZev, rogor moviqceT, ras mirCev?

Mme mgonia, ase ajobebs, Sen exlave gaswi da, saca iyos da ar iyos, gzirs,

mamasaxliss, nacvals Seatyobine. TiTo wami Zvirfasada Rirs, daakar pasuxi

Tornes, vidre cxelia. amaRamve Tavs davesxaT. saxli gavuCxrikoT, ar

SeiZleba, niSani ram ar vipovoT.

Tebrone, diaR, diaR swored magre unda moiqce, sjobs mogvareba

saqmisa, ar dayovneba xanisa. wadi exlave, gaswi!...

celqa. Mivdivar, mSvidobiT! (garbis kudabzekili...)”.

avtorma isurva, rom I moqmedeba xmauriT damTavrebuliyo.

monadireebis gamoCeniT tyeSi man mianiSna mkiTxvels, rom Zerisa da daTvis

garda adamianebic da ZaRlebic yofilan patara Tagvebis mtrebi-SeSinebuli

Tagvebi soroSi garbiano-vkiTxulobT remarkaSi.

caSi Zera. daTvis gamoCena. Mmuxis fesvi. Cxikvi. tyeSi Rorototos xma:

ZaRlebis yefa. sxva binadarni tyisa-Tvaldaferflili Svlebi, irmebi-is

sasceno rekvizitebia, romelic qmnis tyis warmodgenas, tyis imitacias.

Kkompaqturia, erTsvliania mTeli meore moqmedeba piesisa. Aambavi

konkretulad simSilaanT binaSi mimdinareobs. Mmokle remarkiTaa daxatuli

bina, kera.

,,tyis komediis” mkvlevari naTlad ixilavs prof. gr. kiknaZis mier

,,piesis arqiteqtonikis ganmsazRvrel” TiTqmis yvela pirobas. kerZod,

farda exdeba e.w. ,,dramatul danaSauls” da moqmedebisa da xasiaTebis

ganviTareba mimdinareobs sxarti dialogebiT.

qronotipis mixedviT meore moqmedeba or momentadaa mocemuli.

Ppirvel monakveTSi simSilaani sindisis qejnis gareSe ilxenen naqurdali

TxiliT. Aavtorma ramdenime sityviT daaxasiaTebina sakuTari buneba mTavar

damnaSaves simSilas.

Qqurdi simSila cinikosicaa. meore moqmedebis pirvelive monologi

adasturebs amas:

,,simSila. (wamoiwevs). Aaba, erTi dedakaco, ,,sonaseuli” moita,

vaxSami gavaCaliCoT.(sonaseuls naqurdals Txils

eZaxda), xeladaSi Rvino iqneba, isic moita, sona-

qali unda vadRegrZeloT,-me da Cemma RmerTma,

Zalian Txili Seunaxia da is dalocvilSvili rom

202

arca kiTxulobs?! iqneba imas Tavisi ormo isev

savse hgonia?... xa, xa, xa! imedic kai saqonelia! roca

hnaxavs, saqme maSin ari, magram manamde Cven kidec

gavaTavebT. Bblomad aris kidev?

Kkekela. (coli) jer kidev blomad aris. Aam dalocvilma

Zalian baraqa gamoiRo... (33,269).

simSilas mier warmoTqmuli sadRegrZelo kidev ufro mkveTrad

usvams xazs am tipis uaryofiT bunebaze, miuxedavad imisa , rom pur-RviniT

simdidres TavSi tvini amjobina da es usurva col-Svils. SezarxoSebulma

WianuriTa da taS-fanduriT ,,moisurva” gulis gaxaliseba.

personaJis dasaxasiaTeblad dramaturgma gamoiyena daxasiaTebis ara

,,TandaTanobiTi gaSlis gza”, aramed ,,mza xasiaTebis mowodebis

sistema”(gr.kiknaZe).

keriaze gaCaRebuli lxiniT moqmedebis ganviTarebam kulminacias

miaRwia, rasac udaod unda mohyoloda kvanZis gaxsna da sasurveli, keTili

finali. asec moxda.

vaJa-fSavelam arc situaciis garemos dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyena

,,TandaTanobiTi gaSlis gza”. scenaze myisierad, xmauriT daiwyeba

qronotopis meore stadia. Aamas adasturebs dramaturgis remarkac: kekela

cekvavs, sakravebis xma da am dros: (TamaSobs. ismis xma garedan: ojaxis

patrono, ojaxis patrono! sakravebis xma Seswydeba. pasuxs aRar ucdian da

simSilaanT keraze gamoiWimeba mamasaxlisi Tavis iasaulebiT, CafrebiT,

celqa, sona, Tebrone da sxvani).

Mmamasaxlisi. agaSenosT RmerTma! Kkai dros movediT! sidedrsa

vyvarebivarT. Cven ki ar dagvpatiJebT?! (yvelani fexze adgebian)(33,270).

movlenaTa ganviTareba bunebrivad iwvevs mozard mkiTxvelSi

molodinisa da interesis gancdas-ra da rogor moxdeba?

Tanamedrove terminologia rom moviSvelioT, yvelaferi

,,operatiulad maRal doneze” Catarda: braldebis wayeneba, binis Cxreka,

mtkicebulebis amoReba da damnaSavis dapatimreba. Yyvelaferi es im

droisaTvis d aim garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebel qmedebaSi aisaxa.

mkiTxvels aucileblad daakmayofilebs moralurad Sedegi. Ppiesa

scenaze rom gadasuliyo, bunebrivi iqneboda yiJina, aJiotaJi mozardi

mayureblisa maT Tvalwin gaTamaSebuli scenis gamo. Tumca, scenariTac

didebuladaa miRweuli es. Yyvelaferi swrafad da didi Sexla-SemoxliT

203

dasrulda: remarka (gzir-Cafrebs moaqvT Tokebi da hkonaven saTiTaod,

ismis wripini da wruwuni Tagvebisa) da am aurzaurSi sona-Tagvi Cumad

Caulaparakebs mamasaxliss: ,,oi, Sens marjvenas ki venacvale! Eemagre,

emagre! rac SeiZleba datanje eg gasawyvetebi, dawvi dad dadage. Eeg

Txilic Seni feSqaSi iyos da sxvasac mogarTmev. oRond magaT javrs nu

maWmev”(33,270-271).

interesmoklebuli ar aris mamasaxlisis gadalaparakeba, pasuxi sonas

SemoTavazebaze:

,,mamasaxlisi.. (sonas). Sen arxeinad brZandebode. , exla me vici, unda

samagaliTod davsajo, ise, rom ra saTqmelia , cali Txilic ki aravis

daekargos amis Semdeg. (mxleblebs) aba, gaswiT, waiyvaneT eg tusaRebi, mec

TqvenTan erTad movdivar”.(iqve)

Cvens mier xazgasmuli sityvebi viTom sxvaTaSorisaa Tqmuli

personaJebis mier, faqtiurad da Cveni rwmeniTac, es sityvebi SefarviT

gamoxataven ,,avtoris saerTo ideur koncefcias”- amxilos soflis

Cinovnikobaca da soflis (aq im tyis-J.k) ubiri mosaxleobac meqrTameobaSi.

Ppiesis siuJeti ki logikuri dasasrulisaken midis.

Ffinali safiqrals utovebs norC mkiTxvels. Sesafaseblad utovebs

avtori maT erT detals.

gzaSi mimavalma mamasaxlisma safrTxe igrZno. Mmxleblebmac

panikurad iyvires: ,,mglebi, mamasaxliso, mglebi! CvenTvis gza SeukravT!”

(iqve) da yvelam Tavs uSvela, ,,garbi-gamorbian, gaifantebian, xolo

tusaRebi rCebian Sekonilni erT adgilas”. (iqve).

wina remarkiT Tqmulia, rom melebis xma TandaTan axlovdebao. ra

daskvnas gamoitans mkiTxveli?- melebis lukmebi gaxdebian simSilaani Tu

rCebaT cocxlad gadarCenis raime Sansi? Ddidi ilias sityvebisa ar iyos:

,,warmoidginos TviTon mkiTxvelmao”.

,,tyis komedia” axalTaobis zneobrivi aRzrdisa da sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli mankierebis mxilebasTan erTad samagaliToa enobrivi

TvalsazrisiTac. Txzulebis ena ZarRviani qarTulis nimuSia, stilisturad

gamarTulia, mdidaria misi leqsika. personaJTa metyvelebaSi Casmuli

frazeologizmebi nawarmoebs saxalisos xdis. Mmoxmobili aforizmebi,

sentenciebi ki daafiqrebs mozards da gonebiT moaZebninebs maTi

warmomavlobis wyaroebs. marTlac, es patara piesa ,,tyis komedia” qarTuli

enis, leqsikis, stilistikis mSvenieri saganZuria, salaroa.

204

mimovixiloT ramdenime magaliTi teqstidan. winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom

TiToeuli sentencia, aforizmi, wyevla, sityvis masala brwyinvaledaa

CarTuli personaJTa metyvelebaSi, yvela maTgani logikurad

gamarTlebulia mocemul konteqstSi, yvela maTgani Seesabameba personaJis

ganwyobilebas, dialogis atmosferos.

magaliTad, gaqurduli, gamwarebuli sona-Tagvis pirvelive monologi

damuxtulia emociuradac, leqsikuradac, ramdenime frazaSi gamoyenebulia

wyevlac, sityvis masalac, frazeologiac:

misi TqmiT, qurdi SeCvenebulia, wyeulia, romelmac igi dasva

carielze anu gaZarcva pirwmindad. Amas mohyveba wyevla-frazeologiaSi

gadasuli: ,,egebi Cemis codviT kbilebi dascvivdes da Tvalebi daeTxaros”.

Aaqve mxars ubams Tebrone-,,Sxamad Seargos!”

sonas sityviT: ,,vai imis brali, visac sakuWnaoSi araferi abadia,

amosZvreba simSiliT suli”. Eesec xom cnobili frazaa, sityvis masalaa

xalxSi gavrcelebuli.

Aamis Semdeg odnav rom dacxreba mosaubreTa aRtyinebis talRa da

gadavlen momxdaris Sefasebaze, varaudebis, eWvis gamoTqmaze, konteqsti

ufro meti simSvidis mqonea da msjelobac ufro dinj stilSi

gagrZeldeba. Kkoreqtirebas ganicdis leqsikac.

Oormos daTvalierebis Semdeg gamocdili Tebrone-Tagvi daadgens,

rom qurdobaSi Roris, maCvis an daTvis brali gamoricxulia. Ees ufro

Tagvis naxelaviao da iqve Semoagdebs cnobad eWvs-simSilaanTidan

yovelRame taS-fandurisa da simReris xma gamodis, saidan da rogorao?

aman ukve sxva aspeqtiT warmarTa dialogi. Eemociaze metad goniereba

gamosWvivis CarTuli frazebiT.

sainteresoa Tebrones monologidan ramdenime fraza:

1.,,gana ar ici, rac oflis patronni brZandebian”. eE.i.

uqnarebi,zarmacebi, uSromelni ariano (simSilaani-J.k).

2. karda-kar moaruli simSila damaTxovrobda da TebronesTanac

misula da uTxovia: ,,Rones gamxade, erTi aTiode Txili masesxeo”, anu

miSvele, momasuliere, gadamarCineo, misive sityvebia: ,,Tavad simSila iseT

buqnaSi amodioda, rom quid caSi da tanisamosi cecxlSi gadadioda”.

Mmozardi unda mixvdes, rom simSila gagiJebiT cekvavdao; xolo andaza

,,qudi caSi da tanisamosi cecxlSi gadadioda”-metaforizebuli perifrazaa

cnobili andazisa- ,,ca qudad ar miaCnia da dedamiwa qalamnadao!”

205

Mmeti emociurobiT gamoirCeva pirveli gamosvlis am bolo

dialogSi sona-Tagvis konteqsti:

1. ,,me Sen giTxra, gasawyvetebs ukacuroba SeawuxebdaT,

buzebiviT irevian; fraza gulisxmobs-bevrni, auarebelni ariano.

2. ,,iqneb imasa fiqrobdes, qvriv-oxeria, vina hyavs patroni,

SamrCeba, araferiao!... moica, am kavebs gaviyreineb, Tu ver vawvnio!...” pirvel

rigSi, Rimilis momgvrelia qvrivis trabaxi da kavebis gayreineba. Rimilis,

sicilis safuZvels ki cnobili frazeologia warmoadgens: ,,ulvaSi nu

msxmia, kaci ar viyo dedakacs vemsgavso, sul ukanaskneli viyo,Tu...”(77,629).

uSualod sityva-,,vawvnio” ganimarteba rogorc-,,Tu samagiero ar

gadavuxadoo”.

L leqsikis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa pirveli moqmedebis meore

gamosvla, gansakuTrebiT axali personaJis, celqas, metyvelebaSi.

rodesac celqa mixvdeba Tu rasa Cioda sidedri, ityvis: ,,cota ram

suni aviRe saqmisa... yurebSi raRac damawyda.”(gv.267)

,,sunis aReba” aleqsandre neimanis sinonimTa leqsikonSi asea

ganmartebuli: ,,sunis aReba-ynosviT migneba, gageba(65,436), xolo fraza:

,,yurebSi raRac damawyda” niSnavs yuris mokvras, gagonebas (iqve, gv.71).

,,kavis dayrevinebis” analogiuri Sinaarsisaa celqas sityvebi: ,,mTelma

qveyanam icis. ulvaSs moviparsav, Tu Cemi eWvi tyuili gamodgeba”(gv.268).

I moqmedebis finalSi sayuradReboa sonas monologSi CarTuli

andaza: ,,TiTo wami Zvirfasada Rirs, daakar puri Tornes, vidre cxelia”.

Aaqve, amave situaciaSi, Tebronec aCqarebs celqas da mSvenivrad

miusadagebs viTarebas ,,vefxistyaosnis” aforizmis perifrazs: ,,sjobs

mogvareba saqmisa, ar dayovneba xanisa. wadi, exlave, gaswi!”(65,.268).

Lleqsikuri TvalsazrisiT piesis UII moqmedeba daclilia

asociaciuri gamonaTqvamebidan. Mmxolod erTxel gvxvdeba mamasaxlisis

sityvebSi cnobili andaza: ,,xma RvTisa-xma erisao,-tyuilad ar iZaxoda

xalxi, mTeli dunia”(gv.270).

Ddaskvnis saxiT mokled aRvniSnav, rom vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT

interesebSi angariSgasawev faqtorad rCeba dramaturgia. Aam sferoSic

didi vaJa inarCunebs sworupovrobas. iliasTan da akakisTan erTad vaJam

myari safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis qarTul dramatul xelovnebas.

206

Tavi. IV-Targmani, rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi

interesebis erT-erTi aspeqti (1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT)

vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis analizi mkvlevarTaTvis

gverdauvleli amocanaa, radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, genialuri poetis

SemoqmedebiTi interesebis srulyofilad gasacnobad es sferoc unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, vinaidan Targmanic vaJas SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. Tumca, viziarebT saerTo Sexedulebas, rom vaJa-

fSavelasaTvis mTargmneloba ar qceula did mowodebad, magram vinaidan

Targmani mas erovnuli qarTuli mwerlobis ganuyofel nawilad miaCnda,

1880 wlidan 1909 wlis CaTvliT uTargmnia sxvadasxva avtoris Tormeti

dasaxelebis sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJa-fSavelas

TiTqmis Tanabrad miuqcevia yuradReba mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis

XIX saukuneSic da XX saukunis 900-ian wlebSic.

XIX saukune: 1880w. ,,feodalis aRzrda”. ,,iveria”; 1881w. nawyvetia n.

ostrovskisa da n. salaviovis piesidan ,,bednieri dRe”; 1886w. ,,bulbulsac

moewoneba”. ,,Teatri”; 1893w. heinedam. ,,iveria”; 1896w. ,,qaji”. ,,saqarTvelos

kalendari”.

XX saukune: 1904-05w.w. ,,orleaneli qali”; 1906w. e. pos ,,yorani”,

,,megobari”; 1907 w. ,,mziTvis langari”. ,,nakaduli”; 1909w. ,,saqarTvelos

ocneba”. ,,droeba”; 1909w. ,,qalis mTa”. ,,cremlebi”; 1909w. ,,stenka razini”.

Aavtografi (IV, 275-595).

vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa xuTtomeulis meoTxe tomSi miTiTebulia,

rom vaJas uTargmnia agreTve ludvig bernes ,,pariJuli werilebi”.

moRweuliao mxolod dasawyisi (33,696).

rogorc vxedavT, 900-ian wlebSi odnav meti aqtiurobiT Sesdgomia

vaJa-fSavela mTargmnelobiT saqmes, es ki metyvelebs imaze, rom vaJa-

fSavelac Rirseulad agrZelebs da icavs mravalsaukunovani qarTuli

literaturis tradiciebs.

Ddadgenilia, rom rusi avtorebis: anatoli kremlovis, mixeil

lermontovis, leonid obolenskis , soloviovis, ostrovskis da erTi

xalxuri leqsis, romelic ekuTvnis XIX s. Targmanis paralelurad yvela

ucxoeli avtoris: haines, edgar pos, Sileris, uidas, erkman-Satrianis

207

Txzulebebi vaJas naTargmni aqvs rusuli Targmanebidan da rusuli

dednebidan.

vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi sistema sxartad, kompaqturad aqvs

daxasiaTebuli mkvlevar Tamaz Cxenkels ,,winaTqmaSi”, romelic win uZRvis

,,vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebulis”(1966w.) IV bloks, romelSic

gaanalizebulia vaJas mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. igi aRniSnavs: ,,vaJas

keTilsindisierad gadmoaqvs dednis siuJeturi qarga da Sinaarsi, magram iq,

sadac saqme exeba poeturi nawarmoebis mTliani struqturisaTvis

aucilebel aspeqtebs (intonacia, bgerwera, ganwyobileba da sxva) igi ar

iTvaliswinebs an ufro swored, ver grZnobs ucxo nawarmoebis

Taviseburebis mTel sisavses da am aspeqtebis srul asimilirebas

(magaliTad ,,polSuridan”), xolo zogjer novelirebas axdens”(106, 314).

Tavad cnobili mwerali, mecnieri, mTargmneli iqve ganmartavs

zemoaRniSnul mosazrebas : ,,magram ase iqceoda TiTqmis yvela didi

Semoqmedi, romelic Targmnisadmi gansakuTrebul midrekilebas ar

amJRavnebda (rasac TavisTavad maTi temperamentis Tavisebureba

ganapirobebda), Tundac im cxadi mizezis gamo, rom maTi gulisyuri da

titanuri energia dReniadag sakuTari poeturi samyaros Seqmnisaken iyo

mimarTuli. roca es samyaro ukve Seqmnilia, maT mxolod misi meSveobiT

SeuZliaT ganWvriton, SeigrZnon an gardasaxon, rac maTSi imTaviTve ar iyo

mocemuli(106, 314).

Mmokled mimovixilavT im pirvel leqss, im pirvel moTxrobasa da im

pirvel piesas, raTa gaviTvaliswinoT is mxatvrul-esTetikuri Tu ideur-

Tematuri impulsebi, ramac gezi misca vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiT

moRvaweobas, ramac gaaRviva misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis kidev erTi

mniSvnelovani aspeqti-Targmani.

teqstologebs, vaJas TxzulebaTa gamomcemlebs dadgenili aqvT, rom

qronologiurad vaJas pirvelad uTargmnia frangi mwerlebis emil

erkmanisa da aleqsandre Satrianis erToblivi moTxroba ,,feodalis

aRzrda”, romelic gamoqveynebulia Jurnal ,,iveriis” 1880 wlis #4. es

Targmani daibeWda vaJa-fSavelas 1961 wlis akademiuri gamocemis IV

tomSic”(98, 318);

1881 wliT TariRdeba nawyveti rusi avtorebis a.n. ostrovskisa da n.

soloviovis erToblivi piesidan ,,bednieri dRe”, romlis xelnaweri

daculia xelnawerTa institutis vaJa-fSavelas fondSi #192 (33,695);

208

gazeT ,,Teatris” 1886 wlis #24-Sia dabeWdilia aleqsi …...

(,,bulbulsac moewyineba”) Targmani polSuridan (33,652).

vidre SemogvTavazebda safuZvlian analizs, Tu rogor uTargmnia

Wabuk vaJas moTxroba ,,feodalis aRzrda” q-n salome yubaneiSvilma mokle

anotaciaSi gansazRvra frangi mwerlebis nawarmoebis mTavari motivi,

ideuri suliskveTeba: ,,moTxroba ,,feodalis aRzrda” vaJam rusulidan

Targmna. rusul enaze es nawarmoebi daibeWda peterburgSi, 1876wels. masSi

daxasiaTebulia germaneli (prusieli feodalebi), rogorc safrangeTis

dauZinebeli mtrebi. es moTxroba patriotul ganwyobilebas aRrmavebda

frang mkiTxvelebSi. SeiZleba am patriotuli mizandasaxulobiT aixsnas,

Tu ratom airCia saTargmnelad vaJam es moTxroba, an SesaZlebelia vaJas

yuradReba TviT moTxrobis avtorebma miipyres. isini xom ukve nacnobi

mwerlebi iyvnen qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. iqneb orive es motivi

apirobebda vaJas arCevans”(98,318).

SemoqmedebiTi fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT, orive motivi , razec

miuTiTebs mkvlevari, zustad gansazRvravs mTargmnelis SemoqmedebiT

interesebs. Aaqve gasaTvaliswinebelia misi askic, miswrafebac naTargmnis

xilvisa J. ,,iveriis” furclebze.

Mmravalmxriv aris sayuradRebo prof. salome yubaneiSvilis mier

Catarebuli kvleva am Targmanisa:

1. mis mieraa mikvleuli manamde ucnobi avtorebi moTxrobisa. ,,eseni

arian frangi mwerlebi emil erkmani (1822-1899) da aleqsandre

Satriani (1826-1890);

2. miTiTebuli aqvs, Tu pirvelad sad da rodis daibeWda am

nawarmoebis rusuli Targmani.

3. gamoTqmulia safZvliani argumenti, Tu ratom airCia vaJam es

moTxroba.

4. mocemulia maRalkvalificiuri filologiur-lingvisturi da

teqstologiuri analizi Targmanisa.

5. xazgasmulia vaJas uneblie Secdomebi rusul teqstTan

mimarTebaSi, gvaZlevs am SecdomaTa gamosworebul variantebs da

aRniSnavs, rom vaJaseuli Secdomebi gameorebulia akademiur

gamocemaSic.

209

6. rusuli teqstis, pirvelnabeWdisa da ukanaskneli gamocemis

urTierTSedarebis Sedegad dadgenilia mravali koreqturuli

Secdoma, romlebic gadmoyolilia akademiur gamocemaSi(98,318-320).

Mmokled davimowmebT statiis avtoris mier miTiTebul SeniSvnvnebs

Targmanis Sesaxeb. Ddasmul SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor uTargmnia vaJas es

moTxroba, pasuxi ramdenime punqtisagan Sedgeba:

1. ,,xSirad vaJa amartivebs teqsts da aTavisuflebs mas zogi

cnobisa da detalisagan (miTiTebulia konkretuli magaliTi).

2. ,,...rodesac vaJa amCnevs, rom frazas raRac aklia, raTa

suraTi damTavrebuli gamovides, is TviT umatebs Tavis sityvas...”

3. rusuli teqstis pirdapir Targmans vaJa ,,qarTulisaTvis

Sesafer xatovnebas amjobinebs”...

4. ,,gansakuTrebiT kargi qarTuliT da mxatvruladaa naTar-

Ggmni is adgilebi, romlebic eTmoba Zveli cixisa da misi

binadrebis aRweras”(98,318-319).

Ggarda amisa, moTxrobaSi dasmuli problema axalgazrdis aRzrdisa,

misi gonebrivi, sulieri da fizikuri wrTvnisa mSvenieri qarTuliTaa

gadmocemuli.

rogorc saTauri migviTiTebs, aqcenti aRebulia feodalis Svilis,

axalgazrda aznauris aRzrdis procesze, romelsac mkacrad akontrolebda

moxuci baroni oto fon-maindorfi.

Cveni dakvirvebiT, vaJam es moTxroba saTargmnelad imitomac airCia,

rom mTavari personaJi pirvel pirSi gviambobs, Tu rogor aswavlida

partori mas Zvel aRTqmas, msajulebis, mefeebis, winaswarmetyvelebis

istorias da, rac mTavaria, amis Semdeg, rogorc igi ambobs,: ,,partorma

qristes istoria damawyebina, romelic aswavlida kacT Tanasworobas

winaSe RvTisa, uwodebda yvelas Zmebad da amcnebda xalxs urTierTis

Seuracxyofis pativebsa, ubrZanebda marcxena loyis mibrunebasa, rodesac

scemden marjvenaze... am maRal zneobiT principebze rom damiwyo laparaki,

brandgorsti (partori-J.k.) aRtacebaSi movida, Cveulebrivi saubris kilo

man mWermetyvelurad Sescvala...”(33,538).

Ddgas ra ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlisa da sxva TergdaleulTa

mxatvrul-esTetikur da ideur poziciebze, am moTxrobis TargmaniTac

daadastura didma vaJam, rom ,,Targmanis mniSvneloba marTlac

ganusazRvrelad didia... sitvis xelovneba anu mwerloba, marTlac

210

safuZvelia mTeli sulieri kulturisa. amasTan, adamianebi, romel

qveyanaSic ar unda cxovrobdnen isini, damoukideblad ama Tu im qveynis

politikuri Tu ekonumikuri urTierTobebisa, TiTqos idumali ZafebiT

arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan. TviT adamianis bunebaa aseTi”(115,296).

Cans, ideurma mxarem ganapiroba misi publikacia ,,iveriaSi”, xolo

Targmanis qarTulma enam, stilma mas mwvane Suqi aunTo mkiTxvelebisaken

da dRes vrwmundebiT, Tu konkretulad rogori daxmareba gauwia am

Targmanma saerTo erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas.

vaJa-fSavelas mier Targmnili meore moTxroba ,,mziTvis langari”

uidasi (,,uida fsevdonimia ingliseli mwerlis luiza de la ramasi),

romelic bevrs werda bavSvebze, cxovelebze, maT megobrobaze(98,315).

rogorc q-ni salome yubaneiSvili aRniSnavs: ,,vaJas interesi

Sepirobebuli iyo am moTxrobis Sesrulebis Taviseburi maneriT,

nawarmoebis saerTo ganwyobilebiT da sakuTriv SinaarsiT, patiosani da

Sromismoyvare ojaxi, erTguli ZaRli- partori da misi megobari-

keTilSobili da amayi faelo, ar SeiZleba vaJas qarTveli bavSvebisaTvis

sainteresod ar mieCnia.(iqve).

vaJas es nawarmoebic rusulidan uTargmnia. marTalia misi qarTuli

publikacia 1907wliT TariRdeba, magram XXsaukunis 900-910-iani wlebis

pirveli nabeWdi Targmania edgar pos ,,yorani”(1906w.) da cota qvemoT

ZiriTad aqcents mis analizze gadavitanT.

Janrobrivad pirveli dramatuli Txzulebis Targmnis mcdeloba

mkvlevarTa mier TariRdeba 1881 wliT. es aris nawyveti rusi

dramaturgebisa n. ostrovskisa da n.i. soloviovis erToblivi piesidan

,,bednieri dRe”(33,595).

Nnawyvetis mixedviT Znelia mTliani Txzulebis av-kargianobaze

laparaki, magram Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia mTargmnelis, vaJa-fSavelas,

damokidebulebam saTargmneli masalisadmi.

Targmnilia Ppiesis ori moqmedeba mTlianad, xolo mesame moqmedebaSi

Targmani Sewyvetilia meSvide gamosvlis ramdenime replikiT or personaJs

Soris.

Aasli daculia, xelnawerTa institutis vaJa-fSavelas fondSi #192.

vaJas TxzulebaTa xuTtomeulis IV tomis ,,SeniSvnebsa da

variantebSi”vkiTxulobT: ,,cnobilia, rom didi rusi dramaturgi a.n.

ostrovski ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanaavtorobda n.i. soloviovTan

211

(1845-1898). zemoxsenebuli piesa warmoadgens maTi erTad muSaobis pirvel

nimuSs. Ees piesa pirvelad 1877wels gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,oteCestvennie

zapiskSi”.

rac Seexeba vaJa-fSavelas Targmans, rogorc xelnawerSicaa

aRniSnuli, Sesrulebulia imave 1881 wels. Aamitom Cven ufro SesaZleblad

migvaCnia , rom vaJa-fSavelas es piesa ,,OoteCestvennie zapiskis” mixedviT

eTargmna.

sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom vaJas Targmani ar warmoadgens

rusulis zust gadmoRebas, aq Secvlilia ramdenime adgili da, rac ufro

sayuradReboa, zogierTi personaJis nacvlad Seyvanilia qarTveli moqmedi

pirebi, mag.: nivinis nacvlad vaJas gamoyvanili hyavs ubralaZe, xolo

mixalenkos nacvlad Teimurazi”(33, 696).

Mmotanili informacia Targmnis TeoriaSi cnobil viTarebaze

migviTiTebs. kerZod, prof. givi gaCeCilaZis ganmartebiT: ,,mxatvruli

Targmani dednis avtorisa da mTargmnelis individualur winaaRmdegobaTa

dialeqtikur erTianobas warmoadgens. Targmanma am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

mogvagonos hibridi, romelic organulad atarebs Tavisi mSoblebis

Tvisebebsa da msgavsebebs”(19,100).

Nnawyvetis Targmnis kidev erT Taviseburebaze unda SevaCeroT

yuradReba. cnobili mTargmnelebi, Targmnis Teoritikosebi mianiSneben

saTargmneli teqstis ,,gaqarTulebaze”.

1987 wels gazeT ,,literaturuli saqarTvelos” korespondentma aseTi

kiTxva dausva vaxtang WeliZes: ,,ramdenad SeiZleba ucxo teqstis

gaqarTuleba?” cnobilma mTargmnelma Seqspirisa, dikensisa da uaildis

TargmanTa Taviseburebebis gansazRvris Semdeg SemogvTavaza daskvna: ,,es

Taviseburebani usaTuod unda gadmovides qarTulad. sul sxva saqmea, vin

rogor moaxerxebs, vin rogor miuaxlovebs originalis ganwyobilebas,

radgan zustad adeqvaturi Targmani albaT SeuZlebelia, magram mTavari

piroba yovelTvis daculi unda iqnes-qarTuli unda iyos”(115,289).

,,bednieri dRe” adasturebs, rom vaJa-fSavelam Taviseburad moindoma

rusuli piesis gaqarTuleba. Aamas ki Targmnis TeoriaSi da praqtikaSi

hqvia Tavisufali Targmani. Mmsgavs damokidebulebas saTargmneli

nawarmoebebis mimarT prof. g. gaCeCilaZe xsnis originalurad:

,,sayuradReboa, rom saero xasiaTis nawarmoebebi umTavresad mahmadianuri

samyarodan arian Semosuli. rogorc cnobilia, es iyo mtruli samyaro,

212

magram am garemoebas xeli ar SeuSlia kulturuli urTierTobis am

formisaTvis. es kia, rom swored amave garemoebiTaa gamowveuli Targmnil

nawarmoebTa mniSvnelovani gaqarTuleba”(19,21).

danarCen TargmanebSi msgavsi damokidebuleba ucxouri

teqstebis mimarT gamoricxulia, analogiur damokidebulebaze vmsjelobT,

Torem Tavis TargmanebSi vaJa xom maqsimalurad icavs dednis resursebs da

Tavisuflad ereva teqstis enobriv samyaroSi mxatvruli Tu lingvistur-

leqsikologiuri TvalTaxedviT. Eexeba es leqsebsac, poemebsac,

moTxrobebsac, piesebsac.

Targmnis procesSi vaJa-fSavela mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT rom

epyroboda samive gvars-lirikas, eposs, dramas, naTelyofs mis mier

Targmnil nawarmoebTa CamonaTvalic.

Eeposis, dramis TargmanTa mimoxilvis Semdeg gvsurs mokled

SevCerdeT Wabukobisas mis mier mSvenivrad Targmnil leqsze -,,bulbulsac

moewyineba”(Targmnili polSuridan), 1886weli. (33, 275).

sruliad sxvagvarad gamoiyureba polonuri leqsi TargmanSi

gaqarTulebis Sedegad. Kkonkretul SemTxvevaSi aRarc kia saWiro dednis

ilustracia, radgan polonuri leqsis buneba, versifikaciuli mxare

absuluturad gansxvavebulia qarTulisagan, miTumetes vaJas poeturi

xelwerisagan.

vaJa-fSavelas dabadebidan asi wlisTavis aRsaniSnav dReebSic miiqcia

am leqsma qarTveli mkiTxvelis yuradReba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1961 wlis

22 ivliss gazeT ,,TbilisSi” gamoqveynebuli patara statia istoriul

mecnierebaTa kandidatis n. nikolaiSvilisa-,,vaJaseuli Targmani

polonuridan”(66,2).

statiis avtorisaTvis es leqsi imiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom ,,masSi

simbolurad SesaniSnavad aris mocemuli XIX s-Si socialuri da erovnuli

Cagvris qveS myofi poloneli xalxis mdgomareoba, rom bulbuls soflis

javri Zlier uRrRnis guls”.(66,2).

Ppoetikis TvalsazrisiT ki leqsi imiTaa sayuradRebo, rom

gapirovnebisa da metaforizaciis saburvelqveS moCans ,,teqstis xiluli da

dafaruli Sreebi”(i.ratiani).

xilulia bulbulis gancdebi, misi damokidebuleba garemosadmi da

lirikuli gmiris damokidebuleba bulbulisadmi. mas kargad gaugia is,

rom:

213

bulbulsac moewyineba

tirili mudam vardzeda-

wava, tyes miimaleba,

an gadaivlis mTazeda...

mesmis, risTvisac soflada

javri guls miRrRnis Zalzeda-

(33,275)

mkiTxveli leqsisa ki miadgeba dafarul Sres da iwyebs

interpretacias imisa, Tu ra aris analogiuri bulbulis gancdebsa da

lirikuli gmiris qmedebas Soris, anu ram ganapiroba misi saprotesto

ganwyobileba; rogorc bulbuli gabezrdeba vardze mudmivi tiriliT da

amosunTqvis mizniT ,,wava tyes miimaleba, an gadaivlis mTazeda.”

is Turme lirikul gmirsac guls uRrRnida javri soflada da,

bulbulis msgavsad, isic gadawyvets, miatovos javris sabudari-sakuTari

sofeli:

waval, iq gadavardebi,

sadac mTani da kldenia,

napralis Tavze vamravleb

cremls, rac aqamdin mdenia,

salma kldeebma miiRon

iqneb naRveli Cemia.

(iqve)

Ddafaruli realisturi Sreebi Ria romantikuli saburveliTaa

mocemuli anu leqsis lirikuli gmiri miaSurebs mTebsa da kldeebs Tavisi

sevdiani fiqrebis gasaqarveblad-,,salma kldeebma miiRon iqneb naRveli

Cemia.”

rogorc Cans, es leqsi mSvenieri savizito baraTi gamodga lirikuli

leqsebis TargmnisaTvis vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, xolo zemoT ganxiluli

Txzulebebi-mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erTi aspeqtisaTvis.

Mmxatvrul Targmans saqarTveloSi didi xnis istoria gaaCnia.

rogorc cnobili mkvlevari, prof. givi gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavda:

,,saqarTvelos istoriuli cxovreba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mezobel

qveynebTan... qarTvel xalxs saukuneebis manZilze uxdeboda uTanasworo

brZola ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg... arasodes darCenila sakuTari

214

Tavis amara, sxva xalxebTan raime urTierTobis gareSe da es mdgomareoba

Sesabamis daRs asvamda qarTveli xalxis kulturuli cxovrebis istorias...

... qarTveli istoriulad mieCvia Tavis gverdiT sxva enisa da

kulturis arsebobas, amas ar Seulaxavs misi (anu sakuTari, qarTuli-J.k)

dedaenisa da kulturis uaRresad erovnuli xasiaTi... SemoWril mezobel

xalxebTan da maT kulturasTan urTierTobaSic amJRavnebda Tavisebur

internacionalizms da sulgrZelobas da am niadagze erTgvarad

amdidrebda kidec sakuTar kulturas...

... aseTi urTierTobis damadasturebeli mravali faqti moipoveba. Sua

saukuneebis qarTvel sasuliero da saero moRvaweTa uZvelesi Targmanebi,

axlo aRmosavleTis enebidan Sesrulebulni, am urTierTobis pirveli

sabuTia”...18,7, 6-7).

Cveni sakvlevi Temis amocana migviTiTebs, rom ,,mTargmnelobiTi

urTierToba sxvadasxva qveynebTan sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria”. prof. g.

gaCeCilaZe aqve imowmebs akad. Kkorneli kekeliZis mosazrebas ,,ucxo

Txzulebis Targmna saqarTveloSi yofila ,,ara meqanikuri aRqmis procesi,

aramed procesi SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebisa da Tavis sakuTar gemovneba-

SegnebasTan Seguebisa.” Aamitomac saqarTveloSi imTaviTve fesvi gaudgams

Tavisufali Targmnis tradicias. qarTvelebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen dednis

sityvasityviT, ucvlelad gadmoRebas. piriqiT, maT TargmanebSi SehqondaT

erovnuli suli da Segneba, saxeebi da koloriti, TviT geografiuli

saxelebi da terminebic ki”.(18,10).

swored amgvari urTierTobis, damkvidrebuli tradiciis gagrZelebas

vxedavT vaJa-fSavelas mier Sesrulebul edgar alan pos ,,yoranis”

TargmanSic. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT msoflioSi cnobil

mweralTaSemoqmedebas, davrwmundebiT, rom am mxriv Taviseburi ,,xarki aqvs

gaRebuli” mTargmnelobisaTvis did vaJasac. mas uTargmnia Tormeti

Txzuleba sxvadasxva erovnebis mwerlebisa.(ix. vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa

sruli krebulis aTtomeulis VIIt, Tbilisi, 1964w.).

vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb arsebul specialur samecniero literaturaSi

sxvadasxva rakursiT mravaljer wamioWra da calkeul SemTxvevaSi

Seswavlis sagnadac iqca qarTul xalxur sityvierebasTan, klasikur

mwerlobasa Tu ucxour literaturul samyarosTan genialuri poetis

mimarTebis problema. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom es mosazrebebi

umeteswilad STabeWdilebebzea agebuli da ar miuRia interteqstualuri

215

ganxilvis forma. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneTa xedviT (r.barti,

i.kristeva, J.derida, m.baxtini da sxva)( sjani, III, ,234-237) , ramdenadac

interteqstualoba Seesabameba uaxles msoflios sulieri integraciisken

aSkara an farul ltolvas, is gulisxmobs, rogorc Tavis TavTan, aseve

winamorbed da Tanamedrove kulturul-literaturul sivrcesTan erTgvar

,,dialogs”. Ees ,,dialogi” ki sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT

yuradRebas iqcevs vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi sistemuri xasiaTis e.w.

,,mudmiv” poetur xatad qceuli ,,yornis” saxe. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi

sainteresoa Cveni daxasiaTebis obieqtad SerCeuli genialuri mwerlis

SemoqmedebiTi simwifis fazaSi 900-ian wlebSi (1905) Seqmnili moTxroba

,,yornis” transformirebis procesze dakvirveba da rogorc vaJas

nawarmoebTa, aseve qarTul da ucxour literaturul nimuSebTan

interteqstualuri mimarTebis Cveneba.

vaJa-fSavelas 900-iani wlebis SemoqmedebiT interesTa

gasaTvaliswineblad uaRresad sainteresoa ara mxolod motivTa da

problemaTa aramed konkretul mxatvrul xatTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT

calkeul TxzulebaTa, tipologiuri da interteqstualuri mimarTebebis

rkveva.

Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi vaJaseuli saxe-xasiaTTa mdidari palitridan

gamovyaviT yornis saxismetyveleba, misi simboluri datvirTva poeziaSi da

prozaSic. miTumetes, rom es saxe garkveuli aspeqtiT ukavSirdeba edgar

alan pos ,,yoranis” Targmanis faqtsac

sagulisxmoa vaJa-fSavelas daintereseba e.pos am poemiT. qarTul

sinamdvileSi SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ambavi ara yofila, misi Semoqmedeba

CvenSi adridanve scnobiaT. qarTulad misi moTxroba ,,Savi Wiris maska” jer

kidev 1886 wels gamoqveynebula (ir. evdoSvilis Targmani). vaJa fSavelas

Semdeg araerTxel iTargmna es nawarmoebi-,,yorani”(ix. a.SanSiaSvilis, J.

,,faskunji”, ,,1909weli,#4; k.WiWinaZe, J. ,,kavkasioni”, 1942weli, #1-2; f.

beriZisa, J. ,,mnaTobi”, 1962 weli, #8; g.nakaSiZisa, J. ,,saunje”, 1980weli,#6...

(93,116).

vfiqrobT kaeSniTa da uimedobiT gamsWvaluli TxzulebiT vaJa-

fSavelas daintereseba, Cans imdroindelma cxovrebam ganapiroba;

vgulisxmob imas, rom ,,900-iani wlebis literaturuli cxovreba

saqarTveloSi Tavisi SinaarsiT metad mdidari, da amave dros rTuli iyo...

216

realisturi nakadis paralelurad sakmaod Zlieria dekadenturi

tendenciebic... man uaryo socialuri problematika da Semoqmedebis centrSi

daayena individualizmi, gulgatexiloba, uimedoba da ukiduresi sevda.

TviTmpyrobeloba sastikad uswordeboda saqarTvelos; man (saqarTvelom-

J.k.) udaod didi msxverpli gaiRo gadasaxlebulTa, CamoxrCobilTa da

wamebiT moklulTa saxiT...

905-07 w.w. revoluciaSi qarTvelma mwerlebma dainaxes erovnuli da

socialuri Tavisuflebis TavianTi idealebi, misma damarcxebam da reaqciis

gabatonebam ki garkveuli pesimizmi da imedgacrueba gamoiwvia.

literaturaSi farTo gza gaexsna dekadentur skolebs, ukiduresi

pesimizmis qadagebas (108,240-242).

edgar pos ,,yornis” motivacia vaJa-fSavelasaTvis garkveulwilad

misaRebi aRmoCnda im aspeqtiT, rom uTanasworo brZolaSi daRupulni

aRarasodes aRdgebian.

e.pos ,,leqsSi ,,yorani” kaeSnisa da uimedobis ganwyobileba, cxovrebis

SiSis grZnoba ukiduresobamdea misuli. avbediTi saxe Savi yornisa,

romelsac saxelad aqvs Serqmeuli ,,arasodes” adamianisagan ganuyreli

gardauvali bedis simboloa.”(28,280).

Eedgar pos vrcel lirikul aRsarebaSi emociuradaa gadmocemuli

lirikuli gmiris mwvave gancdebi Zvirfasi adamianis dakargviT

gamowveulni. mTeli leqsis ganmavlobaSi aSkaraa, rom mkvdris aCrdilTan

igi ar xumrobs, misi mogonebiT cxovrobs, masze fiqri aZlevs cxovrebis

mizans, arc buxris ali, arc wignebi im yiamaT zamTarSi ,,vera swamloben

gulis naRvelsa. Llenorav! sad xar? aRar momxedav? sad ars Seni TvalTa

madli netari?!” magram realoba, misi Sinagani intuicia bediswerasaviT

Seaxsenebs: ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!” amas CasZaxis saxlSi

SemoWrili qari; SiSia irgvliv gamefebuli, ,,arsad sinaTle, arsaidan xma.

moCvenebiTa aRtyinda xrova. warsul, dakargul bednier wamze dausrulebi

moTqma da glova. Mmas ver mixvdeba xalxisa grova.” gmirs ukve cidanac

Camoesmis ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!”(33,279)

Bboboqrobs karSi stiqia. Aam dros viRac ukakunebs fanjaraze.

Aambis mTxrobeli ganagrZobs: ,,avdeg, gavaRe myisve fanjara, bnelma oTaxi

srulad dafara. rogorac kupri da ukuneTi, Sin SemoiWra frinveli erTi.

fraSunobs saxlSi, rogorc borani, is iyo didi Savi yorani. Mmrisxane

aris, viT jojoxeTi, mas ar eloca arasdros RmerTi.”

217

Yyoranis mqis yrantalSic, civ gamoxedvaSic, adamianur enaze

alaparakebaSic gaismis mxolod ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!”, ,,ar

SeiZleba aRdgoma mkvdrisa!”, ,,aRdgoma mkvdrisa wesi ar aris!”, ,,sad

gagonila aRdgoma mkvdrisa?!” amis Semdeg moTminebadakarguli da

imedgacruebuli lirikuli gmiri mkacrad SesZaxebs yorans: ,,asjer wyeuli

iyav RvTisgana, saukunoda gayras gviqadis eg Seni ena-Wirsa WirTana! maS

unda davrCe iqac oblada, ver davisveno veravisTana?! mZuls daRvremili me

Seni saxe da RvarZliani boroti ena. wadi, gamSordi, Semzaravi xma

Caswydes, ar mwadis Senis xmis smena... gamSordi! Ffifqic ki ar dastovovo

Tovlisa, niSnad Sens aq yofnisa”; yorani ,,kvlav isev imas yrantalebs:

,,mkvdari amdgara sad da rodisa?!” rodi gafrinda, iqve zis wynarad

warbSeuxrelad, boroti Savad.”

vfiqrobT, edgar pos afiqrebs lirikuli gmiris ,,gamudmebuli kvnesa

diadi”, rom ,,sulSi ar mosCans sinaTlis cvari”, rom sayvareli adamianis

dakargvam gansjis, RvTismosaobis unaric daakargvina mas, xolo simboluri

saxe Savi yornisa ,,Savbnelad hmosavs, saxlSia raca. Ddamawva tanze,

grZnoba-gonebas Cemsas mZlavrada brjRalebi staca”.

Yyorani Tu nawarmoebSi avbediTobis simboloa, mwerlisaTvis

warmoadgens misi msoflSegrZnebis erT patara Strixs, uimedobis

romantikuli gancdis maCvenebels.

Mmxatvrul saxeTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT yorani, zogadad rogorc

simbolo an alegoria, sakmaod ,,xandazmuli” da popularuli saxea. Aamis

Taobaze jon folis mier Sedgenil ,,niSnebisa da simboloebis

enciklopediaSi” vkiTxulobT: ,,Tavisi Seferilobis gamo, agreTve imis

gamo, rom mas miaweren mkvdrisadmi Tvalebis amokortnis Cvevas, yorani

miCneulia satanisa da codvis simbolod; igi macnea ubedurebisa”(85,299).

sainteresoa agreTve yornis saxismeyveleba msoflio mxatvrul Tu

religiur literaturaSi. Zvelebrauli legendis mixedviT, misi saxeli

ukavSirdeba noesa da mis kidobans; berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT ki igi

asocirdeba apolonis saxelTan; momavlis winaswarmetyvelTan;

sxvadasxvagvari datvirTva aqvs yornis saxes iaponiis qveynebSi, inglisSi.

Semdeg miTiTebulia: ,,sasuliero xelovnebaSi es frinveli simboloa

imedianobisa: ilia winaswarmetyveli zogjer gamoxatulia yornis saxiT,

romelic RmerTis brZanebiT ieso qristes sakvebs uzidavda

udabnoSi”.(85,299)

218

am mxriv gamonaklisi arc qarTuli saxismetyvelebaa. Yyorani

popularuli personaJia xalxur poetur SemoqmedebaSi Tu sasuliero da

saero literaturaSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflio sasuliero xelovnebaSi yorani

imedianobis simboloc yofila. Aamgvari midgoma Soreul dros ukavSirdeba.

igi qristianobamdel periods moicavs. Semdeg miTs yornis Sesaxeb ganucdia

folkloruli transformacia da astraluri RvTaebis gagebidan

tradiciul sisxlismsmel frinvelad warmosdga ukve klasikur

mwerlobaSic. Aam mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs vaJas msvenieri novela

,,svavi”.(32,293). U

unda aRiniSnos rom vaJam novela ,,svavi” dawera 1895 wels, e.i. edgar

pos ,,yoranis” Targmnamde TerTmeti wliT adre.

statistikurad vecadeT dagvedgina, ra viTareba iyo am aspeqtiT vaJa-

fSavelas poeziaSi..

vaJas lirikaSi yorani gamoCnda 1885 wels-,,mTas iqiT mTvare

amodis”(simRera). Aam droidan moyolebuli yorani xan calke, xan yvavTan,

svavTan erTadaa warmodgenili. Aamgvari leqsebis publikacia TiTqmis

yvela imdroindeli Jurnal-gazeTebSi gvxvdeba.

gavixsenoT erT-erTi popularuli leqsi ,,arwivi”, romelSic yorani,

yvavTan erTad, saqarTvelos mtradaa miCneuli da amiT igi tradiciuli

saxe xdeba qveynis mtrisa:

,,arwivi vnaxe daWrili,

Yvav-yornebs eomeboda”.

Mmocemul monakveTSi am procesis e.w. ,,wyalgamyofad” miviCnevT 1906

wels, manamde yorani, rogorc leqsis obieqti fiqsirdeba lirikaSi 9-jer.

Eedgar pos ,,yoranis” Targmnis Semdegac aseve 9-jer. Yyornis poeturi saxe

garkveul adgils iWers vaJas poemebSic.

vaJas mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas qarTvel mecnierTa saTanado

interesi gamouwvevia: m. Samanauri, vaJa Sileris mTargmneli,

,,literaturuli Ziebani”,t.XIII,1960weli; z.kiknaZe, ,,orleaneli qalis

(vaJaseuli Targmanis gamo), ,,axalgazrda komunisti”, 1961wlis 18 ivlisi; z.

abzianiZe, edgar pos Targmna (vaJa fSavelas mier da ,,amiranis xmali”,

,,Tbilisi”, 1961 wlis 27 ivlisi; v. gabeskiria ,,frinvel-cxovelTa samyaro

da vaJa”, ,,qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa fSavelas Sesaxeb”,Tsu 2003weli (vaJa

fSavelas kabineti) da a.S.

219

XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebis dasawyisSi erT-erT Tavis eseSi edgar po

werda: ,,amboben, leqsis Rrma kritikuli analizi imasac SeuZlia, vinc

poeti ar ariso. Mme da Sen (adresatSi e.pos erT-erT gamomcemels elam

bliss varaudoben mkvlevarni-J.k.) poezias sxvadasxvagvarad vuyurebT da

vfiqrobT, es azri mcdaria-rac nakleb poeturia kritikosi, miT ufro

zedapirulia analizi da piriqiT. (30, 543)

vecnobiT edgar pos eseebs: ,,poetebsa da poeziaze” da ,,kompoziciis

filosofia” da vacnobierebT zemoxsenebul mosazrebaTa WeSmaritebas. Aam

statiebis mixedviT edgar po marTlac ,,didebuli kritikosia”. yuradRebas

vamaxvilebT upiratesad pos werilze-,,kompoziciis filosofia”(30,204-218),

romelSic brwyinvaled aris warmodgenili avtoriseuli interpretacia,

ganmartebebi leqsis Txzvis procesisa, nawarmoebis SemoqmedebiTi

istoriisa, ,,yornis” kompoziciis Camoyalibebisa, mTliani Txzulebis

konstruirebisa.

aRniSnul eseSi edgar alan po kompleqsurad ganixilavs

SemoqmedebiTi procesis specifikas, amasTan mimarTebas nawarmoebis da

TxzulebaSi asaxuli sagnebisa da movlenebis fsiqologias.

SemoqmedebiTi procesis TiTqmis yvela niuansia daWerili da

ganmartebuli mis mier: nawarmoebis Seqmnis ganzraxvidan dawyebuli ori

damagvirgvinebeli strofis damatebiT damTavrebuli. gaWirdeba ukeTesi

gzamkvlevis monaxva vaJa-fSavelas Targmnis gansaxilvelad, ufro swored,

TviT nawarmoebis arsis gasarkvevad; miTumetes, rom Tavad edgar po ambobs

sruliad gaxsnilad ,,...dasamali araferi maqvs da mzad var yovelTvis

Zaldautaneblad aRvadgino Cemi nebismieri nawarmoebis weris procesi; da

radgar Cemi sasurveli analizisa Tu rekonstruqciis Rirebuleba

srulebiT ar aris damokidebuli gasaanalizebeli sagnis realursa Tu

warmosaxviT bunebaze, me arafriT ar davarRvev moqmedebis ganviTarebis

kanons, riTac agebulia Cemi yoveli Txzuleba” (30, 206-207). Aam bolo

frazas mosdevs sagulisxmo naTqvami: ,,virCev yorans, rogorc sayovelTaod

cnobils”(iqve).

,,yornis” sayovelTaod cnoba-aRiarebis pirobad avtors is miaCnda,

rom ,,mis kompoziciaSi araferia SemTxveviTi an intuiciuri-da rom es

Txzuleba maTematikuri sizustiT da simkacriT aris gansazRvruli(30, 207).

Ees ki imaSi gamoixateboda, rom daculi yofiliyo ,,leqsis sidiade”,

,,yofiliyo yvelasTvis gasagebi”, ,,sicxadiT” mieRwia ,,WeSmaritebisaTvis”,

220

garkveuli intonacia mieniWebina naTqvamisaTvis, ,,Seebura”, daefara

mSveniereba, intonacia yofiliyo sevdiani, STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad

miagno refrens, amiT man mravalferovnebasac mimarTa: ,,gadavwyvite,

romaniseburi mudmivobis STabeWdileba aRmeZra refrenis gamoyenebis

cvalebadobiT-TviT refreni, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Seucvleli darCeboda...

refreni sxarti unda yofiliyo, raTa mis uecar cvalebadobas

sxvadasxvagvari sigrZis frazaSi dauZleveli sirTule ar warmoeSva...

umjobesi iqneboda refrenad erT sityvas Tu gamoviyenebdi... ase gamoCnda

idea yornisa-avis momaswavebeli frinvelisa-monotonurad rom imeorebs erT

sityvas, yoveli strofis dasasruls...(30, 210-211).

rodesac xelTa gvaqvs edgar pos mier mocemuli gasaRebi nawarmoebis

kompoziciuri modelirebisa, leqsis Txzvis SemoqmedebiTi procesisa,

bunebrivia, SedarebiT gagviadvilebs Targmanis analizis process; swori

analizis garantias iZleva Targmnis wyaros dadgenac (obolenski-vaJa-

fSavela).

detaluri da kvalificiuri kvleva Cautarebia q-n nani wereTels.

marTebulia mis mier miRebuli daskvna: ,,mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva, Tu

saidan momdinareobs vaJa-fSavelas Targmani, gaadvilda imis warmodgenac,

Tu sad ra mizezis gamo izRudeboda mTargmneli, anda, piriqiT, romeli

adgilebi aZlevda mas poetur Tavisuflebas (30,324).

amJamad oriode detals SevexebiT q-n nani wereTelis statiidan. igi

aqve miuTiTebs: ,,vaJa fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi yuradReba miiqcia aseTma

frazam: ,,is iyo didi Savi yorani. mrisxane aris viT jojoxeTi, mas ar

eloca arasdros RmerTi”(me-7). pirveli nawili am striqonisa warmoadgens

obolenskis teqstis zust Targmans, magram meore nawils (mas ar eloca

arasdros RmerTi”) Sesatyvisi arc obolenskisTan moipoveba. mTlianad ki

es striqoni gansxvavebulia originalisagan, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs

,,Semofrinda Soreul dReTagan (movlenili) mediduri yorani”(98, 324-325).

Semdeg vkiTxulobT: ,,originalis am strofSi jojoxeTze da yornis

urjuloebaze laparaki araa. mTargmnelTa umetesobas am adgilis

Targmnisas xazi aqvs gasmuli yornis medidurobas , anda mis siberes

(30,325).

... vaJa ZiriTadad zustad mihyveba rusul dedans (obolenskiseul

Targmans-J.k.). qarTulad ,,yornis” zogi adgili originaluri leqsis

STabeWdilebas axdens. aseTad unda miviCnioT Semdegi striqonebi: ,,Tumc ar

221

gasxia tanze abjari, magram getyoba, Zveli gaqvs gvari”, ,,da abreSumis

fardis Sriali kvlav miaTkecebs tanjvas tiali”, ,,nuTu ufalo, Sen

momivline ciurni Zalni, rom daviyuCo gulis tkivili, gankurno cremliT

damwvarni Tvalni?” da sxva (1,325). Cven veTanxmebiT statiis avtors am

TvalsazrisiTac.

zemoT miTiTebul avtorTa Targmanebi marTlac gamoirCeva nairgvari

epiTetebiT yornis daxasiaTebisas, magram vaJaseuli moqneuli fraza ufro

poeturad da damajereblad JRers:

,,avdeg, gavaRe myisve fanjara,

Bnelma oTaxi srulad dafara,

rogorac kupri da ukuneTi,

Sin SemoiWra frinveli erTi”.

(30,280)

erT detalzec gavamaxvilebdiT Cvens yuradRebas, kerZod sakiTxi

exeba refrens. zemoT davimowme e.po amis Taobaze. igi cdilobda refrenis

erTi sityviT gamoxatvas da man es brwyinvaled SeZlo. Gganxilul

TargmanebSi ki misi moTxovna verc erT mTargmnels ver ausrulebia.

Aam Targmanis publikaciidan gaivlis weliwadze cota meti dro da

gazeT ,,isris” 1907 wlis 23 dekembris furclebze qveyndeba vaJas leqsi

,,guli amglija Savma yoranma”.

vaJas yoranic mqisi xmiania; vaJkacisaTvis guli amouRia da ,,swiwknis

iqve marjvesa”, aq ,,modis da modis Savi nislebi, win mouZRveba, mozuis

qari... miTamaSeben Tvalwin Winkebi, gadaudviaT mxarzeda mxari: ,,Zaliana

gwyins?!”-meubnebian, ,,uaress hnaxav, eg cota ari! Dda kvlav lirikuli

gmiris vedreba uflisadmi: ,,saaqaosgan uaryofilsa saiqiosi gamiRe kari,

RmerTo, rom tanjvas Cemsas usazRvros vera hxedavdes Cemive Tvali” da

kvlav imedi gulisa, SfoTi sulisa, sjera, rom zecac dascinis,

samagierod-

,,modis da modis Savi nislebi,

rogorac kupri, rogorac fisi,

piri mevseba SlamiT da muriT,

yornisac mesmis xma isev mqisi”.30, 254)

erTnairi suliskveTebiT moCanan amerikeli da qarTveli poetebis

daxatuli yornebis mqisni Cxavilni. Tu edgar pos yorani nafic

msajuliviT Camomjdara oTaxSi paladis Zeglze da gulcivad gamoaqvs

222

ganaCeni TanamosaubrisaTvis, vaJas yorani, miuxedavad Tavisi bunebisa,

yornobisa-ufro ,,adamianuria”, radgan Tavad misTvisac Cauvlia klanWi

cxovrebas da masac dauflebia sevda da tanjuladac gamoiyureba:

,,tanjuls TviT esmis Tavisi tanjva,

M mas ver miswvdeba grZnobebi sxvisi”(30,254)

aqve unda SevexoT prof. zaza abzianiZis statias: ,,edgar pos Targmna

da ,,amiranis xmali”-(gazeTi ,,Tbilisi” 27.VIII. 1961, gv.3.) (2,3).

Mmaxvilgonivruli mignebaa edgar pos ,,yoranTan” vaJas novelis

Sedareba. Mmkvlevari acxadebs, rom: Targmani axloa dedanTan”. vfiqrobT,

edgar pos poema ,,yoranis” garkveul gamoZaxils vxedavT vaJa-fSavelas erT

moTxrobaSi ,,amiranis xmali”.

,,gareT qari hqroda,-vkiTxulobT am moTxrobaSi,-Rmuoda sazarlad da

namqers aniavebda, dedamiwas hgvida, TiTqos wmendda qveyanas codvaTagan.

-yrant, yra...a...ant- moesma. Oo, rogor mejavreba es xma, rogora mZuls,

eniT ver getyviT. Mmere im ukuneTs RameSi... saSinelebaa... saSinelebaze

metia..

-dedav, yorani... saidan gaCnda eg wyeuli. Mmere ra dros da!

-swored yorania... sakvirvelia, RmerTmani, ras Cagvacivda eg wyeuli,-

sTqva dedaCemma.

-ar vici, mec mikvirs da... sityvas vidre vityodi, Cvens darbazSi

SemoaflaSuna mxrebi... Camomjdara arxeinad kidobanze, daimwyazra mxrebi...

dagvacqerda, wamoiZaba kiseri da deda-Svils orives mxarze

dagvayrantala”(2,3).

vaJa-fSavelas erT moTxrobaSi edgar pos poema ,,yoranis” garkveuli

gamoZaxilis sailustraciod statiis avtoris mier sagangebod

miTiTebulia, rom ,,vaJas moTxrobis am pasaJSi garkveviT aris aRbeWdili

edgar pos poemis saTanado pasaJi: ukuneT RameSi oTaxSi yornis SemoWra,

misi mokalaTeba maRal Taroze da sabediswero yrantali, magram did

qarTvel poets, rogorc WeSmarit realists, amerikeli poetis sruliad

sawinaaRmdego koncefcia aqvs gatarebuli. Aamiranis gautexeli nebisyofiT

gamxnevebuli vaJas moTxrobis gmiri klavs yorans da imediani egebeba axal

weliwads”(iqve).

Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi, Cveni yuradReba miipyro komentarma: ,,vaJas

poemis am pasaJSi garkveviT aris aRbeWdili edgar pos poemis saTanado

pasaJio”. vfiqrobT, piriqiTaa viTareba. vaJas novelaSi (Cven Janrobrivad

223

novelad miviCnevT ,,amiranis xmals” novelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela

Teoriuli aspeqtiT). Eedgar pos poemis saTanado pasaJi ver iqneboda

aRbeWdili radgan novela daibeWda 1902 wels gazeT ,,iveriis” #1-Si,

bunebrivia, daweris TariRi da ,,nawarmoebis Seqmnis ,,ganzraxva” vaJas ufro

adre daebadeboda. abzianiZis mosazrebas safuZveli eZleva im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu l. obolenskis Targmans (iTargmna 1879 wels, gamoqveynda Jurnal

,,svetSi”) adreve, 1902 wlamde, gaecnoboda vaJa-fSavela. Cven ki migvaCnia,

rom vaJam edgar pos ,,yornis” Targmnis konstruirebisas saSen masalad

Tavisi novelidan wamoRebuli detalebi gamoiyena. Zalzed rom ar

gagvigrZeldes saubari, jer erT patara leqsikur analogiaze SevaCerebT

yuradRebas.

novelaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,...sityvas vidre vityodi, Cvens darbazSi

SemoaflaSuna mxrebi (yoranma)”, poemis TargmanSi, 79-e taepSi naTqvamia:

,,Sin SemomeWra frinveli erTi, fraSunobs saxlSi”... Cvens mier xazgasmuli

orive zmna-Semasmenlis Ziria fraS//flaS. Ees formebi fSauri

dialeqtisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. qegl-is VII tomSi miTiTebulia:

,,fratuni (fratunisa) fexebis miwaze (Cvens SemTxvevaSi frTebiT miwaze-J.k.)

TreviT siaruli... 2. kuTxuri (fS) igivea, rac fraSuni (flaSuni)-(28,167)

sxva moTxrobebSi (,,yorani”) vaJas naTqvami aqvs: ,,am dros xanxaliT,

fratuniT, Tanac ,,yva-yvas” ZaxiliT yvavi Semofrinda”.

Semdeg sayuradRebod migvaCnia patara paralelis gavleba stiqiis

suraTis aRwerisas, vidre ,,SemofraSundeboda” yorani:

,,amiranis xmali” vaJasi: edgar pos ,,yorani”:

,,gareT qari hqroda, Rmuoda ,,zamTari iyo, hyinavda, Tovda,

sazarlad da namqers aniavebda. qari Rmuoda, Zlierad hqroda.

dedamiwas hgvida, TiTqos gaCaRebuli buxrisa ali

swmendda qveyanas codvaTagan” Cem yru sadguris kedlebze

(1902w) hkrToda”(1906w.)

vfiqrobT, saeWvod aRar unda iyos is, rom edgar pos ,,yoranis” pasaJi

ver aRibeWdeboda vaJas ,,amiranis xmalSi”. imaSi ki mTeli arsebiT

veTanxmebiT cnobil mkvlevars, rom ,,...did qarTvel poets, rogorc

WeSmarit realists, amerikeli poetis sruliad sawinaRmdego optimisturi

koncefcia aqvs gatarebuli. Aamiranis gautexeli nebisyofiT gamxnevebuli

224

vaJas moTxrobis gmiri klavs yorans da imedianad egebeba axal

weliwads”(2,3)

vaJa-fSavelas mier edgar pos ,,yoranis” gadmoTargmna,

gadmoqarTuleba, kidev erTxel adasturebs mis SemoqmedebiT interesTa

mravalmxrivobas. ,,Tu ramdenad dainteresebuli iyo genialuri qarTveli

poeti sazRvargareTuli literaturiT, ra kargad icnobda msoflio

mxatvrul kulturas”(iqve).

Yyornis mxatvruli saxis interpretaciam naTlad gviCvena vaJa-

fSavelas poetur metyvelebaSi erTi mxatvruli saxe-detalis

mniSvnevnelobac ki. Aam detalis tipologiurobis kvlevam erTi Strixi

Semata vaJas SemoqmedebiTi istoriis garkveul aspeqts.

Amrigad, vaJa-fSavelas poeziasa da prozaSi ,,yornis” saxe-xatTan

dakavSirebiT, vxvdebiT iseT mxatvrul pasaJebs, Tu azrobriv mimarTebebs

edgar alan pos TxzulebasTan, romelic cxadyofs, rom didi qarTveli

poeti Tavisi profeturi azrovnebiTa da interesebiT unisonSia

evro_amerikul sivrceSi arsebul kulturul-literaturul velTan da

amave dros misi yvela Targmani amerikeli, evropeli, rusi avtorebis

nawarmoebebisa, maTi gadmoqarTuleba kidev erTxel adasturebs mis

SemoqmedebiT miswrafebaTa sakacobrio xasiaTs.

225

V. Tavi-1900-1910-iani wlebis vaJa-fSavelas publicistika

zeviT aRvniSnavdiT, rom vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis

gaTvaliswineba warmodgenilia misi publicisturi moRvaweobis gareSe.

erTnairi didebiT warmogvidgeba vaJa-poeti, vaJa-prozaikosi, vaJa-

folkloristi, vaJa-literaturis kritikosi, vaJa-eTnografi, vaJa-

dramaturgi, vaJa-mTargmneli, vaJa-polemisti da... vaJa-publicisti. rogorc

vxedavT, aq ar movaqcieT vaJas sazogadoebrivi, moqalaqeobrivi,

mediatoruli moRvaweoba. Aam mxrivac fasdaudebelia misi damsaxureba, misi

mamuliSvilur qmedebaTa Sedegebi sadReisodac ki.

erTnairad didi ZalisxmeviT emsaxureboda vaJa-fSavela imdroindel

qarTul Jurnal-gazeTobas da Tavis mxriv-Jurnal-gazeTobac vaJa-fSavelas

Semoqmedebis gamomzeureba-ukvdavyofis saqmes. Ees Cveulebrivi movlenaa;

didi ilia Tavis droze aRniSnavda: ,,Jurnal-gazeToba erT-gvari nawilia

literaturisa. amis gamo Tavis sakuTaris kuTvnilebis garda unda hqondes

zogadi kuTvnilebac literaturisa. zogadi kuTvnileba WeSmaritis

literaturisa da ara im crupentelobisa, romelic CvenSi literaturis

saxeliT daiareba”(112,236).

dasawyisSi mokled SevexebiT Jurnal-gazeTebis, anu publicistikis

,,sakuTar kuTvnilebas”, mis Janrobriv niSan-Tvisebebs.

miuTiTeben, rom publicistikis meTodi iTvaliswinebs erTian ideur

asaxvas epoqis movlenebisas. Kkonkretuli cnobierebis, informaciebis

mosapoveblad gamoiyeneba e.w. empiriuli meTodebi: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva,

saubari, interviu, dokumenturi masalis analizi da a.S. xolo

ganzogadebuli daskvnebisa da daxasiaTebisaTvis publicistika iyenebs

socialur-istoriuli kvlevisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis meTodebs.

publicistikaSi didi roli eniWeba subieqtur faqtors, anu avtoris

mier samoqalaqo-lirikul sawyiss, romliTac gamoixateba publicistis

sazogadoebrivi pozicia, misi unari sazogadoebaze zneobrivi

zemoqmedebisa. Aam dros mniSvnelovan kompoziciur rols TamaSobs misi

sityvis damarwmunebloba, poeturi sintaqsi, mxatvruli gamosaxvis

saSualebebi(104,214).

ilia WavWavaZis ganmartebiT: ,,WeSmariti literatura yovelgan da

yovels SemTxvevaSi marTebulobis, zrdilobis, adamianis Rirsebisa faric

aris da xmalica”(112,236). Ees ar niSnavs imas, publicisti mxolod ,,tkbil

226

xmaTaTvis” iyos movlenili. misi rwmeniT, aRma mxvnels da daRma

mfarcxvels saqcieli ar unda mouwonos, ar unda gaCumdes, avis moqmedi

unda amxilos, gakicxos da es ,,gamxela da gakicxva wunis dadebis

sazRvars ar unda gadascildes”, kritikis obieqtis pirovnuli Rirseba ar

unda Selaxos: ,,is RvTaebrivi grZnoba, romelsac kaceburis Rirsebis

grZnobas eZaxian da romelic uZvirfasesi da udidesi saunjea

adamianisTvis momadlebuli, unda pativcemuli iyos yvelgan da yovels

adamianSi, glaxa Tu mdidari, avazakia Tu zneoba-maRali”(112,238).

Mmwerlobas rom saagitacio, publicisturi, aRmzrdelobiTi

funqciebi gaaCnia, araerTxel aRuniSnavs TviT vaJasac:

,,CvenSi msubuqad ucqerian mwerlobas, TiTqos abuCad agdebuli

hyavsT, mwerlebi kide usaqmo, ,,saqmegamoleuli” xalxi hgoniaT; magram Tu

am saqmegamoleulma beCavma ,,gauxaxuna” vismes amis moubars gazeTSi,

gagixarian, is yalyze Sedgeba astexs hai-huis: rogor Tu gazeTSi CamwereT,

Cemi cudi saqcieli gamoaqveyneTo! Aaki araferia gazeTio? TiTqos

brZanebdiT, usaqmurobaa mwerlobao?.. mwerloba Zalaa, erTi umTavresi

iaraRTagania eris winsvlisa, mis gonebis da cxovrebis gaukeTesebisa...

kargi mweralic is aris, visac ukeT Seugnia es saWiroeba da ukeTesad

emsaxureba am saWiroebis dakmayofilebis saqmes”(34,376-377).

vaJa-fSavelas Tavis TanamedroveTagan nihilisturi damokidebuleba

mwerlobisadmi, mefeletoneebisadmi sazogadoebis SezRuduloba-

CamorCenilobad miaCnia. Aam ganwyobilebas ki xels uwyobda oficiozi,

cenzura. Ppoetma publicistis gausaZlisi cxovreba ironiagareuli

iumoriT gamoxata leqsSi ,,publicisti”(34):

minda rame davwero,

kalams viReb xelSia.

,,araferi wamogcdes!”

muStebs mcemen ferdSia,

,,ha, RmerTi ar gagiwyres,

Aar Sexvide eSxSia!

(,,publicisti”. uTariRo)

vaJam SeniSna, rom amis gamo bevr publicists weris mada waxdomia,

kalami gadaugdia da ,,buzebs iTvlis WerSia”.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom TviTonac maT mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, ar

modunebula, usasoobaSi ar Cavardnila da xmamaRla ganacxadebs: ,,Tu

227

dagwo da gikbina dabeWdilma sityvam axad, usaqmuroba ki ara, saqmianoba

yofila; maSasadame, Zala hqonia, sayuradRebo raRac ram yofila es

sxvadasxva ambebiT, sxvadasxva fiqriT da mosazrebiT aWrelebuli

furceli... Cven imas vcdilobT, egebi sasargeblo ram gavagonoT qveyanas,

SevmatoT ram mis gonebasa da zneobasao, nuTu es saqme ar aris? nuTu es

saqme Tqvens saqmes, romelsac marto Tqveni Tavi axsovs, CamourCeba ukan?

Aara mgonia. vici, kargad vici, amisTana msjeloba saidamac momdinareobs

da sarCulad rac uZevs.”(rame-rume. uTariRo. 34,403).

Qqveteqsti amonaweri citatisa gulisxmobs rogorc oficiozis

zewolas, ise xalxis dabal ganaTlebas, xalxisa, romelic saqmes imas

eZaxis_,,moxnas kacma, momkos, saxls rame Sematos, col-Svils ram

argoso”(iqve). Ppoeti iqve simarTliT ganumartavs mkiTxvels: ,,imas rom

esmodes mwerlobis mniSvneloba, eswavla ram da misma gonebam swavlis gemo

icodes, amas ar ityoda... Cveni xalxi jer kidev im mdgomareobaSia, rom

amisTana msjelobis niadagi aqvs...”(iqve)

xalxis swored am mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas emsaxureba imdroindeli

didi mamuliSvilebis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba cxovrebis sxvadasxva

asparezze, es iyo maTi sazrunavi, es iyo saTqmelisaTvis gamoxatvis

saTanado formis Zieba, anu niWierad migneba Temisa da aseve niWierad

gamoxatva misi. man brwyinvaled gansazRvra niWiereba erovnuli mwerlisa.

Aamave statiaSi vaJa wers: ,,niWiereba erovnulis mwerlisa imiT gaizomeba,

Tu ramdenad esmis Tavisi qveynisa da eris saWiroeba,_miT, Tu ramdenad

madlianad emsaxureba am madlis Sevsebas sityviT Tu saqmiT”(34,405). Ees

sityvebi, Cveni rwmeniT, avtoris TviTdaxasiaTebis brwyinvale

dadasturebaa, rameTu vaJasmcodneobaSi dadgenilia, Tu TviT vaJas ra

kargad esmoda Tavisi qveynisa da eris saWiroebisa, rom mTeli Tavisi

SemoqmedebiTi Tu sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT ra madlianad emsaxureboda

am madlis Sevsebas sityviT Tu saqmiT_1879wlis zafxulis CaTvliT (1915 w.

26ivlisi, ,,saxalxo furceli”) anu, daiwyo saqmiani sityviT da daamTavra

sityviani saqmiT (vgulisxmobT mis publicistur moRvaweobas).

rogorc prof. grigol kiknaZe aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelam am Cvens

literaturaSi mTeli sisruliT pirvelad asaxa fSavisa, TuSeTisa da

xevsureTis yofa. Dda asaxa es ise, rom fSavlis, TuSis Tu xevsuris

daxasiaTebas aRar dahkravda egzotikuri ieri... vaJa-fSavelam ise gaiazra

da asaxa mTielTa cxovreba, rom aSkara gaxda maTi ganuwyveteli kavSiri

228

mTeli qveynis saarsebo interesebidan... es niSnavs, rom Zalian didi iyo da

aris vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli erTianobis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT.(49,7-8).

rogorc vxedavT, pativcemuli mkvlevari Seexo vaJas publicistikis

gansazRvrul sferos, Tumca, monografiaSi gzadagza ganxiluli aqvs yvela

sakiTxi vaJas publicistikidan mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan kavSirSi.

vaJa-fSavela kidev sxva mkvlevarTac aqvT daxasiaTebuli rogorc

niWieri publicisti, romlis maxvil Tvalsac mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia

imdroindeli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela saWirboroto problema, aqtualuri

literaturul-esTetikuri Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebi. vaJas

Semoqmedeba XX saukunis dasawyisidan publicistikaSi sagrZnobi

energiulobiT xasiaTdeba, amis dasturia rogorc werilebis suliskveTeba,

ise mSrali statistikac. magaliTad, XIX saukuneSi vaJas kalams ekuTvnis

26 dasaxelebis werili, maSin rodesac XX saukunis 900-ian, 915-ian wlebSi

Seuqmnia 49 dasaxelebis sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis statia. rva

uTariRo werilidan naxevari mainc 900-915-ian wlebze unda modiodes.

vaJasmcodneobaSi zedmiwevniT damuSavebulia vaJas Jurnalisturi

samyaro (ix. saTanado literatura). Lliteraturis kritikaSi kvlevis

obieqti moqceulia zogad saTaurSi-vaJa-fSavelas publicistika, rac

marTebuladaa morgebuli Sinaarsisadmi.

vcdilobT, sakiTxi gavaSuqoT gansxvavebuli rakursiT. kerZod,

gvsurs warmovaCinoT vaJa-fSavela_publicisti. amiT saSualeba gveZleva

erTian aspeqtSi warmovidginoT vaJas wminda publicistikac, Cvens mier

publicistur lirikad gaazrebuli leqsebis analizic, zogierTi

prozauli Txzulebisa Tu naTargmni nawarmoebebis publicisturi

tendenciebic.

Cveni sakvalifikacio Sromis reglamentidan gamomdinare, kvlevis

aqcents gadavitanT 900-915-ian wlebze.

Tu gasul XIX saukuneSi vaJas werilebi iwyeba fSav-xevsureTis

eTnografiis gaSuqebiT, am tradicias vaJam arc XX saukunis dasawyisSi

gadauxvia. kerZod, simbolurad gamoiyureba 1900 wels ,,iveriis” 176-e

nomerSi gamoqveynebuli statiis saTauri_,,moxvediT mSvidobiTa!”(mcire

eTnografiuli SeniSvna).”simbolurad miviCnevT, radgan ,,aRniSnulis

qarTuliT uxvdeba fSaveli mamakaci da dedakaci Sin mosuls stumrebs, an

Tu Sinaurebs”(34,157) da gvgonia, rom am sityvebiTve miesalma vaJa-fSavela

229

XX saukunis dadgomas, Semosvlas. 1900 wlis TariRiT sxva statia ar

gamoqveynebula vaJas mier.

samarTliania prof. jumber WumburiZis mier gamoTqmuli sinanuli

revoluciamdeli kritikisagan gverdis avlis gamo vaJas Semoqmedebis

ramdenime sakiTxze: ,,qarTul kritikas TiTqmis ar ganuxilavs vaJas

Semoqmedebis zogierTi mxare (literaturuli werilebi, publicistika,

dramaturgia), kritikosebi ZiriTadad lirikasa da poemebs exebodnen”(6, 306),

Cveni mxriv imdroindel kritikas valad davdebdiT uyuradRebobas vaJas

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis mimarT. es ki XX saukuneSi garkveulwilad

gamosworebulia. (ix. saTanado literatura).

,,qarTuli literaturis istoriis” IV tomSic mokledaa miTiTebuli:

,,literaturuli moRvaweobis am sferoSic (misi samecniero, kritikuli da

publicisturi werilebi igulisxmeba-J.k.) vaJa-fSavelam daamtkica, rom igi

Rrmad moazrovne da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis Cinebuli

mcodne iyo... maRal Teoriul doneze aRmoCnda vaJa, rogorc publicisti da

kritikosi... vaJa gvevlineba klasikuri saliteraturo enis sruliad

unaklo ostatad, romlis msjelobis formac ki gvancvifrebs Tavisi

broliseburi siwmindiTa da gamWvirvalobiT... ...vaJas azri literaturuli

gavlenebis Sesaxeb, agreTve misi mosazrebani enis ganviTarebis, an erebis

ukvdavebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba CaiTvalos saukeTesod imaT Soris, rac am

sakiTxebze Tqmula... amJamad ukve aRaraa sakamaTo Sexeduleba, rom vaJa-

fSavela erT-erTi udidesi mSenebelia qarTuli axali saliteraturo

enisa...(35,491).

marTalia, narkvevis avtori prof. akaki gawerelia gza-da-gza exeboda

vaJas literaturul-kritikuli xasiaTis werilebs, magram daskvnaSi

Semoifargla mxolod mokle informaciiT, romelSic Zalze mokledaa

miTiTebuli TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi sakiTxi am TvalsazrisiT.

SedarebiT farTo moculobiT aris warmodgenili vaJa-fSavelas

publicisturi moRvaweoba prof. dimitri benaSvilis monografiaSi.

Mmozrdili statiis daskvniT nawilSi naTqvamia: ,,oTxmociani da

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis manZilze gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo qarTuli

perioduli presa. Nnacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebelma ideebma qarTul

presaSi gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT iCina Tavi.

Bbunebrivia, rom es epoqa Tavisebur asaxvas ipovida ara marto mis

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, aramed azrovnebaSic, kerZod publicistur

230

werilebSi. Aam werilis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna, rom vaJa aqac iseTive Rrma

da Sinaarsiania, rogorc poeziaSi, prozaSi, dramaturgiaSi, eTikaSi,

esTetikaSi, filosofiaSi, eTnografiaSi, folkloristikaSi misi

problematika iseTive mravalferovania da rTuli, rogorc poeturi

motivebi (10,483).

rodesac aq miuTiTes 80-90-iani wlebis Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, ufro

aqtualuri gaxda Cveni amocana, win wamogvewia XX saukunis 900-915-iani

wlebis problematika am mxrivac vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebidan.

Pprof. iuza evgeniZe rodesac warmogvidgens Tavis monografiaSi

,,vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis” mokle mimoxilvas, vaJas

publicistur moRvaweobas aSuqebs poetis Wabukobis asakidan da

kompaqturad iZleva mTeli gzis safuZvlian informaciul analitikas: ,,vaJa-

fSavela Wabukobidanve gatacebiT iwers da agrovebs xalxuri Semoqmedebis

nimuSebs, xolo ufro mogvianebiT sxvis mier Sekrebili amgvari masalis

recenzirebasac axdens. vaJa fSavSi cxovrobs, urTierToba uxdeba fSav-

xevsurebTan da bunebrivia, rogorc maTi TanamoZme, dainteresebulia ara

marto am xalxis yoveldRiuri Wir-varamiT (rac asaxulia mis

korespondenciebSi), aramed mTielTa tradiciebic, maTi rwmena-

warmodgenebiT, zne-CveulebiT, poeziiTa da am poeziaSi Semonaxul gmirTa

xasiaTebiT, e.i. imiT, rac misi garemos socialur, moralursa da esTetikur

saxes qmnis. Aamis gamoxatulebaa vaJas mier am periodSi dawerili

eTnografiuli werilebis wyeba (miTiTebulia 9 werili-J.k.)... rac ufro da

ufro dro gadis da poeturad mwifdeba vaJa, kidev ufro farTovdeba da

Rrmavdeba misi amgvari interesebi. swored Tavisi poeturi simwifis asakSi

aqveynebs vaJa cnobil literaturul-kritikuli xasiaTis statiebs: ,,

“(1995), ,,fiqrebi vefxistyaosnis” Sesaxeb (1911), ,,kritika b.ip.

varTagavasi”(1914) da sxva... didia vaJas mier mosmenili da mis werilebSi

ganxiluli masalis siaxlove vaJas mxatvrul ASemoqmedebasTan.”(27,235-236).

rogorc aRniSnaven,: ,,am periodis qarTulma presam gaamdidra da

gaamravalferovna literaturaTmcodneoba, axal simaRleze aiyvana

publicistika, saTanado Sefaseba misca am periodis axal socialur Zvrebs,

klasTa brZolas. sastiki brZola gaaCaRa Zvelis, dromoWmulis winaaRmdeg

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebasa da azrovnebaSi”(35,17).

Aaxals arafers vityviT, Tu mivuTiTebT, rom qarTuli publicistikis

axal simaRleze ayvanaSi sxvebTan erTad vaJa-fSavelas udidesi

231

damsaxureba miuZRvis; mis mier SemuSavebuli esTetikuri principebi Cvens

epoqaSic Tanamedroved unda miviCnioT. kerZod, migvaCnia, rom arsebiTad

exmianeba dRevandelobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes literaturaTmcodneobis

mimdinareobas, recefciul, anu aRqmis esTetikas, romelic mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli interpretaciis xelovnebasTan, anu hermenevtikasTan (16,169).

recefciuli esTetikis ,,yuradRebis centrSi eqceva mxatvruli

teqstis aRmqmeli subieqti-recipienti, mkiTxveli. es gansakuTrebuli

interesi mkiTxvelis mimarT im faqtis Segnebam ganapiroba, rom

literaturuli teqstis realizeba, gacocxleba mxolod misi aRqmis

procesSi, aRmqmeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi xdeba. Aamis gareSe mxatvruli

teqsti mxolod da mxolod mkvdari sqema, ConCxi, mkiTxvelis fantaziis

gamRizianebel pirobiT niSanTa erTobliobaa.”(iqve).

rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi procesis tradiciuli

klasikuri samkuTxedis: ,,mwerali-wigni-mkiTxveli”-erT-erT mniSvnelovan

komponentTan, mkiTxvelTan.

recefciuli esTetikis mixedviT, ,,avtori-nawarmoebi-mkiTxveli”

SeiZleba warmovidginoT tolgverda samkuTxedad, anu rodesac samive

komponenti Tanabari esTetikuri datvirTvis doziTaa mocemuli.

saTanadodaa dasabuTebuli yvela faqtori. Aanu SemoqmedebiT procesSi

CarTulia mkiTxvelis, aRmqmelis faqtori. es asec aris da asec unda iyos,

magram misi rolis gaTanabreba ,,avtori-wunis” tandemTan gadaWarbebulad

migvaCnia.

amdenad, ,,avtori-wigni-mkiTxveli” Cven migvaCnia tolferda

samkuTxedad, romelSic tolia ,,avtori-wigni”, da romlebic mimarTulni da

gamiznulni arian mkiTxvelebze; erT-erTi maTganis ignorireba ki

SemoqmedebiTi procesis gafoTlebas gamoiwvevs. Ees rom ar moxdes, ,,aq

gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daeTmos sazogadoebriv fsiqologisac, rac

TavisTavad ukve gulisxmoebs sazogadoebrivisa da fsiqologiuris

urTierTSexamebas (57,42).

rogorc Cans, recefciul esTetikas win uswrebs iseTi mniSvnelovani

mimdinareoba, rogoricaa biblio fsiqologia. Tu recefciuli esTetikis

kvlevis obieqtia teqsti da misi aRmqmeli, bibliofsiqologiis ZiriTadi

obieqtia wigni (zogadad) da am wignis mkiTxvelis fsiqologia. Bbunebrivia,

teqsti wignis ydebSia moqceuli da am aspeqtiT ikveTeba bevri saerTo

Tviseba recefciul esTetikasa da bibliofsiqologias Soris:

232

,,bibliofsiqologiis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens fsiqologiur

dakvirvebaTa warmoeba kiTxvis procesze rogorc fsiqikuris garemoSi, ise

sociologiur garemoSi momxdari movlenebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri

Tvisebisani arian”(57,43)

orTave SemTxvevaSi naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom ,,xelovnebis dargis

qmnilebaTa recipientebs Soris am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze aqtiuri teqstis

aRmqmelia, rac mniSvnelovnad im masalis TaviseburebebiT aris gamowveuli,

romliTac mwerali muSaobs; es masala-anu sityva, enobrivi niSani-yvelaze

abstraqtulia xelovnebis sxva dargTa (mxatvrobis, Teatris, mosikis,

kinos...) mier gamoyenebul masalasTan SedarebiT”(17,170).

Tu fantaziis rolze visaubrebT, gansxvavebuli datvirTva mouwevs

mas uSualod literaturuli Janrebis, saxeebis aRqmisa da Sefasebis

momentSi, rameTu ,,nawarmoebSi warmosaxul samyaros im msoflgancdis

WrilSi warmoadgens, romelic man cxovrebaSi SeimuSava (17,171).

vfiqrobT, publicistur werilebSia mocemuli yvelaze naklebad e.w.

,,ganusazRvreli adgilebi”. vaJas feletonebsa da korespondenciebSi maTi

funqciuri datvirTva sakmaod sagrZnobia. siaxlis, informaciulobis

TvalsazrisiT xom swored publicistika xasiaTdeba. mkiTxveli ufro

metad misgan moelis siaxles, radgan axlad gamoqveynebuli teqstebi,

informaciebi ,,mkiTxvels awvdian aSkara Tu farul signalebs, romlebic

recipientebs nawarmoebis aRqmis garkveul, maTTvis ukve cnobil wesze

mianiSneben. Aaxali nawarmoebi aRZravs mogonebas adre wakiTxul

nawarmoebebze, uqmnis mkiTxvels garkveul emociur ganwyobas, aRviZebs

masSi raRac nacnobis, adre wakiTxulis msgavsis molodins.

gazeTis funqciis gansazaRvras. erTdrouladaa warmodgenili

pirdapiri saTqmelica da qveteqstic anu ,,ganusazRvreli adgilebi” da

farTo gasaqani eZleva mkiTxvelis, msmenelis aRmqmelobiT masStabsa da

unars, mis fantasias. magaliTad, erT erT ,,qebaTa-qebaSi” avtori qveteqstiT

miuTiTebs, rom eklesiasac jari Sesevia da Taviseburad afasebs amas:

aqac gangebis Ralati:

Soltis, maTraxis Cqamia,

Aazris da grZnobis Telvaa,

Zalian cudi wamia.

Nnu gegonebaT, gaTenda,

jer isev bnela, Ramia.

233

(,,megazeTeni Seyrilan”)

Ppublicists TvalTaxedvis aredan arc policielni gamorCenia. muq

ferebSia daxatuli policielebi, romlebic ,,Tavis xsnas gaWirvebisgan

maTraxisagan elian... zogi ZuZus sWris dedasa, ar hkrTeba ara scxvenian”.

Dda iqve gamanadgurebeli Sefaseba publicisti-lirikosisagan:

gikvirT? Aar mikvirs me Cemad:

metad ar uWris tvinia.

(iqve)

Mmiuxedavad autaneli, sazareli yofisa, publicist poets ar

daukargavs rwmena, imedi, optimizmi.

,,maS sjobs rom dasdge, kalamo,

Dda Senc dasdumde enao?

vera, vera dros! Minamde

cad gviwevs aRmafrenao

gvWirs Wiri unelebeli,

ar dagvxSobia smenao.

verafers gizamT, gamxnevdiT,

kuda-ZaRlebis Rrenao!

gadarCenis imeds avtori wminda sinaTlis naTebaSi xedavs:

codva da madli Ramisa

iangariSos dilama.

Ggza gaunaTos sanTliTa

Uunda ukanas winama,

Eegeb sicocxle daityos

Mama-papaTa binama!

(qebaTa-qeba (megazeTeni Seyrilan)

,,qebaTa-qebis” am safinalo taepebidanac naTlad gamoCnda didi poetis

qristianuli msoflmxedveloba. Mmis optimizms amagrebs rwmena da imedi

imisa rom, mxolod madlis Camdenisaa momavali, ,,vinc awmyos

mizanSewonilad emsaxureba.” amis brwyinvale dadasturebaa uSualod vaJas

pirovneba, rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTeben, vaJa-fSavelas

msoflmxedveloba mtkice marTlmadideblur rwmenazea damyarebuli. sxva

mravalTagan gavixsenoT Tundac misi ori werili ,,did-marxva”.

Ppirveli werili ufro poetis mier Camoyalibebul zneobriv

kodeqsad SeiZleba aRiqvas mkiTxvelma. xuT kompoziciur komponentad

234

warmodgenili sxvadasxva azri warmoadgens erTian msoflmxedvelobriv

koncefcias avtorisas.

dasawyisSi avtori ganumartavs mkiTxvels, Tu ratom moigones did-

marxva: ,,did-marxva swored imitom moigones, rom SimSilis meoxebiT, leSis

datanjviT miecaT adamianTaTvis saSualeba keTil fiqrTa da grZnobaTa

asaRorZineblad. marxva sinanulisa da moTminebisa. ,,moTminebiTa SeniTa

moipove suli Senio”, gvaswavlis marxvis momgoni da damwesebeli” (,,did-

marxva.” 34,218).

Pprof. Tamar SarabiZis marTebuli SefasebiT: ,,...vaJa monuri

morCilebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs da miiCnevs, rom borotebasTan saWiroa

brZola da ara moTmineba... is mxolod da mxolod ganasxvavebs moralur

moTminebasa da monur morCilebas. misi azriT, rogorc morwmune, adamiani

unda iyos momTmeni da RmerTis didsulovnebis momlodine, rac ar

gulisxmobs borotebasTan Serigebas. moTminebis cnebaSi unda vivaraudoT

rwmenis bolomde SenarCuneba...(101,23). Aamaze aqvs saubari vaJasac werilis

meore monakveTSi.

Mmesame monakveTSi avtori werilisa mwuxarebas gamoTqvams imis gamo,

rom ,,bevri eklesia dauqmda wels, did-marxvaSi, da bevri zari dadumda,

rom aRarc samwuxaro, sadidmarxvo xmas gamoscems da aRarc samxiarulos,-

sdums, rogorc mkvdari samareSi... moZRvari ki aRarsada sCans da!..

diakvnebs darCaT dRes burTi da moedani; kidec uxarianT, rom imaTi

mRvdlebi sabnelodan gamoicqirebian (34, 219). Aaq publicisti mwerali

akritikebs sazogadoebriv viTarebas, daufaravad amxels religiur

samyaroSi gamefebul mankierebas.

Semdeg meoTxe punqtSi avtoris mamxilebeli toni ufro farTo

asparezss gadaswvda. igi am SemTxvevaSic moyvrulad pirSi mZraxavia

sazogadoebisadmi. mas kargad SeumCnevia medroveTa fsiqologia da

daundobelia maT mimarT: ,,diakvnebi ra saTqmelia da ra angariSSi

mosatani: yvela xilulma da uxilavma Savma Zalma, rogorc gazafxulze

siTbos sunze gvelebma, Tavebi wamoyayva, icqireba amayad, mamacad. roca

hxedavdnen, saqveyno azri imarjvebso, erTobis adamianebad asaRebdnen

TavianT Tavs da dRes ki, roca darwmundnen, mowinaaRmdegeTa fiqrma da

Zalam gaimarjva, erTobasac swyevlian da erTobis mimdevarTac”(34,219).

235

maT winaaRmdeg Seuwynarebeli msjavri poets isev wminda werilidan

moxmobili sityvebiT gamoaqvs: ,,kaTakmevelno, ganvediT!... raodenic

morwmuneni xarT, merme da merme uflisa mimarT vilocoTo”(34,220).

didi sazogadoebrivi JReradobisaa werilis damagvirgvinebeli

monakveTi. TiTqmis aforizmul gamoTqmebad aRiqmeba sityvebi: ,,suliT

marxuloba bevriT aRemateba WkuiT marxulobas”(34,220).

Mmouwodebs qveynis erTgulebisaken, simarTlisaken morwmuneebs da

Seaxsenebs: ,,nu daiviwyebT Tqvens RmerTs, iloceT igi! SeinaneT is

Secdomani, ramac xeli SegiSalaT da ecadeT, momavalSi aicdinoT

Tavidan.”-aqve dReisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebel darigebas sTavazobs

politikosebs didi poeti: ,,-dahgmeT partiuli Tavmoyvareoba, wvrilfexa,

mCate pativmoyvareoba, romelmac xeli SeuSala Cvens erTobas, eris

miswrafebas”(iqve).

sentenciuria vaJas Semdegi mimarTva: ,,zogjer damarcxeba

gamarjvebas sjobia, radgan yvelasaTvis aSkarad gamoCndeba damarcxebis

mizezi, yvela gaigebs, yvela Seignebs da samermisod aRar gaimeorebs im

Secdomebs da ukeTes brZolis da Sromis saSualebas moapovebinebs” (34,220).

Alalgulaa da gulwrfelia misi mimarTvis sityvebi did-maarxvisadmi:

,,dido marxvao! Ddidad marxulni varT, Cveni gana marto Tvalebi? Gguli da

gonebac cremlis morevSi dascuravs. vloculobT da vevedrebiT RmerTs

gveqmnes mwed da mfarvelad, mogvces Cvenc, Cvenis qveynis SvilT, Zali da

Rone movuaroT, vupatronoT Tavis Tavs, Tavis qveyanas, raTa vZlioT eSmaks

da movipovoT cxovreba saukuno, moveswroT aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT da

cxovrebasa mermisa mis saukunisasa, amin” (34,220).

Bbunebrivia, pavle razikaSvilis Svili sxvagvarad ar iqadagebda

qristianuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb.

,,saxalxo gazeTSi” dabeWdili weriliT ,,episkopos antonis azri

fSav-xevsurTa sarwmunoebaze”(34,311-313) avtori Seaxsenebs sazogadoebas,

rom 1912 wels fSav-xevsureTSi umogzauria ,,yovlad-samRvdelo antons” da,

poetis rwmeniT, samwuxaro SedegiT damTavrebula qarTvelTaTvis misi

mogzauroba, radgan ,,episkopos antons sasuliero mTavrobis winaSe fSav-

xevsurni dauxasiaTebia rogorc warmarTni kerpTayvanismcemlebi, sadac

viTom saWiro iyo axlad gavrceleba qristianobisa moZravi eklesiebis

saSualebiT” (34,111).

236

vaJa-fSavela saqmianad, taqtianad pasuxobs episkoposis mcdar

Sexedulebebs da religiur aspeqtSi umarTavs ukompromiso brZolas.

werilidan Cans, rom XIX saukunis miwurulsac gaugzavnia sinods am

meTodiT episkoposi leonide,-,,episkopos antonze ara nakleb ganaTlebuli

formalurad da ara nakleb sjulisa da sarwmunoebis erTguli, magram imas

arc oficialurad, arc kerZo saubris dros warmarTebad ar mounaTlia

fSav-xevsurni”(iqve). Cans, xelisufleba ar daukmayofilebia leonidis

angariSs da ufro mkacri davalebiT igzavneba antoni fSav-xevsureTSi.

Ppublikaciis avtori svms bunebriv da logikur SekiTxvas: ,,ar viciT,

ram aiZula yovlad samRvdelo antoni, Saedgina aseTi mkacri oqmi mTielTa

sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobis gamo?!” (iqve). Mmomdevno striqonebSi naTlad,

damajerebladaa gaqarwylebuli episkoposiseuli braldebani.

vinaidan sxva , ,,Tavis werilebsa da mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi vaJa

msjelobs qristianul aRmsareblobaze, saidumloebebze, dogmatebze,

ritualebze, aseve Teologiur sakiTxebze, RmerTis yvelgan myofobaze, mis

Seucnoblobaze, qristes dabadebasa da aRdgomaze, suliwmindis madlsa da

a.S. gasakvirvi ar unda iyos maRalprofesionaluri Jurnalisturi

dasabuTeba episkopos antonis Secdomebisa.

specifikuria ganwyobileba-intonaciiT igrZnoba episkoposis

angariSebis mizandasaxuleba. vaJa-fSavela punqtebad axarisxebs mis

Sinaarss da wers: ,,iqneb warmarToba, kerpTayvanismcemloba imaSi unda

davinaxoT, rom fSavlebi da xevsurebi xatebsa loculoben? mere ra hqvian

im xatebsa? wminda giorgi, RvTismSobeli, mTavarangelozi da sxva? nuTu es

wmindanebi qristianuli wmindanebi ar arian (34,311).

Eepiskoposs sinodisaTvis SeuTavazebia moZravi eklesiebis SemoReba.

Ees ki vaJas Ria karis mtvrevad miaCnia, radgan; ,,yoveli eklesiuri wesi

isedac sruldebao” (34,312).

vaJa-publicisti antons imaSi exmareba, rom ,,marTlmadidebloba”

zneobrivi yofaqceviT xasiaTdeba da miTumetes-,,fSav-xevsurTa ar SeiZleba

gamovarTvaT es saxelwodeba; oficialurad cnobilia, rom yvelaze naklebi

danaSauli sisxlisa TianeTis mazraSia, sadac mcxovrebTa mometebuli

ricxvi fSav-xevsurni arian... sCans, fSv-xevsurT arafers uSlis

kerpTayvanismcemloba, iyvnen patiosani adamianebi, ukeTesi zneobisa imaTze,

vinc zepirad icis marTmadidebeli katexizmo da mTeli zneobrivi kodeqsi

da saqristiano locvebi” (34,313).

237

saTanado literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom didi vaJa qarTvelTa,

gansakuTrebiT fSv-xevsureTis mkvidrTa Semecnebis ZiriTad komponentad

miiCnevs locvas. Tavad igi didebulad agrZelebs klasikuri mwerlobis

tradiciebs. Aamis erTi patara, magram mravlismetyveli gamovlinebaa misi

leqsi ,,Cemi vedreba”, romelSic mgosani gulmxurvaled SesTxovs RmerTs:

,,ar wamixdino, meufev,

Ees Cemi wminda xeloba!

maSrome sakeTiloda,

Tund ar movimko nayofi,

SvilT sagmod ar gamixado

Cemi mudmivi samyofi...

Tu Zvel saberZneTSi poetebi muzas avedrebdnen SemoqmedebiT gznebas;

SoTa rusTavelmac erTarseba RmerTs SesTxova mfarveloba, aRmafrenis

boZeba; daviT guramiSvilmac RmerTis sadidebliT daiwyo Tavisi wigni;

TavianT STagonebis wyarod miiCnies maRali RmerTi Cvenma romantikosebma,

mogvianebiT iliam, akakim, aleqsandre yazbegma TavianT locva-vedrebaSi

Caaqsoves zneobriv-eTikuri da esTetikuri xasiaTis Txovna-survilebi.

Aamave poziciebze dgas vaJa-fSavelac.

rogorc uwmindesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi ilia meore aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelas leqsi ,,Cemi vedreba... aris

umaRlesi qristianuli azrovnebis nayofi, Tavmdablobis, siyvarulis,

erTgulebis, vaJkacobis, sinazis sagalobeli, romlis avtoric WeSmariti

megobaria RvTisa da ara mxolod kargad moazrovne Semoqmedi” (ix. gazeTi-

,,vaJa-fSavela”, specialuri gamoSveba, 23-24 seqtemberi, 2006w. gv.1; gazeTi

mieZRvna vaJa-fSavelas dabadebidan 145-e wlisTavs).

locvaTa konteqstSi publicisturi poliTematurobiT gamorCeulia

vaJas statia-,,fSavlebi (eTnografiuli masala), 1914w. 34,296).

Mmokle, sxarti masala cxadyofs, rom dedakacis dalocvis

safanelic RvTiuri siyvaruli, RvTis madli da misi imedia. avtorma erTad

mouyara Tavi dalocvis nimuSebs, SeiZleba iTqvas,-Tavisebur formulebsac,

yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan. Llocvis, dalocvis mravalaspeqtianobis

aRsaqmelad gavecnoT nawyvets werilidan: ,,Senamc Sageweva Cemis mamis

salocavi, Senamc giSvelis RmerTi; ageb RmerTma gicocxlos col-Svili,

isre gicocxlos, rogorc Sens guls undodes; saca gaiaro, yvelgan

gamarjveba mogeces; Seni amjobinos Senis mtrisasa; nuravisi Tvali da

238

guli mogrios; Cvenis Svilisada RmerTma giSvelos; xel-mxari mSvidobaSi

mogaxmaros; Cveni daxedvisada, moxedvisada RmerTma keTilad gnaxos...

RmerTimc Saeweva Sens jansa; RmerTimc giSvelis; a, iqamc gagemarjveba,

saca xmaln iqmen gelasa, mociquloben isarni, Subni iqnevdnen enasa

(Zveleburi dalocva), Senamc SahrCebi da gaezdebi dedaSensa... baraqa,

gaxaneba (mkis dros), xar-guTans gaumarjos (xvnis dros)” (34,292).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vaJas SemoqmedebiT interess

publicistikaSi warmoadgens Rrma patriotizmi, mis werilebSi

safuZvlianad aris daxasiaTebuli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba,

rogorc mTeli qveynisa, ise konkretulad fSav-xevsureTisa (ix. misi

,,patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi”).

Ppublicistika, rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis

gamomxatveli SemoqmedebiTi samyaro, ar amowuravs poetis interesTa wres,

rameTu ,,kidev mravali sakiTxisa da motivis daZebna SeiZleba vaJasTan,

romelic Cvens literaturaSi ufro warmoaCens miseul Temebs” (27,231).

erT statiaSi vaJa aRniSnavda, rom sagani mwerlobisa da

publicistikisa ,,erTi da igivea-cxovreba, misi movlenani, Zveli da axali”.

istoriulis, eTnografiulis, poeturis, folkloristulis

brwyinvale sinTeziT gamorCeulia 1914 wels gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi”

gamoqveynebuli statia-,,Zveleburi omi da saomari iaraRi saxalxo

poeziaSi”.

werilSi wamoWrili sakiTxi, Cveni fiqriT, ,,emorCileba mxatvrul,

istoriul da socio-kulturuli kuTxiT ganxilvas, anu garkveulwilad

axali istorizmis principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac ,,saxeebs da narativebs

SeuZliaT gamoavlinon mravali aspeqti. Aamitomac literaturuli

teqstebis ganmartebisaTvis saukeTeso saSualebaa nawarmoebis Tavisive

istoriul konteqstSi ganTavseba. Lliteraturul nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba

epoqis suliskveTeba da sxvadasxva saxis winaaRmdegobani” (54,251).

vkiTxulobT vaJas aRniSnul werils da aSkaraa, rom am werilSi

istoriaa ganfenili poeziis samyaroSi da poeziac ,,Tavissave istoriul

konteqstSia ganTavsebuli. TiToeuli moxmobili leqsis SinaarsSi

asaxulia Sesabamisi ,,epoqis suliskveTeba”.

dasawyisSi vaJas mier mokledaa daxasiaTebuli Zveleburi omi

zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT: ,,dRevandelisTana adamianTa mmusvreli da

gamanadgurebeli arasodes ar yofila omi da es gamowveulia Tanamedrove

239

texnikiT. dRes imdenad saWiro aRarc ki aris gulovanoba... dRes Tavi da

Tavi saSualeba gamarjvebisa moxerxebaa. saxalxo poezia ar dagidevs

moxerxebas, xrikebs da yovel imeds amyarebs guladobaze...

vaJkacs ar gamoadgeba

soflad Sveneba Tavisa,

xmals unda aWreinebdes,

imedi hqondes mklavisa.

Semdeg werilSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,umTavres rols TamaSobs fari da

xmali, ,,xmlis qneva, faris fareba, xmliT cema”. (34,441)

istoriul wyaroebSi weria, rom epoqaTa cvalebadoba badebda axal

iaraRs. magaliTad: ,,xmali saqarTveloSi Cndeba V-VI s.s-Si (gorgasalma

,,...aRmoixada xrmali da SeamTxvia jvarsa”. juanSeri).” (92, 59).

xmlis marjved momxmarebeli, anu ,,namdvil mcemeli xmlisa is ari,

vinc cxen-mxedars awyvetinebs da xmlis wveri miwaSi garbis”. (34,441). Aaqve

gavixsenoT qarTuli leqsi ,,Semomeyara yivCaRi” am aspeqtiT.

Ppublicisti, Tvals gaadevnebs ra ,,saxalxo poeziis” istorias,

ityvis: ,,saxalxo poeziaSi Cven qvis srolas versad vera vxvdebiTo” da

,,vefxistyaosnidan” daimowmebs citatas, sadac naTqvamia, rom tarielma da

misma laSqarma ,,qviTac dalewes wvivebi”. rainduli sulis poets

eTakileba, rom ,,saca xmali, fari da Subia, iq vaJkacisaTvis didi

sircxvili iqneboda qvebsa hkrefdes da mowinaaRmdeges imas esrodes.

rusTaveli, unda vigulisxmoT, qvis srolas da misi saSualebiT mtrisTvis

wvivebis dalewas, qvis mtyorcnel manqaniTa hgulisxmobs da ara xeliT.”

(34,441).

Qqvis manqanebis gamoyenebis Taobazecaa miTiTebuli Cvens wyaroebSi:

,,Zveli aRmosavleTis, gansakuTrebiT saberZneTisa da romis armiebSi,

agreTve qarTul laSqarSi iyenebdnen mZime lodsatyorcn manqanebs: ,,mefeman

bagrat... moadga qalaqsa Sanqorsa, daudgna filakavanni”-,,matiane qarTlisa”

(92,59). filakavanni igive lodsatyorcni danadgaria.

zogadsakacobrio Segonebad miiCnevs publicisti poeti qarTveli

dedis mowodebas Svilisadmi:

,,xmalsa simokle ras uSlis,

Ffexi win wasdgi, daswvdeba”

(34,442)

240

,,amas marto spartaneli deda ki ar eubneboda Svilsa, masTan erTad

qarTveli dedac da amaTTan erTad, vfiqrob, mTeli kacobrioba”(iqve).

sainteresoa eTnografiuli informaciebi, daculni xalxur leqsebSi,

romlebic sailustracioda aqvs gamoyenebuli poets:

1. sadac CaCqani, e.i. Cafxuti da muzaradia, iqve vaJkacs jaWvis

perangic acvia (3,442);

2. ,,netav rad unda kargs ymasa samklave, safuxaria” (34,443).

3. ,,yvela zemoxsenebul iaraRebs mosdevs Tan mSvild-isari, ,,Zvels

meomars hqonda isrebiT savse bude qarqaSi, qojoni” (iqve).

4. erTi saintereso informaciaa Semdeg abzacSi daculi: ,,rogorc

dRes Srapnelebi, raketa da karteCi tyviebTan erTad ,,mociquleben” or

mopirdapire banaks Soris, ise Zveli omis dros mociquloben isarni...”

(iqve); e.i. 1914 wlisaTvis samxedro SeiaraRebaSi xsenebulia raketac.

5. Semdeg avtori axsenebs Subs:

,,..saca xmaln iqmen velasa,

Mmociquloben isarni,

Subni iqnevdnen enasa”.

6. Subis enis qneva imave omisa da sisxlis Rvris momaswavebelia”

(iqve).

,,mSvild-isarTan didi naTesaoba aqvs boZalads. Ees iaraRi TofiviT

dasamiznebi, Semosayenebi fexze da dasasxleti. Tofis msgavss xeze

mSvildia dakruli isris gasasrolad:

Ggamouqadla ConTama

boZaldi mWvartliania”.

(iqve)

Tu ara vcdebiT, Cveneburi boZaldi igive dRevandeli arbaletis

winapari unda iyos.

moTavdeba ra eTnografiis warmodgena istoriul procesebSi,

werilis bolos avtori kvlav zneobriobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:

,,sabuTad da safuZvlad omisa Zvelad, rogorc dRes dedamiwa, mamuli

iTvleboda.” swored amitom uxdebodaT qarTvelebs brZola aTasi juris

mterTan, rom mamul-deduli, sakuTari teritoria SeenarCunebinaT.

qarTveli eri ,,sxvas ar etaneboda waeglija ram, Saeviwroebina sxva eri...”-

Semdeg ki nikoloz baraTaSviliseuli intonacia igrZnoba vaJas komentarSi:

,,..exlandeli mefeni, qveynis mmarTvelni, marto imas ki ar sjerdebian,

241

sakuTari teritoria daicvan, sxvis sakuTrebas ebRauWebian da scdiloben,

rac SeiZleba meti erTma wahglijos meoresa, miiTvisos” (34,444). ra

brwyinvaled exmianeba es sityvebi Cvens dRevandelobas.

saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg poeti aqebs da

adidebs vaJkacobas. qarTveli moleqse, qarTveli kaci ,,yvela sxva unarze

win gulovanoba-vaJkacobas ayenebs... puradobac vaJkacobas ayenebs...

puradobac vaJkacobaa, magram guladoba samjer metia:

vaJkacs puradze-guladi

samis gafreniT metia.”

(iqve).

Aam werilis ganxilvisas vsargeblobdiT ra ,,axali istorizmis”

principebiT, dasturdeba am mimarTulebis specifikuri Tvisebebi:

,,es axali mimarTuleba gamoirCeoda istoriaze, kulturaze,

instituciebze, genderul da klasobriv sakiTxebze, socialur konteqstsa

da materialur bazisze orientaciiT” (54,259).

rodesac vaJas publicistikaze saaubrisas gamoviyeneT ,,axali

istorizmisa” da ,,recefciuli esTetikis” principebi, vcdilobdiT vaJa-

fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erTi, magram mniSvnelovani aspeqti,

gagveSuqebina Tanamedrove dasavlur filologiur, esTetikur da

fsiqologiur WrilSi.

Mmxatvruli azrovnebis istoriaSi cnobilia is faqti, rom mwerali,

avtori sxvebze ufro damarwmuneblad ganmartavs xolme Tavis SemoqmedebiT

nayofs. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi did daxmarebas gviwevs uSualod vaJa-

fSavela, rodesac brwyinvaled gansazRvravs simarTlis arss mwerlobaSi:

,,simarTle mwerlobaSi ornairad iTqmis, am Tqmas orgvari forma aqvs: erTi

poetur-beletristuli da meore-publicisturi. sagani imaTi erTi da igivea-

cxovreba, misi movlenani, Zveli Tu axali, mizezi am movlenaTa da Sedegi.

Ooriveni, vsTqvaT, erTsa da imave WeSmaritebas amboben, erTsa da imave gzas

adganan, magram erTis Tqma Zlier Ronieria, xolo meoresi, Tumca

simarTlea, magram ver aRelvebs kacis guls da grZnobas pirveliviT. Ees

asea imitom, rom poeti azrs tansacmels urCevs, akoxtavebs, alamazebs da

yvelasTvis Tvalgul misasvlelss da mosawonars hxdis, xolo publicisti

amas ar dasdevs. Ppoeti suraTebiT gvesaubreba, tipsa hqmnis, xSirad

idealurs, misabaZavs, iseTs tipebs, romlis msgavsnic unda rom iyvnen

poets cxovrebaSi, raTa Seavson misgan TvalSi amoRebuli nakli.

242

Ppublicisti ki cxovrebis movlenaT arkvevs da mis mizezebs uCvenebs” (vaJa-

fSavela ,,rame-rume.” uTariRo).

D

243

daskvna

vaJa-fSvelam XIX da XX saukuneTa mijnaze did samocianelebTan

erTad qarTuli mwerloba, publicistika aqcia am mSfoTvare periodis

erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mZlavr iaraRad. Aam mizniT man

qarTul poetur sityvas SesZina amaRlebuli moqalaqeobrivi, xalxuri

poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli silaRe, simtkice da simaxvile. Gguram

asaTianis TqmiT:-,,vaJa-fSavela iyo is rCeulTa Soris rCeuli, ori epoqis

manZilze mimdinare esTetikuri ganviTarebis damagvirgvinebeli poeti,

romelmac SesZlo uaRresi, srulyofili formiT gamoexata ,,miwisa” da

,,cis”, ,,nivTierisa” da ,,idealuris”-realisturisa da romantikulis

urTierTgamsWvalavi, dramatuli mTlianoba” (6,402). Bbunebrivia, mkvlevars

mxedvelobaSi hqonda poetis SemoqmedebiT interesTa farTo speqtri da

maTi ganviTarebis mZlavri poeturi energia;

naSromis kompleqsuri analizis gziT SeZlebisdagvarad

ganvsazRvreT mxatvrul Zeglebsa Tu publicistur werilebSi mxatvrul

saxeTa sistemis funqciebi, Janrebs Soris urTierTmimarTebaTa da

paralelebis dadgena.

aRniSnulia, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba amozrdilia, rogorc

qarTuli miTologiuri, xalxuri poeturi Tu klasikuri mwerlobis

mZlavri fesvebidan. Mmwerali SemoqmedebiTad iyenebs amas ara mxolod

saTqmelis, gamoxatvis safanelad, aramed maTSi Wvrets ezoTerul

siRrmeebs da maRalmxatvrulad ukavSirebs, socio-zneobriv, istoriul

movlenebs, mimdinare drois aqtualur sakiTxebs.

Mmaqsimalurad vcdilobdiT vaJas lirikaSi, eposSi, dramaturgiaSi,

publicistikaSi zRapruli Tu igavuri stilis, tipologiis formaTa

gamovlenas. ganxilulia vaJas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba da konkretuli

saxe-xatis safuZvelze e.pos ,,yoranis” Targmani vaJas mier.

naSromSi kompleqsurad gaanalizebulia, lirikis, eposis, dramis,

publicistikis, Targmanis problematikisa da mxatvruli struqturis

sakiTxebi. Cven vcdilobdiT konkretulad gangvexila vaJa-fSavelas

Semoqmedebis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mosazrebani qarTul

literaturismcodneobaSi.

warmodgenili masaliTac, vfiqrobT warmoCenilia is realoba, rom

didi vaJa-fSavela aris msoflio rangis moazrovne Semoqmedi.

244

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. abaSiZe k. etiudebi, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi. 1970;

2. abzianiZe z. edgar pos Targmna da ,,amiranis xmali”, gaz. ,,Tbilisi”,

1961 wlis 27 ivlisi;

3. abramsi m. h. fsiqologiuri da fsiqoanalitikuri kritika. ,,sjani”, IV,

Tbilisi, 2003;

4. abulaZe ilia. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), ,,mecniereba”,

Tbilisi, 1973;

5. avaliani l. vaJa-fSavela-,,saqarTvelos ocnebis” mTargmneli.” vaJa-

fSvelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tsu

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1966;

6. asaTiani g. saukunis poetebi, Tbilisi, 1988;

7. balanCivaZe r., asaTiani r., pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi, 1997;

8. baraTaSvili n. Cveni saunje, VI, gamomc.,,nakaduli”, 1960;

9. baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani, ,gamomc. ,, sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi,

1968;

10. benaSvili d. vaJa-fSavela. Semoqmedi da moazrovne, gamomc. ,,sabWoTa

mwerali”, Tbilisi, 1961;

11. beJitaZe m. SurisZiebis motivebi vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. vaJas

krebuli II, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, univ. gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1982;

12. biblia, axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, gadamuSavebuli gamocema,

stokholmi,1991;

13. bogdanovi a.n. literaturuli Janrebi, literaturis Teoria. esTetika,

gamomc. ,,sovetski pisateli”. 1970w. (rus);

14. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.21, gamomc. ,,sovetskaia enciklopedia”,

moskovi, 1975;

15. boZaSvili l. fSavi da fSavlebi, gamomc. ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”,

Tbilisi, 1988;

16. bregaZe l. fsiqoanalizi da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, literaturis

Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da

mimdinareobebi. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis

istoriis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006;

17. bregaZe l. recefciuli esTeTika. iqve;

245

18. gabeskiria v. frinvel-cxovelTa samyaro da vaJa-fSavela, qarTveli

mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, Tbilisis universitetis


19. gaCeCilaZe g. mxatvruli Targmnis Teoriis sakiTxebi, realisturi

Targmnis problema, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1951;

20. gawerelia ak. vaJa-fSavela. qarTuli literaturis istoria eqvs

tomad, t.IV (XIX saukunis meore naxevari), gamomc. ,,sabWoTa

saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1974;

21. gawerelia ak. Ppoeturi gamoTqmebis istoriuli modifikaciis

sakiTxebisaTvis. Krebuli ,,poezia da stilistika”, gamomc.

,,mecniereba”, 1977;

22. giorgi aToneli, qebiT didebai, Cveni saunje I, ,,nakaduli”, Tbilisi,

1960.

23. gociriZe d. frazuli teqstebis tipologiuri interpretaciis

principebi, Tsu, Tbilisi 1988 (rus);

24. grigalaSvili l. vaJa-fSavelas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi. Ix. vaJas

krebuli II, gamomc. ,,Tsu”, Tbilisi, 1989w, 486gv

25. guramiSvili d. daviTiani, Cveni saunje, V, nakaduli, Tbilisi, 1960;

26. daviTiani ak. qarTuli enis sintaqsi, I, gamomc ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi,

1973;

27. evgeniZe i. vaJa-fSavela (cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis

sakiTxebi), Tsu, gamomcemloba Tbilisi, 1989;

28. elizarova m., m. giJdeu da sxva. XIXsaukunis sazRvargareTuli

literaturis istoria, gamomc ,, ganaTleba”, Tbilisi, 1973;

29. vaJa-fSavela, t.VII, eTnografia, folklori, kritika, publicistika,

korespondencia, (al. abaSelis redaqciiT), gamomc. ,,saxelgami”,

Tbilisi, 1947.

30. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t.I, leqsebi,

gamomc ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961;

31. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t.II. poemebi,

gamomc. ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961;

32. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. III,

moTxrobebi, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961;

33. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t.IV,

moTxrobebi, dramaturgia, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961;

246

34. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t.V,

publicistika, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961;

35. vaJa-fSavelas xuTi poema, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisis universitetis


36. vasilievis, gaiduki dm; mistikuri terminebis enciklopedia, gamomc

,,liga”, mosk. 1997;

37. zandukeli m. Txzulebani, V, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi, 1989;

38. zandukeli f. werilebi sabavSvo folklorze, ,,nakaduli”, Tbilisi,

1980;

39. TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi, mwerloba. religiuri filosofia. istoria,

gamomc. ,,saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1997;

40. iakobis samreklo, gamomc. ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi, 1990;

41. ioane zosime, qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, Cveni saunje, I,

nakaduli, Tbilisi, 1960;

42. iungi k.-g. analizuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi, sizmrebi, Tbilisi,

1995;

43. kankava l. vaJas Targmnili ,,qalis mTa”, vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi

miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tbilisis universitetis


44. kvaracxelia g. mxatvruli enis Seswavlis lingvisturi aspeqtebi,

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1995;

45. kvaracxelia g. vaJa-fSavela axali poeziis saTaveebTan, ,,sjani” IV,

yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero krebuli, Tbilisi,

2003;

46. kvaWaZe l. qarTuli enis sintaqsi, ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1966;

47. kiknaZe gr. Mmetyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tbilisis universitetis


48. kiknaZe gr. Lliteraturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, vaJa-

fSavelas kabineti, Tbilisi, 1978w;

49. kiknaZe gr. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, Tbilisis universitetis


50. kiknaZe gr. Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. II, Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 2004;

247

51. kotetiSvili vaxuSti, vaJa-fSavela rusuli xalxuri simReris

mTargmneli, vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-

fSavelas kabineti, Tbilisi, 1966;

52. kotetiSvili f. ilia WavWavaZis prozis poetika. qarTveli mwerlebis

esTetikuri azrovnebidan. Tbilisi, 1996;

53. kotoraSvili g. simboluri da mistikuri saxismetyveleba vaJa-

fSavelas poemebis mixedviT (,,gvelis mWameli”, ,,suli oblisa”), avt.

ref. Tbilisi, 2001;

54. lomiZe gaga, axali istorizmi. ,,literaturis Teoria, XX saukunis

ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi”. SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis istoriis instituti,

Tbilisi, 2006;

55. lomiZe givi, komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebis problema, Tbilisi,

1969;

56. lomiZe givi, dramis Teoria XIX saukunis qarTul mxatvrul

kritikasa esTetikur naazrevSi, Tbilisi, 1984;

57. loria al. kiTxvis fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sesaxeb (biblio

fsiqologia), Tbilisi, 1979;

58. locvani. saRvTo wirva. Wyondideli mitropolitis (SalamberiZis)

locva-kurTxeviT, Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, Tbilisi;

59. minaSvili vl. ilia WavWavaZe, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1995;

60. minaSvili vl. TviTgameorebani, sxvaTa Tqmebi, aforizmebi, vaJa-

fSavelas xuTi poema, vaJas kabineti, gamomcemloba,,Tsu”, 1975;

61. merkvilaZe g. ,,meoce saukunis qarTuli lirikis narkvevebi,

,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1971;

62. nadiraSvili S. pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia, universitetis


63. naTaZe r. zogadi fsiqologia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi, 1977;

64. nakaSiZe T, gorgaZe i. vaJa-fSavela, bibliografia (1879-1979), Tsu


65. neimani al. qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikoni, sabWoTa mwerloba,

Tbilisi, 1961;

66. nikolaiSvili n, vaJaseuli Targmani polonuridan, gaz. ,,Tbilisi”,

1961 wlis 22 ivlisi;

248

67. papava ak. Gguldakodili arwivi. vaJas poezia, ,,qarTveli mwerlebi

vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb”, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi, 2003;

68. po edgar alan, kompoziciis filosofia. eseebi, inglisurad Targmnes

paata da rostom CxeiZeebma, ,,merani”, Tbilisi, 1989;

69. pospelovi g.n; nikolaevi p.a; literaturismcodneobis

Sesavali,,visSaia Skola”, moskovi, 1996;

70. propi vl. zRapris morfologia. m. karbelaSvilis Targmani, gamomc.

,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1984;

71. Jordania s. poeturi enis sakiTxisaTvis vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi.

vaJas krebuli II, Tsu gamomcemloba, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisi, 1982;

72. ratiani i. tomas sternz elioti da inglisuri literaturis

novatoruli kvleva. Ggamomc. ,,zekari”, 2006;

73. rusTaveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani (al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, ak.

SaniZis redaqciiT), saxelgami, Tbilisi, 1951;

74. rusTaveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani (saskolo gamocema), ,,ganaTleba”,

Tbilisi, 2003;

75. saiTiZe g. vaJa-fSavelas aforizmebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1961;

76. sarjvelaZe z, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tsu


77. saxokia T. qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, merani, Tbilisi, 1979;

78. saxelmZRvanelo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis katexizmis

Sesaswavlad, Tbilisi, 1990;

79. sergia v. qarTuli enis teqstis lingvistika, Tbilisi, 1997;

80. siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli literaturis tipologiuri bunebisaTvis. ix.

Zveli qarTul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi, gamomc.,,Tsu”,

Tbilisi, 1989, 486gv.;

81. siraZe r. dro da Jami. rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis

instituti, literaturuli Ziebani, XXII, ,,merani”, Tbilisi, 2008;

82. surgulaZe ir. qarTuli xalxuro ornamentis simbolika, Tbilisi,

1986;

83. tabiZe t, Txzulebani sam tomad. t. II, werilebi literaturasa da

xelovnebaze, literatura da xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1966;

84. uruSaZe n. vaJa-fSavela qarTul scenaze, vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi

miZRvnili krebuli, vaJas kabineti ,YTug , Tbilsi, 1966;

249

85. fili j. niSanTa da simboloebis enciklopedia, gamomc.

,,enciklopedia”, moskovi, 1996;

86. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisis

saxelmwifu universiteti, Tbilisi, 2003;

87. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, V, mecn. Aakad. gamomc.,

Tbilisi, 1968;

88. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, VIII, mecn. Aakad. gamomc., 1962;

89. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, III, ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1974;

90. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, VIII, ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1979;

91. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia, sax. un. Ggamomc. Tbilisi, 1992;

92. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, V, mT. samecn. red., Tbilisi, 1984;

93. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, VIII, mT. samecn. red., Tbilisi, 1985.

94. qiqoZe g. werilebi, eseebi, narkvevebi. ,,merani”, Tbilisi, 1985;

95. qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli xalxuri jadosnuri zRapari, Tsu gamomc.,

Tbilisi, 1983;

96. qurdovaniZe T. T. XII, zRapari. ix. qarTuli folklori, Tbilisi,

gamomc. ,,merani”, 2001, 321gv;

97. Rlonti al. xalxuri novela da literaturuli novela. ix. qarTuli

xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, gamomc. ,,Tsu”, 1989. 516gv;

98. yubaneiSvili salome, vaJa-fSavela-uidas ,,mziTvis langaris” da

erkman-Satrianis ,,feodalis aRzrdis” mTargmneli. vaJa-fSavelas

xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tsu gamomc.,

Tbilisi, 1966;

99. SalutaSvili al. rogor SevafasoT speqtakli, ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi,

1981’

100. SaniZe ak. qarTuli enis gramatika, I, morfologia, Tsu gamomc.,

Tbilisi 1962;

101. SarabiZe T. qristianuli motivebi vaJa-fSaveklas SemoqmedebaSi, Tsu,

vaJas kabineti, Tbilisi, 2005;

102. Citauri n. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis erTi saintereso mxare,

literaturuli Ziebani, XIII, ,,merani”, Tbilisi, 2002;

103. Ciqovani s. vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebis elferi da misi poeturi

Semoqmedeba. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb. gamomc ,,Tsu”,

vaJas kabineti, ilias kabineti, akakis kabineti, Tbilisi, 2003;

250

104. CiCerovi v.i. qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedeba, gamomc. ,,mgu”, moskovi,

1959;

105. ColoyaSvili r. jadosnuri da novelisturi zRaprebis gmirTa

genetikuri kavSiri, ix. literaturuli Ziebani, XXIV, rusTavelis

saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tbilisi, gamomc.

,,zekari”, 2006, 261gv.

106. Cxenkeli T. winaTqma. vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli,

Tsu, Tbilisi, 1966;

107. ceitlini, mwerlis Sroma, ,,sovetskipisateli”, moskovi, 1962;

108. ciciSvili g. dramaturgia. qarTuli literaturis istoria eqvs

tomad, t.V, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1982;

109. wereTeli akaki, Txzulebani. sruli krebuli Svid tomad, tomi II,

leqsebi, a abaSelis da p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT, saxelgami,

Tbilisi, 1941;

110. wereTeli n. vaJa-fSavelas naTargmni edgar pos ,,yorani”. vaJa-

fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tsu


111. wowkilauri d. sindisis problema da misi gansaxierebis formebi vaJa-

fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi, vaJa-fSavelas krebuli. III, Tsu gam. Tbilisi,

1921;

112. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.III, ,,sabWoTa

saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1986;

113. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.II,

moTxrobebi, piesebi. ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1988;

114. Wanturaia m. vaJa-fSavelas 900-iani wlebis eposi,-,,ZaRlika ximikauri”,

avtoreferati, Tsu gamomc., Tbilisi, 1999;

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